solana-privacy-scanner-core 0.1.4 → 0.3.0

package/dist/index.cjs

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ var __toCommonJS = (mod) => __copyProps(__defProp({}, "__esModule", { value: tru
 // src/index.ts
 var index_exports = {};
 __export(index_exports, {
+  DEFAULT_RPC_URL: () => DEFAULT_RPC_URL,
   RPCClient: () => RPCClient,
   StaticLabelProvider: () => StaticLabelProvider,
   VERSION: () => VERSION,
@@ -40,8 +41,12 @@ __export(index_exports, {
   detectAmountReuse: () => detectAmountReuse,
   detectBalanceTraceability: () => detectBalanceTraceability,
   detectCounterpartyReuse: () => detectCounterpartyReuse,
+  detectFeePayerReuse: () => detectFeePayerReuse,
+  detectInstructionFingerprinting: () => detectInstructionFingerprinting,
   detectKnownEntityInteraction: () => detectKnownEntityInteraction,
+  detectSignerOverlap: () => detectSignerOverlap,
   detectTimingPatterns: () => detectTimingPatterns,
+  detectTokenAccountLifecycle: () => detectTokenAccountLifecycle,
   evaluateHeuristics: () => evaluateHeuristics,
   generateReport: () => generateReport,
   normalizeProgramData: () => normalizeProgramData,
@@ -52,6 +57,12 @@ module.exports = __toCommonJS(index_exports);
 
 // src/rpc/client.ts
 var import_web3 = require("@solana/web3.js");
+
+// src/constants.ts
+var DEFAULT_RPC_URL = "https://late-hardworking-waterfall.solana-mainnet.quiknode.pro/4017b48acf3a2a1665603cac096822ce4bec3a90/";
+var VERSION = "0.3.0";
+
+// src/rpc/client.ts
 var RateLimiter = class {
   constructor(maxConcurrency) {
     this.maxConcurrency = maxConcurrency;
@@ -92,8 +103,8 @@ var RPCClient = class {
   config;
   rateLimiter;
   constructor(configOrUrl) {
-    const config = typeof configOrUrl === "string" ? { rpcUrl: configOrUrl } : configOrUrl;
-    const rpcUrl = config.rpcUrl.trim();
+    const config = !configOrUrl ? {} : typeof configOrUrl === "string" ? { rpcUrl: configOrUrl } : configOrUrl;
+    const rpcUrl = (config.rpcUrl || DEFAULT_RPC_URL).trim();
     this.config = {
       maxRetries: config.maxRetries ?? 3,
       retryDelay: config.retryDelay ?? 1e3,
@@ -397,6 +408,162 @@ var PROGRAM_IDS = {
   MEMO: "MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr",
   MEMO_V1: "Memo1UhkJRfHyvLMcVucJwxXeuD728EqVDDwQDxFMNo"
 };
+function extractTransactionMetadata(tx, signature) {
+  if (!tx || !tx.transaction || !tx.transaction.message || !tx.transaction.message.accountKeys) {
+    return {
+      signature,
+      blockTime: tx?.blockTime || null,
+      feePayer: "unknown",
+      signers: []
+    };
+  }
+  const feePayer = tx.transaction.message.accountKeys[0];
+  const feePayerAddress = typeof feePayer === "string" ? feePayer : feePayer.pubkey.toString();
+  const signers = [];
+  const accountKeys = tx.transaction.message.accountKeys;
+  signers.push(feePayerAddress);
+  if (accountKeys && Array.isArray(accountKeys)) {
+    for (let i = 1; i < accountKeys.length; i++) {
+      const key = accountKeys[i];
+      const address = typeof key === "string" ? key : key.pubkey?.toString();
+      if (typeof key !== "string" && key.signer) {
+        if (address && !signers.includes(address)) {
+          signers.push(address);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  let memo;
+  const instructions = tx.transaction.message.instructions;
+  if (instructions && Array.isArray(instructions)) {
+    for (const instruction of instructions) {
+      if (!instruction || !instruction.programId) continue;
+      const programId = instruction.programId.toString();
+      if (programId === PROGRAM_IDS.MEMO || programId === PROGRAM_IDS.MEMO_V1) {
+        if ("parsed" in instruction && instruction.parsed) {
+          const parsed = instruction.parsed;
+          if (parsed.type === "memo" && typeof parsed.info === "string") {
+            memo = parsed.info;
+          }
+        } else if ("data" in instruction && typeof instruction.data === "string") {
+          try {
+            memo = Buffer.from(instruction.data, "base64").toString("utf8");
+          } catch {
+            memo = instruction.data;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  let computeUnitsUsed;
+  let priorityFee;
+  if (tx.meta) {
+    computeUnitsUsed = tx.meta.computeUnitsConsumed;
+    if (tx.meta.fee !== void 0 && tx.meta.fee > 5e3) {
+      priorityFee = tx.meta.fee - 5e3;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    signature,
+    blockTime: tx.blockTime,
+    feePayer: feePayerAddress,
+    signers,
+    computeUnitsUsed,
+    priorityFee,
+    memo
+  };
+}
+function extractTokenAccountEvents(tx, signature) {
+  const events = [];
+  if (!tx.transaction?.message?.instructions) {
+    return events;
+  }
+  for (const instruction of tx.transaction.message.instructions) {
+    if (!instruction || !instruction.programId) continue;
+    const programId = instruction.programId.toString();
+    if (programId === PROGRAM_IDS.TOKEN || programId === PROGRAM_IDS.ASSOCIATED_TOKEN) {
+      if ("parsed" in instruction && instruction.parsed) {
+        const parsed = instruction.parsed;
+        if (parsed.type === "initializeAccount" || parsed.type === "create") {
+          const info = parsed.info;
+          events.push({
+            type: "create",
+            tokenAccount: info.account || info.newAccount,
+            owner: info.owner,
+            mint: info.mint,
+            signature,
+            blockTime: tx.blockTime
+          });
+        }
+        if (parsed.type === "closeAccount") {
+          const info = parsed.info;
+          let rentRefund;
+          if (tx.meta?.postBalances && tx.meta?.preBalances) {
+            const accountKeys = tx.transaction.message.accountKeys;
+            for (let i = 0; i < accountKeys.length; i++) {
+              const key = accountKeys[i];
+              const address = typeof key === "string" ? key : key.pubkey.toString();
+              if (address === info.destination) {
+                const diff = tx.meta.postBalances[i] - tx.meta.preBalances[i];
+                if (diff > 0) {
+                  rentRefund = diff / 1e9;
+                }
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          events.push({
+            type: "close",
+            tokenAccount: info.account,
+            owner: info.owner || info.destination,
+            signature,
+            blockTime: tx.blockTime,
+            rentRefund
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return events;
+}
+function extractPDAInteractions(tx, signature) {
+  const interactions = [];
+  if (!tx.transaction?.message?.accountKeys) {
+    return interactions;
+  }
+  const accountProgramMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const instruction of tx.transaction.message.instructions) {
+    if (!instruction || !instruction.programId) continue;
+    const programId = instruction.programId.toString();
+    const accounts = [];
+    if ("accounts" in instruction && Array.isArray(instruction.accounts)) {
+      for (const acc of instruction.accounts) {
+        const address = typeof acc === "string" ? acc : acc.toString();
+        accounts.push(address);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const account of accounts) {
+      if (!accountProgramMap.has(account)) {
+        accountProgramMap.set(account, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
+      }
+      accountProgramMap.get(account).add(programId);
+    }
+  }
+  for (const [address, programs] of accountProgramMap) {
+    for (const programId of programs) {
+      if (programId === PROGRAM_IDS.SYSTEM || programId === PROGRAM_IDS.MEMO || programId === PROGRAM_IDS.MEMO_V1) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      interactions.push({
+        pda: address,
+        programId,
+        signature
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return interactions;
+}
 function extractSOLTransfers(tx, signature) {
   const transfers = [];
   if (!tx.meta || !tx.transaction) {
@@ -560,12 +727,20 @@ function extractInstructions(tx, signature) {
     if ("parsed" in instruction) {
       data = instruction.parsed;
     }
+    const accounts = [];
+    if ("accounts" in instruction && Array.isArray(instruction.accounts)) {
+      for (const acc of instruction.accounts) {
+        const address = typeof acc === "string" ? acc : acc.toString();
+        accounts.push(address);
+      }
+    }
     instructions.push({
       programId,
       category,
       signature,
       blockTime: tx.blockTime,
-      data
+      data,
+      accounts: accounts.length > 0 ? accounts : void 0
     });
   }
   return instructions;
@@ -599,6 +774,9 @@ function calculateTimeRange(transactions) {
 function normalizeWalletData(rawData, labelProvider) {
   const allTransfers = [];
   const allInstructions = [];
+  const allTransactionMetadata = [];
+  const allTokenAccountEvents = [];
+  const allPDAInteractions = [];
   const transactions = rawData.transactions || [];
   for (const rawTx of transactions) {
     if (!rawTx.transaction) continue;
@@ -608,6 +786,12 @@ function normalizeWalletData(rawData, labelProvider) {
       allTransfers.push(...solTransfers, ...splTransfers);
       const instructions = extractInstructions(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
       allInstructions.push(...instructions);
+      const metadata = extractTransactionMetadata(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allTransactionMetadata.push(metadata);
+      const tokenEvents = extractTokenAccountEvents(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allTokenAccountEvents.push(...tokenEvents);
+      const pdaInteractions = extractPDAInteractions(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allPDAInteractions.push(...pdaInteractions);
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn(`Failed to normalize transaction ${rawTx.signature}:`, error);
       continue;
@@ -627,22 +811,47 @@ function normalizeWalletData(rawData, labelProvider) {
       return null;
     }
   }).filter((ta) => ta !== null);
+  const feePayers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const signers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const programs = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  for (const metadata of allTransactionMetadata) {
+    feePayers.add(metadata.feePayer);
+    for (const signer of metadata.signers) {
+      signers.add(signer);
+    }
+  }
+  for (const instruction of allInstructions) {
+    programs.add(instruction.programId);
+  }
   return {
     target: rawData.address,
     targetType: "wallet",
     transfers: allTransfers,
     instructions: allInstructions,
     counterparties,
-    labels: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+    labels,
     tokenAccounts,
     timeRange,
-    transactionCount: transactions.length
+    transactionCount: transactions.length,
+    // Solana-specific fields
+    transactions: allTransactionMetadata,
+    tokenAccountEvents: allTokenAccountEvents,
+    pdaInteractions: allPDAInteractions,
+    feePayers,
+    signers,
+    programs
   };
 }
 function normalizeTransactionData(rawData, labelProvider) {
   const allTransfers = [];
   const allInstructions = [];
   const counterparties = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const allTransactionMetadata = [];
+  const allTokenAccountEvents = [];
+  const allPDAInteractions = [];
+  const feePayers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const signers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const programs = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
   if (rawData.transaction) {
     try {
       const solTransfers = extractSOLTransfers(rawData.transaction, rawData.signature);
@@ -650,6 +859,16 @@ function normalizeTransactionData(rawData, labelProvider) {
       allTransfers.push(...solTransfers, ...splTransfers);
       const instructions = extractInstructions(rawData.transaction, rawData.signature);
       allInstructions.push(...instructions);
+      const metadata = extractTransactionMetadata(rawData.transaction, rawData.signature);
+      allTransactionMetadata.push(metadata);
+      feePayers.add(metadata.feePayer);
+      for (const signer of metadata.signers) {
+        signers.add(signer);
+      }
+      const tokenEvents = extractTokenAccountEvents(rawData.transaction, rawData.signature);
+      allTokenAccountEvents.push(...tokenEvents);
+      const pdaInteractions = extractPDAInteractions(rawData.transaction, rawData.signature);
+      allPDAInteractions.push(...pdaInteractions);
       const accountKeys = rawData.transaction.transaction.message.accountKeys;
       if (accountKeys && Array.isArray(accountKeys)) {
         for (const key of accountKeys) {
@@ -657,29 +876,46 @@ function normalizeTransactionData(rawData, labelProvider) {
           counterparties.add(address);
         }
       }
+      for (const instruction of instructions) {
+        programs.add(instruction.programId);
+      }
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn(`Failed to normalize transaction ${rawData.signature}:`, error);
     }
   }
+  const labels = labelProvider ? labelProvider.lookupMany(Array.from(counterparties)) : /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   return {
     target: rawData.signature,
     targetType: "transaction",
     transfers: allTransfers,
     instructions: allInstructions,
     counterparties,
-    labels: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+    labels,
     tokenAccounts: [],
     timeRange: {
       earliest: rawData.transaction ? rawData.blockTime : null,
       latest: rawData.transaction ? rawData.blockTime : null
     },
-    transactionCount: rawData.transaction ? 1 : 0
+    transactionCount: rawData.transaction ? 1 : 0,
+    // Solana-specific fields
+    transactions: allTransactionMetadata,
+    tokenAccountEvents: allTokenAccountEvents,
+    pdaInteractions: allPDAInteractions,
+    feePayers,
+    signers,
+    programs
   };
 }
 function normalizeProgramData(rawData, labelProvider) {
   const allTransfers = [];
   const allInstructions = [];
   const counterparties = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const allTransactionMetadata = [];
+  const allTokenAccountEvents = [];
+  const allPDAInteractions = [];
+  const feePayers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const signers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const programs = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
   const transactions = rawData.relatedTransactions || [];
   for (const rawTx of transactions) {
     if (!rawTx.transaction) continue;
@@ -689,6 +925,16 @@ function normalizeProgramData(rawData, labelProvider) {
       allTransfers.push(...solTransfers, ...splTransfers);
       const instructions = extractInstructions(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
       allInstructions.push(...instructions);
+      const metadata = extractTransactionMetadata(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allTransactionMetadata.push(metadata);
+      feePayers.add(metadata.feePayer);
+      for (const signer of metadata.signers) {
+        signers.add(signer);
+      }
+      const tokenEvents = extractTokenAccountEvents(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allTokenAccountEvents.push(...tokenEvents);
+      const pdaInteractions = extractPDAInteractions(rawTx.transaction, rawTx.signature);
+      allPDAInteractions.push(...pdaInteractions);
       const accountKeys = rawTx.transaction.transaction.message.accountKeys;
       if (accountKeys && Array.isArray(accountKeys)) {
         for (const key of accountKeys) {
@@ -696,6 +942,9 @@ function normalizeProgramData(rawData, labelProvider) {
           counterparties.add(address);
         }
       }
+      for (const instruction of instructions) {
+        programs.add(instruction.programId);
+      }
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn(`Failed to normalize program transaction ${rawTx.signature}:`, error);
       continue;
@@ -709,61 +958,168 @@ function normalizeProgramData(rawData, labelProvider) {
     transfers: allTransfers,
     instructions: allInstructions,
     counterparties,
-    labels: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+    labels,
     tokenAccounts: [],
     timeRange,
-    transactionCount: transactions.length
+    transactionCount: transactions.length,
+    // Solana-specific fields
+    transactions: allTransactionMetadata,
+    tokenAccountEvents: allTokenAccountEvents,
+    pdaInteractions: allPDAInteractions,
+    feePayers,
+    signers,
+    programs
   };
 }
 
 // src/heuristics/counterparty-reuse.ts
 function detectCounterpartyReuse(context) {
-  if (context.targetType !== "wallet") {
-    return null;
+  const signals = [];
+  if (context.targetType !== "wallet" || context.transactionCount < 2) {
+    return signals;
   }
-  if (context.counterparties.size === 0 || context.transfers.length === 0) {
-    return null;
+  if (context.transfers.length > 0) {
+    const interactionCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const transfer of context.transfers) {
+      const counterparty = transfer.from === context.target ? transfer.to : transfer.from;
+      if (counterparty === context.target) continue;
+      interactionCounts.set(counterparty, (interactionCounts.get(counterparty) || 0) + 1);
+    }
+    const reusedCounterparties = Array.from(interactionCounts.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= 3).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+    if (reusedCounterparties.length > 0) {
+      const totalInteractions = context.transfers.length;
+      const topCounterpartyInteractions = reusedCounterparties[0][1];
+      const concentration = topCounterpartyInteractions / totalInteractions;
+      let severity = "LOW";
+      if (concentration > 0.5 || reusedCounterparties.length >= 5) {
+        severity = "HIGH";
+      } else if (concentration > 0.3 || reusedCounterparties.length >= 3) {
+        severity = "MEDIUM";
+      }
+      const evidence = reusedCounterparties.slice(0, 5).map(([addr, count]) => {
+        const label = context.labels.get(addr);
+        return {
+          description: `${count} transfers with ${addr.slice(0, 8)}...${addr.slice(-8)}${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""}`,
+          severity: count > totalInteractions * 0.3 ? "HIGH" : count > totalInteractions * 0.15 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
+          type: "address",
+          data: { address: addr, interactionCount: count }
+        };
+      });
+      signals.push({
+        id: "counterparty-reuse",
+        name: "Repeated Transfer Counterparties",
+        severity,
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `Wallet repeatedly transfers with ${reusedCounterparties.length} address(es). Top counterparty: ${topCounterpartyInteractions}/${totalInteractions} transfers.`,
+        impact: "Repeated interactions with the same addresses can be used to cluster wallets and build transaction graphs.",
+        evidence,
+        mitigation: "Use different wallets for different counterparties, or use privacy-preserving protocols."
+      });
+    }
   }
-  const interactionCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  for (const transfer of context.transfers) {
-    const counterparty = transfer.from === context.target ? transfer.to : transfer.from;
-    if (counterparty === context.target) continue;
-    interactionCounts.set(counterparty, (interactionCounts.get(counterparty) || 0) + 1);
+  if (context.programs && context.programs.size > 0) {
+    const programUsage = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const instruction of context.instructions) {
+      programUsage.set(instruction.programId, (programUsage.get(instruction.programId) || 0) + 1);
+    }
+    const SYSTEM_PROGRAMS = [
+      "11111111111111111111111111111111",
+      "TokenkegQfeZyiNwAJbNbGKPFXCWuBvf9Ss623VQ5DA",
+      "ATokenGPvbdGVxr1b2hvZbsiqW5xWH25efTNsLJA8knL",
+      "ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111"
+    ];
+    const significantPrograms = Array.from(programUsage.entries()).filter(([programId]) => !SYSTEM_PROGRAMS.includes(programId)).filter(([_, count]) => count >= Math.min(3, Math.ceil(context.instructions.length * 0.1))).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+    if (significantPrograms.length >= 2) {
+      const evidence = significantPrograms.slice(0, 5).map(([programId, count]) => {
+        const label = context.labels.get(programId);
+        return {
+          description: `${programId.slice(0, 8)}...${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} used in ${count} instruction(s)`,
+          severity: "LOW",
+          reference: `https://solscan.io/account/${programId}`
+        };
+      });
+      signals.push({
+        id: "program-reuse",
+        name: "Repeated Program Interactions",
+        severity: "LOW",
+        category: "behavioral",
+        reason: `Wallet interacts with ${significantPrograms.length} non-system program(s) repeatedly.`,
+        impact: "Program usage patterns create a behavioral fingerprint. Addresses with similar patterns are likely related.",
+        mitigation: "This is generally unavoidable when using DeFi. Diversifying protocols can reduce fingerprinting.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
   }
-  const reusedCounterparties = Array.from(interactionCounts.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= 3).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
-  if (reusedCounterparties.length === 0) {
-    return null;
+  if (context.pdaInteractions && context.pdaInteractions.length > 0) {
+    const pdaUsage = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const pda of context.pdaInteractions) {
+      if (!pdaUsage.has(pda.pda)) {
+        pdaUsage.set(pda.pda, { count: 0, programId: pda.programId });
+      }
+      pdaUsage.get(pda.pda).count++;
+    }
+    const repeatedPDAs = Array.from(pdaUsage.entries()).filter(([_, { count }]) => count >= 2).sort((a, b) => b[1].count - a[1].count);
+    if (repeatedPDAs.length > 0) {
+      const evidence = repeatedPDAs.slice(0, 5).map(([pda, { count, programId }]) => ({
+        description: `PDA ${pda.slice(0, 8)}... (program: ${programId.slice(0, 8)}...) used ${count} times`,
+        severity: count > 3 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
+        reference: `https://solscan.io/account/${pda}`
+      }));
+      const maxCount = repeatedPDAs[0][1].count;
+      const severity = maxCount > 5 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW";
+      signals.push({
+        id: "pda-reuse",
+        name: "Repeated PDA Interactions",
+        severity,
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `${repeatedPDAs.length} Program-Derived Address(es) are used repeatedly. Max usage: ${maxCount} times.`,
+        impact: "PDAs often represent user-specific accounts (e.g., your position in a protocol). Repeated usage links all interactions.",
+        mitigation: "Some PDA reuse is inherent to Solana protocols. For sensitive operations, use fresh wallets.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
   }
-  const totalInteractions = context.transfers.length;
-  const topCounterpartyInteractions = reusedCounterparties[0][1];
-  const concentration = topCounterpartyInteractions / totalInteractions;
-  let severity = "LOW";
-  if (concentration > 0.5 || reusedCounterparties.length >= 5) {
-    severity = "HIGH";
-  } else if (concentration > 0.3 || reusedCounterparties.length >= 3) {
-    severity = "MEDIUM";
+  if (context.transfers.length > 0 && context.instructions.length > 0) {
+    const combos = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const transfer of context.transfers) {
+      const counterparty = transfer.from === context.target ? transfer.to : transfer.from;
+      if (counterparty === context.target) continue;
+      const txInstructions = context.instructions.filter((inst) => inst.signature === transfer.signature);
+      for (const inst of txInstructions) {
+        const combo = `${counterparty}:${inst.programId}`;
+        combos.set(combo, (combos.get(combo) || 0) + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    const repeatedCombos = Array.from(combos.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= 2).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+    if (repeatedCombos.length > 0) {
+      const evidence = repeatedCombos.slice(0, 3).map(([combo, count]) => {
+        const [counterparty, programId] = combo.split(":");
+        const label = context.labels.get(counterparty);
+        return {
+          description: `${counterparty.slice(0, 8)}...${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} + program ${programId.slice(0, 8)}... used ${count} times`,
+          severity: "MEDIUM"
+        };
+      });
+      signals.push({
+        id: "counterparty-program-combo",
+        name: "Repeated Counterparty-Program Combination",
+        severity: "MEDIUM",
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `${repeatedCombos.length} specific counterparty-program combination(s) are reused.`,
+        impact: "This creates a very specific fingerprint. The combination of WHO you interact with and WHAT program is highly identifying.",
+        mitigation: "Rotate both counterparties and programs if privacy is critical.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
   }
-  const evidence = reusedCounterparties.slice(0, 5).map(([addr, count]) => ({
-    type: "address",
-    description: `${count} interactions with ${addr.slice(0, 8)}...${addr.slice(-8)}`,
-    data: { address: addr, interactionCount: count }
-  }));
-  return {
-    id: "counterparty-reuse",
-    name: "Counterparty Reuse",
-    severity,
-    reason: `Wallet repeatedly interacts with ${reusedCounterparties.length} address(es)`,
-    impact: "Repeated interactions with the same addresses can be used to cluster wallets and build transaction graphs, enabling surveillance of your activity patterns.",
-    evidence,
-    mitigation: "Use different wallets for different counterparties, or use privacy-preserving protocols that obscure transaction graphs.",
-    confidence: 0.9
-  };
+  return signals;
 }
 
 // src/heuristics/amount-reuse.ts
 function detectAmountReuse(context) {
-  if (context.transfers.length < 3) {
-    return null;
+  const signals = [];
+  if (context.transfers.length < 5) {
+    return signals;
   }
   const amountCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   const roundNumbers = [];
@@ -772,49 +1128,114 @@ function detectAmountReuse(context) {
       roundNumbers.push(transfer.amount);
     }
     const amountKey = `${transfer.amount.toFixed(9)}-${transfer.token || "SOL"}`;
-    amountCounts.set(amountKey, (amountCounts.get(amountKey) || 0) + 1);
+    if (!amountCounts.has(amountKey)) {
+      amountCounts.set(amountKey, { count: 0, counterparties: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(), signers: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set() });
+    }
+    const data = amountCounts.get(amountKey);
+    data.count++;
+    const counterparty = transfer.from === context.target ? transfer.to : transfer.from;
+    if (counterparty !== context.target) {
+      data.counterparties.add(counterparty);
+    }
+    const tx = context.transactions ? context.transactions.find((t) => t.signature === transfer.signature) : null;
+    if (tx) {
+      tx.signers.forEach((s) => data.signers.add(s));
+    }
   }
-  const reusedAmounts = Array.from(amountCounts.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= 2).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
-  const hasRoundNumbers = roundNumbers.length >= 2;
+  const reusedAmounts = Array.from(amountCounts.entries()).filter(([_, data]) => data.count >= 3).sort((a, b) => b[1].count - a[1].count);
+  const hasRoundNumbers = roundNumbers.length >= 3;
   const hasReusedAmounts = reusedAmounts.length >= 2;
-  if (!hasRoundNumbers && !hasReusedAmounts) {
-    return null;
+  if (hasRoundNumbers && roundNumbers.length >= 5) {
+    signals.push({
+      id: "amount-round-numbers",
+      name: "Frequent Round Number Transfers",
+      severity: "LOW",
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${roundNumbers.length} round-number transfers detected (e.g., 1 SOL, 10 SOL).`,
+      impact: "Round numbers are common on Solana and relatively benign alone. Combined with other patterns, they can contribute to fingerprinting.",
+      mitigation: "Vary amounts slightly if possible, but this is low priority on Solana.",
+      evidence: [{
+        description: `${roundNumbers.length} round-number transfers: ${roundNumbers.slice(0, 5).join(", ")}...`,
+        severity: "LOW",
+        type: "amount",
+        data: { roundNumbers: roundNumbers.slice(0, 5) }
+      }]
+    });
   }
-  let severity = "LOW";
-  if (hasRoundNumbers && roundNumbers.length >= 5 || reusedAmounts.length >= 5) {
-    severity = "HIGH";
-  } else if (hasRoundNumbers && roundNumbers.length >= 3 || reusedAmounts.length >= 3) {
-    severity = "MEDIUM";
+  const suspiciousReuse = reusedAmounts.filter(([_, data]) => {
+    return data.counterparties.size === 1 && data.count >= 3;
+  });
+  if (suspiciousReuse.length > 0) {
+    const evidence = suspiciousReuse.slice(0, 3).map(([amountKey, data]) => {
+      const [amount, token] = amountKey.split("-");
+      const counterparty = Array.from(data.counterparties)[0];
+      return {
+        description: `${amount} ${token} sent to ${counterparty.slice(0, 8)}... ${data.count} times`,
+        severity: "MEDIUM",
+        type: "amount",
+        data: { amount: parseFloat(amount), token, count: data.count, counterparty }
+      };
+    });
+    signals.push({
+      id: "amount-reuse-counterparty",
+      name: "Same Amount to Same Counterparty",
+      severity: "MEDIUM",
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${suspiciousReuse.length} amount(s) repeatedly sent to the same counterparty.`,
+      impact: "Sending the same amount to the same address multiple times creates a strong pattern. This is likely automated or habitual behavior.",
+      mitigation: "Vary amounts when sending to the same address, or use privacy protocols.",
+      evidence
+    });
   }
-  const evidence = [];
-  if (hasRoundNumbers) {
-    evidence.push({
-      type: "amount",
-      description: `${roundNumbers.length} round-number transfers detected`,
-      data: { roundNumbers: roundNumbers.slice(0, 5) }
+  const signerReuse = reusedAmounts.filter(([_, data]) => {
+    return data.signers.size <= 2 && data.count >= 3;
+  });
+  if (signerReuse.length > 0 && suspiciousReuse.length === 0) {
+    const evidence = signerReuse.slice(0, 3).map(([amountKey, data]) => {
+      const [amount, token] = amountKey.split("-");
+      return {
+        description: `${amount} ${token} used ${data.count} times with ${data.signers.size} signer(s)`,
+        severity: "LOW",
+        type: "amount",
+        data: { amount: parseFloat(amount), token, count: data.count }
+      };
+    });
+    signals.push({
+      id: "amount-reuse-pattern",
+      name: "Repeated Amount Pattern",
+      severity: "LOW",
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${signerReuse.length} amount(s) are reused multiple times with consistent signers.`,
+      impact: "Amount reuse alone is relatively weak on Solana, but combined with other signals it contributes to behavioral fingerprinting.",
+      mitigation: "Vary transaction amounts to reduce pattern visibility.",
+      evidence
     });
   }
-  if (hasReusedAmounts) {
-    const topReused = reusedAmounts.slice(0, 3);
-    for (const [amountKey, count] of topReused) {
+  const veryReused = reusedAmounts.filter(([_, data]) => data.count >= 5);
+  if (veryReused.length > 0 && suspiciousReuse.length === 0 && signerReuse.length === 0) {
+    const evidence = veryReused.slice(0, 3).map(([amountKey, data]) => {
       const [amount, token] = amountKey.split("-");
-      evidence.push({
+      return {
+        description: `${amount} ${token} used ${data.count} times across ${data.counterparties.size} counterparties`,
+        severity: data.count > 10 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
         type: "amount",
-        description: `Amount ${amount} ${token} used ${count} times`,
-        data: { amount: parseFloat(amount), token, count }
-      });
-    }
+        data: { amount: parseFloat(amount), token, count: data.count }
+      };
+    });
+    const maxCount = veryReused[0][1].count;
+    const severity = maxCount > 10 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW";
+    signals.push({
+      id: "amount-reuse-frequency",
+      name: "High-Frequency Amount Reuse",
+      severity,
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${veryReused.length} amount(s) are used very frequently (${maxCount} times for top amount).`,
+      impact: "Extremely frequent reuse of specific amounts suggests automation or habitual behavior, creating a detectable pattern.",
+      mitigation: "If running automated systems, add randomization to amounts.",
+      evidence
+    });
   }
-  return {
-    id: "amount-reuse",
-    name: "Deterministic Amount Patterns",
-    severity,
-    reason: `Wallet uses ${hasRoundNumbers ? "round numbers" : "repeated amounts"} in transactions`,
-    impact: "Using the same amounts repeatedly or sending round numbers creates fingerprints that can be used to link transactions and identify patterns in your activity.",
-    evidence,
-    mitigation: "Vary transaction amounts slightly, avoid round numbers, and consider using privacy protocols that obscure amounts.",
-    confidence: hasRoundNumbers ? 0.85 : 0.75
-  };
+  return signals;
 }
 
 // src/heuristics/timing-patterns.ts
@@ -984,13 +1405,545 @@ function detectBalanceTraceability(context) {
   };
 }
 
+// src/heuristics/fee-payer-reuse.ts
+function detectFeePayerReuse(context) {
+  const signals = [];
+  if (context.targetType === "transaction") {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  if (!context.feePayers || !context.transactions || context.transactions.length === 0) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  const feePayers = context.feePayers;
+  const target = context.target;
+  const targetIsFeePayer = feePayers.has(target);
+  const onlyTargetPays = feePayers.size === 1 && targetIsFeePayer;
+  if (onlyTargetPays) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  if (feePayers.size > 1 && targetIsFeePayer) {
+    const externalFeePayers = Array.from(feePayers).filter((fp) => fp !== target);
+    const feePayerCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+      if (tx.feePayer !== target) {
+        feePayerCounts.set(tx.feePayer, (feePayerCounts.get(tx.feePayer) || 0) + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    const evidence = [];
+    for (const [feePayer, count] of feePayerCounts) {
+      evidence.push({
+        description: `${feePayer} paid fees for ${count} transaction(s)`,
+        severity: count > 1 ? "HIGH" : "MEDIUM",
+        reference: void 0
+      });
+    }
+    const knownFeePayerLabel = externalFeePayers.find((fp) => context.labels.has(fp));
+    const knownLabel = knownFeePayerLabel ? context.labels.get(knownFeePayerLabel) : null;
+    signals.push({
+      id: "fee-payer-external",
+      name: "External Fee Payer Detected",
+      severity: knownLabel ? "HIGH" : "MEDIUM",
+      category: "linkability",
+      reason: `${externalFeePayers.length} external wallet(s) paid fees for transactions involving this address${knownLabel ? `, including known entity: ${knownLabel.name}` : ""}.`,
+      impact: "This address is linked to the fee payer(s). Anyone observing the blockchain can see this relationship. If the fee payer is identified, this address is also compromised.",
+      mitigation: "Always pay your own transaction fees. Never allow third parties to pay fees for your transactions unless absolutely necessary. If using a relayer, understand that this creates a permanent on-chain link.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  if (!targetIsFeePayer && feePayers.size > 0) {
+    const allFeePayers = Array.from(feePayers);
+    const feePayerCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+      feePayerCounts.set(tx.feePayer, (feePayerCounts.get(tx.feePayer) || 0) + 1);
+    }
+    const evidence = [];
+    for (const [feePayer, count] of feePayerCounts) {
+      const label = context.labels.get(feePayer);
+      evidence.push({
+        description: `${feePayer}${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} paid fees for ${count} transaction(s)`,
+        severity: "HIGH",
+        reference: void 0
+      });
+    }
+    const maxCount = Math.max(...Array.from(feePayerCounts.values()));
+    const repeatedFeePayer = maxCount > 1;
+    signals.push({
+      id: "fee-payer-never-self",
+      name: "Never Self-Pays Transaction Fees",
+      severity: repeatedFeePayer ? "HIGH" : "HIGH",
+      // Always HIGH - this is critical
+      category: "linkability",
+      reason: `This address has NEVER paid its own transaction fees. All ${context.transactionCount} transaction(s) were paid by ${allFeePayers.length} external wallet(s).`,
+      impact: "This is a CRITICAL privacy leak. This address is trivially linked to all fee payer(s). This pattern suggests a managed account, hot wallet, or program-controlled address. The controlling entity is fully exposed.",
+      mitigation: "This account model fundamentally compromises privacy. To improve: (1) Fund this address with SOL and pay your own fees, or (2) Use a fresh address for each operation, or (3) Accept that this address is permanently linked to its fee payer(s).",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  if (context.targetType === "program") {
+    const feePayerCounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+      if (!feePayerCounts.has(tx.feePayer)) {
+        feePayerCounts.set(tx.feePayer, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
+      }
+      for (const signer of tx.signers) {
+        feePayerCounts.get(tx.feePayer).add(signer);
+      }
+    }
+    const multiFeePayerOperators = [];
+    for (const [feePayer, signers] of feePayerCounts) {
+      if (signers.size > 1) {
+        const txCount = context.transactions.filter((tx) => tx.feePayer === feePayer).length;
+        multiFeePayerOperators.push({
+          feePayer,
+          signerCount: signers.size,
+          txCount
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    if (multiFeePayerOperators.length > 0) {
+      const evidence = multiFeePayerOperators.map((op) => ({
+        description: `${op.feePayer} paid fees for ${op.txCount} transaction(s) involving ${op.signerCount} different signer(s)`,
+        severity: "HIGH",
+        reference: void 0
+      }));
+      signals.push({
+        id: "fee-payer-multi-signer",
+        name: "Fee Payer Controls Multiple Signers",
+        severity: "HIGH",
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `${multiFeePayerOperators.length} fee payer(s) are paying fees for multiple different signers, suggesting centralized control or bot operation.`,
+        impact: "All addresses funded by the same fee payer are linkable. This pattern exposes operational infrastructure.",
+        mitigation: "If running bots or managing multiple accounts, use a unique fee payer for each to avoid linking them on-chain.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return signals;
+}
+
+// src/heuristics/signer-overlap.ts
+function detectSignerOverlap(context) {
+  const signals = [];
+  if (context.transactionCount < 2) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  if (!context.transactions || context.transactions.length === 0) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  const signerFrequency = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const signerTransactions = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+    for (const signer of tx.signers) {
+      signerFrequency.set(signer, (signerFrequency.get(signer) || 0) + 1);
+      if (!signerTransactions.has(signer)) {
+        signerTransactions.set(signer, []);
+      }
+      signerTransactions.get(signer).push(tx.signature);
+    }
+  }
+  const target = context.target;
+  const frequentSigners = Array.from(signerFrequency.entries()).filter(([signer]) => signer !== target).filter(([_, count]) => count >= Math.min(3, Math.ceil(context.transactionCount * 0.3))).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+  if (frequentSigners.length > 0) {
+    const evidence = frequentSigners.map(([signer, count]) => {
+      const label = context.labels.get(signer);
+      return {
+        description: `${signer}${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} signed ${count}/${context.transactionCount} transactions`,
+        severity: count > context.transactionCount * 0.7 ? "HIGH" : "MEDIUM",
+        reference: void 0
+      };
+    });
+    const topSignerCount = frequentSigners[0][1];
+    const severity = topSignerCount > context.transactionCount * 0.7 ? "HIGH" : "MEDIUM";
+    signals.push({
+      id: "signer-repeated",
+      name: "Repeated Signer Across Transactions",
+      severity,
+      category: "linkability",
+      reason: `${frequentSigners.length} address(es) repeatedly sign transactions involving the target. The most frequent signer appears in ${topSignerCount}/${context.transactionCount} transactions.`,
+      impact: "Repeated signers create hard links between transactions. All transactions signed by the same address are trivially linkable.",
+      mitigation: "If you control multiple addresses that sign together, they are permanently linked. Use separate signing keys for unrelated activities.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  const signerSets = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const signerSetExamples = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+    const sortedSigners = [...tx.signers].sort();
+    const setKey = JSON.stringify(sortedSigners);
+    signerSets.set(setKey, (signerSets.get(setKey) || 0) + 1);
+    if (!signerSetExamples.has(setKey)) {
+      signerSetExamples.set(setKey, tx.signature);
+    }
+  }
+  const repeatedSets = Array.from(signerSets.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count > 1).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+  if (repeatedSets.length > 0) {
+    const evidence = repeatedSets.map(([setKey, count]) => {
+      const signers = JSON.parse(setKey);
+      const exampleSig = signerSetExamples.get(setKey);
+      return {
+        description: `${count} transactions with identical signer set: [${signers.map((s) => s.slice(0, 8)).join(", ")}...]`,
+        severity: count > 2 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
+        reference: `https://solscan.io/tx/${exampleSig}`
+      };
+    });
+    signals.push({
+      id: "signer-set-reuse",
+      name: "Repeated Multi-Signature Pattern",
+      severity: "MEDIUM",
+      category: "linkability",
+      reason: `${repeatedSets.length} distinct signer set(s) are reused multiple times. This creates a unique fingerprint.`,
+      impact: "Reused multi-sig patterns are highly unique and easily linkable. Even if addresses differ, the signer set pattern can identify related activity.",
+      mitigation: "If using multi-sig for multiple transactions, rotate signing keys or use threshold signatures to vary the signer set.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  if (context.targetType === "program" || context.transactionCount > 10) {
+    const signerCoSigners = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+      for (const signer of tx.signers) {
+        if (!signerCoSigners.has(signer)) {
+          signerCoSigners.set(signer, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
+        }
+        for (const otherSigner of tx.signers) {
+          if (otherSigner !== signer) {
+            signerCoSigners.get(signer).add(otherSigner);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const authorityCandidates = Array.from(signerCoSigners.entries()).filter(([_, coSigners]) => coSigners.size >= 3).sort((a, b) => b[1].size - a[1].size);
+    if (authorityCandidates.length > 0) {
+      const evidence = authorityCandidates.slice(0, 3).map(([signer, coSigners]) => {
+        const label = context.labels.get(signer);
+        const txCount = signerFrequency.get(signer) || 0;
+        return {
+          description: `${signer}${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} co-signed with ${coSigners.size} different addresses across ${txCount} transactions`,
+          severity: "HIGH",
+          reference: void 0
+        };
+      });
+      signals.push({
+        id: "signer-authority-hub",
+        name: "Authority Signer Detected",
+        severity: "HIGH",
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `${authorityCandidates.length} address(es) act as an authority, co-signing with multiple different wallets. This exposes a control hub.`,
+        impact: "An authority signer links all accounts it co-signs with. This reveals organizational structure or bot infrastructure.",
+        mitigation: 'Use unique authority keys for each logical group of accounts. Avoid having a single "master" signer.',
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return signals;
+}
+
+// src/heuristics/instruction-fingerprinting.ts
+function detectInstructionFingerprinting(context) {
+  const signals = [];
+  if (context.transactionCount < 3) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  if (!context.transactions || context.transactions.length === 0) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  const sequenceFingerprints = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const sequenceExamples = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const tx of context.transactions) {
+    const txInstructions = context.instructions.filter((inst) => inst.signature === tx.signature).map((inst) => inst.programId);
+    if (txInstructions.length === 0) continue;
+    const sequence = txInstructions.join("->");
+    sequenceFingerprints.set(sequence, (sequenceFingerprints.get(sequence) || 0) + 1);
+    if (!sequenceExamples.has(sequence)) {
+      sequenceExamples.set(sequence, []);
+    }
+    sequenceExamples.get(sequence).push(tx.signature);
+  }
+  const repeatedSequences = Array.from(sequenceFingerprints.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= Math.min(3, Math.ceil(context.transactionCount * 0.2))).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+  if (repeatedSequences.length > 0) {
+    const evidence = repeatedSequences.slice(0, 5).map(([sequence, count]) => {
+      const exampleSigs = sequenceExamples.get(sequence).slice(0, 2);
+      const programs = sequence.split("->").map((p) => p.slice(0, 8) + "...").join(" \u2192 ");
+      return {
+        description: `Instruction sequence repeated ${count} times: ${programs}`,
+        severity: count > context.transactionCount * 0.5 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
+        reference: `https://solscan.io/tx/${exampleSigs[0]}`
+      };
+    });
+    const topSequenceCount = repeatedSequences[0][1];
+    const severity = topSequenceCount > context.transactionCount * 0.5 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW";
+    signals.push({
+      id: "instruction-sequence-pattern",
+      name: "Repeated Instruction Sequence Pattern",
+      severity,
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${repeatedSequences.length} distinct instruction sequence(s) are repeated multiple times. The most common pattern appears in ${topSequenceCount}/${context.transactionCount} transactions.`,
+      impact: "Repeated instruction patterns create a behavioral fingerprint. Even with different addresses, these patterns can link related activity.",
+      mitigation: "Vary the order or combination of operations. Add dummy instructions or randomize transaction structure where possible.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  const programUsage = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const inst of context.instructions) {
+    programUsage.set(inst.programId, (programUsage.get(inst.programId) || 0) + 1);
+  }
+  const COMMON_PROGRAMS = [
+    "11111111111111111111111111111111",
+    // System
+    "TokenkegQfeZyiNwAJbNbGKPFXCWuBvf9Ss623VQ5DA",
+    // SPL Token
+    "ATokenGPvbdGVxr1b2hvZbsiqW5xWH25efTNsLJA8knL",
+    // Associated Token
+    "MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr",
+    // Memo
+    "ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111"
+    // Compute Budget
+  ];
+  const uniquePrograms = Array.from(programUsage.entries()).filter(([programId]) => !COMMON_PROGRAMS.includes(programId)).filter(([_, count]) => count >= Math.min(2, Math.ceil(context.transactionCount * 0.15))).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+  if (uniquePrograms.length >= 2) {
+    const evidence = uniquePrograms.slice(0, 5).map(([programId, count]) => {
+      const label = context.labels.get(programId);
+      return {
+        description: `${programId.slice(0, 8)}...${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} used in ${count} transactions`,
+        severity: "LOW",
+        reference: `https://solscan.io/account/${programId}`
+      };
+    });
+    signals.push({
+      id: "program-usage-profile",
+      name: "Distinctive Program Usage Profile",
+      severity: "LOW",
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `This address uses ${uniquePrograms.length} less-common programs repeatedly. This creates a unique usage profile.`,
+      impact: "Program usage patterns can fingerprint wallet behavior. Addresses with similar program usage profiles are likely related.",
+      mitigation: "Using niche protocols creates a fingerprint. This is difficult to mitigate without changing your DeFi strategy.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  if (context.pdaInteractions.length > 0) {
+    const pdaUsage = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const pda of context.pdaInteractions) {
+      if (!pdaUsage.has(pda.pda)) {
+        pdaUsage.set(pda.pda, { count: 0, programId: pda.programId });
+      }
+      pdaUsage.get(pda.pda).count++;
+    }
+    const repeatedPDAs = Array.from(pdaUsage.entries()).filter(([_, { count }]) => count > 1).sort((a, b) => b[1].count - a[1].count);
+    if (repeatedPDAs.length > 0) {
+      const evidence = repeatedPDAs.slice(0, 5).map(([pda, { count, programId }]) => ({
+        description: `PDA ${pda.slice(0, 8)}... used ${count} times (program: ${programId.slice(0, 8)}...)`,
+        severity: count > 3 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW",
+        reference: `https://solscan.io/account/${pda}`
+      }));
+      const maxPDAUsage = repeatedPDAs[0][1].count;
+      const severity = maxPDAUsage > 3 ? "MEDIUM" : "LOW";
+      signals.push({
+        id: "pda-reuse-pattern",
+        name: "Repeated PDA Interaction",
+        severity,
+        category: "behavioral",
+        reason: `${repeatedPDAs.length} Program-Derived Address(es) are used repeatedly. The most common PDA appears in ${maxPDAUsage} transactions.`,
+        impact: "Repeated PDA usage links transactions. If the PDA is specific to you (e.g., a user account), all interactions with it are linked.",
+        mitigation: "Some PDA reuse is unavoidable (e.g., your DEX pool position). For sensitive operations, consider using fresh accounts or different protocols.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  const programInstructions = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const inst of context.instructions) {
+    if (!programInstructions.has(inst.programId)) {
+      programInstructions.set(inst.programId, []);
+    }
+    if (inst.data) {
+      programInstructions.get(inst.programId).push(inst.data);
+    }
+  }
+  for (const [programId, dataList] of programInstructions) {
+    if (dataList.length < 2) continue;
+    const typeMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const data of dataList) {
+      if (data && typeof data === "object" && "type" in data) {
+        const type = String(data.type);
+        typeMap.set(type, (typeMap.get(type) || 0) + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    const repeatedTypes = Array.from(typeMap.entries()).filter(([_, count]) => count >= 2).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+    if (repeatedTypes.length > 0 && repeatedTypes[0][1] >= 3) {
+      const [instructionType, count] = repeatedTypes[0];
+      const label = context.labels.get(programId);
+      signals.push({
+        id: `instruction-type-${programId.slice(0, 8)}`,
+        name: "Repeated Instruction Type",
+        severity: "LOW",
+        category: "behavioral",
+        reason: `The instruction type "${instructionType}" on program ${programId.slice(0, 8)}...${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} is used ${count} times.`,
+        impact: "Repeated instruction types on the same program suggest automated behavior or specific strategy execution.",
+        mitigation: "This is generally low-risk but contributes to behavioral fingerprinting. Diversify your transaction types if possible.",
+        evidence: [{
+          description: `"${instructionType}" instruction used ${count} times`,
+          severity: "LOW",
+          reference: void 0
+        }]
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return signals;
+}
+
+// src/heuristics/token-account-lifecycle.ts
+function detectTokenAccountLifecycle(context) {
+  const signals = [];
+  if (!context.tokenAccountEvents || context.tokenAccountEvents.length === 0) {
+    return signals;
+  }
+  const accountEvents = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const event of context.tokenAccountEvents) {
+    if (!accountEvents.has(event.tokenAccount)) {
+      accountEvents.set(event.tokenAccount, []);
+    }
+    accountEvents.get(event.tokenAccount).push(event);
+  }
+  const createEvents = context.tokenAccountEvents.filter((e) => e.type === "create");
+  const closeEvents = context.tokenAccountEvents.filter((e) => e.type === "close");
+  if (createEvents.length >= 2 && closeEvents.length >= 2) {
+    const refundDestinations = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    const totalRefunded = closeEvents.reduce((sum, event) => {
+      if (event.rentRefund) {
+        refundDestinations.set(event.owner, (refundDestinations.get(event.owner) || 0) + event.rentRefund);
+        return sum + event.rentRefund;
+      }
+      return sum;
+    }, 0);
+    if (refundDestinations.size > 0) {
+      const evidence = Array.from(refundDestinations.entries()).map(([owner, amount]) => ({
+        description: `${amount.toFixed(4)} SOL refunded to ${owner.slice(0, 8)}... from ${closeEvents.filter((e) => e.owner === owner).length} closed account(s)`,
+        severity: "MEDIUM",
+        reference: void 0
+      }));
+      signals.push({
+        id: "token-account-churn",
+        name: "Frequent Token Account Creation/Closure",
+        severity: "MEDIUM",
+        category: "behavioral",
+        reason: `${createEvents.length} token account(s) created and ${closeEvents.length} closed. Rent refunds totaling ${totalRefunded.toFixed(4)} SOL expose ownership.`,
+        impact: 'Rent refunds link temporary token accounts back to the owner wallet. This pattern defeats the purpose of using "burner" accounts.',
+        mitigation: "If using temporary token accounts for privacy, leave them open (accept the small rent cost) rather than closing and refunding to your main wallet.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  const completeLifecycles = [];
+  for (const [tokenAccount, events] of accountEvents) {
+    const creates = events.filter((e) => e.type === "create");
+    const closes = events.filter((e) => e.type === "close");
+    if (creates.length > 0 && closes.length > 0) {
+      const createTime = creates[0].blockTime;
+      const closeTime = closes[closes.length - 1].blockTime;
+      if (createTime && closeTime) {
+        const duration = closeTime - createTime;
+        completeLifecycles.push({ tokenAccount, events, duration });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const shortLived = completeLifecycles.filter((lc) => lc.duration < 3600);
+  if (shortLived.length >= 2) {
+    const evidence = shortLived.slice(0, 5).map((lc) => {
+      const durationMin = Math.floor(lc.duration / 60);
+      const closeEvent = lc.events.find((e) => e.type === "close");
+      return {
+        description: `${lc.tokenAccount.slice(0, 8)}... lived for ${durationMin} minute(s)${closeEvent?.rentRefund ? `, refunded ${closeEvent.rentRefund.toFixed(4)} SOL` : ""}`,
+        severity: "LOW",
+        reference: void 0
+      };
+    });
+    signals.push({
+      id: "token-account-short-lived",
+      name: "Short-Lived Token Accounts",
+      severity: "LOW",
+      category: "behavioral",
+      reason: `${shortLived.length} token account(s) were created and closed within an hour, suggesting burner account usage.`,
+      impact: "Short-lived accounts suggest privacy-conscious behavior, but rent refunds still create linkage.",
+      mitigation: "For true privacy, do not close accounts immediately. The rent refund links the burner back to you.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  const ownerAccounts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const event of context.tokenAccountEvents) {
+    if (event.type === "create") {
+      if (!ownerAccounts.has(event.owner)) {
+        ownerAccounts.set(event.owner, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
+      }
+      ownerAccounts.get(event.owner).add(event.tokenAccount);
+    }
+  }
+  const multiAccountOwners = Array.from(ownerAccounts.entries()).filter(([_, accounts]) => accounts.size >= 2).sort((a, b) => b[1].size - a[1].size);
+  if (multiAccountOwners.length > 0) {
+    const [owner, accounts] = multiAccountOwners[0];
+    const isTarget = owner === context.target;
+    if (!isTarget || multiAccountOwners.length > 1) {
+      const evidence = multiAccountOwners.slice(0, 3).map(([own, accs]) => {
+        const label = context.labels.get(own);
+        return {
+          description: `${own.slice(0, 8)}...${label ? ` (${label.name})` : ""} owns ${accs.size} token account(s)`,
+          severity: "LOW",
+          reference: void 0
+        };
+      });
+      signals.push({
+        id: "token-account-common-owner",
+        name: "Common Owner Across Token Accounts",
+        severity: "LOW",
+        category: "linkability",
+        reason: `${multiAccountOwners.length} wallet(s) control multiple token accounts. The top owner controls ${accounts.size} accounts.`,
+        impact: "All token accounts with the same owner are trivially linked.",
+        mitigation: "This is inherent to Solana's token account model and cannot be avoided.",
+        evidence
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  const rentRefundReceivers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const event of context.tokenAccountEvents) {
+    if (event.type === "close" && event.rentRefund) {
+      const current = rentRefundReceivers.get(event.owner) || { count: 0, total: 0 };
+      current.count++;
+      current.total += event.rentRefund;
+      rentRefundReceivers.set(event.owner, current);
+    }
+  }
+  const significantRefunds = Array.from(rentRefundReceivers.entries()).filter(([_, { count }]) => count >= 3).sort((a, b) => b[1].count - a[1].count);
+  if (significantRefunds.length > 0) {
+    const evidence = significantRefunds.slice(0, 3).map(([owner, { count, total }]) => ({
+      description: `${owner.slice(0, 8)}... received ${count} rent refunds totaling ${total.toFixed(4)} SOL`,
+      severity: "MEDIUM",
+      reference: void 0
+    }));
+    const [topOwner, topData] = significantRefunds[0];
+    signals.push({
+      id: "rent-refund-clustering",
+      name: "Rent Refund Clustering",
+      severity: "MEDIUM",
+      category: "linkability",
+      reason: `${significantRefunds.length} address(es) receive multiple rent refunds. ${topOwner.slice(0, 8)}... received ${topData.count} refunds.`,
+      impact: "Rent refunds link closed token accounts back to a central wallet. This exposes the control structure.",
+      mitigation: "Do not close token accounts if privacy is important. The small rent cost (~0.002 SOL) is cheaper than the privacy loss.",
+      evidence
+    });
+  }
+  return signals;
+}
+
 // src/scanner/index.ts
 var REPORT_VERSION = "1.0.0";
 var HEURISTICS = [
+  // Solana-specific (highest priority)
+  detectFeePayerReuse,
+  detectSignerOverlap,
+  detectKnownEntityInteraction,
   detectCounterpartyReuse,
-  detectAmountReuse,
+  detectInstructionFingerprinting,
+  detectTokenAccountLifecycle,
+  // Traditional heuristics
   detectTimingPatterns,
-  detectKnownEntityInteraction,
+  detectAmountReuse,
   detectBalanceTraceability
 ];
 function calculateOverallRisk(signals) {
@@ -1015,10 +1968,22 @@ function generateMitigations(signals) {
   }
   mitigations.add("Consider using multiple wallets to compartmentalize different activities.");
   const signalIds = new Set(signals.map((s) => s.id));
+  if (signalIds.has("fee-payer-never-self") || signalIds.has("fee-payer-external")) {
+    mitigations.add("Always pay your own transaction fees to avoid linkage.");
+  }
+  if (signalIds.has("signer-repeated") || signalIds.has("signer-set-reuse")) {
+    mitigations.add("Use separate signing keys for unrelated activities.");
+  }
+  if (signalIds.has("instruction-sequence-pattern") || signalIds.has("program-usage-profile")) {
+    mitigations.add("Diversify transaction patterns and protocols to reduce behavioral fingerprinting.");
+  }
+  if (signalIds.has("token-account-churn") || signalIds.has("rent-refund-clustering")) {
+    mitigations.add("Avoid closing token accounts if privacy is important - the rent refund creates linkage.");
+  }
   if (signalIds.has("known-entity-interaction")) {
     mitigations.add("Avoid direct interactions between privacy-sensitive wallets and KYC services.");
   }
-  if (signalIds.has("counterparty-reuse")) {
+  if (signalIds.has("counterparty-reuse") || signalIds.has("pda-reuse")) {
     mitigations.add("Use different addresses for different counterparties or contexts.");
   }
   if (signalIds.has("timing-correlation") || signalIds.has("balance-traceability")) {
@@ -1034,9 +1999,11 @@ function evaluateHeuristics(context) {
   const signals = [];
   for (const heuristic of HEURISTICS) {
     try {
-      const signal = heuristic(context);
-      if (signal) {
-        signals.push(signal);
+      const result = heuristic(context);
+      if (Array.isArray(result)) {
+        signals.push(...result);
+      } else if (result) {
+        signals.push(result);
       }
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn(`Heuristic evaluation failed:`, error);
@@ -1151,11 +2118,9 @@ var StaticLabelProvider = class {
 function createDefaultLabelProvider() {
   return new StaticLabelProvider();
 }
-
-// src/index.ts
-var VERSION = "0.1.0";
 // Annotate the CommonJS export names for ESM import in node:
 0 && (module.exports = {
+  DEFAULT_RPC_URL,
   RPCClient,
   StaticLabelProvider,
   VERSION,
@@ -1166,8 +2131,12 @@ var VERSION = "0.1.0";
   detectAmountReuse,
   detectBalanceTraceability,
   detectCounterpartyReuse,
+  detectFeePayerReuse,
+  detectInstructionFingerprinting,
   detectKnownEntityInteraction,
+  detectSignerOverlap,
   detectTimingPatterns,
+  detectTokenAccountLifecycle,
   evaluateHeuristics,
   generateReport,
   normalizeProgramData,