reze-engine 0.2.14 → 0.2.16

package/src/physics.ts

@@ -1,752 +1,752 @@
-import { Quat, Vec3, Mat4 } from "./math"
-import { loadAmmo } from "./ammo-loader"
-import type { AmmoInstance } from "@fred3d/ammo"
-
-export enum RigidbodyShape {
-  Sphere = 0,
-  Box = 1,
-  Capsule = 2,
-}
-
-export enum RigidbodyType {
-  Static = 0,
-  Dynamic = 1,
-  Kinematic = 2,
-}
-
-export interface Rigidbody {
-  name: string
-  englishName: string
-  boneIndex: number
-  group: number
-  collisionMask: number
-  shape: RigidbodyShape
-  size: Vec3
-  shapePosition: Vec3 // Bind pose world space position from PMX
-  shapeRotation: Vec3 // Bind pose world space rotation (Euler angles) from PMX
-  mass: number
-  linearDamping: number
-  angularDamping: number
-  restitution: number
-  friction: number
-  type: RigidbodyType
-  bodyOffsetMatrixInverse: Mat4 // Inverse of body offset matrix, used to sync rigidbody to bone
-  bodyOffsetMatrix?: Mat4 // Cached non-inverse for performance (computed once during initialization)
-}
-
-export interface Joint {
-  name: string
-  englishName: string
-  type: number
-  rigidbodyIndexA: number
-  rigidbodyIndexB: number
-  position: Vec3
-  rotation: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
-  positionMin: Vec3
-  positionMax: Vec3
-  rotationMin: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
-  rotationMax: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
-  springPosition: Vec3
-  springRotation: Vec3 // Spring stiffness values
-}
-
-export class Physics {
-  private rigidbodies: Rigidbody[]
-  private joints: Joint[]
-  private gravity: Vec3 = new Vec3(0, -98, 0) // Gravity acceleration (cm/s²), MMD-style default
-  private ammoInitialized = false
-  private ammoPromise: Promise<AmmoInstance> | null = null
-  private ammo: AmmoInstance | null = null
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-  private dynamicsWorld: any = null // btDiscreteDynamicsWorld
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-  private ammoRigidbodies: any[] = [] // btRigidBody instances
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-  private ammoConstraints: any[] = [] // btTypedConstraint instances
-  private rigidbodiesInitialized = false // bodyOffsetMatrixInverse computed and bodies positioned
-  private jointsCreated = false // Joints delayed until after rigidbodies are positioned
-  private firstFrame = true // Needed to reposition bodies before creating joints
-  private forceDisableOffsetForConstraintFrame = true // MMD compatibility (Bullet 2.75 behavior)
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-  private zeroVector: any = null // Cached zero vector for velocity clearing
-
-  constructor(rigidbodies: Rigidbody[], joints: Joint[] = []) {
-    this.rigidbodies = rigidbodies
-    this.joints = joints
-    this.initAmmo()
-  }
-
-  private async initAmmo(): Promise<void> {
-    if (this.ammoInitialized || this.ammoPromise) return
-    this.ammoPromise = loadAmmo()
-    try {
-      this.ammo = await this.ammoPromise
-      this.createAmmoWorld()
-      this.ammoInitialized = true
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error("[Physics] Failed to initialize Ammo:", error)
-      this.ammoPromise = null
-    }
-  }
-
-  setGravity(gravity: Vec3): void {
-    this.gravity = gravity
-    if (this.dynamicsWorld && this.ammo) {
-      const Ammo = this.ammo
-      const gravityVec = new Ammo.btVector3(gravity.x, gravity.y, gravity.z)
-      this.dynamicsWorld.setGravity(gravityVec)
-      Ammo.destroy(gravityVec)
-    }
-  }
-
-  getGravity(): Vec3 {
-    return this.gravity
-  }
-
-  getRigidbodies(): Rigidbody[] {
-    return this.rigidbodies
-  }
-
-  getJoints(): Joint[] {
-    return this.joints
-  }
-
-  getRigidbodyTransforms(): Array<{ position: Vec3; rotation: Quat }> {
-    const transforms: Array<{ position: Vec3; rotation: Quat }> = []
-
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.ammoRigidbodies.length) {
-      for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-        transforms.push({
-          position: new Vec3(
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.x,
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.y,
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.z
-          ),
-          rotation: Quat.fromEuler(
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.x,
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.y,
-            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.z
-          ),
-        })
-      }
-      return transforms
-    }
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.ammoRigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
-      if (!ammoBody) {
-        const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-        transforms.push({
-          position: new Vec3(rb.shapePosition.x, rb.shapePosition.y, rb.shapePosition.z),
-          rotation: Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z),
-        })
-        continue
-      }
-
-      const transform = ammoBody.getWorldTransform()
-      const origin = transform.getOrigin()
-      const rotQuat = transform.getRotation()
-
-      transforms.push({
-        position: new Vec3(origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z()),
-        rotation: new Quat(rotQuat.x(), rotQuat.y(), rotQuat.z(), rotQuat.w()),
-      })
-    }
-
-    return transforms
-  }
-
-  private createAmmoWorld(): void {
-    if (!this.ammo) return
-
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-
-    const collisionConfiguration = new Ammo.btDefaultCollisionConfiguration()
-    const dispatcher = new Ammo.btCollisionDispatcher(collisionConfiguration)
-    const overlappingPairCache = new Ammo.btDbvtBroadphase()
-    const solver = new Ammo.btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver()
-
-    this.dynamicsWorld = new Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld(
-      dispatcher,
-      overlappingPairCache,
-      solver,
-      collisionConfiguration
-    )
-
-    const gravityVec = new Ammo.btVector3(this.gravity.x, this.gravity.y, this.gravity.z)
-    this.dynamicsWorld.setGravity(gravityVec)
-    Ammo.destroy(gravityVec)
-
-    this.createAmmoRigidbodies()
-  }
-
-  private createAmmoRigidbodies(): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-    this.ammoRigidbodies = []
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-      let shape: any = null
-      const size = rb.size
-
-      switch (rb.shape) {
-        case RigidbodyShape.Sphere:
-          const radius = size.x
-          shape = new Ammo.btSphereShape(radius)
-          break
-        case RigidbodyShape.Box:
-          const sizeVector = new Ammo.btVector3(size.x, size.y, size.z)
-          shape = new Ammo.btBoxShape(sizeVector)
-          Ammo.destroy(sizeVector)
-          break
-        case RigidbodyShape.Capsule:
-          const capsuleRadius = size.x
-          const capsuleHalfHeight = size.y
-          shape = new Ammo.btCapsuleShape(capsuleRadius, capsuleHalfHeight)
-          break
-        default:
-          const defaultHalfExtents = new Ammo.btVector3(size.x / 2, size.y / 2, size.z / 2)
-          shape = new Ammo.btBoxShape(defaultHalfExtents)
-          Ammo.destroy(defaultHalfExtents)
-          break
-      }
-
-      // Bodies must start at correct position to avoid explosions when joints are created
-      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
-      transform.setIdentity()
-
-      const shapePos = new Ammo.btVector3(rb.shapePosition.x, rb.shapePosition.y, rb.shapePosition.z)
-      transform.setOrigin(shapePos)
-      Ammo.destroy(shapePos)
-
-      const shapeRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z)
-      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(shapeRotQuat.x, shapeRotQuat.y, shapeRotQuat.z, shapeRotQuat.w)
-      transform.setRotation(quat)
-      Ammo.destroy(quat)
-
-      // All types use the same motionState constructor
-      const motionState = new Ammo.btDefaultMotionState(transform)
-      const mass = rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic ? rb.mass : 0
-      const isDynamic = rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic
-
-      const localInertia = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
-      if (isDynamic && mass > 0) {
-        shape.calculateLocalInertia(mass, localInertia)
-      }
-
-      const rbInfo = new Ammo.btRigidBodyConstructionInfo(mass, motionState, shape, localInertia)
-      rbInfo.set_m_restitution(rb.restitution)
-      rbInfo.set_m_friction(rb.friction)
-      rbInfo.set_m_linearDamping(rb.linearDamping)
-      rbInfo.set_m_angularDamping(rb.angularDamping)
-
-      const body = new Ammo.btRigidBody(rbInfo)
-
-      body.setSleepingThresholds(0.0, 0.0)
-
-      // Static (FollowBone) should be kinematic, not static - must follow bones
-      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) {
-        body.setCollisionFlags(body.getCollisionFlags() | 2) // CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT
-        body.setActivationState(4) // DISABLE_DEACTIVATION
-      }
-
-      const collisionGroup = 1 << rb.group
-      const collisionMask = rb.collisionMask
-
-      const isZeroVolume =
-        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Sphere && rb.size.x === 0) ||
-        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Box && (rb.size.x === 0 || rb.size.y === 0 || rb.size.z === 0)) ||
-        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Capsule && (rb.size.x === 0 || rb.size.y === 0))
-
-      if (collisionMask === 0 || isZeroVolume) {
-        body.setCollisionFlags(body.getCollisionFlags() | 4) // CF_NO_CONTACT_RESPONSE
-      }
-
-      this.dynamicsWorld.addRigidBody(body, collisionGroup, collisionMask)
-
-      this.ammoRigidbodies.push(body)
-
-      Ammo.destroy(rbInfo)
-      Ammo.destroy(localInertia)
-    }
-  }
-
-  private createAmmoJoints(): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld || this.ammoRigidbodies.length === 0) return
-
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-    this.ammoConstraints = []
-
-    for (const joint of this.joints) {
-      const rbIndexA = joint.rigidbodyIndexA
-      const rbIndexB = joint.rigidbodyIndexB
-
-      if (
-        rbIndexA < 0 ||
-        rbIndexA >= this.ammoRigidbodies.length ||
-        rbIndexB < 0 ||
-        rbIndexB >= this.ammoRigidbodies.length
-      ) {
-        console.warn(`[Physics] Invalid joint indices: ${rbIndexA}, ${rbIndexB}`)
-        continue
-      }
-
-      const bodyA = this.ammoRigidbodies[rbIndexA]
-      const bodyB = this.ammoRigidbodies[rbIndexB]
-
-      if (!bodyA || !bodyB) {
-        console.warn(`[Physics] Body not found for joint ${joint.name}: bodyA=${!!bodyA}, bodyB=${!!bodyB}`)
-        continue
-      }
-
-      // Compute joint frames using actual current body positions (after repositioning)
-      const bodyATransform = bodyA.getWorldTransform()
-      const bodyBTransform = bodyB.getWorldTransform()
-
-      const bodyAOrigin = bodyATransform.getOrigin()
-      const bodyARotQuat = bodyATransform.getRotation()
-      const bodyAPos = new Vec3(bodyAOrigin.x(), bodyAOrigin.y(), bodyAOrigin.z())
-      const bodyARot = new Quat(bodyARotQuat.x(), bodyARotQuat.y(), bodyARotQuat.z(), bodyARotQuat.w())
-      const bodyAMat = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(bodyAPos, bodyARot)
-
-      const bodyBOrigin = bodyBTransform.getOrigin()
-      const bodyBRotQuat = bodyBTransform.getRotation()
-      const bodyBPos = new Vec3(bodyBOrigin.x(), bodyBOrigin.y(), bodyBOrigin.z())
-      const bodyBRot = new Quat(bodyBRotQuat.x(), bodyBRotQuat.y(), bodyBRotQuat.z(), bodyBRotQuat.w())
-      const bodyBMat = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(bodyBPos, bodyBRot)
-
-      const scalingFactor = 1.0
-      const jointRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(joint.rotation.x, joint.rotation.y, joint.rotation.z)
-      const jointPos = new Vec3(
-        joint.position.x * scalingFactor,
-        joint.position.y * scalingFactor,
-        joint.position.z * scalingFactor
-      )
-      const jointTransform = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(jointPos, jointRotQuat)
-
-      // Transform joint world position to body A's local space
-      const frameInAMat = bodyAMat.inverse().multiply(jointTransform)
-      const framePosA = frameInAMat.getPosition()
-      const frameRotA = frameInAMat.toQuat()
-
-      // Transform joint world position to body B's local space
-      const frameInBMat = bodyBMat.inverse().multiply(jointTransform)
-      const framePosB = frameInBMat.getPosition()
-      const frameRotB = frameInBMat.toQuat()
-
-      const frameInA = new Ammo.btTransform()
-      frameInA.setIdentity()
-      const pivotInA = new Ammo.btVector3(framePosA.x, framePosA.y, framePosA.z)
-      frameInA.setOrigin(pivotInA)
-      const quatA = new Ammo.btQuaternion(frameRotA.x, frameRotA.y, frameRotA.z, frameRotA.w)
-      frameInA.setRotation(quatA)
-
-      const frameInB = new Ammo.btTransform()
-      frameInB.setIdentity()
-      const pivotInB = new Ammo.btVector3(framePosB.x, framePosB.y, framePosB.z)
-      frameInB.setOrigin(pivotInB)
-      const quatB = new Ammo.btQuaternion(frameRotB.x, frameRotB.y, frameRotB.z, frameRotB.w)
-      frameInB.setRotation(quatB)
-
-      const useLinearReferenceFrameA = true
-      const constraint = new Ammo.btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint(
-        bodyA,
-        bodyB,
-        frameInA,
-        frameInB,
-        useLinearReferenceFrameA
-      )
-
-      // Disable offset for constraint frame for MMD compatibility (Bullet 2.75 behavior)
-      if (this.forceDisableOffsetForConstraintFrame) {
-        let jointPtr: number | undefined
-        if (typeof Ammo.getPointer === "function") {
-          jointPtr = Ammo.getPointer(constraint)
-        } else {
-          const constraintWithPtr = constraint as { ptr?: number }
-          jointPtr = constraintWithPtr.ptr
-        }
-
-        if (jointPtr !== undefined && Ammo.HEAP8) {
-          const heap8 = Ammo.HEAP8 as Uint8Array
-          // jointPtr + 1300 = m_useLinearReferenceFrameA, jointPtr + 1301 = m_useOffsetForConstraintFrame
-          if (heap8[jointPtr + 1300] === (useLinearReferenceFrameA ? 1 : 0) && heap8[jointPtr + 1301] === 1) {
-            heap8[jointPtr + 1301] = 0
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      for (let i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
-        constraint.setParam(2, 0.475, i) // BT_CONSTRAINT_STOP_ERP
-      }
-
-      const lowerLinear = new Ammo.btVector3(joint.positionMin.x, joint.positionMin.y, joint.positionMin.z)
-      const upperLinear = new Ammo.btVector3(joint.positionMax.x, joint.positionMax.y, joint.positionMax.z)
-      constraint.setLinearLowerLimit(lowerLinear)
-      constraint.setLinearUpperLimit(upperLinear)
-
-      const lowerAngular = new Ammo.btVector3(
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.x),
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.y),
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.z)
-      )
-      const upperAngular = new Ammo.btVector3(
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.x),
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.y),
-        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.z)
-      )
-      constraint.setAngularLowerLimit(lowerAngular)
-      constraint.setAngularUpperLimit(upperAngular)
-
-      // Linear springs: only enable if stiffness is non-zero
-      if (joint.springPosition.x !== 0) {
-        constraint.setStiffness(0, joint.springPosition.x)
-        constraint.enableSpring(0, true)
-      } else {
-        constraint.enableSpring(0, false)
-      }
-      if (joint.springPosition.y !== 0) {
-        constraint.setStiffness(1, joint.springPosition.y)
-        constraint.enableSpring(1, true)
-      } else {
-        constraint.enableSpring(1, false)
-      }
-      if (joint.springPosition.z !== 0) {
-        constraint.setStiffness(2, joint.springPosition.z)
-        constraint.enableSpring(2, true)
-      } else {
-        constraint.enableSpring(2, false)
-      }
-
-      // Angular springs: always enable
-      constraint.setStiffness(3, joint.springRotation.x)
-      constraint.enableSpring(3, true)
-      constraint.setStiffness(4, joint.springRotation.y)
-      constraint.enableSpring(4, true)
-      constraint.setStiffness(5, joint.springRotation.z)
-      constraint.enableSpring(5, true)
-
-      this.dynamicsWorld.addConstraint(constraint, false)
-
-      this.ammoConstraints.push(constraint)
-      Ammo.destroy(pivotInA)
-      Ammo.destroy(pivotInB)
-      Ammo.destroy(quatA)
-      Ammo.destroy(quatB)
-      Ammo.destroy(lowerLinear)
-      Ammo.destroy(upperLinear)
-      Ammo.destroy(lowerAngular)
-      Ammo.destroy(upperAngular)
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Normalize angle to [-π, π] range
-  private normalizeAngle(angle: number): number {
-    const pi = Math.PI
-    const twoPi = 2 * pi
-    angle = angle % twoPi
-    if (angle < -pi) {
-      angle += twoPi
-    } else if (angle > pi) {
-      angle -= twoPi
-    }
-    return angle
-  }
-
-  // Reset physics state (reposition bodies, clear velocities)
-  // Following babylon-mmd pattern: initialize all rigid body positions from current bone poses
-  // Call this when starting a new animation to prevent physics instability from sudden pose changes
-  reset(boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array): void {
-    if (!this.ammoInitialized || !this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    const boneCount = boneWorldMatrices.length / 16
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-
-    // Ensure body offsets are computed
-    if (!this.rigidbodiesInitialized) {
-      this.computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
-      this.rigidbodiesInitialized = true
-    }
-
-    // Reposition ALL rigid bodies from current bone poses (like babylon-mmd initialize)
-    // This ensures all bodies are correctly positioned before physics starts
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
-      if (!ammoBody || rb.boneIndex < 0 || rb.boneIndex >= boneCount) continue
-
-      const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
-      const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
-
-      // Get bone world matrix
-      const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
-
-      // Compute body world matrix: bodyWorld = boneWorld × bodyOffsetMatrix
-      // (like babylon-mmd: bodyWorldMatrix = bodyOffsetMatrix.multiplyToRef(bodyWorldMatrix))
-      const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
-      const bodyWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
-
-      const worldPos = bodyWorldMatrix.getPosition()
-      const worldRot = bodyWorldMatrix.toQuat()
-
-      // Set transform matrix
-      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
-      const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
-      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
-
-      transform.setOrigin(pos)
-      transform.setRotation(quat)
-
-      ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
-      ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
-
-      // Clear velocities for all rigidbodies
-      if (!this.zeroVector) {
-        this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
-      }
-      ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-      ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-
-      // Explicitly activate dynamic rigidbodies after reset (wake them up)
-      // This is critical for dress pieces and other dynamic bodies to prevent teleporting
-      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic) {
-        ammoBody.activate(true) // Wake up the body
-      }
-
-      Ammo.destroy(pos)
-      Ammo.destroy(quat)
-    }
-
-    // Step simulation once to stabilize (like babylon-mmd)
-    if (this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation) {
-      this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(0, 0, 0)
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Syncs bones to rigidbodies, simulates dynamics, solves constraints
-  // Modifies boneWorldMatrices in-place for dynamic rigidbodies that drive bones
-  step(dt: number, boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array): void {
-    // Wait for Ammo to initialize
-    if (!this.ammoInitialized || !this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    const boneCount = boneWorldMatrices.length / 16
-
-    if (this.firstFrame) {
-      if (!this.rigidbodiesInitialized) {
-        this.computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
-        this.rigidbodiesInitialized = true
-      }
-
-      // Position bodies based on current bone poses (not bind pose) before creating joints
-      this.positionBodiesFromBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneCount)
-
-      if (!this.jointsCreated) {
-        this.createAmmoJoints()
-        this.jointsCreated = true
-      }
-
-      if (this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation) {
-        this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(0, 0, 0)
-      }
-
-      this.firstFrame = false
-    }
-
-    // Step order: 1) Sync Static/Kinematic from bones, 2) Step physics, 3) Apply dynamic to bones
-    this.syncFromBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
-
-    this.stepAmmoPhysics(dt)
-
-    this.applyAmmoRigidbodiesToBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
-  }
-
-  // Compute bodyOffsetMatrixInverse for all rigidbodies (called once during initialization)
-  private computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array, boneCount: number): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-      if (rb.boneIndex >= 0 && rb.boneIndex < boneCount) {
-        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
-        const invBindIdx = boneIdx * 16
-
-        const invBindMat = new Mat4(boneInverseBindMatrices.subarray(invBindIdx, invBindIdx + 16))
-
-        // Compute shape transform in bone-local space: shapeLocal = boneInverseBind × shapeWorldBind
-        const shapeRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z)
-        const shapeWorldBind = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(rb.shapePosition, shapeRotQuat)
-
-        // shapeLocal = boneInverseBind × shapeWorldBind (not shapeWorldBind × boneInverseBind)
-        const bodyOffsetMatrix = invBindMat.multiply(shapeWorldBind)
-        rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse = bodyOffsetMatrix.inverse()
-        rb.bodyOffsetMatrix = bodyOffsetMatrix // Cache non-inverse to avoid expensive inverse() calls
-      } else {
-        rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse = Mat4.identity()
-        rb.bodyOffsetMatrix = Mat4.identity() // Cache non-inverse
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Position bodies based on current bone transforms (called on first frame only)
-  private positionBodiesFromBones(boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneCount: number): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
-      if (!ammoBody || rb.boneIndex < 0 || rb.boneIndex >= boneCount) continue
-
-      const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
-      const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
-
-      const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
-
-      // nodeWorld = boneWorld × shapeLocal (not shapeLocal × boneWorld)
-      const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
-      const nodeWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
-
-      const worldPos = nodeWorldMatrix.getPosition()
-      const worldRot = nodeWorldMatrix.toQuat()
-
-      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
-      const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
-      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
-
-      transform.setOrigin(pos)
-      transform.setRotation(quat)
-
-      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) {
-        ammoBody.setCollisionFlags(ammoBody.getCollisionFlags() | 2) // CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT
-        ammoBody.setActivationState(4) // DISABLE_DEACTIVATION
-      }
-
-      ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
-      ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
-
-      if (!this.zeroVector) {
-        this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
-      }
-      ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-      ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-
-      Ammo.destroy(pos)
-      Ammo.destroy(quat)
-      Ammo.destroy(transform)
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Sync Static (FollowBone) and Kinematic rigidbodies to follow bone transforms
-  private syncFromBones(
-    boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array,
-    boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array,
-    boneCount: number
-  ): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    const Ammo = this.ammo
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
-      if (!ammoBody) continue
-
-      // Sync both Static (FollowBone) and Kinematic bodies - they both follow bones
-      if (
-        (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) &&
-        rb.boneIndex >= 0 &&
-        rb.boneIndex < boneCount
-      ) {
-        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
-        const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
-
-        const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
-
-        // nodeWorld = boneWorld × shapeLocal (not shapeLocal × boneWorld)
-        const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
-        const nodeWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
-
-        const worldPos = nodeWorldMatrix.getPosition()
-        const worldRot = nodeWorldMatrix.toQuat()
-
-        const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
-        const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
-        const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
-
-        transform.setOrigin(pos)
-        transform.setRotation(quat)
-
-        ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
-        ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
-
-        if (!this.zeroVector) {
-          this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
-        }
-        ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-        ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
-
-        Ammo.destroy(pos)
-        Ammo.destroy(quat)
-        Ammo.destroy(transform)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Step Ammo physics simulation
-  private stepAmmoPhysics(dt: number): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    const fixedTimeStep = 1 / 75
-    const maxSubSteps = 10
-
-    this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(dt, maxSubSteps, fixedTimeStep)
-  }
-
-  // Apply dynamic rigidbody world transforms to bone world matrices in-place
-  private applyAmmoRigidbodiesToBones(
-    boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array,
-    boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array,
-    boneCount: number
-  ): void {
-    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
-      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
-      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
-      if (!ammoBody) continue
-
-      // Only dynamic rigidbodies drive bones (Static/Kinematic follow bones)
-      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic && rb.boneIndex >= 0 && rb.boneIndex < boneCount) {
-        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
-        const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
-
-        const transform = ammoBody.getWorldTransform()
-        const origin = transform.getOrigin()
-        const rotation = transform.getRotation()
-
-        const nodePos = new Vec3(origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z())
-        const nodeRot = new Quat(rotation.x(), rotation.y(), rotation.z(), rotation.w())
-        const nodeWorldMatrix = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(nodePos, nodeRot)
-
-        // boneWorld = nodeWorld × bodyOffsetMatrixInverse (not bodyOffsetMatrixInverse × nodeWorld)
-        const boneWorldMat = nodeWorldMatrix.multiply(rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse)
-
-        const values = boneWorldMat.values
-        if (!isNaN(values[0]) && !isNaN(values[15]) && Math.abs(values[0]) < 1e6 && Math.abs(values[15]) < 1e6) {
-          boneWorldMatrices.set(values, worldMatIdx)
-        } else {
-          console.warn(`[Physics] Invalid bone world matrix for rigidbody ${i} (${rb.name}), skipping update`)
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
+import { Quat, Vec3, Mat4 } from "./math"
+import { loadAmmo } from "./ammo-loader"
+import type { AmmoInstance } from "@fred3d/ammo"
+
+export enum RigidbodyShape {
+  Sphere = 0,
+  Box = 1,
+  Capsule = 2,
+}
+
+export enum RigidbodyType {
+  Static = 0,
+  Dynamic = 1,
+  Kinematic = 2,
+}
+
+export interface Rigidbody {
+  name: string
+  englishName: string
+  boneIndex: number
+  group: number
+  collisionMask: number
+  shape: RigidbodyShape
+  size: Vec3
+  shapePosition: Vec3 // Bind pose world space position from PMX
+  shapeRotation: Vec3 // Bind pose world space rotation (Euler angles) from PMX
+  mass: number
+  linearDamping: number
+  angularDamping: number
+  restitution: number
+  friction: number
+  type: RigidbodyType
+  bodyOffsetMatrixInverse: Mat4 // Inverse of body offset matrix, used to sync rigidbody to bone
+  bodyOffsetMatrix?: Mat4 // Cached non-inverse for performance (computed once during initialization)
+}
+
+export interface Joint {
+  name: string
+  englishName: string
+  type: number
+  rigidbodyIndexA: number
+  rigidbodyIndexB: number
+  position: Vec3
+  rotation: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
+  positionMin: Vec3
+  positionMax: Vec3
+  rotationMin: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
+  rotationMax: Vec3 // Euler angles in radians
+  springPosition: Vec3
+  springRotation: Vec3 // Spring stiffness values
+}
+
+export class Physics {
+  private rigidbodies: Rigidbody[]
+  private joints: Joint[]
+  private gravity: Vec3 = new Vec3(0, -98, 0) // Gravity acceleration (cm/s²), MMD-style default
+  private ammoInitialized = false
+  private ammoPromise: Promise<AmmoInstance> | null = null
+  private ammo: AmmoInstance | null = null
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private dynamicsWorld: any = null // btDiscreteDynamicsWorld
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private ammoRigidbodies: any[] = [] // btRigidBody instances
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private ammoConstraints: any[] = [] // btTypedConstraint instances
+  private rigidbodiesInitialized = false // bodyOffsetMatrixInverse computed and bodies positioned
+  private jointsCreated = false // Joints delayed until after rigidbodies are positioned
+  private firstFrame = true // Needed to reposition bodies before creating joints
+  private forceDisableOffsetForConstraintFrame = true // MMD compatibility (Bullet 2.75 behavior)
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private zeroVector: any = null // Cached zero vector for velocity clearing
+
+  constructor(rigidbodies: Rigidbody[], joints: Joint[] = []) {
+    this.rigidbodies = rigidbodies
+    this.joints = joints
+    this.initAmmo()
+  }
+
+  private async initAmmo(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.ammoInitialized || this.ammoPromise) return
+    this.ammoPromise = loadAmmo()
+    try {
+      this.ammo = await this.ammoPromise
+      this.createAmmoWorld()
+      this.ammoInitialized = true
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("[Physics] Failed to initialize Ammo:", error)
+      this.ammoPromise = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  setGravity(gravity: Vec3): void {
+    this.gravity = gravity
+    if (this.dynamicsWorld && this.ammo) {
+      const Ammo = this.ammo
+      const gravityVec = new Ammo.btVector3(gravity.x, gravity.y, gravity.z)
+      this.dynamicsWorld.setGravity(gravityVec)
+      Ammo.destroy(gravityVec)
+    }
+  }
+
+  getGravity(): Vec3 {
+    return this.gravity
+  }
+
+  getRigidbodies(): Rigidbody[] {
+    return this.rigidbodies
+  }
+
+  getJoints(): Joint[] {
+    return this.joints
+  }
+
+  getRigidbodyTransforms(): Array<{ position: Vec3; rotation: Quat }> {
+    const transforms: Array<{ position: Vec3; rotation: Quat }> = []
+
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.ammoRigidbodies.length) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+        transforms.push({
+          position: new Vec3(
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.x,
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.y,
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapePosition.z
+          ),
+          rotation: Quat.fromEuler(
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.x,
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.y,
+            this.rigidbodies[i].shapeRotation.z
+          ),
+        })
+      }
+      return transforms
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.ammoRigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
+      if (!ammoBody) {
+        const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+        transforms.push({
+          position: new Vec3(rb.shapePosition.x, rb.shapePosition.y, rb.shapePosition.z),
+          rotation: Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z),
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const transform = ammoBody.getWorldTransform()
+      const origin = transform.getOrigin()
+      const rotQuat = transform.getRotation()
+
+      transforms.push({
+        position: new Vec3(origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z()),
+        rotation: new Quat(rotQuat.x(), rotQuat.y(), rotQuat.z(), rotQuat.w()),
+      })
+    }
+
+    return transforms
+  }
+
+  private createAmmoWorld(): void {
+    if (!this.ammo) return
+
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+
+    const collisionConfiguration = new Ammo.btDefaultCollisionConfiguration()
+    const dispatcher = new Ammo.btCollisionDispatcher(collisionConfiguration)
+    const overlappingPairCache = new Ammo.btDbvtBroadphase()
+    const solver = new Ammo.btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver()
+
+    this.dynamicsWorld = new Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld(
+      dispatcher,
+      overlappingPairCache,
+      solver,
+      collisionConfiguration
+    )
+
+    const gravityVec = new Ammo.btVector3(this.gravity.x, this.gravity.y, this.gravity.z)
+    this.dynamicsWorld.setGravity(gravityVec)
+    Ammo.destroy(gravityVec)
+
+    this.createAmmoRigidbodies()
+  }
+
+  private createAmmoRigidbodies(): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+    this.ammoRigidbodies = []
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      let shape: any = null
+      const size = rb.size
+
+      switch (rb.shape) {
+        case RigidbodyShape.Sphere:
+          const radius = size.x
+          shape = new Ammo.btSphereShape(radius)
+          break
+        case RigidbodyShape.Box:
+          const sizeVector = new Ammo.btVector3(size.x, size.y, size.z)
+          shape = new Ammo.btBoxShape(sizeVector)
+          Ammo.destroy(sizeVector)
+          break
+        case RigidbodyShape.Capsule:
+          const capsuleRadius = size.x
+          const capsuleHalfHeight = size.y
+          shape = new Ammo.btCapsuleShape(capsuleRadius, capsuleHalfHeight)
+          break
+        default:
+          const defaultHalfExtents = new Ammo.btVector3(size.x / 2, size.y / 2, size.z / 2)
+          shape = new Ammo.btBoxShape(defaultHalfExtents)
+          Ammo.destroy(defaultHalfExtents)
+          break
+      }
+
+      // Bodies must start at correct position to avoid explosions when joints are created
+      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
+      transform.setIdentity()
+
+      const shapePos = new Ammo.btVector3(rb.shapePosition.x, rb.shapePosition.y, rb.shapePosition.z)
+      transform.setOrigin(shapePos)
+      Ammo.destroy(shapePos)
+
+      const shapeRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z)
+      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(shapeRotQuat.x, shapeRotQuat.y, shapeRotQuat.z, shapeRotQuat.w)
+      transform.setRotation(quat)
+      Ammo.destroy(quat)
+
+      // All types use the same motionState constructor
+      const motionState = new Ammo.btDefaultMotionState(transform)
+      const mass = rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic ? rb.mass : 0
+      const isDynamic = rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic
+
+      const localInertia = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
+      if (isDynamic && mass > 0) {
+        shape.calculateLocalInertia(mass, localInertia)
+      }
+
+      const rbInfo = new Ammo.btRigidBodyConstructionInfo(mass, motionState, shape, localInertia)
+      rbInfo.set_m_restitution(rb.restitution)
+      rbInfo.set_m_friction(rb.friction)
+      rbInfo.set_m_linearDamping(rb.linearDamping)
+      rbInfo.set_m_angularDamping(rb.angularDamping)
+
+      const body = new Ammo.btRigidBody(rbInfo)
+
+      body.setSleepingThresholds(0.0, 0.0)
+
+      // Static (FollowBone) should be kinematic, not static - must follow bones
+      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) {
+        body.setCollisionFlags(body.getCollisionFlags() | 2) // CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT
+        body.setActivationState(4) // DISABLE_DEACTIVATION
+      }
+
+      const collisionGroup = 1 << rb.group
+      const collisionMask = rb.collisionMask
+
+      const isZeroVolume =
+        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Sphere && rb.size.x === 0) ||
+        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Box && (rb.size.x === 0 || rb.size.y === 0 || rb.size.z === 0)) ||
+        (rb.shape === RigidbodyShape.Capsule && (rb.size.x === 0 || rb.size.y === 0))
+
+      if (collisionMask === 0 || isZeroVolume) {
+        body.setCollisionFlags(body.getCollisionFlags() | 4) // CF_NO_CONTACT_RESPONSE
+      }
+
+      this.dynamicsWorld.addRigidBody(body, collisionGroup, collisionMask)
+
+      this.ammoRigidbodies.push(body)
+
+      Ammo.destroy(rbInfo)
+      Ammo.destroy(localInertia)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private createAmmoJoints(): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld || this.ammoRigidbodies.length === 0) return
+
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+    this.ammoConstraints = []
+
+    for (const joint of this.joints) {
+      const rbIndexA = joint.rigidbodyIndexA
+      const rbIndexB = joint.rigidbodyIndexB
+
+      if (
+        rbIndexA < 0 ||
+        rbIndexA >= this.ammoRigidbodies.length ||
+        rbIndexB < 0 ||
+        rbIndexB >= this.ammoRigidbodies.length
+      ) {
+        console.warn(`[Physics] Invalid joint indices: ${rbIndexA}, ${rbIndexB}`)
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const bodyA = this.ammoRigidbodies[rbIndexA]
+      const bodyB = this.ammoRigidbodies[rbIndexB]
+
+      if (!bodyA || !bodyB) {
+        console.warn(`[Physics] Body not found for joint ${joint.name}: bodyA=${!!bodyA}, bodyB=${!!bodyB}`)
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // Compute joint frames using actual current body positions (after repositioning)
+      const bodyATransform = bodyA.getWorldTransform()
+      const bodyBTransform = bodyB.getWorldTransform()
+
+      const bodyAOrigin = bodyATransform.getOrigin()
+      const bodyARotQuat = bodyATransform.getRotation()
+      const bodyAPos = new Vec3(bodyAOrigin.x(), bodyAOrigin.y(), bodyAOrigin.z())
+      const bodyARot = new Quat(bodyARotQuat.x(), bodyARotQuat.y(), bodyARotQuat.z(), bodyARotQuat.w())
+      const bodyAMat = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(bodyAPos, bodyARot)
+
+      const bodyBOrigin = bodyBTransform.getOrigin()
+      const bodyBRotQuat = bodyBTransform.getRotation()
+      const bodyBPos = new Vec3(bodyBOrigin.x(), bodyBOrigin.y(), bodyBOrigin.z())
+      const bodyBRot = new Quat(bodyBRotQuat.x(), bodyBRotQuat.y(), bodyBRotQuat.z(), bodyBRotQuat.w())
+      const bodyBMat = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(bodyBPos, bodyBRot)
+
+      const scalingFactor = 1.0
+      const jointRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(joint.rotation.x, joint.rotation.y, joint.rotation.z)
+      const jointPos = new Vec3(
+        joint.position.x * scalingFactor,
+        joint.position.y * scalingFactor,
+        joint.position.z * scalingFactor
+      )
+      const jointTransform = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(jointPos, jointRotQuat)
+
+      // Transform joint world position to body A's local space
+      const frameInAMat = bodyAMat.inverse().multiply(jointTransform)
+      const framePosA = frameInAMat.getPosition()
+      const frameRotA = frameInAMat.toQuat()
+
+      // Transform joint world position to body B's local space
+      const frameInBMat = bodyBMat.inverse().multiply(jointTransform)
+      const framePosB = frameInBMat.getPosition()
+      const frameRotB = frameInBMat.toQuat()
+
+      const frameInA = new Ammo.btTransform()
+      frameInA.setIdentity()
+      const pivotInA = new Ammo.btVector3(framePosA.x, framePosA.y, framePosA.z)
+      frameInA.setOrigin(pivotInA)
+      const quatA = new Ammo.btQuaternion(frameRotA.x, frameRotA.y, frameRotA.z, frameRotA.w)
+      frameInA.setRotation(quatA)
+
+      const frameInB = new Ammo.btTransform()
+      frameInB.setIdentity()
+      const pivotInB = new Ammo.btVector3(framePosB.x, framePosB.y, framePosB.z)
+      frameInB.setOrigin(pivotInB)
+      const quatB = new Ammo.btQuaternion(frameRotB.x, frameRotB.y, frameRotB.z, frameRotB.w)
+      frameInB.setRotation(quatB)
+
+      const useLinearReferenceFrameA = true
+      const constraint = new Ammo.btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint(
+        bodyA,
+        bodyB,
+        frameInA,
+        frameInB,
+        useLinearReferenceFrameA
+      )
+
+      // Disable offset for constraint frame for MMD compatibility (Bullet 2.75 behavior)
+      if (this.forceDisableOffsetForConstraintFrame) {
+        let jointPtr: number | undefined
+        if (typeof Ammo.getPointer === "function") {
+          jointPtr = Ammo.getPointer(constraint)
+        } else {
+          const constraintWithPtr = constraint as { ptr?: number }
+          jointPtr = constraintWithPtr.ptr
+        }
+
+        if (jointPtr !== undefined && Ammo.HEAP8) {
+          const heap8 = Ammo.HEAP8 as Uint8Array
+          // jointPtr + 1300 = m_useLinearReferenceFrameA, jointPtr + 1301 = m_useOffsetForConstraintFrame
+          if (heap8[jointPtr + 1300] === (useLinearReferenceFrameA ? 1 : 0) && heap8[jointPtr + 1301] === 1) {
+            heap8[jointPtr + 1301] = 0
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
+        constraint.setParam(2, 0.475, i) // BT_CONSTRAINT_STOP_ERP
+      }
+
+      const lowerLinear = new Ammo.btVector3(joint.positionMin.x, joint.positionMin.y, joint.positionMin.z)
+      const upperLinear = new Ammo.btVector3(joint.positionMax.x, joint.positionMax.y, joint.positionMax.z)
+      constraint.setLinearLowerLimit(lowerLinear)
+      constraint.setLinearUpperLimit(upperLinear)
+
+      const lowerAngular = new Ammo.btVector3(
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.x),
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.y),
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMin.z)
+      )
+      const upperAngular = new Ammo.btVector3(
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.x),
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.y),
+        this.normalizeAngle(joint.rotationMax.z)
+      )
+      constraint.setAngularLowerLimit(lowerAngular)
+      constraint.setAngularUpperLimit(upperAngular)
+
+      // Linear springs: only enable if stiffness is non-zero
+      if (joint.springPosition.x !== 0) {
+        constraint.setStiffness(0, joint.springPosition.x)
+        constraint.enableSpring(0, true)
+      } else {
+        constraint.enableSpring(0, false)
+      }
+      if (joint.springPosition.y !== 0) {
+        constraint.setStiffness(1, joint.springPosition.y)
+        constraint.enableSpring(1, true)
+      } else {
+        constraint.enableSpring(1, false)
+      }
+      if (joint.springPosition.z !== 0) {
+        constraint.setStiffness(2, joint.springPosition.z)
+        constraint.enableSpring(2, true)
+      } else {
+        constraint.enableSpring(2, false)
+      }
+
+      // Angular springs: always enable
+      constraint.setStiffness(3, joint.springRotation.x)
+      constraint.enableSpring(3, true)
+      constraint.setStiffness(4, joint.springRotation.y)
+      constraint.enableSpring(4, true)
+      constraint.setStiffness(5, joint.springRotation.z)
+      constraint.enableSpring(5, true)
+
+      this.dynamicsWorld.addConstraint(constraint, false)
+
+      this.ammoConstraints.push(constraint)
+      Ammo.destroy(pivotInA)
+      Ammo.destroy(pivotInB)
+      Ammo.destroy(quatA)
+      Ammo.destroy(quatB)
+      Ammo.destroy(lowerLinear)
+      Ammo.destroy(upperLinear)
+      Ammo.destroy(lowerAngular)
+      Ammo.destroy(upperAngular)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Normalize angle to [-π, π] range
+  private normalizeAngle(angle: number): number {
+    const pi = Math.PI
+    const twoPi = 2 * pi
+    angle = angle % twoPi
+    if (angle < -pi) {
+      angle += twoPi
+    } else if (angle > pi) {
+      angle -= twoPi
+    }
+    return angle
+  }
+
+  // Reset physics state (reposition bodies, clear velocities)
+  // Following babylon-mmd pattern: initialize all rigid body positions from current bone poses
+  // Call this when starting a new animation to prevent physics instability from sudden pose changes
+  reset(boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array): void {
+    if (!this.ammoInitialized || !this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const boneCount = boneWorldMatrices.length / 16
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+
+    // Ensure body offsets are computed
+    if (!this.rigidbodiesInitialized) {
+      this.computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
+      this.rigidbodiesInitialized = true
+    }
+
+    // Reposition ALL rigid bodies from current bone poses (like babylon-mmd initialize)
+    // This ensures all bodies are correctly positioned before physics starts
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
+      if (!ammoBody || rb.boneIndex < 0 || rb.boneIndex >= boneCount) continue
+
+      const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
+      const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
+
+      // Get bone world matrix
+      const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
+
+      // Compute body world matrix: bodyWorld = boneWorld × bodyOffsetMatrix
+      // (like babylon-mmd: bodyWorldMatrix = bodyOffsetMatrix.multiplyToRef(bodyWorldMatrix))
+      const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
+      const bodyWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
+
+      const worldPos = bodyWorldMatrix.getPosition()
+      const worldRot = bodyWorldMatrix.toQuat()
+
+      // Set transform matrix
+      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
+      const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
+      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
+
+      transform.setOrigin(pos)
+      transform.setRotation(quat)
+
+      ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
+      ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
+
+      // Clear velocities for all rigidbodies
+      if (!this.zeroVector) {
+        this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
+      }
+      ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+      ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+
+      // Explicitly activate dynamic rigidbodies after reset (wake them up)
+      // This is critical for dress pieces and other dynamic bodies to prevent teleporting
+      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic) {
+        ammoBody.activate(true) // Wake up the body
+      }
+
+      Ammo.destroy(pos)
+      Ammo.destroy(quat)
+    }
+
+    // Step simulation once to stabilize (like babylon-mmd)
+    if (this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation) {
+      this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(0, 0, 0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Syncs bones to rigidbodies, simulates dynamics, solves constraints
+  // Modifies boneWorldMatrices in-place for dynamic rigidbodies that drive bones
+  step(dt: number, boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array): void {
+    // Wait for Ammo to initialize
+    if (!this.ammoInitialized || !this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const boneCount = boneWorldMatrices.length / 16
+
+    if (this.firstFrame) {
+      if (!this.rigidbodiesInitialized) {
+        this.computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
+        this.rigidbodiesInitialized = true
+      }
+
+      // Position bodies based on current bone poses (not bind pose) before creating joints
+      this.positionBodiesFromBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneCount)
+
+      if (!this.jointsCreated) {
+        this.createAmmoJoints()
+        this.jointsCreated = true
+      }
+
+      if (this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation) {
+        this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(0, 0, 0)
+      }
+
+      this.firstFrame = false
+    }
+
+    // Step order: 1) Sync Static/Kinematic from bones, 2) Step physics, 3) Apply dynamic to bones
+    this.syncFromBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
+
+    this.stepAmmoPhysics(dt)
+
+    this.applyAmmoRigidbodiesToBones(boneWorldMatrices, boneInverseBindMatrices, boneCount)
+  }
+
+  // Compute bodyOffsetMatrixInverse for all rigidbodies (called once during initialization)
+  private computeBodyOffsets(boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array, boneCount: number): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+      if (rb.boneIndex >= 0 && rb.boneIndex < boneCount) {
+        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
+        const invBindIdx = boneIdx * 16
+
+        const invBindMat = new Mat4(boneInverseBindMatrices.subarray(invBindIdx, invBindIdx + 16))
+
+        // Compute shape transform in bone-local space: shapeLocal = boneInverseBind × shapeWorldBind
+        const shapeRotQuat = Quat.fromEuler(rb.shapeRotation.x, rb.shapeRotation.y, rb.shapeRotation.z)
+        const shapeWorldBind = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(rb.shapePosition, shapeRotQuat)
+
+        // shapeLocal = boneInverseBind × shapeWorldBind (not shapeWorldBind × boneInverseBind)
+        const bodyOffsetMatrix = invBindMat.multiply(shapeWorldBind)
+        rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse = bodyOffsetMatrix.inverse()
+        rb.bodyOffsetMatrix = bodyOffsetMatrix // Cache non-inverse to avoid expensive inverse() calls
+      } else {
+        rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse = Mat4.identity()
+        rb.bodyOffsetMatrix = Mat4.identity() // Cache non-inverse
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Position bodies based on current bone transforms (called on first frame only)
+  private positionBodiesFromBones(boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array, boneCount: number): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
+      if (!ammoBody || rb.boneIndex < 0 || rb.boneIndex >= boneCount) continue
+
+      const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
+      const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
+
+      const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
+
+      // nodeWorld = boneWorld × shapeLocal (not shapeLocal × boneWorld)
+      const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
+      const nodeWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
+
+      const worldPos = nodeWorldMatrix.getPosition()
+      const worldRot = nodeWorldMatrix.toQuat()
+
+      const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
+      const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
+      const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
+
+      transform.setOrigin(pos)
+      transform.setRotation(quat)
+
+      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) {
+        ammoBody.setCollisionFlags(ammoBody.getCollisionFlags() | 2) // CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT
+        ammoBody.setActivationState(4) // DISABLE_DEACTIVATION
+      }
+
+      ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
+      ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
+
+      if (!this.zeroVector) {
+        this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
+      }
+      ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+      ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+
+      Ammo.destroy(pos)
+      Ammo.destroy(quat)
+      Ammo.destroy(transform)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sync Static (FollowBone) and Kinematic rigidbodies to follow bone transforms
+  private syncFromBones(
+    boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array,
+    boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array,
+    boneCount: number
+  ): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    const Ammo = this.ammo
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
+      if (!ammoBody) continue
+
+      // Sync both Static (FollowBone) and Kinematic bodies - they both follow bones
+      if (
+        (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Static || rb.type === RigidbodyType.Kinematic) &&
+        rb.boneIndex >= 0 &&
+        rb.boneIndex < boneCount
+      ) {
+        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
+        const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
+
+        const boneWorldMat = new Mat4(boneWorldMatrices.subarray(worldMatIdx, worldMatIdx + 16))
+
+        // nodeWorld = boneWorld × shapeLocal (not shapeLocal × boneWorld)
+        const bodyOffsetMatrix = rb.bodyOffsetMatrix || rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse.inverse()
+        const nodeWorldMatrix = boneWorldMat.multiply(bodyOffsetMatrix)
+
+        const worldPos = nodeWorldMatrix.getPosition()
+        const worldRot = nodeWorldMatrix.toQuat()
+
+        const transform = new Ammo.btTransform()
+        const pos = new Ammo.btVector3(worldPos.x, worldPos.y, worldPos.z)
+        const quat = new Ammo.btQuaternion(worldRot.x, worldRot.y, worldRot.z, worldRot.w)
+
+        transform.setOrigin(pos)
+        transform.setRotation(quat)
+
+        ammoBody.setWorldTransform(transform)
+        ammoBody.getMotionState().setWorldTransform(transform)
+
+        if (!this.zeroVector) {
+          this.zeroVector = new Ammo.btVector3(0, 0, 0)
+        }
+        ammoBody.setLinearVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+        ammoBody.setAngularVelocity(this.zeroVector)
+
+        Ammo.destroy(pos)
+        Ammo.destroy(quat)
+        Ammo.destroy(transform)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Step Ammo physics simulation
+  private stepAmmoPhysics(dt: number): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    const fixedTimeStep = 1 / 75
+    const maxSubSteps = 10
+
+    this.dynamicsWorld.stepSimulation(dt, maxSubSteps, fixedTimeStep)
+  }
+
+  // Apply dynamic rigidbody world transforms to bone world matrices in-place
+  private applyAmmoRigidbodiesToBones(
+    boneWorldMatrices: Float32Array,
+    boneInverseBindMatrices: Float32Array,
+    boneCount: number
+  ): void {
+    if (!this.ammo || !this.dynamicsWorld) return
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rigidbodies.length; i++) {
+      const rb = this.rigidbodies[i]
+      const ammoBody = this.ammoRigidbodies[i]
+      if (!ammoBody) continue
+
+      // Only dynamic rigidbodies drive bones (Static/Kinematic follow bones)
+      if (rb.type === RigidbodyType.Dynamic && rb.boneIndex >= 0 && rb.boneIndex < boneCount) {
+        const boneIdx = rb.boneIndex
+        const worldMatIdx = boneIdx * 16
+
+        const transform = ammoBody.getWorldTransform()
+        const origin = transform.getOrigin()
+        const rotation = transform.getRotation()
+
+        const nodePos = new Vec3(origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z())
+        const nodeRot = new Quat(rotation.x(), rotation.y(), rotation.z(), rotation.w())
+        const nodeWorldMatrix = Mat4.fromPositionRotation(nodePos, nodeRot)
+
+        // boneWorld = nodeWorld × bodyOffsetMatrixInverse (not bodyOffsetMatrixInverse × nodeWorld)
+        const boneWorldMat = nodeWorldMatrix.multiply(rb.bodyOffsetMatrixInverse)
+
+        const values = boneWorldMat.values
+        if (!isNaN(values[0]) && !isNaN(values[15]) && Math.abs(values[0]) < 1e6 && Math.abs(values[15]) < 1e6) {
+          boneWorldMatrices.set(values, worldMatIdx)
+        } else {
+          console.warn(`[Physics] Invalid bone world matrix for rigidbody ${i} (${rb.name}), skipping update`)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}