react-x11 2.16.0 → 2.17.0

package/src/win32/app.js

@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+// The Windows backend's app object: the bridge's event channel on one side,
+// the ntk-application shape the renderer expects on the other.
+//
+// There is no pump here, and that is the point. The Cocoa backend pumps AppKit
+// from a libuv timer because AppKit insists on the process's main thread, and
+// pays for it — an input waits for the next tick, and a modal loop freezes Node
+// outright (#484). Win32 binds a window to the thread that created it, so the
+// bridge runs every HWND and every modal loop on a thread of its own and
+// reaches this side through a threadsafe function, which wakes Node's loop at
+// once. What is left here is routing.
+import { systemAppearance } from '../appearance.js';
+import { setCompositingForTests } from '../compositing.js';
+import { setScaleForTests } from '../scale.js';
+import { setScreensForTests } from '../screens.js';
+
+import { createBezels } from './bezels.js';
+import { Win32InputMethod } from './ime.js';
+import { decodeKey, modifierMask } from './keymap.js';
+import { Win32PaneHost } from './panehost.js';
+import { Win32PaneWindow } from './panewindow.js';
+import { Win32Surface } from './surface.js';
+import { installGl, Win32GlWindow } from './glarea.js';
+import { Win32FontManager } from './fonts.js';
+import { loadNative } from './native.js';
+import {
+  installIdle,
+  installNotifications,
+  installTaskbar,
+  installTaskbarSurfaces,
+  Win32FilePanels,
+  Win32StatusItem,
+} from './shell.js';
+import { Win32Window } from './window.js';
+
+// The fallback frame period, for a Windows with no compositor clock to wait
+// on (before 10/1803) — and only that, because as a *clock* a JS timer is a
+// bad one here. Node rounds a timer up to the next system tick, the default
+// tick is 15.6ms, and a 16.67ms request therefore lands on the second one:
+// measured, 155 of 200 intervals at 31ms and 24 at 16ms, which is 34.8
+// frames a second alternating between one tick and two. Everything paced
+// judders at that however cheap its frames are.
+//
+// So the clock is `frameClockRequest` (windows/src/frameclock.cc), which
+// blocks a thread of its own on DCompositionWaitForCompositorClock and tells
+// JS when the compositor is ready for a frame. This number is what is left
+// when that is unavailable.
+const FRAME_INTERVAL_MS = 1000 / 60;
+
+// How long a promised compositor tick may take before the timer takes over
+// for the rest of the session. A tick that is asked for and never arrives
+// would stop every frame in the application for good — an app frozen with a
+// clean event loop, which is the worst kind to be told about — so the clock
+// is watched. One timer per frame costs nothing: what was wrong with a timer
+// here was never its cost, only its granularity.
+const CLOCK_WATCHDOG_MS = 250;
+
+/**
+ * A pointer event's position on the screen, which X carries as `rootx`/
+ * `rooty` and Windows does not: WM_MOUSEMOVE and the button messages are all
+ * client-relative. The window knows where its client area is, so the sum is
+ * exact and costs nothing.
+ *
+ * Anything that places something *outside* the window reads these — a
+ * `ContextMenu` opens at the pointer, and a drag's feedback follows it
+ * (src/components/Menu.js, src/dnd.js). Without them both fall back to the
+ * window-relative coordinate and treat it as a screen one, which puts a
+ * right-click menu a whole window-offset away from the pointer.
+ */
+function rootOf(wnd, event) {
+  const origin = wnd._screenOrigin ?? { x: wnd.x ?? 0, y: wnd.y ?? 0 };
+  return { rootx: event.a + origin.x, rooty: event.b + origin.y };
+}
+
+export class Win32App {
+  constructor(native, options = {}) {
+    this._native = native;
+    this.options = options;
+    this._windows = new Map();
+    // The drag this process started, while the shell is carrying it — what
+    // an in-app drop reads to keep `e.items` by reference (src/dnd.js).
+    this._activeDrag = null;
+    this._rafQueue = [];
+    this._frameTimer = null;
+    /** A frame has been asked for and not yet delivered — one outstanding
+     *  request at a time, whether the clock or the timer is answering it. */
+    this._framePending = false;
+    /** The compositor promised a tick and did not deliver one. Latched: the
+     *  timer answers every frame from then on. */
+    this._clockLost = false;
+    this._closed = false;
+    this._atoms = new Map();
+    this._appearanceListeners = new Set();
+    /** Tray icons by the bridge's handle, so an event can find its item. */
+    this._statusItems = new Map();
+    /** The input method. Composition is a property of the platform rather
+     *  than of a window, so there is one of these and it follows whichever
+     *  field is focused (src/win32/ime.js). */
+    this.inputMethod = new Win32InputMethod(this);
+    /** Popups that asked for a pointer grab. Windows has none to give, so
+     *  what the grab was for is watched for instead — see `grabPointer` in
+     *  src/win32/window.js and `_dismissOutsidePopups` below. */
+    this._dismissOnOutside = new Set();
+    /** GL surfaces by the bridge's id, so a 'gl-ready' event finds its own. */
+    this._glWindows = new Map();
+    /** This process *is* a `<Frame>`'s pane: it has no windows of its own,
+     *  only a buffer the host composites (REACT_X11_FRAME is what the Frame
+     *  host sets on the fork). */
+    this._paneMode = options.pane ?? process.env.REACT_X11_FRAME === '1';
+    this._paneSend = null;
+    /** The native open/save panels. Its *presence* is what puts the top rung
+     * on src/filedialog.js's ladder for this app. */
+    this.filePanels =
+      typeof native.fileDialog === 'function'
+        ? new Win32FilePanels(this)
+        : null;
+    /** The system's own control bezels, when they would look right — see
+     * `_syncBezels`. Read by `useNativeControls()` as a capability. */
+    this.nativeBezels = null;
+
+    this.fonts = new Win32FontManager(native);
+
+    const screens = native.listScreens?.() ?? [];
+    const primary = screens[0] ?? {
+      x: 0,
+      y: 0,
+      width: 1920,
+      height: 1080,
+      scale: 1,
+    };
+    this.scale = primary.scale ?? 1;
+    this._screens = screens.length ? screens : [primary];
+
+    const listeners = {};
+    // The X connection's shape, for the code above that reaches into it —
+    // atoms, a root window, the connection's own events. Nothing here talks a
+    // protocol; it exists so the layers that were written against X do not
+    // each need a backend branch.
+    this.X = {
+      display: { screen: [{ root: 1 }] },
+      keycode2keysyms: {},
+      InternAtom: (onlyIfExists, name, cb) => {
+        if (!this._atoms.has(name))
+          this._atoms.set(name, 1000 + this._atoms.size);
+        cb(null, this._atoms.get(name));
+      },
+      ConfigureWindow() {},
+      SendClientMessage() {},
+      on(event, fn) {
+        (listeners[event] ??= []).push(fn);
+      },
+      emit(event, ...args) {
+        for (const fn of listeners[event] ?? []) fn(...args);
+      },
+    };
+
+    // ntk's clipboard shape over the Windows clipboard. Opened with no owner
+    // window, which keeps it off the UI thread; what that gives up is delayed
+    // rendering, so a write here is eager rather than lazy. X's other everyday
+    // selection, PRIMARY, has no Windows equivalent at all — every name but
+    // CLIPBOARD is a selection nobody on this desktop can paste from, and is
+    // answered as empty rather than pretended at.
+    const isClipboard = (selection) => !selection || selection === 'CLIPBOARD';
+    this.clipboard = {
+      write: (data, { selection = 'CLIPBOARD' } = {}) => {
+        if (!isClipboard(selection)) return Promise.resolve();
+        const text =
+          typeof data === 'string'
+            ? data
+            : (data?.['text/plain'] ?? data?.UTF8_STRING ?? data?.STRING);
+        if (typeof text !== 'string') {
+          return Promise.reject(
+            new Error(
+              'react-x11: the win32 clipboard writes text only for now — ' +
+                'images and file lists need the OLE data object, which is not ' +
+                'built. Pass a string, or a map with a text/plain entry.',
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+        return native.clipboardWriteText(text)
+          ? Promise.resolve()
+          : Promise.reject(
+              new Error(
+                'react-x11: the clipboard refused the write — another program ' +
+                  'held it open. Retrying usually succeeds.',
+              ),
+            );
+      },
+      clear: (selection = 'CLIPBOARD') => {
+        if (isClipboard(selection)) native.clipboardWriteText('');
+        return Promise.resolve();
+      },
+      targets: ({ selection = 'CLIPBOARD' } = {}) =>
+        Promise.resolve(
+          isClipboard(selection) ? native.clipboardFormats() : [],
+        ),
+      read: ({ selection = 'CLIPBOARD', target } = {}) => {
+        if (!isClipboard(selection)) {
+          return Promise.reject(
+            new Error(
+              `clipboard: nothing to paste — ${selection} has no owner`,
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+        const text = native.clipboardReadText();
+        if (text === null) {
+          return Promise.reject(new Error('clipboard: nothing to paste'));
+        }
+        if (target === undefined) return Promise.resolve(text);
+        if (
+          target === 'text/plain' ||
+          target === 'UTF8_STRING' ||
+          target === 'STRING'
+        ) {
+          return Promise.resolve(Buffer.from(text, 'utf8'));
+        }
+        return Promise.reject(
+          new Error(`clipboard: owner cannot convert to ${target}`),
+        );
+      },
+      // No owner window means no AddClipboardFormatListener, so a change is
+      // noticed by the sequence number rather than announced. Polled slowly
+      // and unref'd: this must never be the reason a process stays alive.
+      watch: (selection, handler) => {
+        if (!isClipboard(selection)) return Promise.resolve(() => {});
+        let last = native.clipboardSequence();
+        const timer = setInterval(() => {
+          const now = native.clipboardSequence();
+          if (now === last) return;
+          last = now;
+          handler({ selection: 'CLIPBOARD', owner: 1, reason: 'new-owner' });
+        }, 400);
+        timer.unref?.();
+        return Promise.resolve(() => clearInterval(timer));
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  // --- the desktop ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /** Light or dark, the accent, contrast and reduced motion, as one answer —
+   * the rung `src/appearance.js` asks for by capability. */
+  systemAppearance() {
+    return this._native.systemAppearance();
+  }
+
+  onAppearanceChange(fn) {
+    this._appearanceListeners.add(fn);
+    return () => this._appearanceListeners.delete(fn);
+  }
+
+  /** A pixel off the screen, for `useEyedropper()`. Windows asks no permission
+   * and draws no capture border, so the loupe is the renderer's to draw. */
+  screenColorAt(x, y) {
+    return this._native.screenColorAt(Math.round(x), Math.round(y));
+  }
+
+  pointerPosition() {
+    return this._native.pointerPosition();
+  }
+
+  /** A tray icon. `useTray()` finds this by name, not by platform — the rule
+   * AGENTS.md sets for every ladder. */
+  /**
+   * Close every open `<popup grab>` that this press did not land in.
+   *
+   * `pressed` is the window the press was delivered to, or null when the
+   * application lost activation and there is no window of ours to exclude.
+   * Everything else open hears the press as an outside one and answers with
+   * `onDismiss` (src/win32/window.js `_dismissFromOutside`).
+   *
+   * Excluding the pressed window is what makes a submenu work: clicking the
+   * menu that opened it closes the submenu and keeps the menu, which is what
+   * an X11 grab does by handing the press to the innermost holder.
+   *
+   * A copy of the set is walked because `onDismiss` is what unmounts the
+   * popup, and unmounting runs `ungrabPointer` — which deletes from the set
+   * this loop would otherwise still be reading.
+   */
+  _dismissOutsidePopups(pressed) {
+    if (this._dismissOnOutside.size === 0) return;
+    for (const wnd of [...this._dismissOnOutside]) {
+      if (wnd === pressed) continue;
+      if (wnd.destroyed) {
+        this._dismissOnOutside.delete(wnd);
+        continue;
+      }
+      wnd._dismissFromOutside();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A drag session's point, as the tree's own units.
+   *
+   * The bridge reports screen device pixels, like every other event it
+   * sends; `DragSession.nativeEnded` multiplies by the node's scale to get
+   * back to them, because the cocoa bridge it was written against reports
+   * points. So this divides, and the two agree at any scale.
+   */
+  _dragPoint(event) {
+    const s = this.scale || 1;
+    return { x: (event.a ?? 0) / s, y: (event.b ?? 0) / s };
+  }
+
+  createStatusItem(options) {
+    return new Win32StatusItem(this, options);
+  }
+
+  /** Installed only where the system's own bezels would actually look right —
+   * see src/win32/bezels.js, which measures rather than assumes. */
+  _syncBezels(colorScheme) {
+    const wanted = colorScheme !== 'dark';
+    if (wanted === Boolean(this.nativeBezels)) return;
+    this.nativeBezels?.clear?.();
+    this.nativeBezels = wanted
+      ? createBezels(this._native, { colorScheme, scale: this.scale })
+      : null;
+  }
+
+  // --- the renderer's app surface -------------------------------------------
+
+  /** Every window is composited by DWM and every surface has an alpha
+   * channel, so `<window transparent>` needs nothing found first. */
+  findArgbVisual() {
+    return { visual: 0x21, depth: 32 };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The offscreen-surface seam `react-x11/ntk`'s `Surface` dispatches on:
+   * ntk's `Surface` contract over a Direct2D bitmap (src/win32/surface.js).
+   * Its presence is what makes `new Surface(app, { width, height })` answer
+   * a surface here rather than ntk's pixmap, which needs an X connection —
+   * a backend without the method gets ntk's, so an X app is never asked.
+   */
+  createSurface(options) {
+    return new Win32Surface(this, options);
+  }
+  createWindow(attributes = {}) {
+    // `embeddable` is "created, not shown; somebody else will place me", and
+    // on this backend that cannot be a window: a composition target stops
+    // presenting the moment its window becomes a child, so an HWND is not
+    // something another process can take (docs/windows-embedding.md). What a
+    // host can take is the **buffer**, so an embeddable window here is the
+    // same shared surface a `<Frame>` pane draws into — whether this process
+    // was forked as a pane or is a guest somebody else started.
+    //
+    // Before the `parent` branch: an embeddable window has no parent, and
+    // this is the only place the two could be confused.
+    if (attributes.embeddable) {
+      return new Win32PaneWindow(this, attributes);
+    }
+    // A window with a parent is a `<glarea>`'s surface, which is a different
+    // thing entirely: a child HWND with a GL context and no DirectComposition
+    // surface at all. `glnodes.js` asks for one through this same door, as it
+    // does on X11 where a GL surface is also just a child window.
+    if (attributes.parent) return new Win32GlWindow(this, attributes);
+    return new Win32Window(this, attributes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The seam `<Frame>` dispatches on (src/frame/index.js): a backend that
+   * composites a pane from a shared buffer answers here, and one that
+   * reparents the pane's real window does not. Its presence is the whole
+   * capability — the element, the props, the fallback and the restart are
+   * the same code on every backend.
+   */
+  createPaneHost(wnd) {
+    return new Win32PaneHost(this, wnd);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pane process's end of the frame channel: geometry and input in,
+   * presents out. Feature-detected by the pane bootstrap
+   * (src/frame/childmain.js), and a no-op in a process that is not a pane.
+   */
+  attachPaneChannel(channel) {
+    if (!this._paneMode) return;
+    this._paneSend = (msg) => {
+      try {
+        channel.send(msg);
+      } catch {
+        // the host is going away; its shutdown owns the rest
+      }
+    };
+    channel.onMessage((msg) => {
+      const wnd = [...this._windows.values()][0];
+      if (!wnd) return;
+      if (msg?.type === 'pane-rect') {
+        wnd.setPaneSize?.(msg.width, msg.height, msg.scale);
+      } else if (msg?.type === 'pane-event') {
+        wnd.emit(msg.name, msg.ev);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  close() {
+    if (this._closed) return Promise.resolve();
+    this._closed = true;
+    if (this._frameTimer) clearTimeout(this._frameTimer);
+    this._frameTimer = null;
+    this._framePending = false;
+    this.inputMethod.destroy();
+    this._native.stop();
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  }
+
+  frameIntervalFor() {
+    return FRAME_INTERVAL_MS;
+  }
+
+  // --- windows --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  _register(wnd) {
+    this._windows.set(wnd.id, wnd);
+  }
+
+  _unregister(wnd) {
+    this._windows.delete(wnd.id);
+  }
+
+  // --- the frame clock ------------------------------------------------------
+
+  _requestFrame(cb, wnd = null) {
+    this._rafQueue.push({ cb, wnd });
+    if (this._framePending || this._closed) return this._rafQueue.length;
+    this._framePending = true;
+    // One tick, from the compositor if this Windows has a clock to wait on.
+    // It answers false when it has not, and then — and only then — a timer.
+    if (!this._clockLost && this._native.frameClockRequest?.()) {
+      this._frameTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        this._frameTimer = null;
+        if (!this._framePending || this._closed) return;
+        this._clockLost = true;
+        this._framePending = false;
+        this._tickFrames();
+      }, CLOCK_WATCHDOG_MS);
+      this._frameTimer.unref?.();
+      return this._rafQueue.length;
+    }
+    this._frameTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      this._frameTimer = null;
+      this._framePending = false;
+      this._tickFrames();
+    }, FRAME_INTERVAL_MS);
+    this._frameTimer.unref?.();
+    return this._rafQueue.length;
+  }
+
+  _tickFrames() {
+    const due = this._rafQueue;
+    this._rafQueue = [];
+    const now = performance.now();
+    for (const { cb } of due) {
+      try {
+        cb(now);
+      } catch (err) {
+        // A throw from one window's frame must not take the others' with it;
+        // the renderer's own error plumbing has already had its say by here.
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') console.error(err);
+      }
+    }
+    // The input method hears about the focused field now, after the frame has
+    // laid the tree out and the caret rectangle is one a candidate list can
+    // be put next to (src/win32/ime.js). Once per window, however many
+    // callbacks it had.
+    const seen = new Set();
+    for (const { wnd } of due) {
+      if (!wnd || seen.has(wnd)) continue;
+      seen.add(wnd);
+      this.inputMethod.sync(wnd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // --- the event channel ----------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * One bridge event. Everything arrives on Node's own loop through the
+   * threadsafe function, inside a callback scope that drains microtasks when
+   * it closes — so a handler's setState commits on the event that caused it.
+   */
+  _route(event) {
+    // The shell's events are not a window's: a tray icon, a file dialog and a
+    // hotkey each carry an id of their own, and looking one up in the window
+    // map would drop it.
+    switch (event.type) {
+      // The compositor is ready for a frame. Carries no id and belongs to no
+      // window: it is the clock, and every window that asked for a frame in
+      // the meantime is paced by this one tick.
+      case 'frame-clock':
+        if (this._frameTimer) clearTimeout(this._frameTimer);
+        this._frameTimer = null;
+        this._framePending = false;
+        if (!this._closed) this._tickFrames();
+        return;
+      case 'tray-click':
+        this._statusItems.get(event.id)?._emit('click', event);
+        return;
+      case 'tray-action':
+        this._statusItems.get(event.id)?._activate(event.text ?? '');
+        return;
+      case 'tray-ready':
+      case 'tray-failed':
+        return;
+      case 'gl-ready':
+        this._glWindows.get(event.id)?._onReady(event.a === 1, event.b);
+        return;
+      case 'file-dialog':
+        this.filePanels?._answer(event.id, event.a === 1, event.text ?? '');
+        return;
+      case 'hotkey':
+      case 'hotkey-registered':
+        return;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    const wnd = this._windows.get(event.id);
+    if (!wnd) return;
+    switch (event.type) {
+      case 'window-ready':
+        wnd._onReady(event.a, event.b);
+        break;
+      case 'move':
+        wnd._noteOrigin(event.a, event.b);
+        break;
+      case 'resize': {
+        const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(event.a));
+        const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(event.b));
+        if (width === wnd.width && height === wnd.height) break;
+        wnd.width = width;
+        wnd.height = height;
+        if (wnd._composed) this._native.resize(wnd.id, width, height);
+        wnd.emit('resize', { width, height });
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'mousemove':
+        wnd.emit('mousemove', {
+          x: event.a,
+          y: event.b,
+          ...rootOf(wnd, event),
+        });
+        break;
+      case 'mouseout':
+        wnd.emit('mouseout', {});
+        break;
+      case 'wheel': {
+        const deltaX = event.c;
+        const deltaY = event.d;
+        wnd.emit('wheel', {
+          name: 'wheel',
+          x: event.a,
+          y: event.b,
+          rootx: event.a,
+          rooty: event.b,
+          buttons: 0,
+          deltaX,
+          deltaY,
+          deltaMode: 'line',
+          // A precision touchpad sends fractions of a notch by default and an
+          // addon cannot opt out of them, so a fraction is exactly the signal
+          // that this came from one.
+          smooth: !Number.isInteger(deltaX) || !Number.isInteger(deltaY),
+          source: 'wheel',
+        });
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'mousedown':
+      case 'mouseup':
+        // `keycode` is the button, numbered as X numbers them — the bridge
+        // already speaks that vocabulary. It used to be hardcoded to 1, so
+        // a right-click arrived as a left-click and no context menu ever
+        // opened.
+        wnd.emit(event.type, {
+          x: event.a,
+          y: event.b,
+          keycode: event.c || 1,
+          buttons: modifierMask(event.d),
+          ...rootOf(wnd, event),
+        });
+        // A press in one window is a press *outside* every open menu but the
+        // one it landed in — which on X11 the grab would have delivered to
+        // the menu instead of to this window.
+        if (event.type === 'mousedown') this._dismissOutsidePopups(wnd);
+        break;
+      case 'keydown':
+      case 'keyup': {
+        // The bridge asked the active layout what the key types before the
+        // modifiers were stripped from it, because that question can only be
+        // answered where the keyboard state is (src/win32.cc, EmitKey).
+        const decoded = decodeKey(event);
+        wnd.emit(event.type, {
+          keycode: event.a,
+          keysym: decoded.keysym,
+          baseKeysym: decoded.baseKeysym,
+          codepoint: decoded.codepoint,
+          buttons: modifierMask(event.d),
+          group: 0,
+          time: Date.now(),
+        });
+        break;
+      }
+      // The shell's drag, on its way through one of our windows. The
+      // transport answers each of these before returning — for a motion the
+      // answer is remembered for the next one, and for the drop the bridge's
+      // UI thread is waiting inside `IDropTarget::Drop` for exactly it.
+      case 'drag-enter':
+      case 'drag-over':
+      case 'drag-leave':
+      case 'drag-drop':
+        wnd._routeDrag(event);
+        return;
+      // Our own drag, which the shell is carrying. `DoDragDrop` reports no
+      // motion of its own, so these come from the source's feedback
+      // callback — the only news of the gesture while the shell owns the
+      // pointer, and what a `<popup dragPreview>` follows.
+      case 'drag-session-moved':
+        this._activeDrag?.nativeMoved(this._dragPoint(event));
+        return;
+      case 'drag-session-ended': {
+        const drag = this._activeDrag;
+        this._activeDrag = null;
+        drag?.nativeEnded({
+          ...this._dragPoint(event),
+          operation: event.c ? String(event.text ?? '') || null : null,
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      // Activation, which the tree reads as focus: a caret blinks, a focus
+      // ring is drawn, and a `<window>`'s `focused` state follows it.
+      // A thumbnail toolbar button. The shell sends the index it was given;
+      // the caller's own id for that button is what the handler wants.
+      case 'thumbbutton': {
+        const ids = this._thumbButtons?.get(event.id) ?? [];
+        wnd.emit('thumbbutton', {
+          id: ids[event.a] ?? event.a,
+          index: event.a,
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      case 'window-focus':
+      case 'window-blur':
+        wnd.emit(event.type === 'window-focus' ? 'focus' : 'blur', {
+          buttons: 0,
+          time: Date.now(),
+        });
+        // A field focused before the window got the keyboard should compose
+        // from the first key rather than from the first frame after it.
+        // Nothing is done on blur: Windows deactivates the IME for a window
+        // that is not in front, and a composition left open is one the user
+        // comes back to, which is what every other application does.
+        if (event.type === 'window-focus') this.inputMethod.sync(wnd);
+        // Losing activation is the other half of the grab this platform does
+        // not have: the press went to another application or to the desktop.
+        // A popup never takes activation (`WS_EX_NOACTIVATE`), so opening one
+        // raises no blur and this cannot fire on the menu's own appearance.
+        if (event.type === 'window-blur' && !this._dismissOnOutside.has(wnd)) {
+          this._dismissOutsidePopups(null);
+        }
+        return;
+      case 'ime-start':
+      case 'ime-preedit':
+      case 'ime-commit':
+      case 'ime-end':
+        this.inputMethod.handle(event, wnd);
+        return;
+      case 'uia-wanted':
+        // A screen reader just attached to this window. The tree it reads is
+        // built now rather than left at whatever the last commit produced.
+        this._a11y?.wanted(event.id);
+        return;
+      case 'uia-action':
+        // A screen reader asking for something to happen. A request, not a
+        // change: the tree decides, through the same click a pointer makes.
+        this._a11y?.action(event);
+        return;
+      case 'close':
+        // The same shape Cocoa sends. `preventDefault` is a no-op because
+        // nothing has happened yet to prevent: WM_CLOSE is answered with 0
+        // and the window is still there, so the request is the app's to
+        // grant. The listener calls it before deciding, and a close event
+        // without it throws before `onCloseRequest` is ever reached.
+        wnd.emit('close', { preventDefault() {} });
+        break;
+      case 'appearance': {
+        // Re-read whole, and the cached bezels go with it: every one of them
+        // was drawn in the appearance that just stopped being true.
+        const next = this.systemAppearance();
+        this._syncBezels(next?.colorScheme);
+        for (const fn of [...this._appearanceListeners]) {
+          try {
+            fn(next);
+          } catch (err) {
+            if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') console.error(err);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'dpichanged':
+        // The renderer cannot re-scale a live window yet (docs/windows.md
+        // §Layout, open question 8), so this is recorded and not acted on.
+        wnd.emit('statechange', { scale: event.a / 96 });
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export async function createWin32App(options = {}) {
+  const native = loadNative();
+  const app = new Win32App(native, options);
+
+  native.start((event) => app._route(event));
+
+  // Before the first window, so a control's very first frame is drawn with the
+  // bezels it will keep rather than swapping to them a frame later.
+  app._syncBezels(app.systemAppearance()?.colorScheme);
+  // What each shell rung is actually built on. `src/capabilities.js` reports
+  // this as a capability's `backend`, and it has to be declared rather than
+  // inferred: this backend installs the same method names AppKit does -- that
+  // is what makes `useTray` and `useBadge` one hook each -- so a probe reading
+  // `createStatusItem` called Shell_NotifyIcon `cocoa` and handed out AppKit's
+  // feature map with it. Mechanisms, never platforms (AGENTS.md).
+  app.shellMechanisms = { tray: 'shellnotifyicon', launcher: 'taskbar' };
+  // The accessibility bridge this backend has of its own. Its presence is
+  // what `startA11y()` reads to know not to climb toward an AT-SPI bus that
+  // is not there; the import is deferred so a process with no screen reader
+  // never loads it (src/win32/a11y.js).
+  app.startAccessibility = async () => {
+    const { startWin32Accessibility } = await import('./a11y.js');
+    return startWin32Accessibility(app);
+  };
+  installTaskbar(app);
+  // A notification centre and the two session-wide facts — whether anybody is
+  // at the keyboard, and whether the screen may sleep. All three are seams the
+  // core looks for on the app and finds on no backend but the one it is on.
+  installNotifications(app);
+  installIdle(app);
+  // The three the taskbar has and no other desktop does. Installing them is
+  // what the launcher capability's `tasks`, `thumbnailToolbar` and
+  // `recentDocuments` features read, so an app asks what this desktop has
+  // rather than which platform it is on.
+  installTaskbarSurfaces(app);
+  // The GL ladder, which decides whether <glarea> has a rung here at all.
+  installGl(app);
+
+  // The ladder is otherwise climbed only when something asks — and its Windows
+  // rung needs an app to ask, which nothing but this has. Started here and not
+  // awaited: the first frame is drawn from the answer this machine gave last
+  // time and the live one lands behind it, which is the direction
+  // AGENTS.md asks appearance to settle in. A failure is the ladder's own to
+  // report; there is nothing useful to do with it here.
+  void systemAppearance({ app }).catch(() => {});
+
+  setScaleForTests(app, app.scale, 'win32');
+  setScreensForTests(app, {
+    monitors: app._screens.map((s) => ({
+      x: s.x ?? 0,
+      y: s.y ?? 0,
+      width: s.width,
+      height: s.height,
+    })),
+  });
+  // DWM is always compositing: there is no "no compositor" state to probe for
+  // the way there is on X11.
+  setCompositingForTests(app, true);
+
+  return app;
+}