react-native-windows 0.76.3 → 0.77.0-preview.1

package/Microsoft.ReactNative.Cxx/JSI/jsi.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <exception>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#ifndef JSI_EXPORT
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#ifdef CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY
+#define JSI_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define JSI_EXPORT
+#endif // CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY
+#else // _MSC_VER
+#define JSI_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#endif // !defined(JSI_EXPORT)
+
+// JSI version defines set of features available in the API.
+// Each significant API change must be under a new version.
+#ifndef JSI_VERSION
+#define JSI_VERSION 11
+#endif
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 3
+#define JSI_NO_CONST_3
+#else
+#define JSI_NO_CONST_3 const
+#endif
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 10
+#define JSI_CONST_10 const
+#else
+#define JSI_CONST_10
+#endif
+
+class FBJSRuntime;
+namespace facebook {
+namespace jsi {
+
+/// Base class for buffers of data or bytecode that need to be passed to the
+/// runtime. The buffer is expected to be fully immutable, so the result of
+/// size(), data(), and the contents of the pointer returned by data() must not
+/// change after construction.
+class JSI_EXPORT Buffer {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Buffer();
+  virtual size_t size() const = 0;
+  virtual const uint8_t* data() const = 0;
+};
+
+class JSI_EXPORT StringBuffer : public Buffer {
+ public:
+  StringBuffer(std::string s) : s_(std::move(s)) {}
+  size_t size() const override {
+    return s_.size();
+  }
+  const uint8_t* data() const override {
+    return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(s_.data());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::string s_;
+};
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 9
+/// Base class for buffers of data that need to be passed to the runtime. The
+/// result of size() and data() must not change after construction. However, the
+/// region pointed to by data() may be modified by the user or the runtime. The
+/// user must ensure that access to the contents of the buffer is properly
+/// synchronised.
+class JSI_EXPORT MutableBuffer {
+ public:
+  virtual ~MutableBuffer();
+  virtual size_t size() const = 0;
+  virtual uint8_t* data() = 0;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// PreparedJavaScript is a base class representing JavaScript which is in a
+/// form optimized for execution, in a runtime-specific way. Construct one via
+/// jsi::Runtime::prepareJavaScript().
+/// ** This is an experimental API that is subject to change. **
+class JSI_EXPORT PreparedJavaScript {
+ protected:
+  PreparedJavaScript() = default;
+
+ public:
+  virtual ~PreparedJavaScript() = 0;
+};
+
+class Runtime;
+class Pointer;
+class PropNameID;
+class Symbol;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+class BigInt;
+#endif
+class String;
+class Object;
+class WeakObject;
+class Array;
+class ArrayBuffer;
+class Function;
+class Value;
+class Instrumentation;
+class Scope;
+class JSIException;
+class JSError;
+
+/// A function which has this type can be registered as a function
+/// callable from JavaScript using Function::createFromHostFunction().
+/// When the function is called, args will point to the arguments, and
+/// count will indicate how many arguments are passed.  The function
+/// can return a Value to the caller, or throw an exception.  If a C++
+/// exception is thrown, a JS Error will be created and thrown into
+/// JS; if the C++ exception extends std::exception, the Error's
+/// message will be whatever what() returns. Note that it is undefined whether
+/// HostFunctions may or may not be called in strict mode; that is `thisVal`
+/// can be any value - it will not necessarily be coerced to an object or
+/// or set to the global object.
+using HostFunctionType = std::function<
+    Value(Runtime& rt, const Value& thisVal, const Value* args, size_t count)>;
+
+/// An object which implements this interface can be registered as an
+/// Object with the JS runtime.
+class JSI_EXPORT HostObject {
+ public:
+  // The C++ object's dtor will be called when the GC finalizes this
+  // object.  (This may be as late as when the Runtime is shut down.)
+  // You have no control over which thread it is called on.  This will
+  // be called from inside the GC, so it is unsafe to do any VM
+  // operations which require a Runtime&.  Derived classes' dtors
+  // should also avoid doing anything expensive.  Calling the dtor on
+  // a jsi object is explicitly ok.  If you want to do JS operations,
+  // or any nontrivial work, you should add it to a work queue, and
+  // manage it externally.
+  virtual ~HostObject();
+
+  // When JS wants a property with a given name from the HostObject,
+  // it will call this method.  If it throws an exception, the call
+  // will throw a JS \c Error object. By default this returns undefined.
+  // \return the value for the property.
+  virtual Value get(Runtime&, const PropNameID& name);
+
+  // When JS wants to set a property with a given name on the HostObject,
+  // it will call this method. If it throws an exception, the call will
+  // throw a JS \c Error object. By default this throws a type error exception
+  // mimicking the behavior of a frozen object in strict mode.
+  virtual void set(Runtime&, const PropNameID& name, const Value& value);
+
+  // When JS wants a list of property names for the HostObject, it will
+  // call this method. If it throws an exception, the call will throw a
+  // JS \c Error object. The default implementation returns empty vector.
+  virtual std::vector<PropNameID> getPropertyNames(Runtime& rt);
+};
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 7
+/// Native state (and destructor) that can be attached to any JS object
+/// using setNativeState.
+class JSI_EXPORT NativeState {
+ public:
+  virtual ~NativeState();
+};
+#endif
+
+/// Represents a JS runtime.  Movable, but not copyable.  Note that
+/// this object may not be thread-aware, but cannot be used safely from
+/// multiple threads at once.  The application is responsible for
+/// ensuring that it is used safely.  This could mean using the
+/// Runtime from a single thread, using a mutex, doing all work on a
+/// serial queue, etc.  This restriction applies to the methods of
+/// this class, and any method in the API which take a Runtime& as an
+/// argument.  Destructors (all but ~Scope), operators, or other methods
+/// which do not take Runtime& as an argument are safe to call from any
+/// thread, but it is still forbidden to make write operations on a single
+/// instance of any class from more than one thread.  In addition, to
+/// make shutdown safe, destruction of objects associated with the Runtime
+/// must be destroyed before the Runtime is destroyed, or from the
+/// destructor of a managed HostObject or HostFunction.  Informally, this
+/// means that the main source of unsafe behavior is to hold a jsi object
+/// in a non-Runtime-managed object, and not clean it up before the Runtime
+/// is shut down.  If your lifecycle is such that avoiding this is hard,
+/// you will probably need to do use your own locks.
+class JSI_EXPORT Runtime {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Runtime();
+
+  /// Evaluates the given JavaScript \c buffer.  \c sourceURL is used
+  /// to annotate the stack trace if there is an exception.  The
+  /// contents may be utf8-encoded JS source code, or binary bytecode
+  /// whose format is specific to the implementation.  If the input
+  /// format is unknown, or evaluation causes an error, a JSIException
+  /// will be thrown.
+  /// Note this function should ONLY be used when there isn't another means
+  /// through the JSI API. For example, it will be much slower to use this to
+  /// call a global function than using the JSI APIs to read the function
+  /// property from the global object and then calling it explicitly.
+  virtual Value evaluateJavaScript(
+      const std::shared_ptr<const Buffer>& buffer,
+      const std::string& sourceURL) = 0;
+
+  /// Prepares to evaluate the given JavaScript \c buffer by processing it into
+  /// a form optimized for execution. This may include pre-parsing, compiling,
+  /// etc. If the input is invalid (for example, cannot be parsed), a
+  /// JSIException will be thrown. The resulting object is tied to the
+  /// particular concrete type of Runtime from which it was created. It may be
+  /// used (via evaluatePreparedJavaScript) in any Runtime of the same concrete
+  /// type.
+  /// The PreparedJavaScript object may be passed to multiple VM instances, so
+  /// they can all share and benefit from the prepared script.
+  /// As with evaluateJavaScript(), using JavaScript code should be avoided
+  /// when the JSI API is sufficient.
+  virtual std::shared_ptr<const PreparedJavaScript> prepareJavaScript(
+      const std::shared_ptr<const Buffer>& buffer,
+      std::string sourceURL) = 0;
+
+  /// Evaluates a PreparedJavaScript. If evaluation causes an error, a
+  /// JSIException will be thrown.
+  /// As with evaluateJavaScript(), using JavaScript code should be avoided
+  /// when the JSI API is sufficient.
+  virtual Value evaluatePreparedJavaScript(
+      const std::shared_ptr<const PreparedJavaScript>& js) = 0;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 4
+  /// Drain the JavaScript VM internal Microtask (a.k.a. Job in ECMA262) queue.
+  ///
+  /// \param maxMicrotasksHint a hint to tell an implementation that it should
+  /// make a best effort not execute more than the given number. It's default
+  /// to -1 for infinity (unbounded execution).
+  /// \return true if the queue is drained or false if there is more work to do.
+  ///
+  /// When there were exceptions thrown from the execution of microtasks,
+  /// implementations shall discard the exceptional jobs. An implementation may
+  /// \throw a \c JSError object to signal the hosts to handle. In that case, an
+  /// implementation may or may not suspend the draining.
+  ///
+  /// Hosts may call this function again to resume the draining if it was
+  /// suspended due to either exceptions or the \p maxMicrotasksHint bound.
+  /// E.g. a host may repetitively invoke this function until the queue is
+  /// drained to implement the "microtask checkpoint" defined in WHATWG HTML
+  /// event loop: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/C#perform-a-microtask-checkpoint.
+  ///
+  /// Note that error propagation is only a concern if a host needs to implement
+  /// `queueMicrotask`, a recent API that allows enqueueing arbitrary functions
+  /// (hence may throw) as microtasks. Exceptions from ECMA-262 Promise Jobs are
+  /// handled internally to VMs and are never propagated to hosts.
+  ///
+  /// This API offers some queue management to hosts at its best effort due to
+  /// different behaviors and limitations imposed by different VMs and APIs. By
+  /// the time this is written, An implementation may swallow exceptions (JSC),
+  /// may not pause (V8), and may not support bounded executions.
+  virtual bool drainMicrotasks(int maxMicrotasksHint = -1) = 0;
+#endif
+
+  /// \return the global object
+  virtual Object global() = 0;
+
+  /// \return a short printable description of the instance.  It should
+  /// at least include some human-readable indication of the runtime
+  /// implementation.  This should only be used by logging, debugging,
+  /// and other developer-facing callers.
+  virtual std::string description() = 0;
+
+  /// \return whether or not the underlying runtime supports debugging via the
+  /// Chrome remote debugging protocol.
+  ///
+  /// NOTE: the API for determining whether a runtime is debuggable and
+  /// registering a runtime with the debugger is still in flux, so please don't
+  /// use this API unless you know what you're doing.
+  virtual bool isInspectable() = 0;
+
+  /// \return an interface to extract metrics from this \c Runtime.  The default
+  /// implementation of this function returns an \c Instrumentation instance
+  /// which returns no metrics.
+  virtual Instrumentation& instrumentation();
+
+ protected:
+  friend class Pointer;
+  friend class PropNameID;
+  friend class Symbol;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  friend class BigInt;
+#endif
+  friend class String;
+  friend class Object;
+  friend class WeakObject;
+  friend class Array;
+  friend class ArrayBuffer;
+  friend class Function;
+  friend class Value;
+  friend class Scope;
+  friend class JSError;
+
+  // Potential optimization: avoid the cloneFoo() virtual dispatch,
+  // and instead just fix the number of fields, and copy them, since
+  // in practice they are trivially copyable.  Sufficient use of
+  // rvalue arguments/methods would also reduce the number of clones.
+
+  struct PointerValue {
+    virtual void invalidate() = 0;
+
+   protected:
+    virtual ~PointerValue() = default;
+  };
+
+  virtual PointerValue* cloneSymbol(const Runtime::PointerValue* pv) = 0;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  virtual PointerValue* cloneBigInt(const Runtime::PointerValue* pv) = 0;
+#endif
+  virtual PointerValue* cloneString(const Runtime::PointerValue* pv) = 0;
+  virtual PointerValue* cloneObject(const Runtime::PointerValue* pv) = 0;
+  virtual PointerValue* clonePropNameID(const Runtime::PointerValue* pv) = 0;
+
+  virtual PropNameID createPropNameIDFromAscii(
+      const char* str,
+      size_t length) = 0;
+  virtual PropNameID createPropNameIDFromUtf8(
+      const uint8_t* utf8,
+      size_t length) = 0;
+  virtual PropNameID createPropNameIDFromString(const String& str) = 0;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 5
+  virtual PropNameID createPropNameIDFromSymbol(const Symbol& sym) = 0;
+#endif
+  virtual std::string utf8(const PropNameID&) = 0;
+  virtual bool compare(const PropNameID&, const PropNameID&) = 0;
+
+  virtual std::string symbolToString(const Symbol&) = 0;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 8
+  virtual BigInt createBigIntFromInt64(int64_t) = 0;
+  virtual BigInt createBigIntFromUint64(uint64_t) = 0;
+  virtual bool bigintIsInt64(const BigInt&) = 0;
+  virtual bool bigintIsUint64(const BigInt&) = 0;
+  virtual uint64_t truncate(const BigInt&) = 0;
+  virtual String bigintToString(const BigInt&, int) = 0;
+#endif
+
+  virtual String createStringFromAscii(const char* str, size_t length) = 0;
+  virtual String createStringFromUtf8(const uint8_t* utf8, size_t length) = 0;
+  virtual std::string utf8(const String&) = 0;
+
+  // \return a \c Value created from a utf8-encoded JSON string. The default
+  // implementation creates a \c String and invokes JSON.parse.
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 2
+  virtual Value createValueFromJsonUtf8(const uint8_t* json, size_t length);
+#endif
+
+  virtual Object createObject() = 0;
+  virtual Object createObject(std::shared_ptr<HostObject> ho) = 0;
+  virtual std::shared_ptr<HostObject> getHostObject(const jsi::Object&) = 0;
+  virtual HostFunctionType& getHostFunction(const jsi::Function&) = 0;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 7
+  virtual bool hasNativeState(const jsi::Object&) = 0;
+  virtual std::shared_ptr<NativeState> getNativeState(const jsi::Object&) = 0;
+  virtual void setNativeState(
+      const jsi::Object&,
+      std::shared_ptr<NativeState> state) = 0;
+#endif
+
+  virtual Value getProperty(const Object&, const PropNameID& name) = 0;
+  virtual Value getProperty(const Object&, const String& name) = 0;
+  virtual bool hasProperty(const Object&, const PropNameID& name) = 0;
+  virtual bool hasProperty(const Object&, const String& name) = 0;
+  virtual void setPropertyValue(
+      JSI_CONST_10 Object&,
+      const PropNameID& name,
+      const Value& value) = 0;
+  virtual void setPropertyValue(
+      JSI_CONST_10 Object&,
+      const String& name,
+      const Value& value) = 0;
+
+  virtual bool isArray(const Object&) const = 0;
+  virtual bool isArrayBuffer(const Object&) const = 0;
+  virtual bool isFunction(const Object&) const = 0;
+  virtual bool isHostObject(const jsi::Object&) const = 0;
+  virtual bool isHostFunction(const jsi::Function&) const = 0;
+  virtual Array getPropertyNames(const Object&) = 0;
+
+  virtual WeakObject createWeakObject(const Object&) = 0;
+  virtual Value lockWeakObject(JSI_NO_CONST_3 JSI_CONST_10 WeakObject&) = 0;
+
+  virtual Array createArray(size_t length) = 0;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 9
+  virtual ArrayBuffer createArrayBuffer(
+      std::shared_ptr<MutableBuffer> buffer) = 0;
+#endif
+  virtual size_t size(const Array&) = 0;
+  virtual size_t size(const ArrayBuffer&) = 0;
+  virtual uint8_t* data(const ArrayBuffer&) = 0;
+  virtual Value getValueAtIndex(const Array&, size_t i) = 0;
+  virtual void
+  setValueAtIndexImpl(JSI_CONST_10 Array&, size_t i, const Value& value) = 0;
+
+  virtual Function createFunctionFromHostFunction(
+      const PropNameID& name,
+      unsigned int paramCount,
+      HostFunctionType func) = 0;
+  virtual Value call(
+      const Function&,
+      const Value& jsThis,
+      const Value* args,
+      size_t count) = 0;
+  virtual Value
+  callAsConstructor(const Function&, const Value* args, size_t count) = 0;
+
+  // Private data for managing scopes.
+  struct ScopeState;
+  virtual ScopeState* pushScope();
+  virtual void popScope(ScopeState*);
+
+  virtual bool strictEquals(const Symbol& a, const Symbol& b) const = 0;
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  virtual bool strictEquals(const BigInt& a, const BigInt& b) const = 0;
+#endif
+  virtual bool strictEquals(const String& a, const String& b) const = 0;
+  virtual bool strictEquals(const Object& a, const Object& b) const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool instanceOf(const Object& o, const Function& f) = 0;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 11
+  /// See Object::setExternalMemoryPressure.
+  virtual void setExternalMemoryPressure(
+      const jsi::Object& obj,
+      size_t amount) = 0;
+#endif
+
+  // These exist so derived classes can access the private parts of
+  // Value, Symbol, String, and Object, which are all friends of Runtime.
+  template <typename T>
+  static T make(PointerValue* pv);
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 3
+  static PointerValue* getPointerValue(Pointer& pointer);
+#endif
+  static const PointerValue* getPointerValue(const Pointer& pointer);
+  static const PointerValue* getPointerValue(const Value& value);
+
+  friend class ::FBJSRuntime;
+  template <typename Plain, typename Base>
+  friend class RuntimeDecorator;
+};
+
+// Base class for pointer-storing types.
+class JSI_EXPORT Pointer {
+ protected:
+  explicit Pointer(Pointer&& other) : ptr_(other.ptr_) {
+    other.ptr_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  ~Pointer() {
+    if (ptr_) {
+      ptr_->invalidate();
+    }
+  }
+
+  Pointer& operator=(Pointer&& other);
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+
+  explicit Pointer(Runtime::PointerValue* ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {}
+
+  typename Runtime::PointerValue* ptr_;
+};
+
+/// Represents something that can be a JS property key.  Movable, not copyable.
+class JSI_EXPORT PropNameID : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  PropNameID(Runtime& runtime, const PropNameID& other)
+      : Pointer(runtime.clonePropNameID(other.ptr_)) {}
+
+  PropNameID(PropNameID&& other) = default;
+  PropNameID& operator=(PropNameID&& other) = default;
+
+  /// Create a JS property name id from ascii values.  The data is
+  /// copied.
+  static PropNameID forAscii(Runtime& runtime, const char* str, size_t length) {
+    return runtime.createPropNameIDFromAscii(str, length);
+  }
+
+  /// Create a property name id from a nul-terminated C ascii name.  The data is
+  /// copied.
+  static PropNameID forAscii(Runtime& runtime, const char* str) {
+    return forAscii(runtime, str, strlen(str));
+  }
+
+  /// Create a PropNameID from a C++ string. The string is copied.
+  static PropNameID forAscii(Runtime& runtime, const std::string& str) {
+    return forAscii(runtime, str.c_str(), str.size());
+  }
+
+  /// Create a PropNameID from utf8 values.  The data is copied.
+  /// Results are undefined if \p utf8 contains invalid code points.
+  static PropNameID
+  forUtf8(Runtime& runtime, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t length) {
+    return runtime.createPropNameIDFromUtf8(utf8, length);
+  }
+
+  /// Create a PropNameID from utf8-encoded octets stored in a
+  /// std::string.  The string data is transformed and copied.
+  /// Results are undefined if \p utf8 contains invalid code points.
+  static PropNameID forUtf8(Runtime& runtime, const std::string& utf8) {
+    return runtime.createPropNameIDFromUtf8(
+        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(utf8.data()), utf8.size());
+  }
+
+  /// Create a PropNameID from a JS string.
+  static PropNameID forString(Runtime& runtime, const jsi::String& str) {
+    return runtime.createPropNameIDFromString(str);
+  }
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 5
+  /// Create a PropNameID from a JS symbol.
+  static PropNameID forSymbol(Runtime& runtime, const jsi::Symbol& sym) {
+    return runtime.createPropNameIDFromSymbol(sym);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // Creates a vector of PropNameIDs constructed from given arguments.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  static std::vector<PropNameID> names(Runtime& runtime, Args&&... args);
+
+  // Creates a vector of given PropNameIDs.
+  template <size_t N>
+  static std::vector<PropNameID> names(PropNameID (&&propertyNames)[N]);
+
+  /// Copies the data in a PropNameID as utf8 into a C++ string.
+  std::string utf8(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.utf8(*this);
+  }
+
+  static bool compare(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      const jsi::PropNameID& a,
+      const jsi::PropNameID& b) {
+    return runtime.compare(a, b);
+  }
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+};
+
+/// Represents a JS Symbol (es6).  Movable, not copyable.
+/// TODO T40778724: this is a limited implementation sufficient for
+/// the debugger not to crash when a Symbol is a property in an Object
+/// or element in an array.  Complete support for creating will come
+/// later.
+class JSI_EXPORT Symbol : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  Symbol(Symbol&& other) = default;
+  Symbol& operator=(Symbol&& other) = default;
+
+  /// \return whether a and b refer to the same symbol.
+  static bool strictEquals(Runtime& runtime, const Symbol& a, const Symbol& b) {
+    return runtime.strictEquals(a, b);
+  }
+
+  /// Converts a Symbol into a C++ string as JS .toString would.  The output
+  /// will look like \c Symbol(description) .
+  std::string toString(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.symbolToString(*this);
+  }
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+};
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+/// Represents a JS BigInt.  Movable, not copyable.
+class JSI_EXPORT BigInt : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  BigInt(BigInt&& other) = default;
+  BigInt& operator=(BigInt&& other) = default;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 8
+  /// Create a BigInt representing the signed 64-bit \p value.
+  static BigInt fromInt64(Runtime& runtime, int64_t value) {
+    return runtime.createBigIntFromInt64(value);
+  }
+
+  /// Create a BigInt representing the unsigned 64-bit \p value.
+  static BigInt fromUint64(Runtime& runtime, uint64_t value) {
+    return runtime.createBigIntFromUint64(value);
+  }
+
+  /// \return whether a === b.
+  static bool strictEquals(Runtime& runtime, const BigInt& a, const BigInt& b) {
+    return runtime.strictEquals(a, b);
+  }
+
+  /// \returns This bigint truncated to a signed 64-bit integer.
+  int64_t getInt64(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.truncate(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \returns Whether this bigint can be losslessly converted to int64_t.
+  bool isInt64(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.bigintIsInt64(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \returns This bigint truncated to a signed 64-bit integer. Throws a
+  /// JSIException if the truncation is lossy.
+  int64_t asInt64(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// \returns This bigint truncated to an unsigned 64-bit integer.
+  uint64_t getUint64(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.truncate(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \returns Whether this bigint can be losslessly converted to uint64_t.
+  bool isUint64(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.bigintIsUint64(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \returns This bigint truncated to an unsigned 64-bit integer. Throws a
+  /// JSIException if the truncation is lossy.
+  uint64_t asUint64(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// \returns this BigInt converted to a String in base \p radix. Throws a
+  /// JSIException if radix is not in the [2, 36] range.
+  inline String toString(Runtime& runtime, int radix = 10) const;
+#endif
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// Represents a JS String.  Movable, not copyable.
+class JSI_EXPORT String : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  String(String&& other) = default;
+  String& operator=(String&& other) = default;
+
+  /// Create a JS string from ascii values.  The string data is
+  /// copied.
+  static String
+  createFromAscii(Runtime& runtime, const char* str, size_t length) {
+    return runtime.createStringFromAscii(str, length);
+  }
+
+  /// Create a JS string from a nul-terminated C ascii string.  The
+  /// string data is copied.
+  static String createFromAscii(Runtime& runtime, const char* str) {
+    return createFromAscii(runtime, str, strlen(str));
+  }
+
+  /// Create a JS string from a C++ string.  The string data is
+  /// copied.
+  static String createFromAscii(Runtime& runtime, const std::string& str) {
+    return createFromAscii(runtime, str.c_str(), str.size());
+  }
+
+  /// Create a JS string from utf8-encoded octets.  The string data is
+  /// transformed and copied.  Results are undefined if \p utf8 contains invalid
+  /// code points.
+  static String
+  createFromUtf8(Runtime& runtime, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t length) {
+    return runtime.createStringFromUtf8(utf8, length);
+  }
+
+  /// Create a JS string from utf8-encoded octets stored in a
+  /// std::string.  The string data is transformed and copied.  Results are
+  /// undefined if \p utf8 contains invalid code points.
+  static String createFromUtf8(Runtime& runtime, const std::string& utf8) {
+    return runtime.createStringFromUtf8(
+        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(utf8.data()), utf8.length());
+  }
+
+  /// \return whether a and b contain the same characters.
+  static bool strictEquals(Runtime& runtime, const String& a, const String& b) {
+    return runtime.strictEquals(a, b);
+  }
+
+  /// Copies the data in a JS string as utf8 into a C++ string.
+  std::string utf8(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.utf8(*this);
+  }
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+};
+
+class Array;
+class Function;
+
+/// Represents a JS Object.  Movable, not copyable.
+class JSI_EXPORT Object : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  Object(Object&& other) = default;
+  Object& operator=(Object&& other) = default;
+
+  /// Creates a new Object instance, like '{}' in JS.
+  Object(Runtime& runtime) : Object(runtime.createObject()) {}
+
+  static Object createFromHostObject(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      std::shared_ptr<HostObject> ho) {
+    return runtime.createObject(ho);
+  }
+
+  /// \return whether this and \c obj are the same JSObject or not.
+  static bool strictEquals(Runtime& runtime, const Object& a, const Object& b) {
+    return runtime.strictEquals(a, b);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the result of `this instanceOf ctor` in JS.
+  bool instanceOf(Runtime& rt, const Function& ctor) JSI_CONST_10 {
+    return rt.instanceOf(*this, ctor);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the property of the object with the given ascii name.
+  /// If the name isn't a property on the object, returns the
+  /// undefined value.
+  Value getProperty(Runtime& runtime, const char* name) const;
+
+  /// \return the property of the object with the String name.
+  /// If the name isn't a property on the object, returns the
+  /// undefined value.
+  Value getProperty(Runtime& runtime, const String& name) const;
+
+  /// \return the property of the object with the given JS PropNameID
+  /// name.  If the name isn't a property on the object, returns the
+  /// undefined value.
+  Value getProperty(Runtime& runtime, const PropNameID& name) const;
+
+  /// \return true if and only if the object has a property with the
+  /// given ascii name.
+  bool hasProperty(Runtime& runtime, const char* name) const;
+
+  /// \return true if and only if the object has a property with the
+  /// given String name.
+  bool hasProperty(Runtime& runtime, const String& name) const;
+
+  /// \return true if and only if the object has a property with the
+  /// given PropNameID name.
+  bool hasProperty(Runtime& runtime, const PropNameID& name) const;
+
+  /// Sets the property value from a Value or anything which can be
+  /// used to make one: nullptr_t, bool, double, int, const char*,
+  /// String, or Object.
+  template <typename T>
+  void setProperty(Runtime& runtime, const char* name, T&& value) JSI_CONST_10;
+
+  /// Sets the property value from a Value or anything which can be
+  /// used to make one: nullptr_t, bool, double, int, const char*,
+  /// String, or Object.
+  template <typename T>
+  void setProperty(Runtime& runtime, const String& name, T&& value)
+      JSI_CONST_10;
+
+  /// Sets the property value from a Value or anything which can be
+  /// used to make one: nullptr_t, bool, double, int, const char*,
+  /// String, or Object.
+  template <typename T>
+  void setProperty(Runtime& runtime, const PropNameID& name, T&& value)
+      JSI_CONST_10;
+
+  /// \return true iff JS \c Array.isArray() would return \c true.  If
+  /// so, then \c getArray() will succeed.
+  bool isArray(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.isArray(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \return true iff the Object is an ArrayBuffer. If so, then \c
+  /// getArrayBuffer() will succeed.
+  bool isArrayBuffer(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.isArrayBuffer(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \return true iff the Object is callable.  If so, then \c
+  /// getFunction will succeed.
+  bool isFunction(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.isFunction(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \return true iff the Object was initialized with \c createFromHostObject
+  /// and the HostObject passed is of type \c T. If returns \c true then
+  /// \c getHostObject<T> will succeed.
+  template <typename T = HostObject>
+  bool isHostObject(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// \return an Array instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArray() would return false, this will assert.
+  Array getArray(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+
+  /// \return an Array instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArray() would return false, this will assert.
+  Array getArray(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return an Array instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArray() would return false, this will throw
+  /// JSIException.
+  Array asArray(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+
+  /// \return an Array instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArray() would return false, this will throw
+  /// JSIException.
+  Array asArray(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return an ArrayBuffer instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArrayBuffer() would return false, this will assert.
+  ArrayBuffer getArrayBuffer(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+
+  /// \return an ArrayBuffer instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isArrayBuffer() would return false, this will assert.
+  ArrayBuffer getArrayBuffer(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return a Function instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isFunction() would return false, this will assert.
+  Function getFunction(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+
+  /// \return a Function instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isFunction() would return false, this will assert.
+  Function getFunction(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return a Function instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isFunction() would return false, this will throw
+  /// JSIException.
+  Function asFunction(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+
+  /// \return a Function instance which refers to the same underlying
+  /// object.  If \c isFunction() would return false, this will throw
+  /// JSIException.
+  Function asFunction(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return a shared_ptr<T> which refers to the same underlying
+  /// \c HostObject that was used to create this object. If \c isHostObject<T>
+  /// is false, this will assert. Note that this does a type check and will
+  /// assert if the underlying HostObject isn't of type \c T
+  template <typename T = HostObject>
+  std::shared_ptr<T> getHostObject(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// \return a shared_ptr<T> which refers to the same underlying
+  /// \c HostObject that was used to create this object. If \c isHostObject<T>
+  /// is false, this will throw.
+  template <typename T = HostObject>
+  std::shared_ptr<T> asHostObject(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 7
+  /// \return whether this object has native state of type T previously set by
+  /// \c setNativeState.
+  template <typename T = NativeState>
+  bool hasNativeState(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// \return a shared_ptr to the state previously set by \c setNativeState.
+  /// If \c hasNativeState<T> is false, this will assert. Note that this does a
+  /// type check and will assert if the native state isn't of type \c T
+  template <typename T = NativeState>
+  std::shared_ptr<T> getNativeState(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+  /// Set the internal native state property of this object, overwriting any old
+  /// value. Creates a new shared_ptr to the object managed by \p state, which
+  /// will live until the value at this property becomes unreachable.
+  ///
+  /// Throws a type error if this object is a proxy or host object.
+  void setNativeState(Runtime& runtime, std::shared_ptr<NativeState> state)
+      const;
+#endif
+
+  /// \return same as \c getProperty(name).asObject(), except with
+  /// a better exception message.
+  Object getPropertyAsObject(Runtime& runtime, const char* name) const;
+
+  /// \return similar to \c
+  /// getProperty(name).getObject().getFunction(), except it will
+  /// throw JSIException instead of asserting if the property is
+  /// not an object, or the object is not callable.
+  Function getPropertyAsFunction(Runtime& runtime, const char* name) const;
+
+  /// \return an Array consisting of all enumerable property names in
+  /// the object and its prototype chain.  All values in the return
+  /// will be isString().  (This is probably not optimal, but it
+  /// works.  I only need it in one place.)
+  Array getPropertyNames(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 11
+  /// Inform the runtime that there is additional memory associated with a given
+  /// JavaScript object that is not visible to the GC. This can be used if an
+  /// object is known to retain some native memory, and may be used to guide
+  /// decisions about when to run garbage collection.
+  /// This method may be invoked multiple times on an object, and subsequent
+  /// calls will overwrite any previously set value. Once the object is garbage
+  /// collected, the associated external memory will be considered freed and may
+  /// no longer factor into GC decisions.
+  void setExternalMemoryPressure(Runtime& runtime, size_t amt) const;
+#endif
+
+ protected:
+  void setPropertyValue(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      const String& name,
+      const Value& value) JSI_CONST_10 {
+    return runtime.setPropertyValue(*this, name, value);
+  }
+
+  void setPropertyValue(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      const PropNameID& name,
+      const Value& value) JSI_CONST_10 {
+    return runtime.setPropertyValue(*this, name, value);
+  }
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+  friend class Value;
+};
+
+/// Represents a weak reference to a JS Object.  If the only reference
+/// to an Object are these, the object is eligible for GC.  Method
+/// names are inspired by C++ weak_ptr.  Movable, not copyable.
+class JSI_EXPORT WeakObject : public Pointer {
+ public:
+  using Pointer::Pointer;
+
+  WeakObject(WeakObject&& other) = default;
+  WeakObject& operator=(WeakObject&& other) = default;
+
+  /// Create a WeakObject from an Object.
+  WeakObject(Runtime& runtime, const Object& o)
+      : WeakObject(runtime.createWeakObject(o)) {}
+
+  /// \return a Value representing the underlying Object if it is still valid;
+  /// otherwise returns \c undefined.  Note that this method has nothing to do
+  /// with threads or concurrency.  The name is based on std::weak_ptr::lock()
+  /// which serves a similar purpose.
+  Value lock(Runtime& runtime) JSI_CONST_10;
+
+  friend class Runtime;
+};
+
+/// Represents a JS Object which can be efficiently used as an array
+/// with integral indices.
+class JSI_EXPORT Array : public Object {
+ public:
+  Array(Array&&) = default;
+  /// Creates a new Array instance, with \c length undefined elements.
+  Array(Runtime& runtime, size_t length) : Array(runtime.createArray(length)) {}
+
+  Array& operator=(Array&&) = default;
+
+  /// \return the size of the Array, according to its length property.
+  /// (C++ naming convention)
+  size_t size(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.size(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the size of the Array, according to its length property.
+  /// (JS naming convention)
+  size_t length(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return size(runtime);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the property of the array at index \c i.  If there is no
+  /// such property, returns the undefined value.  If \c i is out of
+  /// range [ 0..\c length ] throws a JSIException.
+  Value getValueAtIndex(Runtime& runtime, size_t i) const;
+
+  /// Sets the property of the array at index \c i.  The argument
+  /// value behaves as with Object::setProperty().  If \c i is out of
+  /// range [ 0..\c length ] throws a JSIException.
+  template <typename T>
+  void setValueAtIndex(Runtime& runtime, size_t i, T&& value) JSI_CONST_10;
+
+  /// There is no current API for changing the size of an array once
+  /// created.  We'll probably need that eventually.
+
+  /// Creates a new Array instance from provided values
+  template <typename... Args>
+  static Array createWithElements(Runtime&, Args&&... args);
+
+  /// Creates a new Array instance from initializer list.
+  static Array createWithElements(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      std::initializer_list<Value> elements);
+
+ private:
+  friend class Object;
+  friend class Value;
+  friend class Runtime;
+
+  void setValueAtIndexImpl(Runtime& runtime, size_t i, const Value& value)
+      JSI_CONST_10 {
+    return runtime.setValueAtIndexImpl(*this, i, value);
+  }
+
+  Array(Runtime::PointerValue* value) : Object(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Represents a JSArrayBuffer
+class JSI_EXPORT ArrayBuffer : public Object {
+ public:
+  ArrayBuffer(ArrayBuffer&&) = default;
+  ArrayBuffer& operator=(ArrayBuffer&&) = default;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 9
+  ArrayBuffer(Runtime& runtime, std::shared_ptr<MutableBuffer> buffer)
+      : ArrayBuffer(runtime.createArrayBuffer(std::move(buffer))) {}
+#endif
+
+  /// \return the size of the ArrayBuffer storage. This is not affected by
+  /// overriding the byteLength property.
+  /// (C++ naming convention)
+  size_t size(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.size(*this);
+  }
+
+  size_t length(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.size(*this);
+  }
+
+  uint8_t* data(Runtime& runtime) JSI_CONST_10 {
+    return runtime.data(*this);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  friend class Object;
+  friend class Value;
+  friend class Runtime;
+
+  ArrayBuffer(Runtime::PointerValue* value) : Object(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Represents a JS Object which is guaranteed to be Callable.
+class JSI_EXPORT Function : public Object {
+ public:
+  Function(Function&&) = default;
+  Function& operator=(Function&&) = default;
+
+  /// Create a function which, when invoked, calls C++ code. If the
+  /// function throws an exception, a JS Error will be created and
+  /// thrown.
+  /// \param name the name property for the function.
+  /// \param paramCount the length property for the function, which
+  /// may not be the number of arguments the function is passed.
+  static Function createFromHostFunction(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      const jsi::PropNameID& name,
+      unsigned int paramCount,
+      jsi::HostFunctionType func);
+
+  /// Calls the function with \c count \c args.  The \c this value of the JS
+  /// function will not be set by the C++ caller, similar to calling
+  /// Function.prototype.apply(undefined, args) in JS.
+  /// \b Note: as with Function.prototype.apply, \c this may not always be
+  /// \c undefined in the function itself.  If the function is non-strict,
+  /// \c this will be set to the global object.
+  Value call(Runtime& runtime, const Value* args, size_t count) const;
+
+  /// Calls the function with a \c std::initializer_list of Value
+  /// arguments.  The \c this value of the JS function will not be set by the
+  /// C++ caller, similar to calling Function.prototype.apply(undefined, args)
+  /// in JS.
+  /// \b Note: as with Function.prototype.apply, \c this may not always be
+  /// \c undefined in the function itself.  If the function is non-strict,
+  /// \c this will be set to the global object.
+  Value call(Runtime& runtime, std::initializer_list<Value> args) const;
+
+  /// Calls the function with any number of arguments similarly to
+  /// Object::setProperty().  The \c this value of the JS function will not be
+  /// set by the C++ caller, similar to calling
+  /// Function.prototype.call(undefined, ...args) in JS.
+  /// \b Note: as with Function.prototype.call, \c this may not always be
+  /// \c undefined in the function itself.  If the function is non-strict,
+  /// \c this will be set to the global object.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  Value call(Runtime& runtime, Args&&... args) const;
+
+  /// Calls the function with \c count \c args and \c jsThis value passed
+  /// as the \c this value.
+  Value callWithThis(
+      Runtime& Runtime,
+      const Object& jsThis,
+      const Value* args,
+      size_t count) const;
+
+  /// Calls the function with a \c std::initializer_list of Value
+  /// arguments and \c jsThis passed as the \c this value.
+  Value callWithThis(
+      Runtime& runtime,
+      const Object& jsThis,
+      std::initializer_list<Value> args) const;
+
+  /// Calls the function with any number of arguments similarly to
+  /// Object::setProperty(), and with \c jsThis passed as the \c this value.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  Value callWithThis(Runtime& runtime, const Object& jsThis, Args&&... args)
+      const;
+
+  /// Calls the function as a constructor with \c count \c args. Equivalent
+  /// to calling `new Func` where `Func` is the js function reqresented by
+  /// this.
+  Value callAsConstructor(Runtime& runtime, const Value* args, size_t count)
+      const;
+
+  /// Same as above `callAsConstructor`, except use an initializer_list to
+  /// supply the arguments.
+  Value callAsConstructor(Runtime& runtime, std::initializer_list<Value> args)
+      const;
+
+  /// Same as above `callAsConstructor`, but automatically converts/wraps
+  /// any argument with a jsi Value.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  Value callAsConstructor(Runtime& runtime, Args&&... args) const;
+
+  /// Returns whether this was created with Function::createFromHostFunction.
+  /// If true then you can use getHostFunction to get the underlying
+  /// HostFunctionType.
+  bool isHostFunction(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    return runtime.isHostFunction(*this);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the underlying HostFunctionType iff isHostFunction returns true
+  /// and asserts otherwise. You can use this to use std::function<>::target
+  /// to get the object that was passed to create the HostFunctionType.
+  ///
+  /// Note: The reference returned is borrowed from the JS object underlying
+  ///       \c this, and thus only lasts as long as the object underlying
+  ///       \c this does.
+  HostFunctionType& getHostFunction(Runtime& runtime) const {
+    assert(isHostFunction(runtime));
+    return runtime.getHostFunction(*this);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  friend class Object;
+  friend class Value;
+  friend class Runtime;
+
+  Function(Runtime::PointerValue* value) : Object(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Represents any JS Value (undefined, null, boolean, number, symbol,
+/// string, or object).  Movable, or explicitly copyable (has no copy
+/// ctor).
+class JSI_EXPORT Value {
+ public:
+  /// Default ctor creates an \c undefined JS value.
+  Value() : Value(UndefinedKind) {}
+
+  /// Creates a \c null JS value.
+  /* implicit */ Value(std::nullptr_t) : kind_(NullKind) {}
+
+  /// Creates a boolean JS value.
+  /* implicit */ Value(bool b) : Value(BooleanKind) {
+    data_.boolean = b;
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a number JS value.
+  /* implicit */ Value(double d) : Value(NumberKind) {
+    data_.number = d;
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a number JS value.
+  /* implicit */ Value(int i) : Value(NumberKind) {
+    data_.number = i;
+  }
+
+  /// Moves a Symbol, String, or Object rvalue into a new JS value.
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      typename = std::enable_if_t<
+          std::is_base_of<Symbol, T>::value ||
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+          std::is_base_of<BigInt, T>::value ||
+#endif
+          std::is_base_of<String, T>::value ||
+          std::is_base_of<Object, T>::value>>
+  /* implicit */ Value(T&& other) : Value(kindOf(other)) {
+    new (&data_.pointer) T(std::move(other));
+  }
+
+  /// Value("foo") will treat foo as a bool.  This makes doing that a
+  /// compile error.
+  template <typename T = void>
+  Value(const char*) {
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_same<void, T>::value,
+        "Value cannot be constructed directly from const char*");
+  }
+
+  Value(Value&& value);
+
+  /// Copies a Symbol lvalue into a new JS value.
+  Value(Runtime& runtime, const Symbol& sym) : Value(SymbolKind) {
+    new (&data_.pointer) Symbol(runtime.cloneSymbol(sym.ptr_));
+  }
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  /// Copies a BigInt lvalue into a new JS value.
+  Value(Runtime& runtime, const BigInt& bigint) : Value(BigIntKind) {
+    new (&data_.pointer) BigInt(runtime.cloneBigInt(bigint.ptr_));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /// Copies a String lvalue into a new JS value.
+  Value(Runtime& runtime, const String& str) : Value(StringKind) {
+    new (&data_.pointer) String(runtime.cloneString(str.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// Copies a Object lvalue into a new JS value.
+  Value(Runtime& runtime, const Object& obj) : Value(ObjectKind) {
+    new (&data_.pointer) Object(runtime.cloneObject(obj.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a JS value from another Value lvalue.
+  Value(Runtime& runtime, const Value& value);
+
+  /// Value(rt, "foo") will treat foo as a bool.  This makes doing
+  /// that a compile error.
+  template <typename T = void>
+  Value(Runtime&, const char*) {
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_same<T, void>::value,
+        "Value cannot be constructed directly from const char*");
+  }
+
+  ~Value();
+  // \return the undefined \c Value.
+  static Value undefined() {
+    return Value();
+  }
+
+  // \return the null \c Value.
+  static Value null() {
+    return Value(nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // \return a \c Value created from a utf8-encoded JSON string.
+  static Value
+  createFromJsonUtf8(Runtime& runtime, const uint8_t* json, size_t length)
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 2
+  {
+    return runtime.createValueFromJsonUtf8(json, length);
+  }
+#else
+      ;
+#endif
+
+  /// \return according to the Strict Equality Comparison algorithm, see:
+  /// https://262.ecma-international.org/11.0/#sec-strict-equality-comparison
+  static bool strictEquals(Runtime& runtime, const Value& a, const Value& b);
+
+  Value& operator=(Value&& other) {
+    this->~Value();
+    new (this) Value(std::move(other));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  bool isUndefined() const {
+    return kind_ == UndefinedKind;
+  }
+
+  bool isNull() const {
+    return kind_ == NullKind;
+  }
+
+  bool isBool() const {
+    return kind_ == BooleanKind;
+  }
+
+  bool isNumber() const {
+    return kind_ == NumberKind;
+  }
+
+  bool isString() const {
+    return kind_ == StringKind;
+  }
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  bool isBigInt() const {
+    return kind_ == BigIntKind;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  bool isSymbol() const {
+    return kind_ == SymbolKind;
+  }
+
+  bool isObject() const {
+    return kind_ == ObjectKind;
+  }
+
+  /// \return the boolean value, or asserts if not a boolean.
+  bool getBool() const {
+    assert(isBool());
+    return data_.boolean;
+  }
+
+  /// \return the boolean value, or throws JSIException if not a
+  /// boolean.
+  bool asBool() const;
+
+  /// \return the number value, or asserts if not a number.
+  double getNumber() const {
+    assert(isNumber());
+    return data_.number;
+  }
+
+  /// \return the number value, or throws JSIException if not a
+  /// number.
+  double asNumber() const;
+
+  /// \return the Symbol value, or asserts if not a symbol.
+  Symbol getSymbol(Runtime& runtime) const& {
+    assert(isSymbol());
+    return Symbol(runtime.cloneSymbol(data_.pointer.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// \return the Symbol value, or asserts if not a symbol.
+  /// Can be used on rvalue references to avoid cloning more symbols.
+  Symbol getSymbol(Runtime&) && {
+    assert(isSymbol());
+    auto ptr = data_.pointer.ptr_;
+    data_.pointer.ptr_ = nullptr;
+    return static_cast<Symbol>(ptr);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the Symbol value, or throws JSIException if not a
+  /// symbol
+  Symbol asSymbol(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+  Symbol asSymbol(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  /// \return the BigInt value, or asserts if not a bigint.
+  BigInt getBigInt(Runtime& runtime) const& {
+    assert(isBigInt());
+    return BigInt(runtime.cloneBigInt(data_.pointer.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// \return the BigInt value, or asserts if not a bigint.
+  /// Can be used on rvalue references to avoid cloning more bigints.
+  BigInt getBigInt(Runtime&) && {
+    assert(isBigInt());
+    auto ptr = data_.pointer.ptr_;
+    data_.pointer.ptr_ = nullptr;
+    return static_cast<BigInt>(ptr);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the BigInt value, or throws JSIException if not a
+  /// bigint
+  BigInt asBigInt(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+  BigInt asBigInt(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+#endif
+
+  /// \return the String value, or asserts if not a string.
+  String getString(Runtime& runtime) const& {
+    assert(isString());
+    return String(runtime.cloneString(data_.pointer.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// \return the String value, or asserts if not a string.
+  /// Can be used on rvalue references to avoid cloning more strings.
+  String getString(Runtime&) && {
+    assert(isString());
+    auto ptr = data_.pointer.ptr_;
+    data_.pointer.ptr_ = nullptr;
+    return static_cast<String>(ptr);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the String value, or throws JSIException if not a
+  /// string.
+  String asString(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+  String asString(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  /// \return the Object value, or asserts if not an object.
+  Object getObject(Runtime& runtime) const& {
+    assert(isObject());
+    return Object(runtime.cloneObject(data_.pointer.ptr_));
+  }
+
+  /// \return the Object value, or asserts if not an object.
+  /// Can be used on rvalue references to avoid cloning more objects.
+  Object getObject(Runtime&) && {
+    assert(isObject());
+    auto ptr = data_.pointer.ptr_;
+    data_.pointer.ptr_ = nullptr;
+    return static_cast<Object>(ptr);
+  }
+
+  /// \return the Object value, or throws JSIException if not an
+  /// object.
+  Object asObject(Runtime& runtime) const&;
+  Object asObject(Runtime& runtime) &&;
+
+  // \return a String like JS .toString() would do.
+  String toString(Runtime& runtime) const;
+
+ private:
+  friend class Runtime;
+
+  enum ValueKind {
+    UndefinedKind,
+    NullKind,
+    BooleanKind,
+    NumberKind,
+    SymbolKind,
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+    BigIntKind,
+#endif
+    StringKind,
+    ObjectKind,
+    PointerKind = SymbolKind,
+  };
+
+  union Data {
+    // Value's ctor and dtor will manage the lifecycle of the contained Data.
+    Data() {
+      static_assert(
+          sizeof(Data) == sizeof(uint64_t),
+          "Value data should fit in a 64-bit register");
+    }
+    ~Data() {}
+
+    // scalars
+    bool boolean;
+    double number;
+    // pointers
+    Pointer pointer; // Symbol, String, Object, Array, Function
+  };
+
+  Value(ValueKind kind) : kind_(kind) {}
+
+  constexpr static ValueKind kindOf(const Symbol&) {
+    return SymbolKind;
+  }
+#if JSI_VERSION >= 6
+  constexpr static ValueKind kindOf(const BigInt&) {
+    return BigIntKind;
+  }
+#endif
+  constexpr static ValueKind kindOf(const String&) {
+    return StringKind;
+  }
+  constexpr static ValueKind kindOf(const Object&) {
+    return ObjectKind;
+  }
+
+  ValueKind kind_;
+  Data data_;
+
+  // In the future: Value becomes NaN-boxed. See T40538354.
+};
+
+/// Not movable and not copyable RAII marker advising the underlying
+/// JavaScript VM to track resources allocated since creation until
+/// destruction so that they can be recycled eagerly when the Scope
+/// goes out of scope instead of floating in the air until the next
+/// garbage collection or any other delayed release occurs.
+///
+/// This API should be treated only as advice, implementations can
+/// choose to ignore the fact that Scopes are created or destroyed.
+///
+/// This class is an exception to the rule allowing destructors to be
+/// called without proper synchronization (see Runtime documentation).
+/// The whole point of this class is to enable all sorts of clean ups
+/// when the destructor is called and this proper synchronization is
+/// required at that time.
+///
+/// Instances of this class are intended to be created as automatic stack
+/// variables in which case destructor calls don't require any additional
+/// locking, provided that the lock (if any) is managed with RAII helpers.
+class JSI_EXPORT Scope {
+ public:
+  explicit Scope(Runtime& rt) : rt_(rt), prv_(rt.pushScope()) {}
+  ~Scope() {
+    rt_.popScope(prv_);
+  }
+
+  Scope(const Scope&) = delete;
+  Scope(Scope&&) = delete;
+
+  Scope& operator=(const Scope&) = delete;
+  Scope& operator=(Scope&&) = delete;
+
+  template <typename F>
+  static auto callInNewScope(Runtime& rt, F f) -> decltype(f()) {
+    Scope s(rt);
+    return f();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Runtime& rt_;
+  Runtime::ScopeState* prv_;
+};
+
+/// Base class for jsi exceptions
+class JSI_EXPORT JSIException : public std::exception {
+ protected:
+  JSIException() {}
+  JSIException(std::string what) : what_(std::move(what)) {}
+
+ public:
+  JSIException(const JSIException&) = default;
+
+  virtual const char* what() const noexcept override {
+    return what_.c_str();
+  }
+
+  virtual ~JSIException() override;
+
+ protected:
+  std::string what_;
+};
+
+/// This exception will be thrown by API functions on errors not related to
+/// JavaScript execution.
+class JSI_EXPORT JSINativeException : public JSIException {
+ public:
+  JSINativeException(std::string what) : JSIException(std::move(what)) {}
+
+  JSINativeException(const JSINativeException&) = default;
+
+  virtual ~JSINativeException();
+};
+
+/// This exception will be thrown by API functions whenever a JS
+/// operation causes an exception as described by the spec, or as
+/// otherwise described.
+class JSI_EXPORT JSError : public JSIException {
+ public:
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to provided \c value
+  JSError(Runtime& r, Value&& value);
+
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to new \c Error instance capturing current
+  /// JavaScript stack. The error message property is set to given \c message.
+  JSError(Runtime& rt, std::string message);
+
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to new \c Error instance capturing current
+  /// JavaScript stack. The error message property is set to given \c message.
+  JSError(Runtime& rt, const char* message)
+      : JSError(rt, std::string(message)) {}
+
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to a JavaScript Object having message and
+  /// stack properties set to provided values.
+  JSError(Runtime& rt, std::string message, std::string stack);
+
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to provided value and what string
+  /// set to provided message.  This argument order is a bit weird,
+  /// but necessary to avoid ambiguity with the above.
+  JSError(std::string what, Runtime& rt, Value&& value);
+
+  /// Creates a JSError referring to the provided value, message and stack. This
+  /// constructor does not take a Runtime parameter, and therefore cannot result
+  /// in recursively invoking the JSError constructor.
+  JSError(Value&& value, std::string message, std::string stack);
+
+  JSError(const JSError&) = default;
+
+  virtual ~JSError();
+
+  const std::string& getStack() const {
+    return stack_;
+  }
+
+  const std::string& getMessage() const {
+    return message_;
+  }
+
+  const jsi::Value& value() const {
+    assert(value_);
+    return *value_;
+  }
+
+  // In V8's case, creating an Error object in JS doesn't record the callstack.
+  // To preserve it, we need a way to manually add the stack here and on the JS
+  // side.
+  void setStack(std::string stack) {
+    stack_ = std::move(stack);
+    what_ = message_ + "\n\n" + stack_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // This initializes the value_ member and does some other
+  // validation, so it must be called by every branch through the
+  // constructors.
+  void setValue(Runtime& rt, Value&& value);
+
+  // This needs to be on the heap, because throw requires the object
+  // be copyable, and Value is not.
+  std::shared_ptr<jsi::Value> value_;
+  std::string message_;
+  std::string stack_;
+};
+
+} // namespace jsi
+} // namespace facebook
+
+#include <jsi/jsi-inl.h>