react-native-windows 0.74.10 → 0.75.0-preview.1

package/Folly/TEMP_UntilFollyUpdate/ConstexprMath.h

@@ -0,0 +1,970 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include <folly/Portability.h>
+
+namespace folly {
+
+/// numbers
+///
+/// mimic: std::numbers, C++20 (partial)
+namespace numbers {
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+using enable_if_floating_t =
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, T>;
+}
+
+/// e_v
+///
+/// mimic: std::numbers::e_v, C++20
+template <typename T>
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr T e_v = detail::enable_if_floating_t<T>(
+    2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995L);
+
+/// ln2_v
+///
+/// mimic: std::numbers::ln2_v, C++20
+template <typename T>
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr T ln2_v = detail::enable_if_floating_t<T>(
+    0.69314718055994530941723212145817656807550013436025L);
+
+/// e
+///
+/// mimic: std::numbers::e, C++20
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr double e = e_v<double>;
+
+/// ln2
+///
+/// mimic: std::numbers::ln2, C++20
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr double ln2 = ln2_v<double>;
+
+} // namespace numbers
+
+/// floating_point_integral_constant
+///
+/// Like std::integral_constant but for floating-point types holding integral
+/// values representable in an integral type.
+template <typename T, typename S, S Value>
+struct floating_point_integral_constant {
+  using value_type = T;
+  static constexpr value_type value = static_cast<value_type>(Value);
+  constexpr operator value_type() const noexcept { return value; }
+  constexpr value_type operator()() const noexcept { return value; }
+};
+#if FOLLY_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename T, typename S, S Value>
+constexpr typename floating_point_integral_constant<T, S, Value>::value_type
+    floating_point_integral_constant<T, S, Value>::value;
+#endif
+
+//  ----
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr size_t constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_(T const base) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  size_t s = 1;
+  auto r = base;
+  while (r <= lim::max() / r) {
+    ++s;
+    r *= r;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_v
+///
+/// Effectively calculates: floor(log(max_exponent)/log(base))
+///
+/// For use with constexpr_iterated_squares_desc below.
+template <typename Base>
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr size_t constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_v =
+    detail::constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_(Base::value);
+
+/// constexpr_iterated_squares_desc
+///
+/// A constexpr scaling array of integer powers-of-powers-of-two, descending,
+/// with the associated powers-of-two.
+///
+/// scaling = [..., {8, b^8}, {4, b^4}, {2, b^2}, {1, b^1}] for b = base
+///
+/// Includes select constexpr scaling algorithms based on the scaling array.
+///
+/// The scaling array and the scaling algorithms are general-purpose, if niche.
+/// They may be used by other constexpr math functions (floating-point) either
+/// to improve runtime performance or to improve numerical approximations.
+///
+/// Some compilers fail to support passing some types as non-type template
+/// params. In particular, long double is not universally supported. Therefore,
+/// this utility takes its base as a type rather than as a value. For floating-
+/// point integral bases, that is, bases of floating-point type but of integral
+/// value, floating_point_integral_constant is the easiest parameterization.
+template <typename T, std::size_t Size>
+struct constexpr_iterated_squares_desc {
+  static_assert(Size > 0, "requires non-zero size");
+
+  using size_type = decltype(Size);
+  using base_type = T;
+
+  struct item_type {
+    size_type power;
+    base_type scale;
+  };
+
+  static constexpr size_type size = Size;
+  base_type base;
+  item_type scaling[size];
+
+ private:
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<base_type>;
+
+  static_assert(
+      lim::max_exponent < std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max(),
+      "size_type too small for base_type");
+
+ public:
+  explicit constexpr constexpr_iterated_squares_desc(base_type r) noexcept
+      : base{r}, scaling{} {
+    assert(size <= detail::constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_(base));
+    size_type i = 0;
+    size_type p = 1;
+    while (true) { // a for-loop might cause multiplication overflow below
+      scaling[size - 1 - i] = {p, r};
+      if (++i == size) {
+        break;
+      }
+      p *= 2;
+      r *= r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// shrink
+  ///
+  /// Returns scaling params of the form:
+  ///   item_type{power, scale} with scale = base ^ power
+  /// With power the smallest nonnegative integer such that:
+  ///   abs(num) / scale <= max
+  constexpr item_type shrink(base_type const num, base_type const max) const {
+    assert(max > base_type(0));
+    auto const rmax = max / base;
+    auto const snum = num < base_type(0) ? -num : num;
+    auto power = size_type(0);
+    auto scale = base_type(1);
+    if (!(snum / scale <= max)) {
+      for (auto const& i : scaling) {
+        auto const next = scale * i.scale;
+        auto const div = snum / next;
+        if (div <= rmax) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        power += i.power;
+        scale = next;
+        if (div <= max) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert(snum / scale <= max);
+    return {power, scale};
+  }
+
+  /// growth
+  ///
+  /// Returns scaling params of the form:
+  ///   item_type{power, scale} with scale = base ^ power
+  /// With power the smallest nonnegative integer such that:
+  ///   abs(num) * scale >= min
+  constexpr item_type growth(base_type const num, base_type const min) const {
+    assert(min > base_type(0));
+    auto const rmin = min * base;
+    auto const snum = num < base_type(0) ? -num : num;
+    auto power = size_type(0);
+    auto scale = base_type(1);
+    if (!(snum * scale >= min)) {
+      for (auto const& i : scaling) {
+        auto const next = scale * i.scale;
+        auto const mul = snum * next;
+        if (mul >= rmin) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        power += i.power;
+        scale = next;
+        if (mul >= min) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert(snum * scale >= min);
+    return {power, scale};
+  }
+};
+#if FOLLY_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename T, std::size_t Size>
+constexpr typename constexpr_iterated_squares_desc<T, Size>::size_type
+    constexpr_iterated_squares_desc<T, Size>::size;
+#endif
+
+/// constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_v
+///
+/// An instance of constexpr_iterated_squares_desc of max size with the given
+/// base.
+template <typename Base>
+FOLLY_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr auto constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_v =
+    constexpr_iterated_squares_desc<
+        typename Base::value_type,
+        constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_size_v<Base>>{Base::value};
+
+/// constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_2_v
+///
+/// An alias for constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_v with base 2, which is the
+/// most common base to use with iterated-squares.
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto& constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_2_v =
+    constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_v<
+        floating_point_integral_constant<T, int, 2>>;
+
+// TLDR: Prefer using operator< for ordering. And when
+// a and b are equivalent objects, we return b to make
+// sorting stable.
+// See http://stepanovpapers.com/notes.pdf for details.
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+constexpr T constexpr_max(T a, Ts... ts) {
+  T list[] = {ts..., a}; // 0-length arrays are illegal
+  // [Windows #12703 - Fix folly CodeQL issues]
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Ts); ++i) {
+    a = list[i] < a ? a : list[i];
+  }
+  return a;
+}
+
+// When a and b are equivalent objects, we return a to
+// make sorting stable.
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+constexpr T constexpr_min(T a, Ts... ts) {
+  T list[] = {ts..., a}; // 0-length arrays are illegal
+  // [Windows #12703 - Fix folly CodeQL issues]
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Ts); ++i) {
+    a = list[i] < a ? list[i] : a;
+  }
+  return a;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Less>
+constexpr T const& constexpr_clamp(
+    T const& v, T const& lo, T const& hi, Less less) {
+  T const& a = less(v, lo) ? lo : v;
+  T const& b = less(hi, a) ? hi : a;
+  return b;
+}
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T const& constexpr_clamp(T const& v, T const& lo, T const& hi) {
+  return constexpr_clamp(v, lo, hi, std::less<T>{});
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool constexpr_isnan(T const t) {
+  return t != t; // NOLINT
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct constexpr_abs_helper {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct constexpr_abs_helper<
+    T,
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type> {
+  static constexpr T go(T t) { return t < static_cast<T>(0) ? -t : t; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct constexpr_abs_helper<
+    T,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+        std::is_unsigned<T>::value>::type> {
+  static constexpr T go(T t) { return t; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct constexpr_abs_helper<
+    T,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+        std::is_signed<T>::value>::type> {
+  static constexpr typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type go(T t) {
+    return typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type(t < static_cast<T>(0) ? -t : t);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto constexpr_abs(T t)
+    -> decltype(detail::constexpr_abs_helper<T>::go(t)) {
+  return detail::constexpr_abs_helper<T>::go(t);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_log2_(T a, T e) {
+  return e == T(1) ? a : constexpr_log2_(a + T(1), e / T(2));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_log2_ceil_(T l2, T t) {
+  return l2 + T(T(1) << l2 < t ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_log2(T t) {
+  return detail::constexpr_log2_(T(0), t);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_log2_ceil(T t) {
+  return detail::constexpr_log2_ceil_(constexpr_log2(t), t);
+}
+
+/// constexpr_trunc
+///
+/// mimic: std::trunc (C++23)
+template <
+    typename T,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_trunc(T const t) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  using int_type = std::uintmax_t;
+  using int_lim = std::numeric_limits<int_type>;
+  static_assert(lim::radix == 2, "non-binary radix");
+  static_assert(lim::digits <= int_lim::digits, "overwide mantissa");
+  constexpr auto bound = static_cast<T>(std::uintmax_t(1) << (lim::digits - 1));
+  auto const neg = !constexpr_isnan(t) && t < T(0);
+  auto const s = neg ? -t : t;
+  if (constexpr_isnan(t) || t == T(0) || !(s < bound)) {
+    return t;
+  }
+  if (s < T(1)) {
+    return neg ? -T(0) : T(0);
+  }
+  auto const r = static_cast<T>(static_cast<int_type>(s));
+  return neg ? -r : r;
+}
+
+template <typename T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_trunc(T const t) {
+  return t;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_round
+///
+/// mimic: std::round (C++23)
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_round(T const t) {
+  constexpr auto half = T(1) / T(2);
+  auto const same = constexpr_isnan(t) || t == T(0);
+  return same ? t : constexpr_trunc(t < T(0) ? t - half : t + half);
+}
+
+/// constexpr_floor
+///
+/// mimic: std::floor (C++23)
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_floor(T const t) {
+  auto const s = constexpr_trunc(t);
+  return t < s ? s - T(1) : s;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_ceil
+///
+/// mimic: std::ceil (C++23)
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_ceil(T const t) {
+  auto const s = constexpr_trunc(t);
+  return s < t ? s + T(1) : s;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_ceil
+///
+/// The least integer at least t that round divides.
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_ceil(T t, T round) {
+  return round == T(0)
+      ? t
+      : ((t + (t < T(0) ? T(0) : round - T(1))) / round) * round;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_mult
+///
+/// Multiply two values, allowing for constexpr floating-pooint overflow to
+/// infinity.
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_mult(T const a, T const b) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  if (constexpr_isnan(a) || constexpr_isnan(b)) {
+    return constexpr_isnan(a) ? a : b;
+  }
+  if (std::is_floating_point<T>::value) {
+    constexpr auto inf = lim::infinity();
+    auto const ax = constexpr_abs(a);
+    auto const bx = constexpr_abs(b);
+    if ((ax == T(0) && bx == inf) || (bx == T(0) && ax == inf)) {
+      return lim::quiet_NaN();
+    }
+    // floating-point multiplication overflow, ie where multiplication of two
+    // finite values overflows to infinity of either sign, is not constexpr per
+    // gcc
+    // floating-point division overflow, ie where division of two finite values
+    // overflows to infinity of either sign, is not constexpr per gcc
+    // floating-point division by zero is not constexpr per any compiler, but we
+    // use it in the checks for the other two conditions
+    if (ax != inf && bx != inf && T(1) < bx && lim::max() / bx < ax) {
+      auto const a_neg = static_cast<bool>(a < T(0));
+      auto const b_neg = static_cast<bool>(b < T(0));
+      auto const sign = a_neg == b_neg ? T(1) : T(-1);
+      return sign * inf;
+    }
+  }
+  return a * b;
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <
+    typename T,
+    typename E,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed<E>::value, int> = 1>
+constexpr T constexpr_ipow(T const base, E const exp) {
+  if (std::is_floating_point<T>::value) {
+    if (exp < E(0)) {
+      return T(1) / constexpr_ipow(base, -exp);
+    }
+    if (exp == E(0)) {
+      return T(1);
+    }
+    if (constexpr_isnan(base)) {
+      return base;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(!(exp < E(0)) && "negative exponent with integral base");
+  if (exp == E(0)) {
+    return T(1);
+  }
+  if (exp == E(1)) {
+    return base;
+  }
+  auto const hexp = constexpr_trunc(exp / E(2));
+  auto const div = constexpr_ipow(base, hexp);
+  auto const rem = hexp * E(2) == exp ? T(1) : base;
+  return constexpr_mult(constexpr_mult(div, div), rem);
+}
+
+template <
+    typename T,
+    typename E,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<E>::value, int> = 1>
+constexpr T constexpr_ipow(T const base, E const exp) {
+  if (std::is_floating_point<T>::value) {
+    if (exp == E(0)) {
+      return T(1);
+    }
+    if (constexpr_isnan(base)) {
+      return base;
+    }
+  }
+  if (exp == E(0)) {
+    return T(1);
+  }
+  if (exp == E(1)) {
+    return base;
+  }
+  auto const hexp = constexpr_trunc(exp / E(2));
+  auto const div = constexpr_ipow(base, hexp);
+  auto const rem = hexp * E(2) == exp ? T(1) : base;
+  return constexpr_mult(constexpr_mult(div, div), rem);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// constexpr_exp
+///
+/// Calculates an approximation of the mathematical function exp(num). Usable in
+/// constant evaluations. Like std::exp, which becomes constexpr in C++26.
+///
+/// The integer overload uses iterated squaring and multiplication. The
+/// floating-point overlaod naively evaluates the taylor series of exp(num)
+/// until approximate convergence.
+///
+/// mimic: std::exp (C++23, C++26)
+template <
+    typename T,
+    typename N,
+    std::enable_if_t<
+        std::is_floating_point<T>::value && std::is_integral<N>::value &&
+            !std::is_same<N, bool>::value,
+        int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_exp(N const power) {
+  auto const npower = constexpr_abs(power);
+  auto const result = detail::constexpr_ipow(numbers::e_v<T>, npower);
+  return power < N(0) ? T(1) / result : result;
+}
+template <
+    typename N,
+    std::enable_if_t<
+        std::is_integral<N>::value && !std::is_same<N, bool>::value,
+        int> = 0>
+constexpr double constexpr_exp(N const power) {
+  return constexpr_exp<double>(power);
+}
+template <
+    typename T,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_exp(T const power) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+
+  // edge cases
+  if (constexpr_isnan(power)) {
+    return power;
+  }
+  if (power == -lim::infinity()) {
+    return +T(0);
+  }
+  if (power == +lim::infinity()) {
+    return power;
+  }
+
+  // convergence works better with positive powers since signs do not alternate
+  auto const abspower = constexpr_abs(power);
+  // convergence must short-circuit when terms grow to floating-point infinity
+  auto const bound = T(1) < abspower ? lim::max() / abspower : lim::infinity();
+
+  // term #index = power * coeff
+  auto index = size_t(0);
+  auto term = T(1);
+  // result = sum of terms
+  auto result = T(1);
+  // sum the terms until ~convergence
+  while (!(constexpr_abs(term) < lim::epsilon())) {
+    if (bound < term) {
+      return power < T(0) ? T(0) : lim::infinity();
+    }
+    index += 1;
+    term = term * abspower / index;
+    result += term;
+  }
+  return power < T(0) ? T(1) / result : result;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_log
+///
+/// Calculates an approximation of the natural logarithm ln(num).
+///
+/// The implementation uses a quickly-converging, high-precision iterative
+/// technique as described in:
+///   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm#High_precision
+///
+/// The technique works best with numbers that are close enough to 1, so the
+/// implementation uses a quick shrink/growth technique as described in:
+///   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm#Efficient_computation
+template <
+    typename T,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_log(T const num) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  constexpr auto& isq = constexpr_iterated_squares_desc_2_v<T>;
+
+  // edge cases
+  if (constexpr_isnan(num)) {
+    return num;
+  }
+  if (num < T(0)) {
+    return lim::quiet_NaN();
+  }
+  if (num == T(0)) {
+    return -lim::infinity();
+  }
+  if (num == lim::infinity()) {
+    return num;
+  }
+
+  // compression
+  auto const shrink = isq.shrink(num, isq.base);
+  auto const growth = isq.growth(num, T(1));
+  auto const scaled = num * growth.scale / shrink.scale;
+  assert(scaled <= isq.base);
+  assert(scaled >= T(1));
+
+  auto sum = T(0);
+  auto delta = T(2);
+  while (constexpr_abs(delta) >= lim::epsilon()) {
+    auto expterm = constexpr_exp(sum);
+    delta = T(2) * (scaled - expterm) / (scaled + expterm);
+    sum += delta;
+  }
+  auto const ln2 = numbers::ln2_v<T>;
+  return sum - growth.power * ln2 + shrink.power * ln2;
+}
+
+/// constexpr_pow
+///
+/// Calculates an approximation of the value of base raised to the exponent exp.
+///
+/// The implementation uses iterated squaring and multiplication for the integer
+/// part of the exponent and uses the identity x^y = exp(y * log(x)) for the
+/// fractional part of the exponent.
+///
+/// Notes:
+/// * Forbids base of +0 or -0 with finite non-positive exponent: in part since
+///   the plausible infinite result would be sensitive to the sign of the zero;
+///   and in part since std::pow would be required or permitted to raise error
+///   div-by-zero.
+/// * Forbids finite negative base with finite non-integer exponent: in part
+///   since std::pow would be required to raise error invalid.
+///
+/// mimic: std::pow (C++26)
+template <
+    typename T,
+    typename E,
+    std::enable_if_t<
+        std::is_integral<E>::value && !std::is_same<E, bool>::value,
+        int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_pow(T const base, E const exp) {
+  return detail::constexpr_ipow(base, exp);
+}
+template <
+    typename T,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr T constexpr_pow(T const base, T const exp) {
+  using lim = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+
+  // edge cases
+  if (exp == T(0)) {
+    return T(1);
+  }
+  if (constexpr_isnan(base)) {
+    return base;
+  }
+  if (exp == lim::infinity() || exp == -lim::infinity()) {
+    auto const abase = constexpr_abs(base);
+    if (abase < T(1)) {
+      return exp == lim::infinity() ? T(0) : lim::infinity();
+    }
+    if (T(1) < abase) {
+      return exp == lim::infinity() ? lim::infinity() : T(0);
+    }
+    return T(1);
+  }
+  if (base == T(1)) {
+    return base;
+  }
+  if (constexpr_isnan(exp)) {
+    return exp;
+  }
+  assert(base != T(0) || exp > T(0)); // error div-by-zero
+  if (base == lim::infinity()) {
+    return exp < T(0) ? T(0) : lim::infinity();
+  }
+  if (base == -lim::infinity()) {
+    auto const oddi = //
+        exp == constexpr_trunc(exp) &&
+        exp != constexpr_trunc(exp / T(2)) * T(2);
+    return (oddi ? -T(1) : T(1)) * (exp < T(0) ? T(0) : lim::infinity());
+  }
+  if (base == T(0)) {
+    auto const oddi = //
+        exp == constexpr_trunc(exp) &&
+        exp != constexpr_trunc(exp / T(2)) * T(2);
+    return oddi ? base : T(0);
+  }
+  if (exp < T(0)) {
+    return T(1) / constexpr_pow(base, -exp);
+  }
+
+  // as an identity: x^y = exp(y * log(x)); but calculation is imprecise ... so,
+  // for better precision, split the calculation into its integral-power and its
+  // fractional-power components
+  // as a cost, the complexity of constexpr_ipow here is logarithmic in y, i.e.,
+  // linear in the logarithm of y, which can be prohibitive
+  auto const exp_trunc = constexpr_trunc(exp);
+  assert(T(0) < base || exp == exp_trunc); // error invalid
+  auto const exp_fract = exp - exp_trunc;
+  auto const anyi = exp_fract == T(0);
+  return constexpr_mult(
+      detail::constexpr_ipow(base, exp_trunc),
+      anyi ? T(1) : constexpr_exp(exp_fract * constexpr_log(base)));
+}
+
+/// constexpr_find_last_set
+///
+/// Return the 1-based index of the most significant bit which is set.
+/// For x > 0, constexpr_find_last_set(x) == 1 + floor(log2(x)).
+template <typename T>
+constexpr std::size_t constexpr_find_last_set(T const t) {
+  using U = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
+  return t == T(0) ? 0 : 1 + constexpr_log2(static_cast<U>(t));
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename U>
+constexpr std::size_t constexpr_find_first_set_(
+    std::size_t s, std::size_t a, U const u) {
+  return s == 0 ? a
+                : constexpr_find_first_set_(
+                      s / 2, a + s * bool((u >> a) % (U(1) << s) == U(0)), u);
+}
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// constexpr_find_first_set
+///
+/// Return the 1-based index of the least significant bit which is set.
+/// For x > 0, the exponent in the largest power of two which does not divide x.
+template <typename T>
+constexpr std::size_t constexpr_find_first_set(T t) {
+  using U = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
+  using size = std::integral_constant<std::size_t, sizeof(T) * 4>;
+  return t == T(0)
+      ? 0
+      : 1 + detail::constexpr_find_first_set_(size{}, 0, static_cast<U>(t));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_add_overflow_clamped(T a, T b) {
+  using L = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  using M = std::intmax_t;
+  static_assert(
+      !std::is_integral<T>::value || sizeof(T) <= sizeof(M),
+      "Integral type too large!");
+  // clang-format off
+  return
+    // don't do anything special for non-integral types.
+    !std::is_integral<T>::value ? a + b :
+    // for narrow integral types, just convert to intmax_t.
+    sizeof(T) < sizeof(M)
+      ? T(constexpr_clamp(
+          static_cast<M>(a) + static_cast<M>(b),
+          static_cast<M>(L::min()),
+          static_cast<M>(L::max()))) :
+    // when a >= 0, cannot add more than `MAX - a` onto a.
+    !(a < 0) ? a + constexpr_min(b, T(L::max() - a)) :
+    // a < 0 && b >= 0, `a + b` will always be in valid range of type T.
+    !(b < 0) ? a + b :
+    // a < 0 && b < 0, keep the result >= MIN.
+               a + constexpr_max(b, T(L::min() - a));
+  // clang-format on
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T constexpr_sub_overflow_clamped(T a, T b) {
+  using L = std::numeric_limits<T>;
+  using M = std::intmax_t;
+  static_assert(
+      !std::is_integral<T>::value || sizeof(T) <= sizeof(M),
+      "Integral type too large!");
+  // clang-format off
+  return
+    // don't do anything special for non-integral types.
+    !std::is_integral<T>::value ? a - b :
+    // for unsigned type, keep result >= 0.
+    std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? (a < b ? 0 : a - b) :
+    // for narrow signed integral types, just convert to intmax_t.
+    sizeof(T) < sizeof(M)
+      ? T(constexpr_clamp(
+          static_cast<M>(a) - static_cast<M>(b),
+          static_cast<M>(L::min()),
+          static_cast<M>(L::max()))) :
+    // (a >= 0 && b >= 0) || (a < 0 && b < 0), `a - b` will always be valid.
+    (a < 0) == (b < 0) ? a - b :
+    // MIN < b, so `-b` should be in valid range (-MAX <= -b <= MAX),
+    // convert subtraction to addition.
+    L::min() < b ? constexpr_add_overflow_clamped(a, T(-b)) :
+    // -b = -MIN = (MAX + 1) and a <= -1, result is in valid range.
+    a < 0 ? a - b :
+    // -b = -MIN = (MAX + 1) and a >= 0, result > MAX.
+            L::max();
+  // clang-format on
+}
+
+// clamp_cast<> provides sane numeric conversions from float point numbers to
+// integral numbers, and between different types of integral numbers. It helps
+// to avoid unexpected bugs introduced by bad conversion, and undefined behavior
+// like overflow when casting float point numbers to integral numbers.
+//
+// When doing clamp_cast<Dst>(value), if `value` is in valid range of Dst,
+// it will give correct result in Dst, equal to `value`.
+//
+// If `value` is outside the representable range of Dst, it will be clamped to
+// MAX or MIN in Dst, instead of being undefined behavior.
+//
+// Float NaNs are converted to 0 in integral type.
+//
+// Here's some comparison with static_cast<>:
+// (with FB-internal gcc-5-glibc-2.23 toolchain)
+//
+// static_cast<int32_t>(NaN) = 6
+// clamp_cast<int32_t>(NaN) = 0
+//
+// static_cast<int32_t>(9999999999.0f) = -348639895
+// clamp_cast<int32_t>(9999999999.0f) = 2147483647
+//
+// static_cast<int32_t>(2147483647.0f) = -348639895
+// clamp_cast<int32_t>(2147483647.0f) = 2147483647
+//
+// static_cast<uint32_t>(4294967295.0f) = 0
+// clamp_cast<uint32_t>(4294967295.0f) = 4294967295
+//
+// static_cast<uint32_t>(-1) = 4294967295
+// clamp_cast<uint32_t>(-1) = 0
+//
+// static_cast<int16_t>(32768u) = -32768
+// clamp_cast<int16_t>(32768u) = 32767
+
+template <typename Dst, typename Src>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<Src>::value, Dst>::type
+constexpr_clamp_cast(Src src) {
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_integral<Dst>::value && sizeof(Dst) <= sizeof(int64_t),
+      "constexpr_clamp_cast can only cast into integral type (up to 64bit)");
+
+  using L = std::numeric_limits<Dst>;
+  // clang-format off
+  return
+    // Check if Src and Dst have same signedness.
+    std::is_signed<Src>::value == std::is_signed<Dst>::value
+    ? (
+      // Src and Dst have same signedness. If sizeof(Src) <= sizeof(Dst),
+      // we can safely convert Src to Dst without any loss of accuracy.
+      sizeof(Src) <= sizeof(Dst) ? Dst(src) :
+      // If Src is larger in size, we need to clamp it to valid range in Dst.
+      Dst(constexpr_clamp(src, Src(L::min()), Src(L::max()))))
+    // Src and Dst have different signedness.
+    // Check if it's signed -> unsigend cast.
+    : std::is_signed<Src>::value && std::is_unsigned<Dst>::value
+    ? (
+      // If src < 0, the result should be 0.
+      src < 0 ? Dst(0) :
+      // Otherwise, src >= 0. If src can fit into Dst, we can safely cast it
+      // without loss of accuracy.
+      sizeof(Src) <= sizeof(Dst) ? Dst(src) :
+      // If Src is larger in size than Dst, we need to ensure the result is
+      // at most Dst MAX.
+      Dst(constexpr_min(src, Src(L::max()))))
+    // It's unsigned -> signed cast.
+    : (
+      // Since Src is unsigned, and Dst is signed, Src can fit into Dst only
+      // when sizeof(Src) < sizeof(Dst).
+      sizeof(Src) < sizeof(Dst) ? Dst(src) :
+      // If Src does not fit into Dst, we need to ensure the result is at most
+      // Dst MAX.
+      Dst(constexpr_min(src, Src(L::max()))));
+  // clang-format on
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+// Upper/lower bound values that could be accurately represented in both
+// integral and float point types.
+constexpr double kClampCastLowerBoundDoubleToInt64F = -9223372036854774784.0;
+constexpr double kClampCastUpperBoundDoubleToInt64F = 9223372036854774784.0;
+constexpr double kClampCastUpperBoundDoubleToUInt64F = 18446744073709549568.0;
+
+constexpr float kClampCastLowerBoundFloatToInt32F = -2147483520.0f;
+constexpr float kClampCastUpperBoundFloatToInt32F = 2147483520.0f;
+constexpr float kClampCastUpperBoundFloatToUInt32F = 4294967040.0f;
+
+// This works the same as constexpr_clamp, but the comparison are done in Src
+// to prevent any implicit promotions.
+template <typename D, typename S>
+constexpr D constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(S src, S sl, S su, D dl, D du) {
+  return src < sl ? dl : (src > su ? du : D(src));
+}
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Dst, typename Src>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<Src>::value, Dst>::type
+constexpr_clamp_cast(Src src) {
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_integral<Dst>::value && sizeof(Dst) <= sizeof(int64_t),
+      "constexpr_clamp_cast can only cast into integral type (up to 64bit)");
+
+  using L = std::numeric_limits<Dst>;
+  // clang-format off
+  return
+    // Special case: cast NaN into 0.
+    constexpr_isnan(src) ? Dst(0) :
+    // using `sizeof(Src) > sizeof(Dst)` as a heuristic that Dst can be
+    // represented in Src without loss of accuracy.
+    // see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic
+    sizeof(Src) > sizeof(Dst) ?
+      detail::constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(
+          src, Src(L::min()), Src(L::max()), L::min(), L::max()) :
+    // sizeof(Src) < sizeof(Dst) only happens when doing cast of
+    // 32bit float -> u/int64_t.
+    // Losslessly promote float into double, change into double -> u/int64_t.
+    sizeof(Src) < sizeof(Dst) ? (
+      src >= 0.0
+      ? constexpr_clamp_cast<Dst>(
+            constexpr_clamp_cast<std::uint64_t>(double(src)))
+      : constexpr_clamp_cast<Dst>(
+            constexpr_clamp_cast<std::int64_t>(double(src)))) :
+    // The following are for sizeof(Src) == sizeof(Dst).
+    std::is_same<Src, double>::value && std::is_same<Dst, int64_t>::value ?
+      detail::constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(
+          double(src),
+          detail::kClampCastLowerBoundDoubleToInt64F,
+          detail::kClampCastUpperBoundDoubleToInt64F,
+          L::min(),
+          L::max()) :
+    std::is_same<Src, double>::value && std::is_same<Dst, uint64_t>::value ?
+      detail::constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(
+          double(src),
+          0.0,
+          detail::kClampCastUpperBoundDoubleToUInt64F,
+          L::min(),
+          L::max()) :
+    std::is_same<Src, float>::value && std::is_same<Dst, int32_t>::value ?
+      detail::constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(
+          float(src),
+          detail::kClampCastLowerBoundFloatToInt32F,
+          detail::kClampCastUpperBoundFloatToInt32F,
+          L::min(),
+          L::max()) :
+      detail::constexpr_clamp_cast_helper(
+          float(src),
+          0.0f,
+          detail::kClampCastUpperBoundFloatToUInt32F,
+          L::min(),
+          L::max());
+  // clang-format on
+}
+
+} // namespace folly