react-native-windows 0.73.20 → 0.73.22

package/Folly/TEMP_UntilFollyUpdate/Conv.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1635 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Conv provides the ubiquitous method `to<TargetType>(source)`, along with
+ * a few other generic interfaces for converting objects to and from
+ * string-like types (std::string, fbstring, StringPiece), as well as
+ * range-checked conversions between numeric and enum types. The mechanisms are
+ * extensible, so that user-specified types can add folly::to support.
+ *
+ *     folly::to<std::string>(123)
+ *     // "123"
+ *
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * ## TYPE -> STRING CONVERSIONS
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * You can call the `to<std::string>` or `to<fbstring>`. These are variadic
+ * functions that convert their arguments to strings, and concatenate them to
+ * form a result. So, for example,
+ *
+ *     auto str = to<std::string>(123, "456", 789);
+ *
+ * Sets str to `"123456789"`.
+ *
+ * In addition to just concatenating the arguments, related functions can
+ * delimit them with some string: `toDelim<std::string>(",", "123", 456, "789")`
+ * will return the string `"123,456,789"`.
+ *
+ * toAppend does not return a string; instead, it takes a pointer to a string as
+ * its last argument, and appends the result of the concatenation into it:
+ *     std::string str = "123";
+ *     toAppend(456, "789", &str); // Now str is "123456789".
+ *
+ * The toAppendFit function acts like toAppend, but it precalculates the size
+ * required to perform the append operation, and reserves that space in the
+ * output string before actually inserting its arguments. This can sometimes
+ * save on string expansion, but beware: appending to the same string many times
+ * with toAppendFit is likely a pessimization, since it will resize the string
+ * once per append.
+ *
+ * The combination of the append and delim variants also exist: toAppendDelim
+ * and toAppendDelimFit are defined, with the obvious semantics.
+ *
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * ## STRING -> TYPE CONVERSIONS
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * Going in the other direction, and parsing a string into a C++ type, is also
+ * supported:
+ *     to<int>("123"); // Returns 123.
+ *
+ * Out of range (e.g. `to<std::uint8_t>("1000")`), or invalidly formatted (e.g.
+ * `to<int>("four")`) inputs will throw. If throw-on-error is undesirable (for
+ * instance: you're dealing with untrusted input, and want to protect yourself
+ * from users sending you down a very slow exception-throwing path), you can use
+ * `tryTo<T>`, which will return an `Expected<T, ConversionCode>`.
+ *
+ * There are overloads of to() and tryTo() that take a `StringPiece*`. These
+ * parse out a type from the beginning of a string, and modify the passed-in
+ * StringPiece to indicate the portion of the string not consumed.
+ *
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * ## NUMERIC / ENUM CONVERSIONS
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * Conv also supports a `to<T>(S)` overload, where T and S are numeric or enum
+ * types, that checks to see that the target type can represent its argument,
+ * and will throw if it cannot. This includes cases where a floating point to
+ * integral conversion is attempted on a value with a non-zero fractional
+ * component, and integral to floating point conversions that would lose
+ * precision. Enum conversions are range-checked for the underlying type of the
+ * enum, but there is no check that the input value is a valid choice of enum
+ * value.
+ *
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * ## CUSTOM TYPE CONVERSIONS
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * Users may customize the string conversion functionality for their own data
+ * types. The key functions you should implement are:
+ *     // Two functions to allow conversion to your type from a string.
+ *     Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(folly::StringPiece in,
+ *         YourType& out);
+ *     YourErrorType makeConversionError(YourErrorType in, StringPiece in);
+ *     // Two functions to allow conversion from your type to a string.
+ *     template <class String>
+ *   void toAppend(const YourType& in, String* out);
+ *       size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(const YourType& in);
+ *
+ * These are documented below, inline.
+ *
+ * @file Conv.h
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <double-conversion/double-conversion.h> // V8 JavaScript implementation
+
+#include <folly/CPortability.h>
+#include <folly/Demangle.h>
+#include <folly/Expected.h>
+#include <folly/FBString.h>
+#include <folly/Likely.h>
+#include <folly/Portability.h>
+#include <folly/Range.h>
+#include <folly/Traits.h>
+#include <folly/Unit.h>
+#include <folly/Utility.h>
+#include <folly/lang/Exception.h>
+#include <folly/lang/Pretty.h>
+#include <folly/lang/ToAscii.h>
+#include <folly/portability/Math.h>
+
+namespace folly {
+
+// Keep this in sync with kErrorStrings in Conv.cpp
+enum class ConversionCode : unsigned char {
+  SUCCESS,
+  EMPTY_INPUT_STRING,
+  NO_DIGITS,
+  BOOL_OVERFLOW,
+  BOOL_INVALID_VALUE,
+  NON_DIGIT_CHAR,
+  INVALID_LEADING_CHAR,
+  POSITIVE_OVERFLOW,
+  NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW,
+  STRING_TO_FLOAT_ERROR,
+  NON_WHITESPACE_AFTER_END,
+  ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW,
+  ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW,
+  ARITH_LOSS_OF_PRECISION,
+  NUM_ERROR_CODES, // has to be the last entry
+};
+
+struct FOLLY_EXPORT ConversionErrorBase : std::range_error {
+  using std::range_error::range_error;
+};
+
+class FOLLY_EXPORT ConversionError : public ConversionErrorBase {
+ public:
+  ConversionError(const std::string& str, ConversionCode code)
+      : ConversionErrorBase(str), code_(code) {}
+
+  ConversionError(const char* str, ConversionCode code)
+      : ConversionErrorBase(str), code_(code) {}
+
+  ConversionCode errorCode() const { return code_; }
+
+ private:
+  ConversionCode code_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Custom Error Translation
+ *
+ * Your overloaded parseTo() function can return a custom error code on failure.
+ * ::folly::to() will call makeConversionError to translate that error code into
+ * an object to throw. makeConversionError is found by argument-dependent
+ * lookup. It should have this signature:
+ *
+ * namespace other_namespace {
+ * enum YourErrorCode { BAD_ERROR, WORSE_ERROR };
+ *
+ * struct YourConversionError : ConversionErrorBase {
+ *   YourConversionError(const char* what) : ConversionErrorBase(what) {}
+ * };
+ *
+ * YourConversionError
+ * makeConversionError(YourErrorCode code, ::folly::StringPiece sp) {
+ *   ...
+ *   return YourConversionError(messageString);
+ * }
+ */
+ConversionError makeConversionError(ConversionCode code, StringPiece input);
+
+namespace detail {
+/**
+ * Enforce that the suffix following a number is made up only of whitespace.
+ */
+inline ConversionCode enforceWhitespaceErr(StringPiece sp) {
+  for (auto c : sp) {
+    if (UNLIKELY(!std::isspace(c))) {
+      return ConversionCode::NON_WHITESPACE_AFTER_END;
+    }
+  }
+  return ConversionCode::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Keep this implementation around for prettyToDouble().
+ */
+inline void enforceWhitespace(StringPiece sp) {
+  auto err = enforceWhitespaceErr(sp);
+  if (err != ConversionCode::SUCCESS) {
+    throw_exception(makeConversionError(err, sp));
+  }
+}
+} // namespace detail
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief to, but return an Expected
+ *
+ * The identity conversion function.
+ * tryTo<T>(T) returns itself for all types T.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_same<Tgt, typename std::decay<Src>::type>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(Src&& value) {
+  return static_cast<Src&&>(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief Convert from one type to another.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_same<Tgt, typename std::decay<Src>::type>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(Src&& value) {
+  return static_cast<Src&&>(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Arithmetic to boolean
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Unchecked conversion from arithmetic to boolean. This is different from the
+ * other arithmetic conversions because we use the C convention of treating any
+ * non-zero value as true, instead of range checking.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_arithmetic_v<Src> && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
+        std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(const Src& value) {
+  return value != Src();
+}
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_arithmetic_v<Src> && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
+        std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(const Src& value) {
+  return value != Src();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Anything to string
+ */
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <class... T>
+using LastElement = type_pack_element_t<sizeof...(T) - 1, T...>;
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// MSVC can't quite figure out the LastElementImpl::call() stuff
+// in the base implementation, so we have to use tuples instead,
+// which result in significantly more templates being compiled,
+// though the runtime performance is the same.
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+const LastElement<Ts...>& getLastElement(const Ts&... ts) {
+  return std::get<sizeof...(Ts) - 1>(std::forward_as_tuple(ts...));
+}
+
+inline void getLastElement() {}
+#else
+template <typename...>
+struct LastElementImpl;
+template <>
+struct LastElementImpl<> {
+  static void call() {}
+};
+template <typename Ign, typename... Igns>
+struct LastElementImpl<Ign, Igns...> {
+  template <typename Last>
+  static const Last& call(Igns..., const Last& last) {
+    return last;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+const LastElement<Ts...>& getLastElement(const Ts&... ts) {
+  return LastElementImpl<Ignored<Ts>...>::call(ts...);
+}
+#endif
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/**
+ * Conversions from integral types to string types.
+ */
+
+#if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename IntegerType>
+constexpr unsigned int digitsEnough() {
+  // digits10 returns the number of decimal digits that this type can represent,
+  // not the number of characters required for the max value, so we need to add
+  // one. ex: char digits10 returns 2, because 256-999 cannot be represented,
+  // but we need 3.
+  auto const digits10 = std::numeric_limits<IntegerType>::digits10;
+  return static_cast<unsigned int>(digits10) + 1;
+}
+
+inline size_t unsafeTelescope128(char* outb, char* oute, unsigned __int128 x) {
+  using Usrc = unsigned __int128;
+
+  // Decompose the input into at most 3 components using the largest power-of-10
+  // base that fits in a 64-bit unsigned integer, and then convert the
+  // components using 64-bit arithmetic and concatenate them.
+  constexpr static auto kBase = UINT64_C(10'000'000'000'000'000'000);
+  constexpr static size_t kBaseDigits = 19;
+
+  size_t p = 0;
+  const auto leading = [&](Usrc v) {
+    assert(v >> 64 == 0);
+    p = detail::to_ascii_with_route<10, to_ascii_alphabet_lower>(
+        outb, oute, static_cast<uint64_t>(v));
+  };
+  const auto append = [&](uint64_t v) {
+    assert(v < kBase);
+    assert(outb + p + kBaseDigits <= oute);
+    auto v64 = static_cast<uint64_t>(v);
+    detail::to_ascii_with_route<10, to_ascii_alphabet_lower>(
+        outb + p, kBaseDigits, v64);
+    p += kBaseDigits;
+  };
+
+  if (x >> 64 > 0) {
+    const auto rem = static_cast<uint64_t>(x % kBase);
+    x /= kBase;
+
+    if (x >> 64 > 0) {
+      const auto rem2 = static_cast<uint64_t>(x % kBase);
+      x /= kBase;
+
+      leading(x);
+      append(rem2);
+      append(rem);
+      return p;
+    }
+
+    leading(x);
+    append(rem);
+    return p;
+  }
+
+  leading(x);
+  return p;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief Appends conversion to string.
+ *
+ * A single char gets appended.
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+void toAppend(char value, Tgt* result) {
+  *result += value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief Estimates the number of characters in a value's string
+ * representation.
+ */
+template <class T>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, char>::value, size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
+  return 1;
+}
+
+template <size_t N>
+constexpr size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(const char (&)[N]) {
+  return N;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Everything implicitly convertible to const char* gets appended.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value &&
+    IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  // Treat null pointers like an empty string, as in:
+  // operator<<(std::ostream&, const char*).
+  const char* c = value;
+  if (c) {
+    result->append(value);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value, size_t>::
+    type
+    estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  const char* c = value;
+  if (c) {
+    return folly::StringPiece(value).size();
+  };
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Src>::value, size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src const& value) {
+  return value.size();
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_convertible<Src, folly::StringPiece>::value &&
+        !IsSomeString<Src>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  return folly::StringPiece(value).size();
+}
+
+template <>
+inline size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(std::nullptr_t /* value */) {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_pointer<Src>::value &&
+        IsSomeString<std::remove_pointer<Src>>::value,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  return value->size();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Strings get appended, too.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
+toAppend(const Src& value, Tgt* result) {
+  result->append(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * and StringPiece objects too
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppend(
+    StringPiece value, Tgt* result) {
+  result->append(value.data(), value.size());
+}
+
+/**
+ * There's no implicit conversion from fbstring to other string types,
+ * so make a specialization.
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppend(
+    const fbstring& value, Tgt* result) {
+  result->append(value.data(), value.size());
+}
+
+#if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
+/**
+ * Special handling for 128 bit integers.
+ */
+
+template <class Tgt>
+void toAppend(__int128 value, Tgt* result) {
+  typedef unsigned __int128 Usrc;
+  char buffer[detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>() + 1];
+  const auto oute = buffer + sizeof(buffer);
+  size_t p;
+
+  if (value < 0) {
+    buffer[0] = '-';
+    p = 1 + detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer + 1, oute, -Usrc(value));
+  } else {
+    p = detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer, oute, value);
+  }
+
+  result->append(buffer, p);
+}
+
+template <class Tgt>
+void toAppend(unsigned __int128 value, Tgt* result) {
+  char buffer[detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>()];
+  size_t p = detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer, buffer + sizeof(buffer), value);
+  result->append(buffer, p);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+constexpr
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, __int128>::value, size_t>::type
+    estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
+  return detail::digitsEnough<__int128>();
+}
+
+template <class T>
+constexpr typename std::
+    enable_if<std::is_same<T, unsigned __int128>::value, size_t>::type
+    estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
+  return detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>();
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * int32_t and int64_t to string (by appending) go through here. The
+ * result is APPENDED to a preexisting string passed as the second
+ * parameter. This should be efficient with fbstring because fbstring
+ * incurs no dynamic allocation below 23 bytes and no number has more
+ * than 22 bytes in its textual representation (20 for digits, one for
+ * sign, one for the terminating 0).
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && is_signed_v<Src> && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
+    sizeof(Src) >= 4>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  char buffer[to_ascii_size_max_decimal<uint64_t>];
+  auto uvalue = value < 0 ? ~static_cast<uint64_t>(value) + 1
+                          : static_cast<uint64_t>(value);
+  if (value < 0) {
+    result->push_back('-');
+  }
+  result->append(buffer, to_ascii_decimal(buffer, uvalue));
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && is_signed_v<Src> && sizeof(Src) >= 4 &&
+        sizeof(Src) < 16,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  auto uvalue = value < 0 ? ~static_cast<uint64_t>(value) + 1
+                          : static_cast<uint64_t>(value);
+  return size_t(value < 0) + to_ascii_size_decimal(uvalue);
+}
+
+/**
+ * As above, but for uint32_t and uint64_t.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && !is_signed_v<Src> && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
+    sizeof(Src) >= 4>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  char buffer[to_ascii_size_max_decimal<uint64_t>];
+  result->append(buffer, to_ascii_decimal(buffer, value));
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && !is_signed_v<Src> && sizeof(Src) >= 4 &&
+        sizeof(Src) < 16,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  return to_ascii_size_decimal(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * All small signed and unsigned integers to string go through 32-bit
+ * types int32_t and uint32_t, respectively.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && sizeof(Src) < 4>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  typedef typename std::conditional<is_signed_v<Src>, int64_t, uint64_t>::type
+      Intermediate;
+  toAppend<Tgt>(static_cast<Intermediate>(value), result);
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && sizeof(Src) < 4 && !std::is_same<Src, char>::value,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  typedef typename std::conditional<is_signed_v<Src>, int64_t, uint64_t>::type
+      Intermediate;
+  return estimateSpaceNeeded(static_cast<Intermediate>(value));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enumerated values get appended as integers.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_enum<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  toAppend(to_underlying(value), result);
+}
+
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<Src>::value, size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  return estimateSpaceNeeded(to_underlying(value));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Conversions from floating-point types to string types.
+ */
+
+namespace detail {
+constexpr int kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow = -6;
+constexpr int kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh = 21;
+} // namespace detail
+
+/** Wrapper around DoubleToStringConverter */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
+toAppend(
+    Src value,
+    Tgt* result,
+    double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode mode,
+    unsigned int numDigits,
+    double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::Flags flags =
+        double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::NO_FLAGS) {
+  using namespace double_conversion;
+  DoubleToStringConverter conv(
+      flags,
+      "Infinity",
+      "NaN",
+      'E',
+      detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow,
+      detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh,
+      6, // max leading padding zeros
+      1); // max trailing padding zeros
+  char buffer[256];
+  StringBuilder builder(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+  FOLLY_PUSH_WARNING
+  FOLLY_CLANG_DISABLE_WARNING("-Wcovered-switch-default")
+  switch (mode) {
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST:
+      conv.ToShortest(value, &builder);
+      break;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST_SINGLE:
+      conv.ToShortestSingle(static_cast<float>(value), &builder);
+      break;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::FIXED:
+      conv.ToFixed(value, int(numDigits), &builder);
+      break;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::PRECISION:
+    default:
+      assert(mode == DoubleToStringConverter::PRECISION);
+      conv.ToPrecision(value, int(numDigits), &builder);
+      break;
+  }
+  FOLLY_POP_WARNING
+  const size_t length = size_t(builder.position());
+  builder.Finalize();
+  result->append(buffer, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * As above, but for floating point
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
+toAppend(Src value, Tgt* result) {
+  toAppend(
+      value, result, double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Upper bound of the length of the output from
+ * DoubleToStringConverter::ToShortest(double, StringBuilder*),
+ * as used in toAppend(double, string*).
+ */
+template <class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<Src>::value, size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
+  // kBase10MaximalLength is 17. We add 1 for decimal point,
+  // e.g. 10.0/9 is 17 digits and 18 characters, including the decimal point.
+  constexpr int kMaxMantissaSpace =
+      double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::kBase10MaximalLength + 1;
+  // strlen("E-") + digits10(numeric_limits<double>::max_exponent10)
+  constexpr int kMaxExponentSpace = 2 + 3;
+  static const int kMaxPositiveSpace = std::max({
+      // E.g. 1.1111111111111111E-100.
+      kMaxMantissaSpace + kMaxExponentSpace,
+      // E.g. 0.000001.1111111111111111, if kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow is -6.
+      kMaxMantissaSpace - detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow,
+      // If kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh is 21, then 1e21 is the smallest
+      // number > 1 which ToShortest outputs in exponential notation,
+      // so 21 is the longest non-exponential number > 1.
+      detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh,
+  });
+  return size_t(
+      kMaxPositiveSpace +
+      (value < 0 ? 1 : 0)); // +1 for minus sign, if negative
+}
+
+/**
+ * This can be specialized, together with adding specialization
+ * for estimateSpaceNeed for your type, so that we allocate
+ * as much as you need instead of the default
+ */
+template <class Src>
+struct HasLengthEstimator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <class Src>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_fundamental<Src>::value &&
+#if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
+        // On OSX 10.10, is_fundamental<__int128> is false :-O
+        !std::is_same<__int128, Src>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<unsigned __int128, Src>::value &&
+#endif
+        !IsSomeString<Src>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<Src, StringPiece>::value &&
+        !std::is_enum<Src>::value && !HasLengthEstimator<Src>::value,
+    size_t>::type
+estimateSpaceNeeded(const Src&) {
+  return sizeof(Src) + 1; // dumbest best effort ever?
+}
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+namespace detail {
+
+FOLLY_ERASE constexpr size_t estimateSpaceToReserveOne(std::false_type, void*) {
+  return 0;
+}
+template <typename T>
+FOLLY_ERASE constexpr size_t estimateSpaceToReserveOne(
+    std::true_type, const T& v) {
+  return estimateSpaceNeeded(v);
+}
+
+template <typename>
+struct EstimateSpaceToReserveAll;
+template <size_t... I>
+struct EstimateSpaceToReserveAll<std::index_sequence<I...>> {
+  // [MSVC] error C3523: 'sizeof...' requires as its argument an unexpanded parameter pack
+  // [MSVC] Replaced sizeof...(I) with std::index_sequence<I...>::size()
+  template <size_t J, size_t N = std::index_sequence<I...>::size()>
+  using tag = bool_constant<J + 1 < N>;
+  template <class... T>
+  static size_t call(const T&... v) {
+    const size_t sizes[] = {estimateSpaceToReserveOne(tag<I>{}, v)...};
+    size_t size = 0;
+    for (const auto s : sizes) {
+      size += s;
+    }
+    return size;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class O>
+void reserveInTarget(const O& o) {
+  (void)o;
+}
+template <class T, class O>
+void reserveInTarget(const T& v, const O& o) {
+  o->reserve(estimateSpaceNeeded(v));
+}
+template <class T0, class T1, class... Ts>
+void reserveInTarget(const T0& v0, const T1& v1, const Ts&... vs) {
+  using seq = std::index_sequence_for<T0, T1, Ts...>;
+  getLastElement(vs...)->reserve(
+      EstimateSpaceToReserveAll<seq>::call(v0, v1, vs...));
+}
+
+template <class Delimiter, class... Ts>
+void reserveInTargetDelim(const Delimiter& d, const Ts&... vs) {
+  static_assert(sizeof...(vs) >= 2, "Needs at least 2 args");
+  using seq = std::index_sequence_for<Ts...>;
+  size_t fordelim = (sizeof...(vs) - 2) * estimateSpaceNeeded(d);
+  getLastElement(vs...)->reserve(
+      fordelim + EstimateSpaceToReserveAll<seq>::call(vs...));
+}
+
+template <class T>
+FOLLY_ERASE constexpr int toAppendStrImplOne(
+    std::false_type, const T& v, void*) {
+  (void)v;
+  return 0;
+}
+template <class T, class Tgt>
+FOLLY_ERASE int toAppendStrImplOne(std::true_type, const T& v, Tgt result) {
+  return toAppend(v, result), 0;
+}
+template <typename>
+struct ToAppendStrImplAll;
+template <size_t... I>
+struct ToAppendStrImplAll<std::index_sequence<I...>> {
+  template <class... T>
+  static void call(const T&... v) {
+    using _ = int[];
+    auto r = getLastElement(v...);
+    void(_{toAppendStrImplOne(bool_constant<I + 1 < sizeof...(T)>{}, v, r)...});
+  }
+};
+
+template <class Delimiter, class T>
+FOLLY_ERASE constexpr int toAppendDelimStrImplOne(
+    index_constant<0>, const Delimiter& d, const T& v, void*) {
+  (void)d;
+  (void)v;
+  return 0;
+}
+template <class Delimiter, class T, class Tgt>
+FOLLY_ERASE int toAppendDelimStrImplOne(
+    index_constant<1>, const Delimiter& d, const T& v, Tgt result) {
+  (void)d;
+  toAppend(v, result);
+  return 0;
+}
+template <class Delimiter, class T, class Tgt>
+FOLLY_ERASE int toAppendDelimStrImplOne(
+    index_constant<2>, const Delimiter& d, const T& v, Tgt result) {
+  toAppend(v, result);
+  toAppend(d, result);
+  return 0;
+}
+template <typename>
+struct ToAppendDelimStrImplAll;
+template <size_t... I>
+struct ToAppendDelimStrImplAll<std::index_sequence<I...>> {
+  template <size_t J, size_t N = sizeof...(I), size_t K = N - J - 1>
+  using tag = index_constant<(K < 2 ? K : 2)>;
+  template <class Delimiter, class... T>
+  static void call(const Delimiter& d, const T&... v) {
+    using _ = int[];
+    auto r = detail::getLastElement(v...);
+    void(_{toAppendDelimStrImplOne(tag<I>{}, d, v, r)...});
+  }
+};
+template <class Delimiter, class T, class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    sizeof...(Ts) >= 2 &&
+    IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
+        detail::LastElement<Ts...>>::type>::value>::type
+toAppendDelimStrImpl(const Delimiter& delim, const T& v, const Ts&... vs) {
+  using seq = std::index_sequence_for<T, Ts...>;
+  ToAppendDelimStrImplAll<seq>::call(delim, v, vs...);
+}
+} // namespace detail
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Variadic conversion to string. Appends each element in turn.
+ * If we have two or more things to append, we will not reserve
+ * the space for them and will depend on strings exponential growth.
+ * If you just append once consider using toAppendFit which reserves
+ * the space needed (but does not have exponential as a result).
+ *
+ * Custom implementations of toAppend() can be provided in the same namespace as
+ * the type to customize printing. estimateSpaceNeed() may also be provided to
+ * avoid reallocations in toAppendFit():
+ *
+ * namespace other_namespace {
+ *
+ * template <class String>
+ * void toAppend(const OtherType&, String* out);
+ *
+ * // optional
+ * size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(const OtherType&);
+ *
+ * }
+ */
+template <class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    sizeof...(Ts) >= 3 &&
+    IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
+        detail::LastElement<Ts...>>::type>::value>::type
+toAppend(const Ts&... vs) {
+  using seq = std::index_sequence_for<Ts...>;
+  detail::ToAppendStrImplAll<seq>::call(vs...);
+}
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Special case pid_t on MSVC, because it's a void* rather than an
+// integral type. We can't do a global special case because this is already
+// dangerous enough (as most pointers will implicitly convert to a void*)
+// just doing it for MSVC.
+template <class Tgt>
+void toAppend(const pid_t a, Tgt* res) {
+  toAppend(uint64_t(a), res);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief toAppend, but pre-allocate the exact amount of space required.
+ *
+ * Special version of the call that preallocates exactly as much memory
+ * as need for arguments to be stored in target. This means we are
+ * not doing exponential growth when we append. If you are using it
+ * in a loop you are aiming at your foot with a big perf-destroying
+ * bazooka.
+ * On the other hand if you are appending to a string once, this
+ * will probably save a few calls to malloc.
+ */
+template <class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
+    detail::LastElement<Ts...>>::type>::value>::type
+toAppendFit(const Ts&... vs) {
+  ::folly::detail::reserveInTarget(vs...);
+  toAppend(vs...);
+}
+
+template <class Ts>
+void toAppendFit(const Ts&) {}
+
+/**
+ * Variadic base case: do nothing.
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppend(
+    Tgt* /* result */) {}
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief Use a specified delimiter between appendees.
+ *
+ * Variadic base case: do nothing.
+ */
+template <class Delimiter, class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppendDelim(
+    const Delimiter& /* delim */, Tgt* /* result */) {}
+
+/**
+ * 1 element: same as toAppend.
+ */
+template <class Delimiter, class T, class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppendDelim(
+    const Delimiter& /* delim */, const T& v, Tgt* tgt) {
+  toAppend(v, tgt);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Append to string with a delimiter in between elements. Check out
+ * comments for toAppend for details about memory allocation.
+ */
+template <class Delimiter, class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    sizeof...(Ts) >= 3 &&
+    IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
+        detail::LastElement<Ts...>>::type>::value>::type
+toAppendDelim(const Delimiter& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
+  detail::toAppendDelimStrImpl(delim, vs...);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief toAppend with custom delimiter and exact pre-allocation.
+ *
+ * Detail in comment for toAppendFit
+ */
+template <class Delimiter, class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
+    detail::LastElement<Ts...>>::type>::value>::type
+toAppendDelimFit(const Delimiter& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
+  detail::reserveInTargetDelim(delim, vs...);
+  toAppendDelim(delim, vs...);
+}
+
+template <class De, class Ts>
+void toAppendDelimFit(const De&, const Ts&) {}
+
+/**
+ * to<SomeString>(v1, v2, ...) uses toAppend() (see below) as back-end
+ * for all types.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
+        (sizeof...(Ts) != 1 ||
+         !std::is_same<Tgt, detail::LastElement<void, Ts...>>::value),
+    Tgt>::type
+to(const Ts&... vs) {
+  Tgt result;
+  toAppendFit(vs..., &result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Special version of to<SomeString> for floating point. When calling
+ * folly::to<SomeString>(double), generic implementation above will
+ * firstly reserve 24 (or 25 when negative value) bytes. This will
+ * introduce a malloc call for most mainstream string implementations.
+ *
+ * But for most cases, a floating point doesn't need 24 (or 25) bytes to
+ * be converted as a string.
+ *
+ * This special version will not do string reserve.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && std::is_floating_point<Src>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(Src value) {
+  Tgt result;
+  toAppend(value, &result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @overloadbrief Like `to`, but uses a custom delimiter.
+ *
+ * toDelim<SomeString>(SomeString str) returns itself.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Delim, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
+        std::is_same<Tgt, typename std::decay<Src>::type>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+toDelim(const Delim& /* delim */, Src&& value) {
+  return static_cast<Src&&>(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * toDelim<SomeString>(delim, v1, v2, ...) uses toAppendDelim() as
+ * back-end for all types.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Delim, class... Ts>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
+        (sizeof...(Ts) != 1 ||
+         !std::is_same<Tgt, detail::LastElement<void, Ts...>>::value),
+    Tgt>::type
+toDelim(const Delim& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
+  Tgt result;
+  toAppendDelimFit(delim, vs..., &result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Conversions from string types to integral types.
+ */
+
+namespace detail {
+
+Expected<bool, ConversionCode> str_to_bool(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+template <typename T>
+Expected<T, ConversionCode> str_to_floating(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<float, ConversionCode> str_to_floating<float>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<double, ConversionCode> str_to_floating<double>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+template <class Tgt>
+Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode> digits_to(const char* b, const char* e) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<char, ConversionCode> digits_to<char>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<signed char, ConversionCode> digits_to<signed char>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned char, ConversionCode>
+digits_to<unsigned char>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<short, ConversionCode> digits_to<short>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned short, ConversionCode>
+digits_to<unsigned short>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<int, ConversionCode> digits_to<int>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned int, ConversionCode> digits_to<unsigned int>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<long, ConversionCode> digits_to<long>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned long, ConversionCode>
+digits_to<unsigned long>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<long long, ConversionCode> digits_to<long long>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned long long, ConversionCode>
+digits_to<unsigned long long>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+
+#if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
+extern template Expected<__int128, ConversionCode> digits_to<__int128>(
+    const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned __int128, ConversionCode>
+digits_to<unsigned __int128>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
+#endif
+
+template <class T>
+Expected<T, ConversionCode> str_to_integral(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<char, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<char>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<signed char, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<signed char>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned char, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned char>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<short, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<short>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned short, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned short>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<int, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<int>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned int, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned int>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<long, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<long>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned long, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned long>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+extern template Expected<long long, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<long long>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned long long, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned long long>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+
+#if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
+extern template Expected<__int128, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<__int128>(
+    StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+extern template Expected<unsigned __int128, ConversionCode>
+str_to_integral<unsigned __int128>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+typename std::
+    enable_if<std::is_same<T, bool>::value, Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
+    convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
+  return str_to_bool(src);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<T>::value,
+    Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
+  return str_to_floating<T>(src);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<T> && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
+    Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
+  return str_to_integral<T>(src);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/**
+ * String represented as a pair of pointers to char to unsigned
+ * integrals. Assumes NO whitespace before or after.
+ */
+template <typename Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Tgt> && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(const char* b, const char* e) {
+  return detail::digits_to<Tgt>(b, e);
+}
+
+template <typename Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if< //
+    is_integral_v<Tgt> && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(const char* b, const char* e) {
+  return tryTo<Tgt>(b, e).thenOrThrow(identity, [=](ConversionCode code) {
+    return makeConversionError(code, StringPiece(b, e));
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Conversions from string types to arithmetic types.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Parsing strings to numeric types.
+ */
+template <typename Tgt>
+FOLLY_NODISCARD inline typename std::enable_if< //
+    is_arithmetic_v<Tgt>,
+    Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
+parseTo(StringPiece src, Tgt& out) {
+  return detail::convertTo<Tgt>(&src).then(
+      [&](Tgt res) { return void(out = res), src; });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Integral / Floating Point to integral / Floating Point
+ */
+
+namespace detail {
+
+/**
+ * Bool to integral/float doesn't need any special checks, and this
+ * overload means we aren't trying to see if a bool is less than
+ * an integer.
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value &&
+        (is_integral_v<Tgt> || std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value),
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(const bool& value) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<Tgt>(value ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checked conversion from integral to integral. The checks are only
+ * performed when meaningful, e.g. conversion from int to long goes
+ * unchecked.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value && is_integral_v<Tgt>,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
+  if /* constexpr */ (
+      make_unsigned_t<Tgt>(std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max()) <
+      make_unsigned_t<Src>(std::numeric_limits<Src>::max())) {
+    if (greater_than<Tgt, std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max()>(value)) {
+      return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+  }
+  if /* constexpr */ (
+      is_signed_v<Src> && (!is_signed_v<Tgt> || sizeof(Src) > sizeof(Tgt))) {
+    if (less_than<Tgt, std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min()>(value)) {
+      return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+  }
+  return static_cast<Tgt>(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checked conversion from floating to floating. The checks are only
+ * performed when meaningful, e.g. conversion from float to double goes
+ * unchecked.
+ */
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value && std::is_floating_point<Src>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
+  if (FOLLY_UNLIKELY(std::isinf(value))) {
+    return static_cast<Tgt>(value);
+  }
+  if /* constexpr */ (
+      std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max() < std::numeric_limits<Src>::max()) {
+    if (value > std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max()) {
+      return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+    if (value < std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::lowest()) {
+      return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+  }
+  return static_cast<Tgt>(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a floating point value can safely be converted to an
+ * integer value without triggering undefined behaviour.
+ */
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+inline typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && is_integral_v<Tgt> &&
+        !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    bool>::type
+checkConversion(const Src& value) {
+  constexpr Src tgtMaxAsSrc = static_cast<Src>(std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max());
+  constexpr Src tgtMinAsSrc = static_cast<Src>(std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min());
+  // NOTE: The following two comparisons also handle the case where value is
+  // NaN, as all comparisons with NaN are false.
+  if (!(value < tgtMaxAsSrc)) {
+    if (!(value <= tgtMaxAsSrc)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const Src mmax = folly::nextafter(tgtMaxAsSrc, Src());
+    if (static_cast<Tgt>(value - mmax) >
+        std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max() - static_cast<Tgt>(mmax)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  } else if (value <= tgtMinAsSrc) {
+    if (value < tgtMinAsSrc) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const Src mmin = folly::nextafter(tgtMinAsSrc, Src());
+    if (static_cast<Tgt>(value - mmin) <
+        std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min() - static_cast<Tgt>(mmin)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Integers can always safely be converted to floating point values
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<
+    is_integral_v<Src> && std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value,
+    bool>::type
+checkConversion(const Src&) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Also, floating point values can always be safely converted to bool
+// Per the standard, any floating point value that is not zero will yield true
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+constexpr typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
+    bool>::type
+checkConversion(const Src&) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checked conversion from integral to floating point and back. The
+ * result must be convertible back to the source type without loss of
+ * precision. This seems Draconian but sometimes is what's needed, and
+ * complements existing routines nicely. For various rounding
+ * routines, see <math>.
+ */
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    (is_integral_v<Src> && std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value) ||
+        (std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && is_integral_v<Tgt>),
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
+  if (LIKELY(checkConversion<Tgt>(value))) {
+    Tgt result = static_cast<Tgt>(value);
+    if (LIKELY(checkConversion<Src>(result))) {
+      Src witness = static_cast<Src>(result);
+      if (LIKELY(value == witness)) {
+        return result;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_LOSS_OF_PRECISION);
+}
+
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+inline std::string errorValue(const Src& value) {
+  return to<std::string>("(", pretty_name<Tgt>(), ") ", value);
+}
+
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+using IsArithToArith = bool_constant<
+    !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic_v<Src> && is_arithmetic_v<Tgt>>;
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    detail::IsArithToArith<Tgt, Src>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
+  return detail::convertTo<Tgt>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
+typename std::enable_if<detail::IsArithToArith<Tgt, Src>::value, Tgt>::type to(
+    const Src& value) {
+  return tryTo<Tgt>(value).thenOrThrow(identity, [&](ConversionCode e) {
+    return makeConversionError(e, detail::errorValue<Tgt>(value));
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Custom Conversions
+ *
+ * Any type can be used with folly::to by implementing parseTo. The
+ * implementation should be provided in the namespace of the type to facilitate
+ * argument-dependent lookup:
+ *
+ * namespace other_namespace {
+ * ::folly::Expected<::folly::StringPiece, SomeErrorCode>
+ *   parseTo(::folly::StringPiece, OtherType&) noexcept;
+ * }
+ */
+template <class T>
+FOLLY_NODISCARD typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_enum<T>::value,
+    Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
+parseTo(StringPiece in, T& out) noexcept {
+  typename std::underlying_type<T>::type tmp{};
+  auto restOrError = parseTo(in, tmp);
+  out = static_cast<T>(tmp); // Harmless if parseTo fails
+  return restOrError;
+}
+
+FOLLY_NODISCARD
+inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
+    StringPiece in, StringPiece& out) noexcept {
+  out = in;
+  return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <class Str>
+FOLLY_ERASE Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseToStr(
+    StringPiece in, Str& out) {
+  out.clear();
+  out.append(in.data(), in.size()); // TODO try/catch?
+  return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+FOLLY_NODISCARD
+inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
+    StringPiece in, std::string& out) {
+  return detail::parseToStr(in, out);
+}
+
+#if FOLLY_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+FOLLY_NODISCARD
+inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
+    StringPiece in, std::string_view& out) {
+  out = std::string_view(in.data(), in.size());
+  return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
+}
+#endif
+
+FOLLY_NODISCARD
+inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
+    StringPiece in, fbstring& out) {
+  return detail::parseToStr(in, out);
+}
+
+template <class Str>
+FOLLY_NODISCARD inline typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Str>::value,
+    Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
+parseTo(StringPiece in, Str& out) {
+  return detail::parseToStr(in, out);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Tgt>
+using ParseToResult = decltype(parseTo(StringPiece{}, std::declval<Tgt&>()));
+
+struct CheckTrailingSpace {
+  Expected<Unit, ConversionCode> operator()(StringPiece sp) const {
+    auto e = enforceWhitespaceErr(sp);
+    if (UNLIKELY(e != ConversionCode::SUCCESS)) {
+      return makeUnexpected(e);
+    }
+    return unit;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class Error>
+struct ReturnUnit {
+  template <class T>
+  constexpr Expected<Unit, Error> operator()(T&&) const {
+    return unit;
+  }
+};
+
+// Older versions of the parseTo customization point threw on error and
+// returned void. Handle that.
+template <class Tgt>
+inline typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_void<ParseToResult<Tgt>>::value,
+    Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
+parseToWrap(StringPiece sp, Tgt& out) {
+  parseTo(sp, out);
+  return StringPiece(sp.end(), sp.end());
+}
+
+template <class Tgt>
+inline typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_void<ParseToResult<Tgt>>::value,
+    ParseToResult<Tgt>>::type
+parseToWrap(StringPiece sp, Tgt& out) {
+  return parseTo(sp, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Tgt>
+using ParseToError = ExpectedErrorType<decltype(detail::parseToWrap(
+    StringPiece{}, std::declval<Tgt&>()))>;
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/**
+ * String or StringPiece to target conversion. Accepts leading and trailing
+ * whitespace, but no non-space trailing characters.
+ */
+
+template <class Tgt>
+inline typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_same<StringPiece, Tgt>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, detail::ParseToError<Tgt>>>::type
+tryTo(StringPiece src) {
+  Tgt result{};
+  using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
+  using Check = typename std::conditional<
+      is_arithmetic_v<Tgt>,
+      detail::CheckTrailingSpace,
+      detail::ReturnUnit<Error>>::type;
+  return parseTo(src, result).then(Check(), [&](Unit) {
+    return std::move(result);
+  });
+}
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+inline typename std::enable_if<
+    IsSomeString<Src>::value && !std::is_same<StringPiece, Tgt>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(Src const& src) {
+  return to<Tgt>(StringPiece(src.data(), src.size()));
+}
+
+template <class Tgt>
+inline
+    typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<StringPiece, Tgt>::value, Tgt>::type
+    to(StringPiece src) {
+  Tgt result{};
+  using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
+  using Check = typename std::conditional<
+      is_arithmetic_v<Tgt>,
+      detail::CheckTrailingSpace,
+      detail::ReturnUnit<Error>>::type;
+  auto tmp = detail::parseToWrap(src, result);
+  return tmp
+      .thenOrThrow(
+          Check(),
+          [&](Error e) { throw_exception(makeConversionError(e, src)); })
+      .thenOrThrow(
+          [&](Unit) { return std::move(result); },
+          [&](Error e) {
+            throw_exception(makeConversionError(e, tmp.value()));
+          });
+}
+
+/**
+ * tryTo/to that take the strings by pointer so the caller gets information
+ * about how much of the string was consumed by the conversion. These do not
+ * check for trailing whitespace.
+ */
+template <class Tgt>
+Expected<Tgt, detail::ParseToError<Tgt>> tryTo(StringPiece* src) {
+  Tgt result;
+  return parseTo(*src, result).then([&, src](StringPiece sp) -> Tgt {
+    *src = sp;
+    return std::move(result);
+  });
+}
+
+template <class Tgt>
+Tgt to(StringPiece* src) {
+  Tgt result{};
+  using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
+  return parseTo(*src, result)
+      .thenOrThrow(
+          [&, src](StringPiece sp) -> Tgt {
+            *src = sp;
+            return std::move(result);
+          },
+          [=](Error e) { return makeConversionError(e, *src); });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enum to anything and back
+ */
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_enum<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<Tgt, StringPiece>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(const Src& value) {
+  return tryTo<Tgt>(to_underlying(value));
+}
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_convertible<Src, StringPiece>::value && std::is_enum<Tgt>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value,
+    Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
+tryTo(const Src& value) {
+  using I = typename std::underlying_type<Tgt>::type;
+  return tryTo<I>(value).then([](I i) { return static_cast<Tgt>(i); });
+}
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    std::is_enum<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<Tgt, StringPiece>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(const Src& value) {
+  return to<Tgt>(to_underlying(value));
+}
+
+template <class Tgt, class Src>
+typename std::enable_if<
+    !std::is_convertible<Src, StringPiece>::value && std::is_enum<Tgt>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value,
+    Tgt>::type
+to(const Src& value) {
+  return static_cast<Tgt>(to<typename std::underlying_type<Tgt>::type>(value));
+}
+
+} // namespace folly