react-native-update 10.34.6 → 10.34.8

package/harmony/pushy/src/main/cpp/lzma/DOC/lzma-specification.txt

@@ -1,1176 +0,0 @@
-LZMA specification (DRAFT version)
-----------------------------------
-
-Author: Igor Pavlov
-Date: 2015-06-14
-
-This specification defines the format of LZMA compressed data and lzma file format.
-
-Notation 
---------
-
-We use the syntax of C++ programming language.
-We use the following types in C++ code:
-  unsigned - unsigned integer, at least 16 bits in size
-  int      - signed integer, at least 16 bits in size
-  UInt64   - 64-bit unsigned integer
-  UInt32   - 32-bit unsigned integer
-  UInt16   - 16-bit unsigned integer
-  Byte     - 8-bit unsigned integer
-  bool     - boolean type with two possible values: false, true
-
-
-lzma file format
-================
-
-The lzma file contains the raw LZMA stream and the header with related properties.
-
-The files in that format use ".lzma" extension.
-
-The lzma file format layout:
-
-Offset Size Description
-
-  0     1   LZMA model properties (lc, lp, pb) in encoded form
-  1     4   Dictionary size (32-bit unsigned integer, little-endian)
-  5     8   Uncompressed size (64-bit unsigned integer, little-endian)
- 13         Compressed data (LZMA stream)
-
-LZMA properties:
-
-    name  Range          Description
-
-      lc  [0, 8]         the number of "literal context" bits
-      lp  [0, 4]         the number of "literal pos" bits
-      pb  [0, 4]         the number of "pos" bits
-dictSize  [0, 2^32 - 1]  the dictionary size 
-
-The following code encodes LZMA properties:
-
-void EncodeProperties(Byte *properties)
-{
-  properties[0] = (Byte)((pb * 5 + lp) * 9 + lc);
-  Set_UInt32_LittleEndian(properties + 1, dictSize);
-}
-
-If the value of dictionary size in properties is smaller than (1 << 12),
-the LZMA decoder must set the dictionary size variable to (1 << 12).
-
-#define LZMA_DIC_MIN (1 << 12)
-
-  unsigned lc, pb, lp;
-  UInt32 dictSize;
-  UInt32 dictSizeInProperties;
-
-  void DecodeProperties(const Byte *properties)
-  {
-    unsigned d = properties[0];
-    if (d >= (9 * 5 * 5))
-      throw "Incorrect LZMA properties";
-    lc = d % 9;
-    d /= 9;
-    pb = d / 5;
-    lp = d % 5;
-    dictSizeInProperties = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
-      dictSizeInProperties |= (UInt32)properties[i + 1] << (8 * i);
-    dictSize = dictSizeInProperties;
-    if (dictSize < LZMA_DIC_MIN)
-      dictSize = LZMA_DIC_MIN;
-  }
-
-If "Uncompressed size" field contains ones in all 64 bits, it means that
-uncompressed size is unknown and there is the "end marker" in stream,
-that indicates the end of decoding point.
-In opposite case, if the value from "Uncompressed size" field is not
-equal to ((2^64) - 1), the LZMA stream decoding must be finished after
-specified number of bytes (Uncompressed size) is decoded. And if there 
-is the "end marker", the LZMA decoder must read that marker also.
-
-
-The new scheme to encode LZMA properties
-----------------------------------------
-
-If LZMA compression is used for some another format, it's recommended to
-use a new improved scheme to encode LZMA properties. That new scheme was
-used in xz format that uses the LZMA2 compression algorithm.
-The LZMA2 is a new compression algorithm that is based on the LZMA algorithm.
-
-The dictionary size in LZMA2 is encoded with just one byte and LZMA2 supports
-only reduced set of dictionary sizes:
-  (2 << 11), (3 << 11),
-  (2 << 12), (3 << 12),
-  ...
-  (2 << 30), (3 << 30),
-  (2 << 31) - 1
-
-The dictionary size can be extracted from encoded value with the following code:
-
-  dictSize = (p == 40) ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (((UInt32)2 | ((p) & 1)) << ((p) / 2 + 11));
-
-Also there is additional limitation (lc + lp <= 4) in LZMA2 for values of 
-"lc" and "lp" properties:
-
-  if (lc + lp > 4)
-    throw "Unsupported properties: (lc + lp) > 4";
-
-There are some advantages for LZMA decoder with such (lc + lp) value
-limitation. It reduces the maximum size of tables allocated by decoder.
-And it reduces the complexity of initialization procedure, that can be 
-important to keep high speed of decoding of big number of small LZMA streams.
-
-It's recommended to use that limitation (lc + lp <= 4) for any new format
-that uses LZMA compression. Note that the combinations of "lc" and "lp" 
-parameters, where (lc + lp > 4), can provide significant improvement in 
-compression ratio only in some rare cases.
-
-The LZMA properties can be encoded into two bytes in new scheme:
-
-Offset Size Description
-
-  0     1   The dictionary size encoded with LZMA2 scheme
-  1     1   LZMA model properties (lc, lp, pb) in encoded form
-
-
-The RAM usage 
-=============
-
-The RAM usage for LZMA decoder is determined by the following parts:
-
-1) The Sliding Window (from 4 KiB to 4 GiB).
-2) The probability model counter arrays (arrays of 16-bit variables).
-3) Some additional state variables (about 10 variables of 32-bit integers).
-
-
-The RAM usage for Sliding Window
---------------------------------
-
-There are two main scenarios of decoding:
-
-1) The decoding of full stream to one RAM buffer.
-
-  If we decode full LZMA stream to one output buffer in RAM, the decoder 
-  can use that output buffer as sliding window. So the decoder doesn't 
-  need additional buffer allocated for sliding window.
-
-2) The decoding to some external storage.
-
-  If we decode LZMA stream to external storage, the decoder must allocate
-  the buffer for sliding window. The size of that buffer must be equal 
-  or larger than the value of dictionary size from properties of LZMA stream.
-
-In this specification we describe the code for decoding to some external
-storage. The optimized version of code for decoding of full stream to one
-output RAM buffer can require some minor changes in code.
-
-
-The RAM usage for the probability model counters
-------------------------------------------------
-
-The size of the probability model counter arrays is calculated with the 
-following formula:
-
-size_of_prob_arrays = 1846 + 768 * (1 << (lp + lc))
-
-Each probability model counter is 11-bit unsigned integer.
-If we use 16-bit integer variables (2-byte integers) for these probability 
-model counters, the RAM usage required by probability model counter arrays 
-can be estimated with the following formula:
-
-  RAM = 4 KiB + 1.5 KiB * (1 << (lp + lc))
-
-For example, for default LZMA parameters (lp = 0 and lc = 3), the RAM usage is
-
-  RAM_lc3_lp0 = 4 KiB + 1.5 KiB * 8 = 16 KiB
-
-The maximum RAM state usage is required for decoding the stream with lp = 4 
-and lc = 8:
-
-  RAM_lc8_lp4 = 4 KiB + 1.5 KiB * 4096 = 6148 KiB
-
-If the decoder uses LZMA2's limited property condition 
-(lc + lp <= 4), the RAM usage will be not larger than
-
-  RAM_lc_lp_4 = 4 KiB + 1.5 KiB * 16 = 28 KiB
-
-
-The RAM usage for encoder
--------------------------
-
-There are many variants for LZMA encoding code.
-These variants have different values for memory consumption.
-Note that memory consumption for LZMA Encoder can not be 
-smaller than memory consumption of LZMA Decoder for same stream.
-
-The RAM usage required by modern effective implementation of 
-LZMA Encoder can be estimated with the following formula:
-
-  Encoder_RAM_Usage = 4 MiB + 11 * dictionarySize.
-
-But there are some modes of the encoder that require less memory.
-
-
-LZMA Decoding
-=============
-
-The LZMA compression algorithm uses LZ-based compression with Sliding Window
-and Range Encoding as entropy coding method.
-
-
-Sliding Window
---------------
-
-LZMA uses Sliding Window compression similar to LZ77 algorithm.
-
-LZMA stream must be decoded to the sequence that consists
-of MATCHES and LITERALS:
-  
-  - a LITERAL is a 8-bit character (one byte).
-    The decoder just puts that LITERAL to the uncompressed stream.
-  
-  - a MATCH is a pair of two numbers (DISTANCE-LENGTH pair).
-    The decoder takes one byte exactly "DISTANCE" characters behind
-    current position in the uncompressed stream and puts it to 
-    uncompressed stream. The decoder must repeat it "LENGTH" times.
-
-The "DISTANCE" can not be larger than dictionary size.
-And the "DISTANCE" can not be larger than the number of bytes in
-the uncompressed stream that were decoded before that match.
-
-In this specification we use cyclic buffer to implement Sliding Window
-for LZMA decoder:
-
-class COutWindow
-{
-  Byte *Buf;
-  UInt32 Pos;
-  UInt32 Size;
-  bool IsFull;
-
-public:
-  unsigned TotalPos;
-  COutStream OutStream;
-
-  COutWindow(): Buf(NULL) {}
-  ~COutWindow() { delete []Buf; }
- 
-  void Create(UInt32 dictSize)
-  {
-    Buf = new Byte[dictSize];
-    Pos = 0;
-    Size = dictSize;
-    IsFull = false;
-    TotalPos = 0;
-  }
-
-  void PutByte(Byte b)
-  {
-    TotalPos++;
-    Buf[Pos++] = b;
-    if (Pos == Size)
-    {
-      Pos = 0;
-      IsFull = true;
-    }
-    OutStream.WriteByte(b);
-  }
-
-  Byte GetByte(UInt32 dist) const
-  {
-    return Buf[dist <= Pos ? Pos - dist : Size - dist + Pos];
-  }
-
-  void CopyMatch(UInt32 dist, unsigned len)
-  {
-    for (; len > 0; len--)
-      PutByte(GetByte(dist));
-  }
-
-  bool CheckDistance(UInt32 dist) const
-  {
-    return dist <= Pos || IsFull;
-  }
-
-  bool IsEmpty() const
-  {
-    return Pos == 0 && !IsFull;
-  }
-};
-
-
-In another implementation it's possible to use one buffer that contains 
-Sliding Window and the whole data stream after uncompressing.
-
-
-Range Decoder
--------------
-
-LZMA algorithm uses Range Encoding (1) as entropy coding method.
-
-LZMA stream contains just one very big number in big-endian encoding.
-LZMA decoder uses the Range Decoder to extract a sequence of binary
-symbols from that big number.
-
-The state of the Range Decoder:
-
-struct CRangeDecoder
-{
-  UInt32 Range; 
-  UInt32 Code;
-  InputStream *InStream;
-
-  bool Corrupted;
-}
-
-The notes about UInt32 type for the "Range" and "Code" variables:
-
-  It's possible to use 64-bit (unsigned or signed) integer type
-  for the "Range" and the "Code" variables instead of 32-bit unsigned,
-  but some additional code must be used to truncate the values to 
-  low 32-bits after some operations.
-
-  If the programming language does not support 32-bit unsigned integer type 
-  (like in case of JAVA language), it's possible to use 32-bit signed integer, 
-  but some code must be changed. For example, it's required to change the code
-  that uses comparison operations for UInt32 variables in this specification.
-
-The Range Decoder can be in some states that can be treated as 
-"Corruption" in LZMA stream. The Range Decoder uses the variable "Corrupted":
-
-  (Corrupted == false), if the Range Decoder has not detected any corruption.
-  (Corrupted == true), if the Range Decoder has detected some corruption.
-
-The reference LZMA Decoder ignores the value of the "Corrupted" variable.
-So it continues to decode the stream, even if the corruption can be detected
-in the Range Decoder. To provide the full compatibility with output of the 
-reference LZMA Decoder, another LZMA Decoder implementations must also 
-ignore the value of the "Corrupted" variable.
-
-The LZMA Encoder is required to create only such LZMA streams, that will not 
-lead the Range Decoder to states, where the "Corrupted" variable is set to true.
-
-The Range Decoder reads first 5 bytes from input stream to initialize
-the state:
-
-bool CRangeDecoder::Init()
-{
-  Corrupted = false;
-  Range = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-  Code = 0;
-
-  Byte b = InStream->ReadByte();
-  
-  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
-    Code = (Code << 8) | InStream->ReadByte();
-  
-  if (b != 0 || Code == Range)
-    Corrupted = true;
-  return b == 0;
-}
-
-The LZMA Encoder always writes ZERO in initial byte of compressed stream.
-That scheme allows to simplify the code of the Range Encoder in the 
-LZMA Encoder. If initial byte is not equal to ZERO, the LZMA Decoder must
-stop decoding and report error.
-
-After the last bit of data was decoded by Range Decoder, the value of the
-"Code" variable must be equal to 0. The LZMA Decoder must check it by 
-calling the IsFinishedOK() function:
-
-  bool IsFinishedOK() const { return Code == 0; }
-
-If there is corruption in data stream, there is big probability that
-the "Code" value will be not equal to 0 in the Finish() function. So that
-check in the IsFinishedOK() function provides very good feature for 
-corruption detection.
-
-The value of the "Range" variable before each bit decoding can not be smaller 
-than ((UInt32)1 << 24). The Normalize() function keeps the "Range" value in 
-described range.
-
-#define kTopValue ((UInt32)1 << 24)
-
-void CRangeDecoder::Normalize()
-{
-  if (Range < kTopValue)
-  {
-    Range <<= 8;
-    Code = (Code << 8) | InStream->ReadByte();
-  }
-}
-
-Notes: if the size of the "Code" variable is larger than 32 bits, it's
-required to keep only low 32 bits of the "Code" variable after the change
-in Normalize() function.
-
-If the LZMA Stream is not corrupted, the value of the "Code" variable is
-always smaller than value of the "Range" variable.
-But the Range Decoder ignores some types of corruptions, so the value of
-the "Code" variable can be equal or larger than value of the "Range" variable
-for some "Corrupted" archives.
-
-
-LZMA uses Range Encoding only with binary symbols of two types:
-  1) binary symbols with fixed and equal probabilities (direct bits)
-  2) binary symbols with predicted probabilities
-
-The DecodeDirectBits() function decodes the sequence of direct bits:
-
-UInt32 CRangeDecoder::DecodeDirectBits(unsigned numBits)
-{
-  UInt32 res = 0;
-  do
-  {
-    Range >>= 1;
-    Code -= Range;
-    UInt32 t = 0 - ((UInt32)Code >> 31);
-    Code += Range & t;
-    
-    if (Code == Range)
-      Corrupted = true;
-    
-    Normalize();
-    res <<= 1;
-    res += t + 1;
-  }
-  while (--numBits);
-  return res;
-}
-
-
-The Bit Decoding with Probability Model
----------------------------------------
-
-The task of Bit Probability Model is to estimate probabilities of binary
-symbols. And then it provides the Range Decoder with that information.
-The better prediction provides better compression ratio.
-The Bit Probability Model uses statistical data of previous decoded
-symbols.
-
-That estimated probability is presented as 11-bit unsigned integer value
-that represents the probability of symbol "0".
-
-#define kNumBitModelTotalBits 11
-
-Mathematical probabilities can be presented with the following formulas:
-     probability(symbol_0) = prob / 2048.
-     probability(symbol_1) =  1 - Probability(symbol_0) =  
-                           =  1 - prob / 2048 =  
-                           =  (2048 - prob) / 2048
-where the "prob" variable contains 11-bit integer probability counter.
-
-It's recommended to use 16-bit unsigned integer type, to store these 11-bit
-probability values:
-
-typedef UInt16 CProb;
-
-Each probability value must be initialized with value ((1 << 11) / 2),
-that represents the state, where probabilities of symbols 0 and 1 
-are equal to 0.5:
-
-#define PROB_INIT_VAL ((1 << kNumBitModelTotalBits) / 2)
-
-The INIT_PROBS macro is used to initialize the array of CProb variables:
-
-#define INIT_PROBS(p) \
- { for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(p) / sizeof(p[0]); i++) p[i] = PROB_INIT_VAL; }
-
-
-The DecodeBit() function decodes one bit.
-The LZMA decoder provides the pointer to CProb variable that contains 
-information about estimated probability for symbol 0 and the Range Decoder 
-updates that CProb variable after decoding. The Range Decoder increases 
-estimated probability of the symbol that was decoded:
-
-#define kNumMoveBits 5
-
-unsigned CRangeDecoder::DecodeBit(CProb *prob)
-{
-  unsigned v = *prob;
-  UInt32 bound = (Range >> kNumBitModelTotalBits) * v;
-  unsigned symbol;
-  if (Code < bound)
-  {
-    v += ((1 << kNumBitModelTotalBits) - v) >> kNumMoveBits;
-    Range = bound;
-    symbol = 0;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    v -= v >> kNumMoveBits;
-    Code -= bound;
-    Range -= bound;
-    symbol = 1;
-  }
-  *prob = (CProb)v;
-  Normalize();
-  return symbol;
-}
-
-
-The Binary Tree of bit model counters
--------------------------------------
-
-LZMA uses a tree of Bit model variables to decode symbol that needs
-several bits for storing. There are two versions of such trees in LZMA:
-  1) the tree that decodes bits from high bit to low bit (the normal scheme).
-  2) the tree that decodes bits from low bit to high bit (the reverse scheme).
-
-Each binary tree structure supports different size of decoded symbol
-(the size of binary sequence that contains value of symbol).
-If that size of decoded symbol is "NumBits" bits, the tree structure 
-uses the array of (2 << NumBits) counters of CProb type. 
-But only ((2 << NumBits) - 1) items are used by encoder and decoder.
-The first item (the item with index equal to 0) in array is unused.
-That scheme with unused array's item allows to simplify the code.
-
-unsigned BitTreeReverseDecode(CProb *probs, unsigned numBits, CRangeDecoder *rc)
-{
-  unsigned m = 1;
-  unsigned symbol = 0;
-  for (unsigned i = 0; i < numBits; i++)
-  {
-    unsigned bit = rc->DecodeBit(&probs[m]);
-    m <<= 1;
-    m += bit;
-    symbol |= (bit << i);
-  }
-  return symbol;
-}
-
-template <unsigned NumBits>
-class CBitTreeDecoder
-{
-  CProb Probs[(unsigned)1 << NumBits];
-
-public:
-
-  void Init()
-  {
-    INIT_PROBS(Probs);
-  }
-
-  unsigned Decode(CRangeDecoder *rc)
-  {
-    unsigned m = 1;
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumBits; i++)
-      m = (m << 1) + rc->DecodeBit(&Probs[m]);
-    return m - ((unsigned)1 << NumBits);
-  }
-
-  unsigned ReverseDecode(CRangeDecoder *rc)
-  {
-    return BitTreeReverseDecode(Probs, NumBits, rc);
-  }
-};
-
-
-LZ part of LZMA 
----------------
-
-LZ part of LZMA describes details about the decoding of MATCHES and LITERALS.
-
-
-The Literal Decoding
---------------------
-
-The LZMA Decoder uses (1 << (lc + lp)) tables with CProb values, where 
-each table contains 0x300 CProb values:
-
-  CProb *LitProbs;
-
-  void CreateLiterals()
-  {
-    LitProbs = new CProb[(UInt32)0x300 << (lc + lp)];
-  }
-  
-  void InitLiterals()
-  {
-    UInt32 num = (UInt32)0x300 << (lc + lp);
-    for (UInt32 i = 0; i < num; i++)
-      LitProbs[i] = PROB_INIT_VAL;
-  }
-
-To select the table for decoding it uses the context that consists of
-(lc) high bits from previous literal and (lp) low bits from value that
-represents current position in outputStream.
-
-If (State > 7), the Literal Decoder also uses "matchByte" that represents 
-the byte in OutputStream at position the is the DISTANCE bytes before 
-current position, where the DISTANCE is the distance in DISTANCE-LENGTH pair
-of latest decoded match.
-
-The following code decodes one literal and puts it to Sliding Window buffer:
-
-  void DecodeLiteral(unsigned state, UInt32 rep0)
-  {
-    unsigned prevByte = 0;
-    if (!OutWindow.IsEmpty())
-      prevByte = OutWindow.GetByte(1);
-    
-    unsigned symbol = 1;
-    unsigned litState = ((OutWindow.TotalPos & ((1 << lp) - 1)) << lc) + (prevByte >> (8 - lc));
-    CProb *probs = &LitProbs[(UInt32)0x300 * litState];
-    
-    if (state >= 7)
-    {
-      unsigned matchByte = OutWindow.GetByte(rep0 + 1);
-      do
-      {
-        unsigned matchBit = (matchByte >> 7) & 1;
-        matchByte <<= 1;
-        unsigned bit = RangeDec.DecodeBit(&probs[((1 + matchBit) << 8) + symbol]);
-        symbol = (symbol << 1) | bit;
-        if (matchBit != bit)
-          break;
-      }
-      while (symbol < 0x100);
-    }
-    while (symbol < 0x100)
-      symbol = (symbol << 1) | RangeDec.DecodeBit(&probs[symbol]);
-    OutWindow.PutByte((Byte)(symbol - 0x100));
-  }
-
-
-The match length decoding
--------------------------
-
-The match length decoder returns normalized (zero-based value) 
-length of match. That value can be converted to real length of the match 
-with the following code:
-
-#define kMatchMinLen 2
-
-    matchLen = len + kMatchMinLen;
-
-The match length decoder can return the values from 0 to 271.
-And the corresponded real match length values can be in the range 
-from 2 to 273.
-
-The following scheme is used for the match length encoding:
-
-  Binary encoding    Binary Tree structure    Zero-based match length 
-  sequence                                    (binary + decimal):
-
-  0 xxx              LowCoder[posState]       xxx
-  1 0 yyy            MidCoder[posState]       yyy + 8
-  1 1 zzzzzzzz       HighCoder                zzzzzzzz + 16
-
-LZMA uses bit model variable "Choice" to decode the first selection bit.
-
-If the first selection bit is equal to 0, the decoder uses binary tree 
-  LowCoder[posState] to decode 3-bit zero-based match length (xxx).
-
-If the first selection bit is equal to 1, the decoder uses bit model 
-  variable "Choice2" to decode the second selection bit.
-
-  If the second selection bit is equal to 0, the decoder uses binary tree 
-    MidCoder[posState] to decode 3-bit "yyy" value, and zero-based match
-    length is equal to (yyy + 8).
-
-  If the second selection bit is equal to 1, the decoder uses binary tree 
-    HighCoder to decode 8-bit "zzzzzzzz" value, and zero-based 
-    match length is equal to (zzzzzzzz + 16).
-
-LZMA uses "posState" value as context to select the binary tree 
-from LowCoder and MidCoder binary tree arrays:
-
-    unsigned posState = OutWindow.TotalPos & ((1 << pb) - 1);
-
-The full code of the length decoder:
-
-class CLenDecoder
-{
-  CProb Choice;
-  CProb Choice2;
-  CBitTreeDecoder<3> LowCoder[1 << kNumPosBitsMax];
-  CBitTreeDecoder<3> MidCoder[1 << kNumPosBitsMax];
-  CBitTreeDecoder<8> HighCoder;
-
-public:
-
-  void Init()
-  {
-    Choice = PROB_INIT_VAL;
-    Choice2 = PROB_INIT_VAL;
-    HighCoder.Init();
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < (1 << kNumPosBitsMax); i++)
-    {
-      LowCoder[i].Init();
-      MidCoder[i].Init();
-    }
-  }
-
-  unsigned Decode(CRangeDecoder *rc, unsigned posState)
-  {
-    if (rc->DecodeBit(&Choice) == 0)
-      return LowCoder[posState].Decode(rc);
-    if (rc->DecodeBit(&Choice2) == 0)
-      return 8 + MidCoder[posState].Decode(rc);
-    return 16 + HighCoder.Decode(rc);
-  }
-};
-
-The LZMA decoder uses two instances of CLenDecoder class.
-The first instance is for the matches of "Simple Match" type,
-and the second instance is for the matches of "Rep Match" type:
-
-  CLenDecoder LenDecoder;
-  CLenDecoder RepLenDecoder;
-
-
-The match distance decoding
----------------------------
-
-LZMA supports dictionary sizes up to 4 GiB minus 1.
-The value of match distance (decoded by distance decoder) can be 
-from 1 to 2^32. But the distance value that is equal to 2^32 is used to
-indicate the "End of stream" marker. So real largest match distance 
-that is used for LZ-window match is (2^32 - 1).
-
-LZMA uses normalized match length (zero-based length) 
-to calculate the context state "lenState" do decode the distance value:
-
-#define kNumLenToPosStates 4
-
-    unsigned lenState = len;
-    if (lenState > kNumLenToPosStates - 1)
-      lenState = kNumLenToPosStates - 1;
-
-The distance decoder returns the "dist" value that is zero-based value 
-of match distance. The real match distance can be calculated with the
-following code:
-  
-  matchDistance = dist + 1; 
-
-The state of the distance decoder and the initialization code: 
-
-  #define kEndPosModelIndex 14
-  #define kNumFullDistances (1 << (kEndPosModelIndex >> 1))
-  #define kNumAlignBits 4
-
-  CBitTreeDecoder<6> PosSlotDecoder[kNumLenToPosStates];
-  CProb PosDecoders[1 + kNumFullDistances - kEndPosModelIndex];
-  CBitTreeDecoder<kNumAlignBits> AlignDecoder;
-
-  void InitDist()
-  {
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < kNumLenToPosStates; i++)
-      PosSlotDecoder[i].Init();
-    AlignDecoder.Init();
-    INIT_PROBS(PosDecoders);
-  }
-
-At first stage the distance decoder decodes 6-bit "posSlot" value with bit
-tree decoder from PosSlotDecoder array. It's possible to get 2^6=64 different 
-"posSlot" values.
-
-    unsigned posSlot = PosSlotDecoder[lenState].Decode(&RangeDec);
-
-The encoding scheme for distance value is shown in the following table:
-
-posSlot (decimal) /
-      zero-based distance (binary)
- 0    0
- 1    1
- 2    10
- 3    11
-
- 4    10 x
- 5    11 x
- 6    10 xx
- 7    11 xx
- 8    10 xxx
- 9    11 xxx
-10    10 xxxx
-11    11 xxxx
-12    10 xxxxx
-13    11 xxxxx
-
-14    10 yy zzzz
-15    11 yy zzzz
-16    10 yyy zzzz
-17    11 yyy zzzz
-...
-62    10 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy zzzz
-63    11 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy zzzz
-
-where 
-  "x ... x" means the sequence of binary symbols encoded with binary tree and 
-      "Reverse" scheme. It uses separated binary tree for each posSlot from 4 to 13.
-  "y" means direct bit encoded with range coder.
-  "zzzz" means the sequence of four binary symbols encoded with binary
-      tree with "Reverse" scheme, where one common binary tree "AlignDecoder"
-      is used for all posSlot values.
-
-If (posSlot < 4), the "dist" value is equal to posSlot value.
-
-If (posSlot >= 4), the decoder uses "posSlot" value to calculate the value of
-  the high bits of "dist" value and the number of the low bits.
-
-  If (4 <= posSlot < kEndPosModelIndex), the decoder uses bit tree decoders.
-    (one separated bit tree decoder per one posSlot value) and "Reverse" scheme.
-    In this implementation we use one CProb array "PosDecoders" that contains 
-    all CProb variables for all these bit decoders.
-  
-  if (posSlot >= kEndPosModelIndex), the middle bits are decoded as direct 
-    bits from RangeDecoder and the low 4 bits are decoded with a bit tree 
-    decoder "AlignDecoder" with "Reverse" scheme.
-
-The code to decode zero-based match distance:
-  
-  unsigned DecodeDistance(unsigned len)
-  {
-    unsigned lenState = len;
-    if (lenState > kNumLenToPosStates - 1)
-      lenState = kNumLenToPosStates - 1;
-    
-    unsigned posSlot = PosSlotDecoder[lenState].Decode(&RangeDec);
-    if (posSlot < 4)
-      return posSlot;
-    
-    unsigned numDirectBits = (unsigned)((posSlot >> 1) - 1);
-    UInt32 dist = ((2 | (posSlot & 1)) << numDirectBits);
-    if (posSlot < kEndPosModelIndex)
-      dist += BitTreeReverseDecode(PosDecoders + dist - posSlot, numDirectBits, &RangeDec);
-    else
-    {
-      dist += RangeDec.DecodeDirectBits(numDirectBits - kNumAlignBits) << kNumAlignBits;
-      dist += AlignDecoder.ReverseDecode(&RangeDec);
-    }
-    return dist;
-  }
-
-
-
-LZMA Decoding modes
--------------------
-
-There are 2 types of LZMA streams:
-
-1) The stream with "End of stream" marker.
-2) The stream without "End of stream" marker.
-
-And the LZMA Decoder supports 3 modes of decoding:
-
-1) The unpack size is undefined. The LZMA decoder stops decoding after 
-   getting "End of stream" marker. 
-   The input variables for that case:
-    
-      markerIsMandatory = true
-      unpackSizeDefined = false
-      unpackSize contains any value
-
-2) The unpack size is defined and LZMA decoder supports both variants, 
-   where the stream can contain "End of stream" marker or the stream is
-   finished without "End of stream" marker. The LZMA decoder must detect 
-   any of these situations.
-   The input variables for that case:
-    
-      markerIsMandatory = false
-      unpackSizeDefined = true
-      unpackSize contains unpack size
-
-3) The unpack size is defined and the LZMA stream must contain 
-   "End of stream" marker
-   The input variables for that case:
-    
-      markerIsMandatory = true
-      unpackSizeDefined = true
-      unpackSize contains unpack size
-
-
-The main loop of decoder
-------------------------
-
-The main loop of LZMA decoder:
-
-Initialize the LZMA state.
-loop
-{
-  // begin of loop
-  Check "end of stream" conditions.
-  Decode Type of MATCH / LITERAL. 
-    If it's LITERAL, decode LITERAL value and put the LITERAL to Window.
-    If it's MATCH, decode the length of match and the match distance. 
-        Check error conditions, check end of stream conditions and copy
-        the sequence of match bytes from sliding window to current position
-        in window.
-  Go to begin of loop
-}
-
-The reference implementation of LZMA decoder uses "unpackSize" variable
-to keep the number of remaining bytes in output stream. So it reduces 
-"unpackSize" value after each decoded LITERAL or MATCH.
-
-The following code contains the "end of stream" condition check at the start
-of the loop:
-
-    if (unpackSizeDefined && unpackSize == 0 && !markerIsMandatory)
-      if (RangeDec.IsFinishedOK())
-        return LZMA_RES_FINISHED_WITHOUT_MARKER;
-
-LZMA uses three types of matches:
-
-1) "Simple Match" -     the match with distance value encoded with bit models.
-
-2) "Rep Match" -        the match that uses the distance from distance
-                        history table.
-
-3) "Short Rep Match" -  the match of single byte length, that uses the latest 
-                        distance from distance history table.
-
-The LZMA decoder keeps the history of latest 4 match distances that were used 
-by decoder. That set of 4 variables contains zero-based match distances and 
-these variables are initialized with zero values:
-
-  UInt32 rep0 = 0, rep1 = 0, rep2 = 0, rep3 = 0;
-
-The LZMA decoder uses binary model variables to select type of MATCH or LITERAL:
-
-#define kNumStates 12
-#define kNumPosBitsMax 4
-
-  CProb IsMatch[kNumStates << kNumPosBitsMax];
-  CProb IsRep[kNumStates];
-  CProb IsRepG0[kNumStates];
-  CProb IsRepG1[kNumStates];
-  CProb IsRepG2[kNumStates];
-  CProb IsRep0Long[kNumStates << kNumPosBitsMax];
-
-The decoder uses "state" variable value to select exact variable 
-from "IsRep", "IsRepG0", "IsRepG1" and "IsRepG2" arrays.
-The "state" variable can get the value from 0 to 11.
-Initial value for "state" variable is zero:
-
-  unsigned state = 0;
-
-The "state" variable is updated after each LITERAL or MATCH with one of the
-following functions:
-
-unsigned UpdateState_Literal(unsigned state)
-{
-  if (state < 4) return 0;
-  else if (state < 10) return state - 3;
-  else return state - 6;
-}
-unsigned UpdateState_Match   (unsigned state) { return state < 7 ? 7 : 10; }
-unsigned UpdateState_Rep     (unsigned state) { return state < 7 ? 8 : 11; }
-unsigned UpdateState_ShortRep(unsigned state) { return state < 7 ? 9 : 11; }
-
-The decoder calculates "state2" variable value to select exact variable from 
-"IsMatch" and "IsRep0Long" arrays:
-
-unsigned posState = OutWindow.TotalPos & ((1 << pb) - 1);
-unsigned state2 = (state << kNumPosBitsMax) + posState;
-
-The decoder uses the following code flow scheme to select exact 
-type of LITERAL or MATCH:
-
-IsMatch[state2] decode
-  0 - the Literal
-  1 - the Match
-    IsRep[state] decode
-      0 - Simple Match
-      1 - Rep Match
-        IsRepG0[state] decode
-          0 - the distance is rep0
-            IsRep0Long[state2] decode
-              0 - Short Rep Match
-              1 - Rep Match 0
-          1 - 
-            IsRepG1[state] decode
-              0 - Rep Match 1
-              1 - 
-                IsRepG2[state] decode
-                  0 - Rep Match 2
-                  1 - Rep Match 3
-
-
-LITERAL symbol
---------------
-If the value "0" was decoded with IsMatch[state2] decoding, we have "LITERAL" type.
-
-At first the LZMA decoder must check that it doesn't exceed 
-specified uncompressed size:
-
-      if (unpackSizeDefined && unpackSize == 0)
-        return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-Then it decodes literal value and puts it to sliding window:
-
-      DecodeLiteral(state, rep0);
-
-Then the decoder must update the "state" value and "unpackSize" value;
-
-      state = UpdateState_Literal(state);
-      unpackSize--;
-
-Then the decoder must go to the begin of main loop to decode next Match or Literal.
-
-
-Simple Match
-------------
-
-If the value "1" was decoded with IsMatch[state2] decoding,
-we have the "Simple Match" type.
-
-The distance history table is updated with the following scheme:
-    
-      rep3 = rep2;
-      rep2 = rep1;
-      rep1 = rep0;
-
-The zero-based length is decoded with "LenDecoder":
-
-      len = LenDecoder.Decode(&RangeDec, posState);
-
-The state is update with UpdateState_Match function:
-
-      state = UpdateState_Match(state);
-
-and the new "rep0" value is decoded with DecodeDistance:
-
-      rep0 = DecodeDistance(len);
-
-That "rep0" will be used as zero-based distance for current match.
-
-If the value of "rep0" is equal to 0xFFFFFFFF, it means that we have 
-"End of stream" marker, so we can stop decoding and check finishing 
-condition in Range Decoder:
-
-      if (rep0 == 0xFFFFFFFF)
-        return RangeDec.IsFinishedOK() ?
-            LZMA_RES_FINISHED_WITH_MARKER :
-            LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-If uncompressed size is defined, LZMA decoder must check that it doesn't 
-exceed that specified uncompressed size:
-
-      if (unpackSizeDefined && unpackSize == 0)
-        return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-Also the decoder must check that "rep0" value is not larger than dictionary size
-and is not larger than the number of already decoded bytes:
-
-      if (rep0 >= dictSize || !OutWindow.CheckDistance(rep0))
-        return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-Then the decoder must copy match bytes as described in 
-"The match symbols copying" section.
-
-
-Rep Match
----------
-
-If the LZMA decoder has decoded the value "1" with IsRep[state] variable,
-we have "Rep Match" type.
-
-At first the LZMA decoder must check that it doesn't exceed 
-specified uncompressed size:
-
-      if (unpackSizeDefined && unpackSize == 0)
-        return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-Also the decoder must return error, if the LZ window is empty:
-
-      if (OutWindow.IsEmpty())
-        return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-If the match type is "Rep Match", the decoder uses one of the 4 variables of
-distance history table to get the value of distance for current match.
-And there are 4 corresponding ways of decoding flow. 
-
-The decoder updates the distance history with the following scheme 
-depending from type of match:
-
-- "Rep Match 0" or "Short Rep Match":
-      ; LZMA doesn't update the distance history    
-
-- "Rep Match 1":
-      UInt32 dist = rep1;
-      rep1 = rep0;
-      rep0 = dist;
-
-- "Rep Match 2":
-      UInt32 dist = rep2;
-      rep2 = rep1;
-      rep1 = rep0;
-      rep0 = dist;
-
-- "Rep Match 3":
-      UInt32 dist = rep3;
-      rep3 = rep2;
-      rep2 = rep1;
-      rep1 = rep0;
-      rep0 = dist;
-
-Then the decoder decodes exact subtype of "Rep Match" using "IsRepG0", "IsRep0Long",
-"IsRepG1", "IsRepG2".
-
-If the subtype is "Short Rep Match", the decoder updates the state, puts 
-the one byte from window to current position in window and goes to next 
-MATCH/LITERAL symbol (the begin of main loop):
-
-          state = UpdateState_ShortRep(state);
-          OutWindow.PutByte(OutWindow.GetByte(rep0 + 1));
-          unpackSize--;
-          continue;
-
-In other cases (Rep Match 0/1/2/3), it decodes the zero-based 
-length of match with "RepLenDecoder" decoder:
-
-      len = RepLenDecoder.Decode(&RangeDec, posState);
-
-Then it updates the state:
-
-      state = UpdateState_Rep(state);
-
-Then the decoder must copy match bytes as described in 
-"The Match symbols copying" section.
-
-
-The match symbols copying
--------------------------
-
-If we have the match (Simple Match or Rep Match 0/1/2/3), the decoder must
-copy the sequence of bytes with calculated match distance and match length.
-If uncompressed size is defined, LZMA decoder must check that it doesn't 
-exceed that specified uncompressed size:
-
-    len += kMatchMinLen;
-    bool isError = false;
-    if (unpackSizeDefined && unpackSize < len)
-    {
-      len = (unsigned)unpackSize;
-      isError = true;
-    }
-    OutWindow.CopyMatch(rep0 + 1, len);
-    unpackSize -= len;
-    if (isError)
-      return LZMA_RES_ERROR;
-
-Then the decoder must go to the begin of main loop to decode next MATCH or LITERAL.
-
-
-
-NOTES
------
-
-This specification doesn't describe the variant of decoder implementation 
-that supports partial decoding. Such partial decoding case can require some 
-changes in "end of stream" condition checks code. Also such code 
-can use additional status codes, returned by decoder.
-
-This specification uses C++ code with templates to simplify describing.
-The optimized version of LZMA decoder doesn't need templates.
-Such optimized version can use just two arrays of CProb variables:
-  1) The dynamic array of CProb variables allocated for the Literal Decoder.
-  2) The one common array that contains all other CProb variables.
-
-
-References:      
-
-1. G. N. N. Martin, Range encoding: an algorithm for removing redundancy 
-   from a digitized message, Video & Data Recording Conference, 
-   Southampton, UK, July 24-27, 1979.