rayzee 7.31.1 → 8.0.0

package/src/Processor/PBRT/PBRTSceneBuilder.js

@@ -14,16 +14,133 @@
  */
 
 import {
-	Group, Mesh, PerspectiveCamera, Matrix4, Vector3,
+	Group, Mesh, InstancedMesh, PerspectiveCamera, Matrix4, Vector3,
 	BufferGeometry, Float32BufferAttribute, Uint32BufferAttribute, SphereGeometry,
-	DataTexture, FloatType, RGBAFormat, LinearFilter, EquirectangularReflectionMapping
+	DataTexture, FloatType, RGBAFormat, LinearFilter, EquirectangularReflectionMapping,
+	SRGBColorSpace
 } from 'three';
 import { buildMaterial, pFloat, pString, resolveSpectrum } from './PBRTMaterials.js';
 import { loopSubdivide } from './LoopSubdivision.js';
 import { octahedralToEquirect } from './EqualAreaOctahedral.js';
+import { tessellateCurve } from './PBRTCurves.js';
 import * as M from './PBRTMath.js';
 
 const FLIP_Z = [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ];
+const MAX_SKY_READBACK = 4096;
+
+// setIndex() only wraps a plain Array; hand it a typed one and it lands on the geometry
+// raw, with no .count, and every consumer downstream reads NaN.
+function indexAttribute( indices ) {
+
+	if ( indices instanceof Uint32Array ) return new Uint32BufferAttribute( indices, 1 );
+	if ( ArrayBuffer.isView( indices ) && indices.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT === 4 ) {
+
+		return new Uint32BufferAttribute( new Uint32Array( indices.buffer, indices.byteOffset, indices.length ), 1 );
+
+	}
+
+	return new Uint32BufferAttribute( Uint32Array.from( indices ), 1 );
+
+}
+
+function grow( array, needed ) {
+
+	if ( needed <= array.length ) return array;
+	let length = array.length || 1;
+	while ( length < needed ) length *= 2;
+	const out = new array.constructor( length );
+	out.set( array );
+	return out;
+
+}
+
+/** Reuse a Float32Array parameter as-is; the IR is discarded once the scene is built. */
+function float32( values ) {
+
+	return values instanceof Float32Array ? values : Float32Array.from( values );
+
+}
+
+// The per-mesh table is a debug aid; an instanced scene reaches tens of millions of rows.
+const MAX_REPORT_ROWS = 1000;
+// Triangles are chunked across several arrays now, so the 2 GB V8 cap no longer bounds them at
+// 26.8M, and the GPU ceiling is higher still: one storage buffer of 4,096 MB at 80 B a triangle
+// is 53.7M. What actually binds is CPU address space, measured on Moana: 40M (7.3 GB) and 45M
+// (8.5 GB) load and render, 50M dies at 9.4 GB resident with nothing thrown and nothing logged.
+// So the budget sits on the highest rung that survived — past it placements are skipped and the
+// scene is reported as truncated, which beats taking the tab down. Raise `maxTriangles` per load
+// to go further, on a freshly started browser.
+const DEFAULT_TRIANGLE_BUDGET = 45_000_000;
+// Placements are their own budget: geometry is shared, but each costs a TLAS leaf and an
+// instance record. isCoastline's 5.09M loaded and rendered at 23 fps.
+const DEFAULT_PLACEMENT_BUDGET = 6_000_000;
+// Non-instanced shapes merge into a few large meshes: isPalmRig declares 173,338 of them,
+// and one BufferGeometry + Mesh each measured 3.3 GB — the loader OOM'd before tracing.
+const DEFAULT_MERGE_MIN_SHAPES = 256;
+const MERGE_VERTEX_LIMIT = 4096;
+const MERGE_BATCH_TRIANGLES = 500_000;
+// Curve tessellation defaults. pbrt sweeps a spline analytically; a triangle tracer has to
+// pick a resolution, and isMountainB alone declares 5.18M curves — two samples per span and
+// a crossed pair of ribbons is 16 triangles a curve.
+const DEFAULT_CURVE_STEPS = 2;
+const DEFAULT_CURVE_SIDES = { flat: 1, ribbon: 1, cylinder: 2 };
+
+/** Pixels out of an HTMLImageElement / ImageBitmap, which expose none of their own. */
+function pixelsFromDrawable( image, srgb ) {
+
+	const size = Math.min( image.width, MAX_SKY_READBACK );
+	let canvas = null;
+
+	if ( typeof OffscreenCanvas !== 'undefined' ) canvas = new OffscreenCanvas( size, size );
+	else if ( typeof document !== 'undefined' ) {
+
+		canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' );
+		canvas.width = canvas.height = size;
+
+	} else return null;
+
+	try {
+
+		const ctx = canvas.getContext( '2d', { willReadFrequently: true } );
+		if ( ! ctx ) return null;
+		ctx.drawImage( image, 0, 0, size, size );
+		const { data } = ctx.getImageData( 0, 0, size, size );
+		return { data, width: size, height: size, channels: 4, bottomUp: false, srgb };
+
+	} catch {
+
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Names an unreadable texture may have been derived from. Moana binds colour as
+ * `"texture reflectance" "el:part_Color"` and leaves `MakeNamedMaterial "el:part"` in the
+ * shared library, so the colour survives the .ptx files being a separate download.
+ */
+function materialNameCandidates( texName ) {
+
+	const out = [ texName ];
+	let n = texName;
+	const strips = [
+		v => v.replace( /-renamed-\d+$/, '' ),
+		v => v.replace( /\d+$/, '' ),
+		v => v.replace( /_Color$/i, '' ),
+		v => v.replace( /\d+$/, '' )
+	];
+
+	for ( const strip of strips ) {
+
+		const next = strip( n );
+		if ( next !== n && next ) out.push( n = next );
+
+	}
+
+	return out;
+
+}
 
 export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
@@ -36,6 +153,11 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 	 */
 	constructor( resolvers = {} ) {
 
+		this.maxTriangles = resolvers.maxTriangles ?? DEFAULT_TRIANGLE_BUDGET;
+		this.maxPlacements = resolvers.maxPlacements ?? DEFAULT_PLACEMENT_BUDGET;
+		this.mergeShapesAbove = resolvers.mergeShapesAbove ?? DEFAULT_MERGE_MIN_SHAPES;
+		this.curveSteps = resolvers.curveSteps ?? DEFAULT_CURVE_STEPS;
+		this.curveSides = resolvers.curveSides ?? null;
 		this.resolvePLY = resolvers.resolvePLY || ( async () => null );
 		this.resolveImage = resolvers.resolveImage || ( async () => null );
 		this.resolveEnvironment = resolvers.resolveEnvironment || resolvers.resolveImage || ( async () => null );
@@ -45,6 +167,10 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 		this.report = []; // per-mesh diagnostics for debugging imports
 		this._materialCache = new Map(); // material obj -> Map(areaLight obj -> MeshPhysicalMaterial)
 		this._textureCache = new Map(); // texName -> { texture } | { constant }
+		this._geometryCache = new Map(); // shape object -> Promise<BufferGeometry|null>
+		this._materialBySignature = new Map(); // visual signature -> shared MeshPhysicalMaterial
+		this._noUVMaterials = new Map(); // textured material -> its map-less clone
+		this._plyCache = new Map(); // filename -> Promise<BufferGeometry|null>
 
 	}
 
@@ -61,19 +187,71 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 	async build( ir ) {
 
 		this.ir = ir;
+		this._recoveredColors = 0;
+		this.reportedMeshes = 0;
+		this.triangleCount = 0; // stored triangles — a shared geometry counts once
+		this.placementCount = 0;
+		this.skippedForBudget = 0;
+		this._countedGeometries = new WeakSet();
 		const group = new Group();
 		group.name = 'PBRTScene';
 
+		this._batches = ir.shapes.length >= this.mergeShapesAbove ? new Map() : null;
+		this._mergedBatches = 0;
+		this.mergedShapes = 0;
+		this.droppedNoTemplate = 0;
+
 		// Shapes (direct + instanced)
 		for ( let i = 0; i < ir.shapes.length; i ++ ) {
 
-			const mesh = await this._buildShapeMesh( ir.shapes[ i ], ir.shapes[ i ].ctm, `shape_${i}` );
+			if ( this._overBudget() ) {
+
+				this.skippedForBudget += ir.shapes.length - i;
+				break;
+
+			}
+
+			const shape = ir.shapes[ i ];
+			const [ geometry, sharedMaterial ] = await Promise.all( [
+				this._batches ? this._createGeometry( shape ) : this._buildGeometry( shape ),
+				this._getMaterial( shape )
+			] );
+			if ( ! geometry ) continue;
+
+			if ( this._batches && geometry.getAttribute( 'position' ).count <= MERGE_VERTEX_LIMIT ) {
+
+				this._mergeShape( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, group );
+				ir.shapes[ i ] = null; // its parsed arrays are copied out; let them go
+				continue;
+
+			}
+
+			const mesh = this._meshFromGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, shape.ctm, `shape_${i}` );
 			if ( mesh ) group.add( mesh );
 
 		}
 
+		if ( this._batches ) {
+
+			for ( const slot of this._batches.values() ) {
+
+				this._flushBatch( slot[ 0 ], group );
+				this._flushBatch( slot[ 1 ], group );
+
+			}
+
+			this._batches = null;
+
+		}
+
 		await this._buildInstances( ir, group );
 
+		if ( this.skippedForBudget > 0 ) this.warn(
+			`stopped at ${this.triangleCount.toLocaleString()} stored triangles ` +
+			`(budget ${this.maxTriangles.toLocaleString()}) and ${this.placementCount.toLocaleString()} placements ` +
+			`(budget ${this.maxPlacements.toLocaleString()}); ${this.skippedForBudget.toLocaleString()} placement(s) skipped`
+		);
+
 		// Camera
 		let camera = null;
 		if ( ir.camera ) {
@@ -88,9 +266,19 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		this._reportUnsupportedLights( ir.lights );
 
+		if ( this._recoveredColors > 0 ) this.warn(
+			`${this._recoveredColors} unreadable texture(s) fell back to the like-named material's colour`
+		);
+
 		return {
 			group, camera, environment,
 			report: this.report,
+			meshCount: this.reportedMeshes,
+			triangleCount: this.triangleCount,
+			placementCount: this.placementCount,
+			mergedShapes: this.mergedShapes,
+			droppedNoTemplate: this.droppedNoTemplate,
+			skippedForBudget: this.skippedForBudget,
 			warnings: this.warnings.concat( ir.warnings || [] )
 		};
 
@@ -98,24 +286,108 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 	// ── shapes ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+	_overBudget() {
+
+		return this.triangleCount >= this.maxTriangles || this.placementCount >= this.maxPlacements;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Charge a geometry's triangles to the storage budget once, however many placements use
+	 * it. Returns its triangle count either way.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_accountGeometry( geometry ) {
+
+		const tris = geometry.index ? geometry.index.count / 3 : geometry.getAttribute( 'position' ).count / 3;
+		if ( ! this._countedGeometries.has( geometry ) ) {
+
+			this._countedGeometries.add( geometry );
+			this.triangleCount += tris;
+
+		}
+
+		return tris;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Placements become InstancedMesh batches: one object per template shape, carrying a
+	 * matrix per placement. Moana's beach ground cover alone is 21 million placements, and a
+	 * Three.js object each would be the whole budget before a triangle is traced.
+	 */
 	async _buildInstances( ir, group ) {
 
 		let n = 0;
-		for ( const inst of ir.instances ) {
+		if ( ir.skippedInstances > 0 ) this.skippedForBudget += ir.skippedInstances;
+
+		const scratch = new Float64Array( 16 );
+		const matrix = new Matrix4();
+
+		for ( const [ name, list ] of ir.instances ) {
 
-			const template = ir.objects.get( inst.name );
+			const template = ir.objects.get( name );
 			if ( ! template ) {
 
-				this.warn( `ObjectInstance "${inst.name}" has no template` ); continue;
+				// Counted, not just warned: these are placements that silently leave the scene,
+				// and a caller reading skippedForBudget would otherwise be told nothing was lost.
+				this.droppedNoTemplate += list.count;
+				this.warn( `ObjectInstance "${name}" has no template — ${list.count.toLocaleString()} placement(s) dropped` );
+				continue;
 
 			}
 
 			for ( const shape of template ) {
 
-				// instance placement: instanceCTM * (shape relative to its ObjectBegin frame)
-				const worldCTM = M.multiply( inst.ctm, shape.relativeCTM || shape.ctm );
-				const mesh = await this._buildShapeMesh( shape, worldCTM, `instance_${n ++}` );
-				if ( mesh ) group.add( mesh );
+				if ( this._overBudget() ) {
+
+					this.skippedForBudget += list.count;
+					continue;
+
+				}
+
+				const [ geometry, sharedMaterial ] = await Promise.all( [
+					this._buildGeometry( shape ),
+					this._getMaterial( shape )
+				] );
+				if ( ! geometry ) continue;
+
+				const tris = this._accountGeometry( geometry );
+				const affordable = Math.max( 0, this.maxPlacements - this.placementCount );
+				const count = Math.min( list.count, affordable );
+				if ( count < list.count ) this.skippedForBudget += list.count - count;
+				if ( count === 0 ) continue;
+
+				const material = this._materialForGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, `instances_${name}` );
+				const mesh = new InstancedMesh( geometry, material, count );
+				mesh.name = `instance_${n ++}`;
+				mesh.frustumCulled = false;
+
+				const rel = shape.relativeCTM || shape.ctm;
+				for ( let i = 0; i < count; i ++ ) {
+
+					M.multiplyInto( scratch, list.matrices, i * 16, rel );
+					mesh.setMatrixAt( i, matrix.fromArray( this.convertHandedness ? M.multiply( FLIP_Z, scratch ) : scratch ) );
+
+				}
+
+				mesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;
+				group.add( mesh );
+
+				this.placementCount += count;
+				this.reportedMeshes += count;
+				if ( this.report.length < MAX_REPORT_ROWS ) this.report.push( {
+					mesh: `${mesh.name} ×${count}`,
+					shape: shape.type,
+					material: shape.material?.type || 'diffuse',
+					color: '#' + material.color.getHexString(),
+					map: material.map ? 'yes' : '-',
+					uv: geometry.getAttribute( 'uv' ) ? 'yes' : 'NO',
+					normals: geometry.getAttribute( 'normal' ) ? 'yes' : 'NO',
+					emissive: material.emissiveIntensity > 0 ? `#${material.emissive.getHexString()}×${material.emissiveIntensity}` : '-',
+					size: `instanced`,
+					tris,
+				} );
 
 			}
 
@@ -131,21 +403,14 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 			this._getMaterial( shape )
 		] );
 		if ( ! geometry ) return null;
+		return this._meshFromGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, ctm, name );
 
-		// A textured material on geometry with no UVs samples a single texel — the
-		// usual cause of "black"/wrong meshes on import. Drop the map, but on a CLONE:
-		// _getMaterial caches and shares one instance across every shape using the
-		// same NamedMaterial, so mutating it would strip the texture from sibling
-		// meshes that DO have UVs.
-		const hasUV = !! geometry.getAttribute( 'uv' );
-		let material = sharedMaterial;
-		if ( sharedMaterial.map && ! hasUV ) {
+	}
 
-			this.warn( `${name} (${shape.type}, "${shape.material?.type || 'diffuse'}") has a texture map but no UVs — dropping map, using base color` );
-			material = sharedMaterial.clone();
-			material.map = null;
+	_meshFromGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, ctm, name ) {
 
-		}
+		const hasUV = !! geometry.getAttribute( 'uv' );
+		const material = this._materialForGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, name );
 
 		const mesh = new Mesh( geometry, material );
 		mesh.name = name;
@@ -161,12 +426,15 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		// World-space dimensions (object bbox transformed by the baked matrix) —
 		// surfaces an oversized/under-scaled mesh at a glance.
-		geometry.computeBoundingBox();
+		if ( ! geometry.boundingBox ) geometry.computeBoundingBox();
 		const worldSize = geometry.boundingBox
 			? geometry.boundingBox.clone().applyMatrix4( mesh.matrix ).getSize( new Vector3() )
 			: new Vector3();
 
-		this.report.push( {
+		const tris = this._accountGeometry( geometry );
+		this.placementCount ++;
+		this.reportedMeshes ++;
+		if ( this.report.length < MAX_REPORT_ROWS ) this.report.push( {
 			mesh: name,
 			shape: shape.type,
 			material: shape.material?.type || 'diffuse',
@@ -176,20 +444,181 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 			normals: geometry.getAttribute( 'normal' ) ? 'yes' : 'NO',
 			emissive: material.emissiveIntensity > 0 ? `#${material.emissive.getHexString()}×${material.emissiveIntensity}` : '-',
 			size: `${worldSize.x.toFixed( 2 )}×${worldSize.y.toFixed( 2 )}×${worldSize.z.toFixed( 2 )}`,
-			tris: geometry.index ? geometry.index.count / 3 : geometry.getAttribute( 'position' ).count / 3
+			tris
 		} );
 
 		return mesh;
 
 	}
 
-	async _buildGeometry( shape ) {
+	/**
+	 * A textured material on geometry with no UVs samples a single texel — the usual cause of
+	 * "black"/wrong meshes on import. Drop the map, but on a CLONE: _getMaterial shares one
+	 * instance across every shape using the same NamedMaterial, so mutating it would strip
+	 * the texture from siblings that DO have UVs.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_materialForGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, name ) {
+
+		if ( ! sharedMaterial.map || geometry.getAttribute( 'uv' ) ) return sharedMaterial;
+
+		// One clone per source material, not per shape — else 173,000 warnings and 173,000
+		// materials, defeating every downstream cache that keys on material identity.
+		let material = this._noUVMaterials.get( sharedMaterial );
+		if ( ! material ) {
+
+			this.warn( `${name} (${shape.type}, "${shape.material?.type || 'diffuse'}") has a texture map but no UVs — dropping map, using base color` );
+			material = sharedMaterial.clone();
+			material.map = null;
+			this._noUVMaterials.set( sharedMaterial, material );
+
+		}
+
+		return material;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy one shape's triangles into a world-space batch, keyed by material and UV presence.
+	 * Nothing references the source geometry afterwards, so it is collectable on return.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_mergeShape( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, group ) {
+
+		const material = this._materialForGeometry( shape, geometry, sharedMaterial, 'merged shape' );
+		const position = geometry.getAttribute( 'position' );
+		const normal = geometry.getAttribute( 'normal' );
+		const uv = geometry.getAttribute( 'uv' );
+		const index = geometry.index;
+		const vertices = position.count;
+
+		// Charged directly: a merged shape stores its own copy even when two share one .ply.
+		this.triangleCount += ( index ? index.count : vertices ) / 3;
+		this.reportedMeshes ++;
+		this.mergedShapes ++;
+
+		let slot = this._batches.get( material );
+		if ( ! slot ) this._batches.set( material, slot = [ null, null ] );
+		const k = uv ? 1 : 0;
+		let batch = slot[ k ];
+		if ( ! batch ) slot[ k ] = batch = {
+			material,
+			positions: new Float32Array( 3072 ),
+			normals: new Float32Array( 3072 ),
+			uvs: uv ? new Float32Array( 2048 ) : null,
+			indices: new Uint32Array( 3072 ),
+			vertexCount: 0, indexCount: 0, triangles: 0
+		};
+
+		const world = this.convertHandedness ? M.multiply( FLIP_Z, shape.ctm ) : shape.ctm;
+		const inv = M.invert( world );
+		const base = batch.vertexCount;
+
+		batch.positions = grow( batch.positions, ( base + vertices ) * 3 );
+		batch.normals = grow( batch.normals, ( base + vertices ) * 3 );
+		if ( uv ) batch.uvs = grow( batch.uvs, ( base + vertices ) * 2 );
+
+		const src = position.array, dst = batch.positions;
+		const nsrc = normal ? normal.array : null, ndst = batch.normals;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < vertices; i ++ ) {
+
+			const s = i * 3, d = ( base + i ) * 3;
+			const x = src[ s ], y = src[ s + 1 ], z = src[ s + 2 ];
+			dst[ d ] = world[ 0 ] * x + world[ 4 ] * y + world[ 8 ] * z + world[ 12 ];
+			dst[ d + 1 ] = world[ 1 ] * x + world[ 5 ] * y + world[ 9 ] * z + world[ 13 ];
+			dst[ d + 2 ] = world[ 2 ] * x + world[ 6 ] * y + world[ 10 ] * z + world[ 14 ];
+
+			if ( ! nsrc ) continue;
+			// Inverse transpose, which in column-major order is the inverse read by rows.
+			const nx = nsrc[ s ], ny = nsrc[ s + 1 ], nz = nsrc[ s + 2 ];
+			let a = inv[ 0 ] * nx + inv[ 1 ] * ny + inv[ 2 ] * nz;
+			let b = inv[ 4 ] * nx + inv[ 5 ] * ny + inv[ 6 ] * nz;
+			let c = inv[ 8 ] * nx + inv[ 9 ] * ny + inv[ 10 ] * nz;
+			const len = Math.hypot( a, b, c );
+			if ( len > 0 ) {
+
+				a /= len; b /= len; c /= len;
+
+			}
+
+			ndst[ d ] = a; ndst[ d + 1 ] = b; ndst[ d + 2 ] = c;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( uv ) batch.uvs.set( uv.array.subarray( 0, vertices * 2 ), base * 2 );
+
+		const count = index ? index.count : vertices;
+		batch.indices = grow( batch.indices, batch.indexCount + count );
+		const idst = batch.indices;
+		const isrc = index ? index.array : null;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < count; i ++ ) idst[ batch.indexCount + i ] = base + ( isrc ? isrc[ i ] : i );
+
+		batch.vertexCount += vertices;
+		batch.indexCount += count;
+		batch.triangles += count / 3;
+
+		if ( batch.triangles >= MERGE_BATCH_TRIANGLES ) {
+
+			this._flushBatch( batch, group );
+			slot[ k ] = null;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/** Turn one accumulated batch into a single Mesh at the scene origin. @private */
+	_flushBatch( batch, group ) {
+
+		if ( ! batch || batch.triangles === 0 ) return;
+
+		const geometry = new BufferGeometry();
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( batch.positions.slice( 0, batch.vertexCount * 3 ), 3 ) );
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'normal', new Float32BufferAttribute( batch.normals.slice( 0, batch.vertexCount * 3 ), 3 ) );
+		if ( batch.uvs ) geometry.setAttribute( 'uv', new Float32BufferAttribute( batch.uvs.slice( 0, batch.vertexCount * 2 ), 2 ) );
+		geometry.setIndex( new Uint32BufferAttribute( batch.indices.slice( 0, batch.indexCount ), 1 ) );
+
+		const mesh = new Mesh( geometry, batch.material );
+		mesh.name = `merged_${this._mergedBatches ++}`;
+		mesh.frustumCulled = false;
+		group.add( mesh );
+
+		this.placementCount ++;
+		if ( this.report.length < MAX_REPORT_ROWS ) this.report.push( {
+			mesh: mesh.name,
+			shape: 'merged',
+			material: '-',
+			color: '#' + batch.material.color.getHexString(),
+			map: batch.material.map ? 'yes' : '-',
+			uv: batch.uvs ? 'yes' : 'NO',
+			normals: 'yes',
+			emissive: batch.material.emissiveIntensity > 0 ? `#${batch.material.emissive.getHexString()}×${batch.material.emissiveIntensity}` : '-',
+			size: 'merged',
+			tris: batch.triangles
+		} );
+
+		batch.positions = batch.normals = batch.uvs = batch.indices = null;
+
+	}
+
+	_buildGeometry( shape ) {
+
+		// An ObjectInstance template is built once per placement, and the Moana palm debris
+		// alone places one 208-triangle leaf 2.25 million times. three.js is happy to share
+		// one BufferGeometry across meshes; only the per-mesh matrix differs.
+		let pending = this._geometryCache.get( shape );
+		if ( ! pending ) this._geometryCache.set( shape, pending = this._createGeometry( shape ) );
+		return pending;
+
+	}
+
+	async _createGeometry( shape ) {
 
 		switch ( shape.type ) {
 
 			case 'trianglemesh': return this._triangleMesh( shape.params );
 			case 'bilinearmesh': return this._bilinearMesh( shape.params );
 			case 'loopsubdiv': return this._loopSubdiv( shape.params );
+			case 'curve': return this._curve( shape.params );
 			case 'plymesh': return this._plyMesh( shape.params );
 			case 'sphere': return this._sphere( shape.params );
 			case 'disk': return this._disk( shape.params );
@@ -211,22 +640,64 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 		}
 
 		const geo = new BufferGeometry();
-		geo.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( Float32Array.from( P ), 3 ) );
+		geo.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( float32( P ), 3 ) );
 
 		const N = params.N?.value;
-		if ( N && N.length === P.length ) geo.setAttribute( 'normal', new Float32BufferAttribute( Float32Array.from( N ), 3 ) );
+		if ( N && N.length === P.length ) geo.setAttribute( 'normal', new Float32BufferAttribute( float32( N ), 3 ) );
 
 		const uv = ( params.uv || params.st )?.value;
-		if ( uv && uv.length === ( P.length / 3 ) * 2 ) geo.setAttribute( 'uv', new Float32BufferAttribute( Float32Array.from( uv ), 2 ) );
+		if ( uv && uv.length === ( P.length / 3 ) * 2 ) geo.setAttribute( 'uv', new Float32BufferAttribute( float32( uv ), 2 ) );
 
 		const indices = params.indices?.value;
-		if ( indices && indices.length ) geo.setIndex( indices );
+		if ( indices && indices.length ) geo.setIndex( indexAttribute( indices ) );
 
 		if ( ! N ) geo.computeVertexNormals();
 		return geo;
 
 	}
 
+	_curve( params ) {
+
+		const P = params.P?.value;
+		if ( ! P || P.length < 12 ) {
+
+			this.warn( 'curve needs at least 4 control points' ); return null;
+
+		}
+
+		const degree = Math.round( pFloat( params, 'degree', 3 ) );
+		if ( degree !== 3 ) {
+
+			this.warn( `curve degree ${degree} not supported — only cubic` ); return null;
+
+		}
+
+		const type = pString( params, 'type', 'flat' );
+		const width = pFloat( params, 'width', 1 );
+		const built = tessellateCurve( {
+			P,
+			basis: pString( params, 'basis', 'bezier' ),
+			width0: pFloat( params, 'width0', width ),
+			width1: pFloat( params, 'width1', width ),
+			N: params.N?.value || null,
+			steps: this.curveSteps,
+			sides: this.curveSides ?? DEFAULT_CURVE_SIDES[ type ] ?? 1
+		} );
+
+		if ( ! built ) {
+
+			this.warn( 'curve could not be tessellated' ); return null;
+
+		}
+
+		const geo = new BufferGeometry();
+		geo.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( built.positions, 3 ) );
+		geo.setIndex( new Uint32BufferAttribute( built.indices, 1 ) );
+		geo.computeVertexNormals();
+		return geo;
+
+	}
+
 	_loopSubdiv( params ) {
 
 		const P = params.P?.value;
@@ -281,7 +752,7 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 	}
 
-	async _plyMesh( params ) {
+	_plyMesh( params ) {
 
 		const filename = pString( params, 'filename', null );
 		if ( ! filename ) {
@@ -290,6 +761,15 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		}
 
+		// Two shapes can name the same .ply, and decoding it twice costs the full parse.
+		let pending = this._plyCache.get( filename );
+		if ( ! pending ) this._plyCache.set( filename, pending = this._decodePly( filename ) );
+		return pending;
+
+	}
+
+	async _decodePly( filename ) {
+
 		try {
 
 			const geo = await this.resolvePLY( filename );
@@ -374,7 +854,28 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		if ( shape.areaLight ) await this._applyAreaLight( material, shape.areaLight, ctx );
 
-		byLight.set( shape.areaLight, material );
+		const shared = this._dedupeMaterial( material );
+		byLight.set( shape.areaLight, shared );
+		return shared;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Collapse materials that render identically onto one instance — an inline `Material` per
+	 * shape is a distinct object every time, so every batch would hold exactly one shape.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_dedupeMaterial( material ) {
+
+		const c = material.color, e = material.emissive;
+		const key = `${c.r},${c.g},${c.b}|${e.r},${e.g},${e.b}|${material.emissiveIntensity}|` +
+			`${material.map ? material.map.uuid : '-'}|${material.roughness}|${material.metalness}|` +
+			`${material.transmission}|${material.ior}|${material.thickness}|` +
+			`${material.clearcoat}|${material.clearcoatRoughness}|${material.opacity}|${material.side}`;
+
+		const existing = this._materialBySignature.get( key );
+		if ( existing ) return existing;
+		this._materialBySignature.set( key, material );
 		return material;
 
 	}
@@ -435,7 +936,17 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		} else {
 
-			this.warn( `texture class "${def.class}" not supported (texture "${name}")` );
+			const recovered = this._colorFromLikeNamedMaterial( name );
+			if ( recovered ) {
+
+				result = { constant: recovered.rgb };
+				this._recoveredColors ++;
+
+			} else {
+
+				this.warn( `texture class "${def.class}" not supported (texture "${name}")` );
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
@@ -444,6 +955,24 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 	}
 
+	_colorFromLikeNamedMaterial( texName ) {
+
+		for ( const candidate of materialNameCandidates( texName ) ) {
+
+			const mat = this.ir?.namedMaterials?.get( candidate );
+			const p = mat?.params?.reflectance;
+			if ( p && ( p.type === 'rgb' || p.type === 'color' ) ) {
+
+				return { name: candidate, rgb: [ p.value[ 0 ], p.value[ 1 ], p.value[ 2 ] ] };
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
 	async _resolveScaleTexture( name, def ) {
 
 		// pbrt-v4 uses "tex" (the inner texture or constant) and "scale" (the multiplier).
@@ -555,8 +1084,7 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 	_equirectFromInfiniteLight( tex, inf, scale, filename ) {
 
 		const image = tex.image;
-		const data = image?.data;
-		if ( ! data || ! image.width || image.width !== image.height ) {
+		if ( ! image?.width || image.width !== image.height ) {
 
 			if ( image?.width !== image?.height ) this.warn(
 				`infinite-light image "${filename}" is ${image?.width}x${image?.height}, not square — ` +
@@ -566,14 +1094,30 @@ export class PBRTSceneBuilder {
 
 		}
 
-		const channels = data.length / ( image.width * image.height );
-		if ( ! Number.isInteger( channels ) || channels < 3 ) return null;
+		let src = null;
 
-		// three's EXR/HDR loaders fill DataTexture rows bottom-up; pbrt reads the square top-down.
-		const { data: pixels, width, height } = octahedralToEquirect(
-			{ data, width: image.width, height: image.height, channels, bottomUp: true },
-			inf.ctm, scale
-		);
+		if ( image.data ) {
+
+			const channels = image.data.length / ( image.width * image.height );
+			if ( ! Number.isInteger( channels ) || channels < 3 ) return null;
+			// three's EXR/HDR loaders fill DataTexture rows bottom-up; pbrt reads the square top-down.
+			src = { data: image.data, width: image.width, height: image.height, channels, bottomUp: true };
+
+		} else {
+
+			// A PNG sky has no readable pixels of its own; without these the octahedral map
+			// used to fall through and be sampled as a lat-long panorama.
+			src = pixelsFromDrawable( image, tex.colorSpace === SRGBColorSpace );
+			if ( ! src ) {
+
+				this.warn( `infinite-light image "${filename}" could not be read back for octahedral conversion` );
+				return null;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		const { data: pixels, width, height } = octahedralToEquirect( src, inf.ctm, scale );
 
 		const out = new DataTexture( pixels, width, height, RGBAFormat, FloatType );
 		out.mapping = EquirectangularReflectionMapping;