ranger-compiler 2.1.70 → 3.0.3

package/{compiler/Lang.clj → dist/Lang.rgr}

@@ -2,6 +2,43 @@ language {
 
     name "Ranger"
 
+    ; ============================================================================
+    ; RANGER LANGUAGE DEFINITION FILE
+    ; ============================================================================
+    ;
+    ; This file defines the core language operators and their target-specific
+    ; implementations (templates) for each supported compilation target.
+    ;
+    ; TEMPLATE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
+    ; ------------------------
+    ; Each operator has a "templates" block with target-specific implementations.
+    ; Templates use special commands to generate code:
+    ;
+    ;   (e N)       - Emit expression at argument position N (1-based)
+    ;   (block N)   - Emit a code block at argument position N
+    ;   (typeof N)  - Emit the type name of argument N
+    ;   nl          - Newline
+    ;   I           - Increase indentation
+    ;   i           - Decrease indentation
+    ;   "string"    - Literal string output
+    ;   (imp "x")   - Add import statement for module/header "x"
+    ;   (polyfill "location" "code") - Add polyfill code at specified location
+    ;   (create_polyfill "code")     - Legacy: add polyfill to "utilities" location
+    ;
+    ; POLYFILL LOCATIONS
+    ; ------------------
+    ; The (polyfill "location" "code") command places helper code at these locations:
+    ;
+    ;   "imports"       - At the very top, with import statements
+    ;   "after_imports" - After imports, before class definitions
+    ;   "utilities"     - After class definitions (DEFAULT for create_polyfill)
+    ;   "file_end"      - At the very end of the file
+    ;
+    ; Use "after_imports" for global variables that classes depend on.
+    ; Polyfills are deduplicated - identical code won't be added twice.
+    ;
+    ; ============================================================================
+
     ; compilation targets might be defined here like this
     targets {
         ; short     common name     file extension
@@ -13,6 +50,7 @@ language {
         cpp         Cpp             cpp
         csharp      CSharp          cs
         swift3      Swift3          swift
+        swift6      Swift6          swift
         ts          TypeScript      ts
         flow        Flow            flow
         go          Golang          go
@@ -26,9 +64,120 @@ language {
     
     ; transformations for the reserved words for function names or other keywords
     reserved_words {
-        map FnMap
-        forEach forEachItem
-        self _self
+        * {
+            map FnMap
+            forEach forEachItem
+            self _self
+            func _func
+        }
+        cpp {
+            operator _operator
+            static _static
+            union _union
+            bool _bool
+            ref _ref
+            class _class
+            new _new
+            delete _delete
+            template _template
+            namespace _namespace
+            virtual _virtual
+            public _public
+            private _private
+            protected _protected
+        }
+        go {
+            type _type
+            range _range
+        }
+        kotlin {
+            object _object
+        }
+        rust {
+            type r#type
+            static r#static
+            ref r#ref
+            union r#union
+            bool r#bool
+            impl r#impl
+        }
+        swift3 {
+            operator _operator
+            static _static
+            init _init
+        }
+        swift6 {
+            operator _operator
+            static _static
+            init _init
+        }
+        python {
+            str _str
+            int _int
+            float _float
+            bool _bool
+            list _list
+            dict _dict
+            set _set
+            tuple _tuple
+            type _type
+            id _id
+            len _len
+            range _range
+            print _print
+            input _input
+            open _open
+            file _file
+            filter _filter
+            sum _sum
+            min _min
+            max _max
+            abs _abs
+            round _round
+            sorted _sorted
+            reversed _reversed
+            enumerate _enumerate
+            zip _zip
+            any _any
+            all _all
+            iter _iter
+            next _next
+            object _object
+            bytes _bytes
+            complex _complex
+            property _property
+            classmethod _classmethod
+            staticmethod _staticmethod
+            super _super
+            format _format
+            hash _hash
+            help _help
+            hex _hex
+            oct _oct
+            bin _bin
+            chr _chr
+            ord _ord
+            repr _repr
+            ascii _ascii
+            eval _eval
+            exec _exec
+            compile _compile
+            globals _globals
+            locals _locals
+            vars _vars
+            dir _dir
+            getattr _getattr
+            setattr _setattr
+            hasattr _hasattr
+            delattr _delattr
+            isinstance _isinstance
+            issubclass _issubclass
+            callable _callable
+            slice _slice
+            frozenset _frozenset
+            memoryview _memoryview
+            bytearray _bytearray
+        }
     }
 
     
@@ -341,7 +490,9 @@ func r_io_get_env( name string) *GoNullable {
                 csharp ('Environment.GetCommandLineArgs()[' (e 1) ' + 1]' (imp "System"))
                 go ( "os.Args[" (e 1) " + 1]"  (imp "os"))
                 swift3 ("CommandLine.arguments[" (e 1) " + 1]")
+                swift6 ("CommandLine.arguments[" (e 1) " + 1]")
                 es6 ( "process.argv[ 2 + " (e 1) "]")
+                rust ( "std::env::args().nth((" (e 1) " + 1) as usize).unwrap_or_default()")
                 ranger ("( shell_arg " (e 1) " )")
             }
         }
@@ -350,11 +501,13 @@ func r_io_get_env( name string) *GoNullable {
             templates {
                 cpp ( "__g_argc - 1")
                 swift3 ("CommandLine.arguments.count - 1")
+                swift6 ("CommandLine.arguments.count - 1")
                 csharp ('Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Length - 1' (imp "System"))                
                 php ( "(count($argv) - 1)" )
                 java7 ( "args.length")
                 go ( "int64( len( os.Args) - 1 )"  (imp "os"))
                 es6 ( "(process.argv.length - 2)" )
+                rust ( "(std::env::args().len() as i64 - 1)")
                 ranger ("( shell_arg_cnt )")
             }
         }        
@@ -368,6 +521,14 @@ func r_io_get_env( name string) *GoNullable {
             }
         }   
 
+        path_dirname cmdArg:string ( arg:string ) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( 'require("path").dirname(' (e 1) ')')
+                ranger ("( path_dirname " (e 1) " )")
+                * ( "\"./\"")
+            }
+        }   
+
         install_directory         cmdArg:string () {
             templates {
                 es6 ( "__dirname" )
@@ -456,6 +617,7 @@ func r_file_exists(pathName string, fileName string) bool {
 "
 )                    
                 )
+                rust ( "std::path::Path::new(&format!(\"{}/{}\", " (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")).exists()" )
            }
         }
 
@@ -508,6 +670,27 @@ func r_dir_exists(pathName string) bool {
            }
         }
 
+        ; Returns the file modification time as Unix timestamp (seconds since epoch)
+        file_mtime          cmdFileMTime:int (path:string filename:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( "r_file_mtime(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")"
+(create_polyfill
+"
+func r_file_mtime(pathName string, fileName string) int64 {
+    info, err := os.Stat(pathName + \"/\" + fileName)
+    if err != nil {
+        return 0
+    }
+    return info.ModTime().Unix()
+}
+"
+)                    
+                )
+                es6 ( "require('fs').statSync(" (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) ").mtimeMs" )
+                ranger ( "(file_mtime " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")" )
+           }
+        }
+
         create_dir          cmdCreateDir:void (path:string) {
             templates {
                 scala ( "/* create_dir not implemented */ ")
@@ -561,6 +744,22 @@ func r_write_file ( dirName:String, dataToWrite:String ) {
         try dataToWrite.write(to:path!, atomically: false, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)
     } catch {
 
+    }
+}
+    ")                  
+                
+                ) 
+                swift6 ("r_write_file(dirName: " (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) ", dataToWrite: " (e 3) ") " 
+                    (imp "Foundation")
+(create_polyfill "
+func r_write_file ( dirName:String, dataToWrite:String ) {
+    do {
+        let fileManager = FileManager.default
+        let url = URL(fileURLWithPath: fileManager.currentDirectoryPath)
+        let path = url.appendingPathComponent(dirName)
+        try dataToWrite.write(to:path, atomically: false, encoding: .utf8)
+    } catch {
+
     }
 }
     ")                  
@@ -621,6 +820,14 @@ func r_write_text_file(pathName string, fileName string, txtData string)  {
 "
 ) )  
 
+                rust ( "r_write_file(&" (e 1) ", &" (e 2) ", &" (e 3) ");" nl
+(create_polyfill "
+fn r_write_file(path: &str, filename: &str, data: &str) {
+    let full_path = format!(\"{}/{}\", path, filename);
+    let _ = std::fs::write(full_path, data);
+}
+"))
+
             }
         }
 
@@ -660,6 +867,22 @@ func r_read_file ( dirName:String ) -> String? {
         res = nil
     }
     return res
+}
+    ")                                  
+                )
+                swift6 ("r_read_file(dirName: " (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) ") " 
+                    (imp "Foundation")
+(create_polyfill "
+func r_read_file ( dirName:String ) -> String? {
+    let res: String?
+    do {
+        res = try String(contentsOfFile:dirName, encoding: .utf8)
+    } catch let error {
+        print(\"Error reading file: \\(dirName)\")
+        print(\"Error: \\(error.localizedDescription)\")
+        res = nil
+    }
+    return res
 }
     ")                                  
                 )
@@ -698,6 +921,13 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
    }
    return res 
 }
+"))
+                rust ( "r_read_file(&" (e 1) ", &" (e 2) ")"
+(create_polyfill "
+fn r_read_file(path: &str, filename: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let full_path = format!(\"{}/{}\", path, filename);
+    std::fs::read_to_string(full_path).ok()
+}
 "))
                 es6 ( "(require('fs').readFileSync( " (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) " , 'utf8'))" )
             }
@@ -707,7 +937,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates { 
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl )  
                 scala ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2)   nl )   
-                go ( (custom _ ) )              
+                go ( (custom _ ) )   
+                rust ( (custom _) )           
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }   
@@ -716,7 +947,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates { 
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl )  
                 scala ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl )   
-                go ( (custom _ ) )              
+                go ( (custom _ ) )      
+                rust ( (custom _) )        
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }   
@@ -731,7 +963,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 swift ( nl (e 1) " = Optional(" (e 2) ");" nl )   
                 java7 ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl )   
                 go ( nl (goset 1) ".value = " (e 2) ";" nl nl (goset 1) ".has_value = true; /* detected as non-optional */" nl )  
-                cpp ( nl ( e 1) "  = " (e 2) ";" nl )                 
+                cpp ( nl ( e 1) "  = " (e 2) ";" nl )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }           
@@ -744,7 +977,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                     "if " (goset 1) ".value != nil {" nl I (goset 1) ".has_value = true" nl i "}" nl
                     )  
                 cpp ( nl ( e 1) "  = " (e 2) ";" nl )   
-                java7 ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl )        
+                java7 ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }  
@@ -792,6 +1026,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 php ( (e 1 ) )
                 kotlin ( (e 1) "!!" )
                 swift3 ( (e 1) "!" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "!" )
                 go ( (e 1) ".value.(" (typeof 1) ")" )
                 cpp ( (e 1) )
 
@@ -816,10 +1051,11 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 scala ( (e 1) ".get" )
                 csharp ( (e 1) )
                 java7 ( (e 1) )
-                rust ( (e 1) ".unwrap()" )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 php ( (e 1 ) )
                 kotlin ( (e 1) "!!" )
                 swift3 ( (e 1) "!" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "!" )
                 go ( (e 1) ".value.(" (typeof 1) ")" )
                 cpp ( (e 1) )
 
@@ -885,6 +1121,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates {
                 java7 ( (custom _) )
                 scala( (custom _) )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 ranger ( nl "return " (e 1) nl ) 
                 go ( (custom _) )
                 * ( "return " (ifa 1 ";") (e 1) (eif _) ";" )
@@ -895,6 +1132,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl "return " (e 1) nl ) 
                 scala( (custom _ ) )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 go ( (custom _) )
                 * ( "return " (ifa 1 ";") (e 1) (eif _) ";" )
             }
@@ -914,7 +1152,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
         =               cmdAssign:void            ( left@(optional):T right:T )  { 
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl ) 
-                scala ( nl (e 1) " = Some(" (e 2) " ) " nl )                 
+                scala ( nl (e 1) " = Some(" (e 2) " ) " nl )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }      
@@ -923,7 +1162,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl ) 
                 swift3 (  nl (e 1) " = Optional(" (e 2) ")" )
-                
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 scala ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ".get /* scala optional assigment of values * / " nl )                 
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
@@ -932,7 +1171,8 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
         =               cmdAssign:void            ( left@(optional):T right@(optional):T )  { 
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl ) 
-                scala ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) " /* scala optional assigment of values * / " nl )                 
+                scala ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) " /* scala optional assigment of values * / " nl )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 * ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" nl ) 
             } 
         }      
@@ -972,6 +1212,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates { 
                     go ( "strings.Join([]string{ " (e 1) ",strconv.FormatInt(" (e 2) ", 10) }, \"\")" (imp "strings") (imp "strconv"))
                     swift3 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
+                    swift6 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
                     rust ( "[" (e 1) " , (" (e 2)".to_string()) ].join(\"\")" )
                     php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) ) 
                     cpp ( (e 1 ) " + std::to_string(" (e 2) ")")
@@ -984,6 +1225,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 go ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
                 go.v2 ( "strings.Join([]string{ " (e 1) "," (e 2) " }, \"\")" (imp "strings"))
                 php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) )
+                rust ( "[&*" (e 1) ", &*" (e 2) "].concat()" )
                 * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
             } 
         }
@@ -993,8 +1235,11 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                     go ( "strings.Join([]string{ " (e 1) ",strconv.FormatFloat(" (e 2) ",'f', 6, 64) }, \"\")" (imp "strings") (imp "strconv"))
                     rust ( "[" (e 1) " , (" (e 2)".to_string()) ].join(\"\")" )
                     swift3 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
+                    swift6 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
+                    kotlin ( (e 1) " + " (e 2)".toString()" )
                     cpp ( (e 1 ) " + std::to_string(" (e 2) ")")
                     php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) ) 
+                    python ( (e 1) " + str(" (e 2) ")" )
                     * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
                 } 
         }
@@ -1004,9 +1249,12 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 templates { 
                     go ( "strings.Join([]string{ " (e 1) ",strconv.FormatInt(" (e 2) ", 10) }, \"\")" (imp "strings") (imp "strconv"))
                     swift3 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
+                    swift6 ( (e 1) " + String(" (e 2)")" )
+                    kotlin ( (e 1) " + " (e 2)".toString()" )
                     rust ( "[" (e 1) " , (" (e 2)".to_string()) ].join(\"\")" )
                     cpp ( (e 1 ) " + std::to_string(" (e 2) ")")
                     php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) ) 
+                    python ( (e 1) " + str(" (e 2) ")" )
                     * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
                 } 
         }
@@ -1016,18 +1264,140 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 * ( (e 1) " % " (e 2) )
             }
         }
+
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; Bitwise operators for integer manipulation
+        ; ============================================================================
+
+        ; Bitwise AND
+        bit_and  _:int (left:int right:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " & " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) " & " (e 2) ")" )
+                rust ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+                cpp ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "(Int64(" (e 1) ") & Int64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "((" (e 1) ") & (" (e 2) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bitwise OR
+        bit_or  _:int (left:int right:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " | " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) " | " (e 2) ")" )
+                rust ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+                cpp ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "(Int64(" (e 1) ") | Int64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "((" (e 1) ") | (" (e 2) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bitwise XOR
+        bit_xor  _:int (left:int right:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " ^ " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) " ^ " (e 2) ")" )
+                rust ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+                cpp ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "(Int64(" (e 1) ") ^ Int64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "((" (e 1) ") ^ (" (e 2) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bitwise NOT (ones complement)
+        bit_not  _:int (value:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(^" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( "(!" (e 1) ")" )
+                cpp ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+                java7 ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+                python ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "(~Int64(" (e 1) "))" )
+                csharp ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+                * ( "(~" (e 1) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bit shift left
+        bit_shl  _:int (value:int count:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " << " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) " << uint(" (e 2) "))" )
+                rust ( "((" (e 1) ") << (" (e 2) "))" )
+                cpp ( "((" (e 1) ") << (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") << (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) ") << (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "(Int64(" (e 1) ") << Int64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "((" (e 1) ") << (int)(" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "((" (e 1) ") << (" (e 2) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bit shift right (arithmetic/signed)
+        bit_shr  _:int (value:int count:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " >> " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) " >> uint(" (e 2) "))" )
+                rust ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                cpp ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "(Int64(" (e 1) ") >> Int64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (int)(" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "((" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Bit shift right unsigned (logical)
+        bit_ushr  _:int (value:int count:int) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( "(" (e 1) " >>> " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(uint64(" (e 1) ") >> uint(" (e 2) "))" )
+                rust ( "(((" (e 1) ") as u64 >> (" (e 2) ")) as i64)" )
+                cpp ( "(int64_t)((uint64_t)(" (e 1) ") >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) ") >>> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "((" (e 1) " & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> (" (e 2) "))" )
+                swift6 ( "Int64(bitPattern: UInt64(bitPattern: Int64(" (e 1) ")) >> UInt64(" (e 2) "))" )
+                csharp ( "(int)((uint)(" (e 1) ") >> (int)(" (e 2) "))" )
+                * ( "(" (e 1) " >>> " (e 2) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; ============================================================================
                 
         +               cmdPlusOp:string             ( left:double right:string ) { 
             templates { 
+                    swift3 ( "String(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
+                    swift6 ( "String(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
+                    kotlin ( (e 1) ".toString() + " (e 2) )
                     * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
                     php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) ) 
-                    rust ( "[" (e 1) " , " (e 2) " ].join()" )
+                    rust ( "format!(\"{}{}\", " (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" )
                 } 
             }
 
         +               cmdPlusOp:string             ( left:int right:string    ) { 
-                    templates { * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
+                    templates { 
+                    go ( "strings.Join([]string{ strconv.FormatInt(" (e 1) ", 10)," (e 2) " }, \"\")" (imp "strings") (imp "strconv"))
+                    swift3 ( "String(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
+                    swift6 ( "String(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
+                    kotlin ( (e 1) ".toString() + " (e 2) )
+                    rust ( "format!(\"{}{}\", " (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" )
+                    cpp ( "std::to_string(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
                     php ( (e 1) " . " (e 2) ) 
+                    python ( "str(" (e 1) ") + " (e 2) )
+                    * ( (e 1) " + " (e 2) ) 
                     } }
 
 
@@ -1035,7 +1405,12 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
         *               cmdMulOp:int            ( left:int right:int ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " * " (e 2) ) } }
 
         /               cmdDivOp:double         ( left:double right:double ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " / " (e 2) ) } }
-        /               cmdDivOp:double         ( left:int right:int ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " / " (e 2) ) } }
+        /               cmdDivOp:double         ( left:int right:int ) { templates { 
+            go ( "float64(" (e 1) ") / float64(" (e 2) ")" )
+            rust ( "(" (e 1) " as f64) / (" (e 2) " as f64)" )
+            kotlin ( (e 1) ".toDouble() / " (e 2) ".toDouble()" )
+            * ( (e 1) " / " (e 2) ) 
+        } }
 
         ; optional string operator...
         ||              _:string         ( left:string right:string ) @doc('selects the first string if length > 0, else the second...') { 
@@ -1052,6 +1427,9 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 go ( '(func() ' (typeof 2) ' { if ' (e 1) ' { return ' (e 2) ' } else { return ' (e 3) '} }())' )  
                 cpp ( '(' (e 1) " ? " (e 2) " : " (e 3) ')' ) 
                 scala ( '( if (' (e 1) ")  " (e 2) " else " (e 3) ')' ) 
+                kotlin ( '(if (' (e 1) ') ' (e 2) ' else ' (e 3) ')' )
+                python ( '(' (e 2) " if " (e 1) " else " (e 3) ')' ) 
+                rust ( 'if ' (e 1) ' { ' (e 2) ' } else { ' (e 3) ' }' )
                 * ( (e 1) " ? " (e 2) " : " (e 3) ) 
             } 
         }
@@ -1067,6 +1445,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl (e 1) " = " (e 2) nl )  
                 go ( (custom _ ) )
+                rust ( (custom _) )
                 scala ( (e 1) " = " (e 2) )   ; <-- scala does not require ; here                
                 * ( (e 1) " = " (e 2) ";" )
             }
@@ -1112,14 +1491,14 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
         floor        _:int          (  value:double )  {
             templates {
                 ranger ( "(floor " (e 1) ")" ) 
-                swift3 ( "floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "Foundation"))               
-                cpp ( "floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "<cmath>"))
-                csharp ( "Math.Floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "System"))    
-                go ( "math.Floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "math"))                                
+                swift3 ( "Int(floor(" (e 1) "))" (imp "Foundation"))               
+                cpp ( "(int)floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "<cmath>"))
+                csharp ( "(int)Math.Floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "System"))    
+                go ( "int64(math.Floor(" (e 1) "))" (imp "math"))                                
                 php ( "floor(" (e 1) ")" )    
-                rust ( "" (e 1) ".floor()" )                
-                scala ( "math.floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "scala.math"))                
-                java7 ( "Math.floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "java.lang.Math"))
+                rust ( "" (e 1) ".floor() as i64" )                
+                scala ( "math.floor(" (e 1) ").toInt" (imp "scala.math"))                
+                java7 ( "(int)Math.floor(" (e 1) ")" (imp "java.lang.Math"))
                 * ( "Math.floor(" (e 1) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -1204,23 +1583,27 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
 
         if              cmdIf:void              ( condition:boolean then_block:block else@(keyword) else_block:block )  {
             templates {
+                rust @macro(true) ('if ' (e 1) ' { ' (block 2)' } else { '(block 4) ' }' )
                 * @macro(true) ('if (' (e 1) ' ) { ' (block 2)' } { '(block 4) ' }' )
             }
         }        
         if!              cmdIf:void              ( condition:boolean then_block:block else@(keyword) else_block:block )  {
             templates {
+                rust @macro(true) ('if false == ' (e 1) ' { ' (block 2)' } else { '(block 4) ' }' )
                 * @macro(true) ('if (false == (' (e 1) ' ) ) { ' (block 2)' } { '(block 4) ' }' )
             }
         }        
 
         if!              cmdIf:void              ( condition:boolean then_block:block else_block:block )  {
             templates {
+                rust @macro(true) ('if false == ' (e 1) ' { ' (block 2)' } else { '(block 3) ' }' )
                 * @macro(true) ('if (false == (' (e 1) ' ) ) { ' (block 2)' } { '(block 3) ' }' )
             }
         }        
 
         if!              cmdIf:void              ( condition:boolean then_block:block )  {
             templates {
+                rust @macro(true) ('if false == ' (e 1) ' { ' (block 2) ' } ' )
                 * @macro(true) ('if (false == (' (e 1) ' ) ) { ' (block 2) ' } ' )
             }
         }        
@@ -1231,6 +1614,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 ranger ( "if (" (e 1) " ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "}" (ifa 3) " {" I nl (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 rust ( "if  " (e 1) " {" I nl (block 2) i nl "}" (ifa 3) " else {" I nl (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 go ( "if  " (e 1) " {" I nl (block 2) i nl "}" (ifa 3) " else {" I nl (block 3) i "}" nl)
+                python ( "if " (e 1) ":" I nl (block 2) i nl "else:" I nl (block 3) i nl)
                 * ( "if ( " (e 1) " ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "}" (ifa 3) " else {" I nl (block 3) i "}" nl)
             }
         }        
@@ -1240,6 +1624,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 ranger ( "if (" (e 1) ") {" I nl (block 2) nl i "}" nl )
                 rust ( "if  " (e 1) " {" I nl (block 2) nl i "}" nl )
                 go ( "if  " (e 1) " {" I nl (block 2) nl i "}" nl )
+                python ( "if " (e 1) ":" I nl (block 2) nl i nl )
                 * ( "if ( " (e 1) " ) {" I nl (block 2) nl i "}" nl )
             }
         }
@@ -1261,6 +1646,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 ranger ( "if ( " (e 1) ") ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 scala ( "if ( " (e 1) ".isDefined ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 swift3 ( "if ( " (e 1) " != nil ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
+                swift6 ( "if ( " (e 1) " != nil ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 kotlin ( "if ( " (e 1) " != null ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 java7 ( "if ( " (e 1) ".isPresent()) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 csharp ( "if ( " (e 1) ".HasValue) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
@@ -1270,6 +1656,7 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 go ( "if ( " (e 1) ".has_value) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 cpp ( "if ( " (e 1) " != NULL ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 rust ( "if " (e 1) ".is_some() {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
+                python ( "if " (e 1) " is not None:" nl I (block 2) i nl )
                 * ( "if ( typeof(" ( e 1 ) ") != \"undefined\" ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
 
             }
@@ -1285,8 +1672,10 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                 kotlin ( "if ( " (e 1) " != null ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 rust ( "if " (e 1) ".is_some() {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 swift3 ( "if ( " (e 1) " != nil ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
+                swift6 ( "if ( " (e 1) " != nil ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 go ( "if ( " (e 1) ".has_value ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
                 cpp ( "if ( " (e 1) " != NULL ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
+                python ( "if " (e 1) " is not None:" I nl (block 2) i nl "else:" I nl (block 3) i nl)
                 * ( "if ( typeof(" ( e 1 ) ") != \"undefined\" ) {" I nl (block 2) i nl "} else {" nl I (block 3) i "}" nl)
             }
         }
@@ -1438,7 +1827,9 @@ func r_io_read_file( path string , fileName string ) *GoNullable {
                     "}" nl
                     i nl "} " nl
                     (imp "scala.util.control._")
-                )                 
+                )
+                python ( "while " (e 1) ":" nl I (block 2) i nl )
+                rust ( "while " (e 1) " {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" )
                 * ( "while (" (e 1) ") {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" )
             }
         }
@@ -1500,13 +1891,15 @@ std::vector<T> r_make_vector_from_array( const T (&data)[N] )
                 php ( "(!isset(" (e 1) "))")                                
                 cpp ((e 1) " == NULL")                                
                 swift3 ((e 1) " == nil")  
+                swift6 ((e 1) " == nil")  
                 java7 ( (e 1) " == null")  
                 scala ((e 1) ".isDefined == false ")  
                 csharp ((e 1) " == null ")  
-                rust ((e 1) ".is_null()")  
+                rust ((e 1) ".is_none()")  
                 go ( "!" (goset 1 ) ".has_value " )             
                 kotlin ((e 1) "== null")     
                 es6 (  "typeof(" ( e 1 ) ") === \"undefined\"")
+                python ((e 1) " is None")
                 * ((e 1) "== null")
             }
         }   
@@ -1532,12 +1925,14 @@ std::vector<T> r_make_vector_from_array( const T (&data)[N] )
                 php ( "(isset(" (e 1) "))")
                 scala ((e 1) ".isDefined")  
                 swift3 ((e 1) " != nil ")     
+                swift6 ((e 1) " != nil ")     
                 cpp ((e 1) " != NULL ")     
                 java7 ((e 1) " != null ")   
                 csharp ("" (e 1) " != null")
                 rust ((e 1) ".is_some()")     
                 kotlin ((e 1) " != null")     
                 go (  (goset 1 ) ".has_value" )
+                python ('(' (e 1) ' is not None)')
                 * ('(typeof(' ( e 1 ) ') !== "undefined" && ' (e 1) ' != null ) ')
             }
         }        
@@ -1602,10 +1997,12 @@ case class customException(smth:String)  extends Exception
                     i
                  nl I nl "case e: Exception => {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" i nl "}" nl )
                 java7 ( nl "try {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch( Exception e) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl (imp 'java.io.IOException') )
+                kotlin ( nl "try {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch( e : Exception ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 go ( (custom _) )
 ;                go ( "(func () { " nl I "defer func() {" nl I "if r:= recover(); r != nil {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl i "}()" nl (block 1) nl i "})()" nl )  ;"
                 ; with swift there is no do without try...
                 swift3 ( "do {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch { " nl I (block 2) i nl "}" )
+                swift6 ( "do {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch { " nl I (block 2) i nl "}" )
                 cpp ( nl "try {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch( ... ) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
                 * ( nl "try {" nl I (block 1) i nl "} catch(e) {" nl I (block 2) i nl "}" nl )
             }
@@ -1617,9 +2014,11 @@ case class customException(smth:String)  extends Exception
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl "for " (e 1) " " (e 2) ":" (typeof 2) " " (e 3)" {" nl I (block 4) nl i "}" )
                 swift3 ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) nl "for ( " (swift_rc 3) " , " (e 2) " ) in " (e 1) ".enumerated() {" nl I (block 4) nl i "}" )
+                swift6 ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) nl "for (" (e 3) ", " (e 2) ") in " (e 1) ".enumerated() {" nl I (block 4) nl i "}" )
                 kotlin ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for ( " (e 3) " in " (e 1) ".indices ) {" nl I "val " (e 2) " = " (e 1) "[" (e 3) "]" nl (block 4) nl i "}" )
 
-                rust ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for (" (e 3) ", " (e 2) " ) in " (e 1) ".enumerate() {" nl I (block 4) nl i "}" )     
+                ; Use index-based loop for Rust with cloned item - no reassignment needed as item is cloned
+                rust ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for " (e 3) " in 0.." (e 1) ".len() {" nl I "let mut " (e 2) " = " (e 1) "[" (e 3) " as usize].clone();" nl (block 4) nl i "}" )     
 
                 ; idea of go for macro implementation, not working yet...         
                 go_idea  @macro(true) (nl 
@@ -1643,6 +2042,7 @@ case class customException(smth:String)  extends Exception
                             I (typeof 2) " " (e 2) " = " (e 1) ".at(" (e 3) ");" nl (block 4) nl i "}" )          
                 cpp.old ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for ( std::vector< " (typeof 2) ">::size_type " (e 3) " = 0; " (e 3) " != " (e 1) ".size(); " (e 3) "++) {" nl 
                             I (typeof 2) " " (e 2) " = " (e 1) ".at(" (e 3) ");" nl (block 4) nl i "}" )          
+                python ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for " (e 3) ", " (e 2) " in enumerate(" (e 1) "):" nl I (block 4) nl i )
                 * ( (forkctx _ ) (def 2) (def 3) "for ( let " (e 3) " = 0; " (e 3) " < " (e 1) ".length; " (e 3) "++) {" nl I "var " (e 2) " = " (e 1) "[" (e 3) "];" nl (block 4) nl i "}" )
             }
         }
@@ -1670,6 +2070,7 @@ case class customException(smth:String)  extends Exception
             templates {
                 ranger ( "(trim " (e 1 ) ")")                
                 swift3 ( (e 1 ) ".trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet.whitespacesAndNewlines)" (imp "Foundation"))                
+                swift6 ( (e 1 ) ".trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet.whitespacesAndNewlines)" (imp "Foundation"))                
                 php ( "trim(" (e 1 ) ")")
                 cpp ( "r_cpp_trim( " (e 1) ")" (imp "<cctype>") (imp "<string>") (imp "<algorithm>")
 (create_polyfill "
@@ -1683,10 +2084,37 @@ inline std::string  r_cpp_trim(std::string &s)
                 scala ( (e 1) ".trim" )
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Trim()" (imp "System"))
                 go ("strings.TrimSpace(" (e 1) ")" (imp "strings"))
+                python ( (e 1) ".strip()" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".trim().to_string()" )
                 * ( (e 1) ".trim()" )
             }            
         }                 
 
+        ; trim_right - removes whitespace from the right side of string
+        trim_right       cmdTrimRight:string       ( value:string ) { 
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(trim_right " (e 1 ) ")")                
+                swift3 ( (e 1 ) ".trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces)" (imp "Foundation"))                
+                swift6 ( (e 1 ) ".trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces)" (imp "Foundation"))                
+                php ( "rtrim(" (e 1 ) ")")
+                cpp ( "r_trim_right( " (e 1) ")" (imp "<string>") (imp "<algorithm>")
+(create_polyfill "
+inline std::string r_trim_right(const std::string& s) {
+    auto end = std::find_if(s.rbegin(), s.rend(), [](unsigned char ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); }).base();
+    return std::string(s.begin(), end);
+}
+") )  
+                scala ( (e 1) ".replaceAll(\"\\\\s+$\", \"\")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".TrimEnd()" (imp "System"))
+                go ("strings.TrimRight(" (e 1) ", \" \\t\\n\\r\")" (imp "strings"))
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".trimEnd()" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".replaceAll(\"\\\\s+$\", \"\")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".rstrip()" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".trim_end().to_string()" )
+                * ( (e 1) ".trimEnd()" )
+            }            
+        }
+
 ;         wr.out (").to[collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer]" false
 ; kotlin could use also something like: .split(Regex("(?<=[!?])|(?=[!?])"))
 ; swift : .components(separatedBy:
@@ -1715,7 +2143,9 @@ inline std::string  r_cpp_trim(std::string &s)
                     
                     "__Split(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp 'System.Linq'))
                 swift3 ( (e 2) ".characters.count == 0 ? Array(" (e 1) ".characters).map { String($0) } : " (e 1) ".components( separatedBy : " (e 2) ")" (imp "Foundation"))
+                swift6 ( (e 2) ".count == 0 ? Array(" (e 1) ").map { String($0) } : " (e 1) ".components( separatedBy : " (e 2) ")" (imp "Foundation"))
                 java7( "new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(" (e 1) ".split(" (e 2) ")))" )
+                kotlin ( "if (" (e 2) ".length == 0) " (e 1) ".map { it.toString() }.toMutableList() else " (e 1) ".split(" (e 2) ").toMutableList()" )
                 php ( "strlen(" (e 2) ") == 0 ? str_split(" (e 1) ") : " "explode(" (e 2) ", " (e 1) ")")               
                 go ("strings.Split(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "strings"))
 
@@ -1745,6 +2175,8 @@ std::vector<std::string> r_str_split(std::string data, std::string token) {
 )   
                 )
 
+                python ( (e 1) ".split(" (e 2) ") if " (e 2) " else list(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".split(&*" (e 2) ").map(|s| s.to_string()).collect::<Vec<String>>()" )
                 * ( (e 1) ".split(" (e 2) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -1756,9 +2188,12 @@ std::vector<std::string> r_str_split(std::string data, std::string token) {
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".length()") 
                 scala ( (e 1) ".length()")  
                 swift3 ( (e 1) ".characters.count")  
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".count")  
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Length")
                 php ( "strlen(" (e 1) ")") 
-                go ( "int64(len(" (e 1) "))")               
+                go ( "int64(len([]rune(" (e 1) ")))")
+                python ( "len(" (e 1) ")")
+                rust ( (e 1) ".chars().count() as i64")
                 * ( (e 1) ".length")
             }
         }
@@ -1784,6 +2219,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> r_str_split(std::string data, std::string token) {
                 scala ( "new String(" (e 1) ".slice(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ").map(_.toChar) )")
                 java7 ( "new String(" (e 1) "," (e 2) ", " (e 3) " - " (e 2) " )")
                 swift3 ( "String(data: Data(bytes:" (e 1) "[" (e 2) " ..< " (e 3) "]), encoding: .utf8)!"  (imp "Foundation"))
+                swift6 ( "String(data: Data(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) " ..< " (e 3) "]), encoding: .utf8)!"  (imp "Foundation"))
                 kotlin ( "String(" (e 1) "," (e 2) ", " (e 3) " - " (e 2) " )")           
                 go ( "fmt.Sprintf(\"%s\", " (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "])"               
                  (imp "fmt")
@@ -1825,6 +2261,456 @@ std::vector<std::string> r_str_split(std::string data, std::string token) {
             }
         }
 
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; BINARY BUFFER OPERATIONS
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; These operators provide cross-platform binary buffer manipulation.
+        ; The 'buffer' type maps to: ArrayBuffer (JS), []byte (Go), Vec<u8> (Rust),
+        ; std::vector<uint8_t> (C++), byte[] (Java), bytearray (Python)
+        ; ============================================================================
+
+        ; Allocate a new buffer of specified size (zero-filled)
+        buffer_alloc    cmdBufferAlloc:buffer    ( size:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_alloc " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(){ var b = new ArrayBuffer(" (e 1) "); b._view = new DataView(b); return b; })()" )
+                go ( "make([]byte, " (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( "vec![0u8; " (e 1) " as usize]" )
+                cpp ( "std::vector<uint8_t>(" (e 1) ", 0)" (imp "<vector>") (imp "<cstdint>") )
+                java7 ( "new byte[(int)" (e 1) "]" )
+                python ( "bytearray(" (e 1) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "[UInt8](repeating: 0, count: Int(" (e 1) "))" )
+                csharp ( "new byte[" (e 1) "]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Get the length of a buffer in bytes
+        buffer_length   cmdBufferLength:int      ( buf:buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_length " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".byteLength" )
+                go ( "int64(len(" (e 1) "))" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".len() as i64" )
+                cpp ( "static_cast<int64_t>(" (e 1) ".size())" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".length" )
+                python ( "len(" (e 1) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "Int64(" (e 1) ".count)" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".Length" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Read a single byte at offset (returns 0-255)
+        buffer_get      cmdBufferGet:int         ( buf:buffer offset:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_get " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "._view.getUint8(" (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize] as i64" )
+                cpp ( "static_cast<int64_t>(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])" )
+                java7 ( "((" (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "] & 0xFF))" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                swift6 ( "Int64(" (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")])" )
+                csharp ( "((int)" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Write a single byte at offset (value should be 0-255)
+        buffer_set      cmdBufferSet:void        ( buf:buffer offset:int value:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_set " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "._view.setUint8(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = byte(" (e 3) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize] = " (e 3) " as u8" )
+                cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = static_cast<uint8_t>(" (e 3) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "] = (byte)" (e 3) )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")] = UInt8(" (e 3) ")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = (byte)" (e 3) )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Convert string to buffer (UTF-8 encoded)
+        buffer_from_string  cmdBufferFromString:buffer  ( str:string ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_from_string " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(s){ var b = new ArrayBuffer(s.length); var v = new Uint8Array(b); for(var i=0;i<s.length;i++)v[i]=s.charCodeAt(i); b._view = new DataView(b); return b; })(" (e 1) ")" )
+                go ( "[]byte(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".as_bytes().to_vec()" )
+                cpp ( "std::vector<uint8_t>(" (e 1) ".begin(), " (e 1) ".end())" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".getBytes(java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8)" )
+                python ( "bytearray(" (e 1) ", 'utf-8')" )
+                swift6 ( "Array(" (e 1) ".utf8)" )
+                csharp ( "System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(" (e 1) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Convert buffer to string (UTF-8 decoded)
+        buffer_to_string    cmdBufferToString:string    ( buf:buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_to_string " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(b){ var v = new Uint8Array(b); return String.fromCharCode.apply(null, v); })(" (e 1) ")" )
+                go ( "string(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( "String::from_utf8_lossy(&" (e 1) ").to_string()" )
+                cpp ( "std::string(" (e 1) ".begin(), " (e 1) ".end())" )
+                java7 ( "new String(" (e 1) ", java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8)" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".decode('utf-8')" )
+                swift6 ( "String(bytes: " (e 1) ", encoding: .utf8) ?? \"\"" )
+                csharp ( "System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(" (e 1) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Convert buffer to Base64 encoded string
+        buffer_to_base64    cmdBufferToBase64:string    ( buf:buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_to_base64 " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "Buffer.from(" (e 1) ").toString('base64')" )
+                go ( "base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(" (e 1) ")" (imp "encoding/base64") )
+                rust ( "base64::encode(&" (e 1) ")" )
+                cpp ( "r_buffer_to_base64(" (e 1) ")" (imp "<string>") (imp "<vector>")
+(create_polyfill "
+std::string r_buffer_to_base64(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
+    static const char* chars = \"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/\";
+    std::string result;
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (i < data.size()) {
+        uint32_t n = data[i++] << 16;
+        if (i < data.size()) n |= data[i++] << 8;
+        if (i < data.size()) n |= data[i++];
+        result += chars[(n >> 18) & 0x3F];
+        result += chars[(n >> 12) & 0x3F];
+        result += (i > data.size() + 1) ? '=' : chars[(n >> 6) & 0x3F];
+        result += (i > data.size()) ? '=' : chars[n & 0x3F];
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+")
+                )
+                java7 ( "java.util.Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(" (e 1) ")" )
+                python ( "base64.b64encode(" (e 1) ").decode('ascii')" (imp "base64") )
+                swift6 ( "Data(" (e 1) ").base64EncodedString()" (imp "Foundation") )
+                csharp ( "Convert.ToBase64String(" (e 1) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Write buffer to a binary file
+        buffer_write_file   cmdBufferWriteFile:void     ( path:string filename:string buf:buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_write_file " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")" )
+                es6 ( "require('fs').writeFileSync(" (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) ", Buffer.from(" (e 3) "))" )
+                go ( "os.WriteFile(" (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", 0644)" (imp "os") )
+                rust ( "std::fs::write(format!(\"{}/{}\", " (e 1) ", " (e 2) "), &" (e 3) ").unwrap()" )
+                cpp ( "r_buffer_write_file(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" (imp "<fstream>") (imp "<vector>")
+(create_polyfill "
+void r_buffer_write_file(const std::string& path, const std::string& filename, const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
+    std::ofstream file(path + \"/\" + filename, std::ios::binary);
+    file.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data.data()), data.size());
+}
+")
+                )
+                java7 ( "java.nio.file.Files.write(java.nio.file.Paths.get(" (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) "), " (e 3) ")" )
+                python ( "open(" (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) ", 'wb').write(" (e 3) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "try? Data(" (e 3) ").write(to: URL(fileURLWithPath: " (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) "))" (imp "Foundation") )
+                csharp ( "System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes(" (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Read a binary file into a buffer
+        buffer_read_file    cmdBufferReadFile:buffer    ( path:string filename:string ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_read_file " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(){ var b = require('fs').readFileSync(" (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) "); var ab = new ArrayBuffer(b.length); var v = new Uint8Array(ab); for(var i=0;i<b.length;i++)v[i]=b[i]; ab._view = new DataView(ab); return ab; })()" )
+                go ( "func() []byte { d, _ := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")); return d }()" (imp "os") (imp "path/filepath") )
+                rust ( "std::fs::read(format!(\"{}/{}\", " (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")).unwrap_or_default()" )
+                cpp ( "r_buffer_read_file(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "<fstream>") (imp "<vector>") (imp "<iterator>")
+(create_polyfill "
+std::vector<uint8_t> r_buffer_read_file(const std::string& path, const std::string& filename) {
+    std::ifstream file(path + \"/\" + filename, std::ios::binary);
+    return std::vector<uint8_t>(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
+}
+")
+                )
+                java7 ( "java.nio.file.Files.readAllBytes(java.nio.file.Paths.get(" (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) "))" )
+                python ( "bytearray(open(" (e 1) " + '/' + " (e 2) ", 'rb').read())" )
+                swift6 ( "(try? Data(contentsOf: URL(fileURLWithPath: " (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) "))).map { Array($0) } ?? []" (imp "Foundation") )
+                csharp ( "System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(" (e 1) " + \"/\" + " (e 2) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Copy bytes from source buffer to destination buffer
+        buffer_copy     cmdBufferCopy:void       ( dest:buffer destOffset:int src:buffer srcOffset:int length:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_copy " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) " " (e 5) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(d,dOff,s,sOff,len){ var dv = new Uint8Array(d); var sv = new Uint8Array(s); for(var i=0;i<len;i++) dv[dOff+i]=sv[sOff+i]; })(" (e 1) "," (e 2) "," (e 3) "," (e 4) "," (e 5) ")" )
+                go ( "copy(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":], " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "])" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize..(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) ") as usize].copy_from_slice(&" (e 3) "[" (e 4) " as usize..(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ") as usize])" )
+                cpp ( "std::copy(" (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", " (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 2) ")" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "System.arraycopy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "] = " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "]" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 2) ")..<Int(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "), with: " (e 3) "[Int(" (e 4) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ")])" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Copy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Fill buffer with a byte value
+        buffer_fill     cmdBufferFill:void       ( buf:buffer value:int start:int end:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_fill " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(b,v,s,e){ var arr = new Uint8Array(b); for(var i=s;i<e;i++) arr[i]=v; })(" (e 1) "," (e 2) "," (e 3) "," (e 4) ")" )
+                go ( "for i := " (e 3) "; i < " (e 4) "; i++ { " (e 1) "[i] = byte(" (e 2) ") }" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) " as usize.." (e 4) " as usize].fill(" (e 2) " as u8)" )
+                cpp ( "std::fill(" (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 3) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", static_cast<uint8_t>(" (e 2) "))" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "java.util.Arrays.fill(" (e 1) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", (byte)" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) ":" (e 4) "] = [" (e 2) "] * (" (e 4) " - " (e 3) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 3) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "), with: repeatElement(UInt8(" (e 2) "), count: Int(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) ")))" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Fill(" (e 1) ", (byte)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Create a slice/copy of a buffer range
+        buffer_slice    cmdBufferSlice:buffer    ( buf:buffer start:int end:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(buffer_slice " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")" )
+                es6 ( "(function(b,s,e){ var slice = b.slice(s,e); slice._view = new DataView(slice); return slice; })(" (e 1) "," (e 2) "," (e 3) ")" )
+                go ( "append([]byte{}, " (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "]...)" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize.." (e 3) " as usize].to_vec()" )
+                cpp ( "std::vector<uint8_t>(" (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 2) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 3) ")" )
+                java7 ( "java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(" (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 3) ")" )
+                python ( "bytearray(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "])" )
+                swift6 ( "Array(" (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")..<Int(" (e 3) ")])" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[((int)" (e 2) ")..((int)" (e 3) ")]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; INT_BUFFER TYPE - Fixed-size integer array for performance-critical code
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; Similar to buffer but for int64 values instead of bytes.
+        ; Use for lookup tables, IDCT coefficients, etc. where size is known at init.
+        ; Go: []int64, C++: std::vector<int64_t>, ES6: Int32Array, etc.
+        ; ============================================================================
+
+        ; Allocate a new int_buffer of specified size (zero-filled)
+        int_buffer_alloc    cmdIntBufferAlloc:int_buffer    ( size:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_alloc " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "new Int32Array(" (e 1) ")" )
+                go ( "make([]int64, " (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( "vec![0i64; " (e 1) " as usize]" )
+                cpp ( "std::vector<int64_t>(" (e 1) ", 0)" (imp "<vector>") (imp "<cstdint>") )
+                java7 ( "new long[(int)" (e 1) "]" )
+                python ( "[0] * " (e 1) )
+                swift6 ( "[Int64](repeating: 0, count: Int(" (e 1) "))" )
+                csharp ( "new long[" (e 1) "]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Get the length of an int_buffer
+        int_buffer_length   cmdIntBufferLength:int      ( buf:int_buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_length " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".length" )
+                go ( "int64(len(" (e 1) "))" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".len() as i64" )
+                cpp ( "static_cast<int64_t>(" (e 1) ".size())" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".length" )
+                python ( "len(" (e 1) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "Int64(" (e 1) ".count)" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".Length" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Read an int64 at index
+        int_buffer_get      cmdIntBufferGet:int         ( buf:int_buffer index:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_get " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize]" )
+                cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "]" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")]" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Write an int64 at index
+        int_buffer_set      cmdIntBufferSet:void        ( buf:int_buffer index:int value:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_set " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize] = " (e 3) )
+                cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                java7 ( (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")] = " (e 3) )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Fill int_buffer with a value in range [start, end)
+        int_buffer_fill     cmdIntBufferFill:void       ( buf:int_buffer value:int start:int end:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_fill " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".fill(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", " (e 4) ")" )
+                go ( "for i := " (e 3) "; i < " (e 4) "; i++ { " (e 1) "[i] = " (e 2) " }" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) " as usize.." (e 4) " as usize].fill(" (e 2) ")" )
+                cpp ( "std::fill(" (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 3) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "java.util.Arrays.fill(" (e 1) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) ":" (e 4) "] = [" (e 2) "] * (" (e 4) " - " (e 3) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 3) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "), with: repeatElement(" (e 2) ", count: Int(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) ")))" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Fill(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Copy ints from source to destination
+        int_buffer_copy     cmdIntBufferCopy:void       ( dest:int_buffer destOffset:int src:int_buffer srcOffset:int length:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(int_buffer_copy " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) " " (e 5) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".set(" (e 3) ".subarray(" (e 4) ", " (e 4) "+" (e 5) "), " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "copy(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":], " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "])" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize..(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) ") as usize].copy_from_slice(&" (e 3) "[" (e 4) " as usize..(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ") as usize])" )
+                cpp ( "std::copy(" (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", " (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 2) ")" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "System.arraycopy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "] = " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "]" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 2) ")..<Int(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "), with: " (e 3) "[Int(" (e 4) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ")])" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Copy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; TODO: int_buffer_from requires variadic argument support in Ranger operators
+        ; Create int_buffer from literal values - for cleaner initialization of lookup tables
+        ; Usage: def cosTable:int_buffer (int_buffer_from 1024 1004 946 851 724 569 392 200)
+        ; int_buffer_from    cmdIntBufferFrom:int_buffer    ( listOf:expression ) {
+        ;     templates {
+        ;         ranger ( "(int_buffer_from " (list 1) ")" )
+        ;         es6 ( "new Int32Array([" (comma 1) "])" )
+        ;         go ( "[]int64{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;         rust ( "vec![" (comma 1) "]" )
+        ;         cpp ( "std::vector<int64_t>{" (comma 1) "}" (imp "<vector>") (imp "<cstdint>") )
+        ;         java7 ( "new long[]{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;         python ( "[" (comma 1) "]" )
+        ;         swift6 ( "[" (comma 1) "] as [Int64]" )
+        ;         csharp ( "new long[]{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;     }
+        ; }
+
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; DOUBLE_BUFFER TYPE - Fixed-size float64 array for performance-critical code
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; Similar to int_buffer but for float64/double values.
+        ; Use for DSP, signal processing, matrix operations, etc.
+        ; Go: []float64, C++: std::vector<double>, ES6: Float64Array, etc.
+        ; ============================================================================
+
+        ; Allocate a new double_buffer of specified size (zero-filled)
+        double_buffer_alloc    cmdDoubleBufferAlloc:double_buffer    ( size:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_alloc " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( "new Float64Array(" (e 1) ")" )
+                go ( "make([]float64, " (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( "vec![0.0f64; " (e 1) " as usize]" )
+                cpp ( "std::vector<double>(" (e 1) ", 0.0)" (imp "<vector>") )
+                java7 ( "new double[(int)" (e 1) "]" )
+                python ( "[0.0] * " (e 1) )
+                swift6 ( "[Double](repeating: 0.0, count: Int(" (e 1) "))" )
+                csharp ( "new double[" (e 1) "]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Get the length of a double_buffer
+        double_buffer_length   cmdDoubleBufferLength:int      ( buf:double_buffer ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_length " (e 1) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".length" )
+                go ( "int64(len(" (e 1) "))" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".len() as i64" )
+                cpp ( "static_cast<int64_t>(" (e 1) ".size())" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".length" )
+                python ( "len(" (e 1) ")" )
+                swift6 ( "Int64(" (e 1) ".count)" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".Length" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Read a double at index
+        double_buffer_get      cmdDoubleBufferGet:double         ( buf:double_buffer index:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_get " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize]" )
+                cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "]" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")]" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Write a double at index
+        double_buffer_set      cmdDoubleBufferSet:void        ( buf:double_buffer index:int value:double ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_set " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[(" (e 2) ") as usize] = " (e 3) )
+                cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                java7 ( (e 1) "[(int)" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[Int(" (e 2) ")] = " (e 3) )
+                csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Fill double_buffer with a value in range [start, end)
+        double_buffer_fill     cmdDoubleBufferFill:void       ( buf:double_buffer value:double start:int end:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_fill " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".fill(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", " (e 4) ")" )
+                go ( "for i := " (e 3) "; i < " (e 4) "; i++ { " (e 1) "[i] = " (e 2) " }" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) " as usize.." (e 4) " as usize].fill(" (e 2) ")" )
+                cpp ( "std::fill(" (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 3) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "java.util.Arrays.fill(" (e 1) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 3) ":" (e 4) "] = [" (e 2) "] * (" (e 4) " - " (e 3) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 3) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "), with: repeatElement(" (e 2) ", count: Int(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) ")))" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Fill(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", (int)" (e 3) ", (int)(" (e 4) "-" (e 3) "))" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Copy doubles from source to destination
+        double_buffer_copy     cmdDoubleBufferCopy:void       ( dest:double_buffer destOffset:int src:double_buffer srcOffset:int length:int ) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(double_buffer_copy " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) " " (e 4) " " (e 5) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".set(" (e 3) ".subarray(" (e 4) ", " (e 4) "+" (e 5) "), " (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "copy(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":], " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "])" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize..(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) ") as usize].copy_from_slice(&" (e 3) "[" (e 4) " as usize..(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ") as usize])" )
+                cpp ( "std::copy(" (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) ", " (e 3) ".begin()+" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ", " (e 1) ".begin()+" (e 2) ")" (imp "<algorithm>") )
+                java7 ( "System.arraycopy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "] = " (e 3) "[" (e 4) ":" (e 4) "+" (e 5) "]" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replaceSubrange(Int(" (e 2) ")..<Int(" (e 2) "+" (e 5) "), with: " (e 3) "[Int(" (e 4) ")..<Int(" (e 4) "+" (e 5) ")])" )
+                csharp ( "Array.Copy(" (e 3) ", (int)" (e 4) ", " (e 1) ", (int)" (e 2) ", (int)" (e 5) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; TODO: double_buffer_from requires variadic argument support in Ranger operators
+        ; Create double_buffer from literal values - for cleaner initialization of lookup tables
+        ; Usage: def table:double_buffer (double_buffer_from 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0)
+        ; double_buffer_from    cmdDoubleBufferFrom:double_buffer    ( listOf:expression ) {
+        ;     templates {
+        ;         ranger ( "(double_buffer_from " (list 1) ")" )
+        ;         es6 ( "new Float64Array([" (comma 1) "])" )
+        ;         go ( "[]float64{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;         rust ( "vec![" (comma 1) "]" )
+        ;         cpp ( "std::vector<double>{" (comma 1) "}" (imp "<vector>") )
+        ;         java7 ( "new double[]{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;         python ( "[" (comma 1) "]" )
+        ;         swift6 ( "[" (comma 1) "] as [Double]" )
+        ;         csharp ( "new double[]{" (comma 1) "}" )
+        ;     }
+        ; }
+
         to_int      cmdToInt:int       ( value:double ) { 
             templates {
                 ranger ( "(to_int " (e 1) ")") 
@@ -1895,43 +2781,48 @@ std::vector<std::string> r_str_split(std::string data, std::string token) {
         at      _:string       ( text:string position:int ) { 
             templates {
                 ranger ( '(at ' (e 1) ' ' ( e 2 ) ')')
-                cpp ( 'r_utf8_substr(' (e 1) ', ' (e 2) ', 1)'
+                cpp ( 'r_utf8_char_at(' (e 1) ', ' (e 2) ')'
 (create_polyfill '
-std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
+std::string r_utf8_char_at(const std::string& str, int pos_i)
 {
-    unsigned int start ((unsigned int)start_i);
-    unsigned int leng ((unsigned int)leng_i);
-    if (leng==0) { return ""; }
-    unsigned int c, i, ix, q, min= (unsigned int) std::string::npos, max=(unsigned int)std::string::npos;
+    unsigned int pos ((unsigned int)pos_i);
+    unsigned int c, i, ix, q;
     for (q=0, i=0, ix=str.length(); i < ix; i++, q++)
     {
-        if (q==start){ min=i; }
-        if (q<=start+leng || leng==std::string::npos){ max=i; }
+        if (q==pos){
+            c = (unsigned char) str[i];
+            int char_len = 1;
+            if(c<=127) char_len = 1;
+            else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) char_len = 2;
+            else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) char_len = 3;
+            else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) char_len = 4;
+            else return "";
+            return str.substr(i, char_len);
+        }
         c = (unsigned char) str[i];
         if(c<=127) i+=0;
         else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) i+=1;
         else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) i+=2;
         else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) i+=3;
-        else return ""; //invalid utf8
+        else return "";
     }
-    if (q<=start+leng || leng==std::string::npos){ max=i; }
-    if (min==std::string::npos || max==std::string::npos) { return ""; }
-    return str.substr(min,max);
+    return "";
 }
-')                
-                
+')
                 )    
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Substring(" (e 2) ", 1)")
                 php ( "substr(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", 1)")               
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".substring(" (e 2) ", " (e 2) " + 1)")  
                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".substring(" (e 2) ", " (e 2) " + 1)")  
                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ")")    
-                go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) ": (" (e 2) " + 1)]")  
+                go ( "string([]rune(" (e 1) ")[" (e 2) "])")  
 
                 swift3 ( (imp 'Foundation') (e 1) "[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 2) ")..<" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 2) " + 1)]" )
+                swift6 ( "String(" (e 1) "[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 2) ")])" )
                 
                 ; swift3 ( 'Int( ( NSString(string: ' (e 1) ' ) ).character( at: ' (e 2) ' ) )')
                 ; swift3 ( (imp 'Foundation')  (e 1) '.substring(from: ' (e 1) '.index(' (e 1) '.startIndex, offsetBy: ' (e 2) ' + 1), to: ' (e 1) '.index(' (e 1) '.startIndex, offsetBy: ' (e 2) ' + 1))')    
+                rust ( (e 1) ".chars().nth(" (e 2) " as usize).map(|c| c.to_string()).unwrap_or_default()")
                 * ( (e 1) '[' (e 2) ']')
             }
         }                
@@ -1943,11 +2834,14 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]")
                 php ( "ord(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])")               
                 java7 ( "(int)" (e 1) ".charAt(" (e 2) ")")  
-                kotlin ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]")    
+                kotlin ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "].code")    
                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ")")    
-                go ( "int64(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])")  
+                go ( "int64([]rune(" (e 1) ")[" (e 2) "])")  
                 swift3 ( "Int( ( NSString(string: " (e 1) " ) ).character( at: " (e 2) " ) )")
-                swift3 ( "Int( String( " (e 1) ".characters[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy: " (e 2) ")]))!")    
+                swift3 ( "Int( String( " (e 1) ".characters[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy: " (e 2) ")]))!")
+                swift6 ( "Int(" (e 1) "[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy: " (e 2) ")].asciiValue ?? 0)")
+                python ( "ord(" (e 1) "[" (e 2) "])")
+                rust ( (e 1) ".chars().nth(" (e 2) " as usize).unwrap_or('\\0') as i64")
                 * ( (e 1) ".charCodeAt(" (e 2) " )")
             }
         }        
@@ -1958,11 +2852,14 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
             templates {
                 ranger ("(keys " (e 1) ")")
                 java7 ( "new ArrayList<>(" (e 1) ".keySet())")
+                kotlin ( "ArrayList(" (e 1) ".keys)")
                 swift3 ("Array(" (e 1) ".keys)")
+                swift6 ("Array(" (e 1) ".keys)")
                 scala ( (e 1) ".keys.to[collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer]")
                 php ("array_keys(" (e 1) ")")
                 es6 ( "Object.keys(" (e 1) ")")
                 csharp ( "new List<String>(" (e 1) ".Keys)")
+                python ( "list(" (e 1) ".keys())" )
                 cpp (
                     "r_get_keys_of_map<" (r_atype 1) ">(" (e 1) ")"
 (create_polyfill
@@ -2028,15 +2925,18 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
     }
     if (q<=start+leng || leng==std::string::npos){ max=i; }
     if (min==std::string::npos || max==std::string::npos) { return ""; }
-    return str.substr(min,max);
+    return str.substr(min, max - min);
 }
 ')                
                 
                 )    
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Substring(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) " - " (e 2) " )")
                 php ( "substr(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) " - " (e 2) ")")    
-                go (  (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "]")               
+                go ( "string([]rune(" (e 1) ")[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "])")               
                 swift3 ( (e 1) "[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 2) ")..<" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 3) ")]" )
+                swift6 ( "String(" (e 1) "[" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 2) ")..<" (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy:" (e 3) ")])" )
+                python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":" (e 3) "]" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".chars().skip(" (e 2) " as usize).take((" (e 3) " - " (e 2) ") as usize).collect::<String>()")
                 * ( (e 1) ".substring(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) " )")
             }
         }
@@ -2069,8 +2969,9 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 swift3 ( "(String( Character( UnicodeScalar(" (e 1) " ) )))") 
                 php ( "chr(" (e 1) ")") 
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toChar)")      
-                go ("string([] byte{byte(" (e 1) ")})")      
+                go ("string([]rune{rune(" (e 1) ")})")      
                 cpp ( "std::string(1, char(" (e 1) "))") 
+                rust ( "(char::from_u32(" (e 1) " as u32).unwrap_or('\\0').to_string())" )
                 * ( "String.fromCharCode(" (e 1) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -2078,14 +2979,27 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
 
         strfromcode   cmdStrFromCode:string       ( code:int ) { 
             templates {
-                ranger ( "(strfromcode " (e 1) ")"))
+                ranger ( "(strfromcode " (e 1) ")")
                 csharp ( "((char)" (e 1) ").toString()") 
                 java7 ( "(new String( Character.toChars(" (e 1) ")))") 
                 swift3 ( "(String( Character( UnicodeScalar(" (e 1) " )! )))") 
                 php ( "chr(" (e 1) ")") 
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toChar)")      
-                go ("string([] byte{byte(" (e 1) ")})")        
+                go ("string([]rune{rune(" (e 1) ")})")        
                 cpp ( "std::string(1, char(" (e 1) "))") 
+                rust ( "(char::from_u32(" (e 1) " as u32).unwrap_or('\\0').to_string())" )
+                * ( "String.fromCharCode(" (e 1) ")")
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Raw byte to string - for binary protocols like PDF WinAnsiEncoding
+        ; Unlike strfromcode, this produces a single raw byte, not UTF-8 encoded
+        rawbytechar   cmdRawByteChar:string       ( code:int ) { 
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(rawbytechar " (e 1) ")")
+                go ("string([]byte{byte(" (e 1) ")})")
+                cpp ( "std::string(1, char(" (e 1) "))") 
+                rust ( "String::from_utf8_lossy(&[" (e 1) " as u8]).to_string()" )
                 * ( "String.fromCharCode(" (e 1) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -2099,7 +3013,10 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toString)")
                 go ("strconv.FormatInt(" (e 1) ", 10)" (imp "strconv"))
                 swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")              
+                swift6 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".ToString()" )
+                python ( "str(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".to_string()" )
                 * ( "(" (e 1) ".toString())")
             }
         }          
@@ -2112,7 +3029,10 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 php ( "strval(" (e 1) ")") 
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toString)")
                 go ("strconv.Itoa(" (e 1) ")" (imp "strconv"))
-                swfit3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")              
+                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                swift6 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                python ( "str(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".to_string()" )
                 * ( "(" (e 1) ").toString()")
             }
         }        
@@ -2126,7 +3046,10 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 php ( "strval(" (e 1) ")") 
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toString)")
                 go ("strconv.FormatFloat(" (e 1) ",'f', 6, 64)" (imp "strconv"))
-                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")              
+                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                swift6 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                python ( "str(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".to_string()" )
                 * ( "(" (e 1) ".toString())")
             }
         }
@@ -2139,7 +3062,26 @@ std::string r_utf8_substr(const std::string& str, int start_i, int leng_i)
                 php ( "strval(" (e 1) ")") 
                 scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toString)")
                 go ("strconv.FormatFloat(" (e 1) ",'f', 6, 64)" (imp "strconv"))
-                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")              
+                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                swift6 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                python ( "str(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".to_string()" )
+                * ( "(" (e 1) ".toString())")
+            }
+        }
+
+        to_string  _:string       ( value:boolean ) { 
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(to_string " (e 1) ")")
+                cpp ( "(" (e 1) " ? \"true\" : \"false\")" )
+                java7 ( "String.valueOf(" (e 1) " )") 
+                php ( "(" (e 1) " ? \"true\" : \"false\")") 
+                scala ( "(" (e 1) ".toString)")
+                go ( "strconv.FormatBool(" (e 1) ")" (imp "strconv"))
+                rust ( "(" (e 1) ".to_string())" )
+                swift3 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                swift6 ("String(" (e 1) ")")
+                python ( "str(" (e 1) ")" )
                 * ( "(" (e 1) ".toString())")
             }
         }
@@ -2223,9 +3165,11 @@ func r_str_2_i64(s string) *GoNullable {
                 )
                 php ( "is_numeric(" (e 1) ") ? intval(" (e 1) ") : NULL ")
                 scala ( "Try(" (e 1) ".toInt).toOption" (imp "scala.util.Try"))
-                kotlin (  (e 1) ".toInt()")
-                swift3 ("Int(" (e 1) ")")           
-                csharp( "Int32.Parse(" (e 1) ")" )   
+                kotlin (  (e 1) ".toIntOrNull()")
+                swift3 ("Int(" (e 1) ")")
+                swift6 ("Int(" (e 1) ")")
+                csharp( "Int32.Parse(" (e 1) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".parse::<i64>().ok()" )
                 * ( "isNaN( parseInt(" (e 1) ") ) ? undefined : parseInt(" (e 1) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -2301,8 +3245,9 @@ Double _getDoubleOrNull ( String str ) {
                 )
                 php ( "floatval(" (e 1) ")")
                 scala ( "Try(" (e 1) ".toDouble).toOption" (imp "scala.util.Try"))
-                kotlin (  (e 1) ".toDouble()")
-                swift3 ("Double(" (e 1) ")")              
+                kotlin (  (e 1) ".toDoubleOrNull()")
+                swift3 ("Double(" (e 1) ")")
+                rust ( (e 1) ".parse::<f64>().ok()" )
                 * ( "isNaN( parseFloat(" (e 1) ") ) ? undefined : parseFloat(" (e 1) ")")
             }
         }
@@ -2355,6 +3300,8 @@ std::string join(const T& v, const std::string& delim) {
                 scala ( (e 1) ".mkString(" (e 2) ")" )
                 php ( "implode(" (e 2) ", " (e 1) ")")
                 swift3 ( (e 1) ".joined(separator:" (e 2) ")")
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".joined(separator:" (e 2) ")")
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".joinToString(separator = " (e 2) ")" )
                 * ( (e 1) ".join(" (e 2) ")" )
             }            
         }                 
@@ -2370,6 +3317,7 @@ std::string join(const T& v, const std::string& delim) {
                 php ( "array_key_exists(" (e 2) " , " (e 1) " )" )
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".containsKey(" (e 2) ")" )
                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".containsKey(" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 2) " in " (e 1) )
                 go ( 
 
 (macro (nl "func r_has_key_" (r_ktype 1)  "_" (r_atype_fname 1) "( a "  (typeof 1) ", key " (r_ktype 1) " ) bool { " nl I 
@@ -2381,6 +3329,7 @@ std::string join(const T& v, const std::string& delim) {
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".ContainsKey(" (e 2) ")" )
                 scala ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
                 swift3 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] != nil" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] != nil" )
                 * ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] != null" )
             }            
         }  
@@ -2460,7 +3409,8 @@ r_optional_primitive<int> cpp_get_map_int_value( std::map<" (r_ktype 1) ", int>
     "return res" nl
 i "}" nl ))                   
                     "r_get_" (r_ktype 1)  "_" (r_atype_fname 1) "(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")"
-                )                
+                )
+                es6 ( "( " (e 1) ".hasOwnProperty(" (e 2) ") ? " (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] : undefined )" )
                 * ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )
             }            
         }                 
@@ -2469,7 +3419,7 @@ i "}" nl ))
             templates {
                 ranger ( "set " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) )                
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".set(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ");" )
-                rust ( (e 1) ".insert(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ");" )
+                rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize] = " (e 3) ";" )
                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ") =  " (e 3)  )
                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".set(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
                 php ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
@@ -2510,7 +3460,8 @@ i "}" nl ))
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".at(" (e 2) ")" (imp "<vector>"))   
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".get(" (e 2) ")" )                                 
                  ; lift return optional type => safer                             
-                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ")" )  
+                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ")" )
+                 rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize].clone()" )
                  * ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "]" )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2521,6 +3472,10 @@ i "}" nl ))
                 go ( "int64(strings.Index(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) "))" (imp "strings"))
                 es6 ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2 ) ")" )
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2 ) ")" )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".find(" (e 2) ")" )
+                swift3 ( (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ")?.lowerBound.encodedOffset ?? -1" )
+                swift6 ( "(" (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ").map { " (e 1) ".distance(from: " (e 1) ".startIndex, to: $0.lowerBound) } ?? -1)" )
                 cpp (
                     "r_string_index_of(" (e 1) " , " (e 2) ")"
 (create_polyfill
@@ -2535,9 +3490,157 @@ int r_string_index_of( std::string str, std::string key )  {
 " )                   
                     
                 )
+                rust ( "(" (e 1) ".find(&*" (e 2) ").map(|i| i as i64).unwrap_or(-1))" )
             }        
         }
 
+        indexOfFrom cmdStringIndexFrom:int (str:string key:string startPos:int) {
+            templates {
+                php( "(($p = strpos(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")) !== false ? $p : -1)")
+                go ( "func() int64 { idx := strings.Index(" (e 1) "[" (e 3) ":], " (e 2) "); if idx == -1 { return -1 }; return int64(idx) + " (e 3) " }()" (imp "strings"))
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2 ) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2 ) ", (int)" (e 3) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".find(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                swift3 ( "(" (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ", range: " (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy: " (e 3) ")..<" (e 1) ".endIndex).map { " (e 1) ".distance(from: " (e 1) ".startIndex, to: $0.lowerBound) } ?? -1)" )
+                swift6 ( "(" (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ", range: " (e 1) ".index(" (e 1) ".startIndex, offsetBy: " (e 3) ")..<" (e 1) ".endIndex).map { " (e 1) ".distance(from: " (e 1) ".startIndex, to: $0.lowerBound) } ?? -1)" )
+                cpp (
+                    "r_string_index_of_from(" (e 1) " , " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")"
+(create_polyfill
+"
+int r_string_index_of_from( std::string str, std::string key, int start )  { 
+    if (start < 0 || start >= str.length()) return -1;
+    auto n = str.find( key, start );
+    if (n == std::string::npos) {
+        return -1;
+    }   
+    return n;
+}
+" )                   
+                )
+                rust ( "(" (e 1) "[" (e 3) " as usize..].find(&*" (e 2) ").map(|i| (i + " (e 3) " as usize) as i64).unwrap_or(-1))" )
+                ranger ( "(indexOfFrom " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")")
+            }        
+        }
+
+        lastIndexOf cmdStringLastIndex:int (str:string key:string) {
+            templates {
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".lastIndexOf(" (e 2 ) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".lastIndexOf(" (e 2 ) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".rfind(" (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "int64(strings.LastIndex(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) "))" (imp "strings"))
+                swift3 ( "(" (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ", options: .backwards).map { " (e 1) ".distance(from: " (e 1) ".startIndex, to: $0.lowerBound) } ?? -1)" )
+                swift6 ( "(" (e 1) ".range(of:" (e 2) ", options: .backwards).map { " (e 1) ".distance(from: " (e 1) ".startIndex, to: $0.lowerBound) } ?? -1)" )
+                php( "strrpos(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ") !== false ? strrpos(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ") : -1")
+                cpp (
+                    "r_string_last_index_of(" (e 1) " , " (e 2) ")"
+(create_polyfill
+"
+int r_string_last_index_of( std::string str, std::string key )  { 
+    auto n = str.rfind( key );
+    if (n == std::string::npos) {
+        return -1;
+    }   
+    return n;
+}
+" )                   
+                )
+                rust ( "(" (e 1) ".rfind(&*" (e 2) ").map(|i| i as i64).unwrap_or(-1))" )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".lastIndexOf(" (e 2) ")" )
+                ranger ( "(lastIndexOf " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
+            }        
+        }
+
+        startsWith _:boolean (str:string prefix:string) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(startsWith " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".startsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".startsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "strings.HasPrefix(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "strings"))
+                php ( "substr(" (e 1) ", 0, strlen(" (e 2) ")) === " (e 2) )
+                swift3 ( (e 1) ".hasPrefix(" (e 2) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".hasPrefix(" (e 2) ")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".StartsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                scala ( (e 1) ".startsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                cpp ( (e 1) ".rfind(" (e 2) ", 0) == 0" )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".startsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".startswith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".starts_with(" (e 2) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        endsWith _:boolean (str:string suffix:string) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(endsWith " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".endsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".endsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "strings.HasSuffix(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "strings"))
+                php ( "substr(" (e 1) ", -strlen(" (e 2) ")) === " (e 2) )
+                swift3 ( (e 1) ".hasSuffix(" (e 2) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".hasSuffix(" (e 2) ")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".EndsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                scala ( (e 1) ".endsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".ends_with(" (e 2) ")" )
+                cpp ( "r_string_ends_with(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")"
+(create_polyfill
+"
+bool r_string_ends_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& suffix) {
+    if (suffix.size() > str.size()) return false;
+    return str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0;
+}
+" )
+                )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".endsWith(" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".endswith(" (e 2) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        contains _:boolean (str:string sub:string) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(contains " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".includes(" (e 2) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                go ( "strings.Contains(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ")" (imp "strings"))
+                php ( "strpos(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ") !== false" )
+                swift3 ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".Contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                scala ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                cpp ( (e 1) ".find(" (e 2) ") != std::string::npos" )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+                python ( (e 2) " in " (e 1) )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".contains(" (e 2) ")" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        replace _:string (str:string oldStr:string newStr:string) {
+            templates {
+                ranger ( "(replace " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) ")")
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                java7 ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                go ( "strings.Replace(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", 1)" (imp "strings"))
+                php ( "str_replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", " (e 1) ")" )
+                swift3 ( (e 1) ".replacingOccurrences(of: " (e 2) ", with: " (e 3) ")" )
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".replacingOccurrences(of: " (e 2) ", with: " (e 3) ")" )
+                csharp ( (e 1) ".Replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                scala ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                rust ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                cpp ( "r_string_replace(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")"
+(create_polyfill
+"
+std::string r_string_replace(std::string str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
+    size_t pos = str.find(from);
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        str.replace(pos, from.length(), to);
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+" )
+                )
+                kotlin ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".replace(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ", 1)" )
+            }
+        }
+
         ; array function derived from scala
 
         indexOf    cmdIndexOf:int      ( array:[T] element:T ) { 
@@ -2579,6 +3682,18 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
     i
 "}" nl ) )                
                  )
+                 swift6( "r_index_of(arr:" (e 1) ", elem:" (e 2)")"
+(macro ("
+func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
+    "if let idx = arr.firstIndex(of: elem) { " nl
+    "    return idx " nl
+    "} else { " nl
+    I "    return -1 " nl i
+    "}  " nl
+    i
+"}" nl ) )                
+                 )
+                 python ( (e 1) ".index(" (e 2) ") if " (e 2) " in " (e 1) " else -1" )
                  * ( (e 1) ".indexOf(" (e 2) ")" )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2588,11 +3703,13 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 ranger ( "(remove_index " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".erase( "(e 1)".begin() + " (e 2) " );")
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".remove(at:" (e 2)")")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".remove(at:" (e 2)")")
                  php ( "array_splice(" (e 1) ", " (e 2 )", 1);")
                  kotlin ( (e 1) ".removeAt(" (e 2) ")" ) 
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".remove(" (e 2) ")" )
                  scala ( (e 1) ".remove(" (e 2) ")" )
                  go ( (e 1) " = append(" (e 1) "[:" (e 2) "], " (e 1) "[" (e 2) "+1:]...)" )
+                 python ( (e 1) ".pop(" (e 2) ")" )
                  * ( (e 1) ".splice(" (e 2) ", 1).pop();" )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2603,9 +3720,12 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                  ranger ( nl "insert " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) nl)
                  es6 ( (e 1) ".splice(" (e 2) ", 0, " (e 3) ");" )  
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".insert(" (e 1) ".begin() + " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ");")          
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".insert(" (e 3) ", at:" (e 2) ")")
+                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".add(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
                  go( (e 1 ) " = append(" (e 1) "[:" (e 2) "], append(" (typeof 1) "{" (e 3) "}, " (e 1) "[" (e 2) ":]...)...)")   
-                 php ( "array_splice(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", 0, " (e 3) ");")   
-
+                 php ( "array_splice(" (e 1) ", " (e 2) ", 0, " (e 3) ");")
+                 python ( (e 1) ".insert(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" )
+                 rust ( (e 1) ".insert(" (e 2) " as usize, " (e 3) ");")
             }
         }      
         
@@ -2613,21 +3733,55 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
             templates {
                  ranger ( nl "remove " (e 1) " " (e 2) nl)
                  es6 ( (e 1) ".splice(" (e 2) ", 1);" )                                              
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".remove(at:" (e 2) ")" )
+                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".removeAt(" (e 2) ")" )
             }
-        }         
+        }
+
+        ; Set value at specific index in array
+        set_at    cmdSetAt:void  ( array@(mutates):[T] index:int value:T ) { 
+            templates {
+                 ranger ( nl "set_at " (e 1) " " (e 2) " " (e 3) nl)
+                 es6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
+                 go ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                 cpp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
+                 swift3 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                 php ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
+                 python ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                 java7 ( (e 1) ".set(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ");" )
+                 kotlin ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) )
+                 csharp ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
+                 scala ( (e 1) "(" (e 2) ") = " (e 3) )
+                 rust ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) " as usize] = " (e 3) ";" )
+                 * ( (e 1) "[" (e 2) "] = " (e 3) ";" )
+            }
+        }
 
         push    cmdPush@(moves@( 2 1 ) ):void  ( array@(mutates):[T] item:T ) { 
             templates {
                 ranger ( nl "push " (e 1) " " (e 2) "" nl)
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".push_back( "(e 2)"  );")
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".append(" (e 2)")")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".append(" (e 2)")")
                  php ( "array_push(" (e 1) ", " (e 2 )");")
+                 python ( (e 1) ".append(" (e 2) ")")
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".add(" (e 2) ");" )
                  go ( (custom _) )
                  go ( (e 1) " = append("  (e 1) ","  (e 2) ");" )
                  kotlin ( (e 1) ".add(" (e 2) ");" )
                  csharp ( (e 1) ".Add(" (e 2) ");" ) 
                  scala ( (e 1) ".append(" (e 2) ")" )
+                 rust ( (custom _) )
+                 rust ( (e 1) ".push(" (e 2) ");" )
+                 * ( (e 1) ".push(" (e 2) ");" )                                              
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; push for string arrays in Rust - converts &str to String
+        pushString    cmdPushString@(moves@( 2 1 ) ):void  ( array@(mutates):[string] item:string ) { 
+            templates {
+                rust ( (e 1) ".push(" (e 2) ".to_string());" )
                  * ( (e 1) ".push(" (e 2) ");" )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2638,8 +3792,11 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 ranger ( "removeLast " (e 1) "")
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".pop_back();")
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".removeLast();")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".removeLast()")
                  php ( "array_pop(" (e 1) " );")
+                 python ( (e 1) ".pop()")
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".remove(" (e 1) ".size() - 1);" )
+                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".removeAt(" (e 1) ".size - 1)" )
                  csharp ( "Array.Resize(ref "(e 1) ", " (e 1 )".Length - 1);" ) 
                  scala ( (e 1) ".remove(" (e 1) ".length - 1)" )
                  go ( (custom _) )
@@ -2653,7 +3810,9 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 ranger ( "(length " (e 1) ")")
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".size()" )                                                              
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".count")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".count")
                  php ( "count(" (e 1) ")")
+                 python ( "len(" (e 1) ")")
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".size()" )                                                              
                  scala ( (e 1) ".length" )
                  kotlin ( (e 1) ".size" )                                                              
@@ -2668,7 +3827,9 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".length()") 
                 scala ( (e 1) ".length()")  
                 swift3 ( (e 1) ".characters.count")  
+                swift6 ( (e 1) ".count")
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Length")
+                python ( "len(" (e 1) ")")
                 rust ( (e 1 ) ".len()" )
                 go( "int64(len([]rune(" (e 1) ")))")
                 php ( "strlen(" (e 1) ")")               
@@ -2680,10 +3841,13 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                  ranger ( "(clear " (e 1) ")")
                  cpp ( (e 1) ".clear();" )                                                              
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".removeAll()")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".removeAll()")
                  php ( nl (e 1) " = array();" nl)
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".clear();" )                                                              
+                 kotlin ( (e 1) ".clear()" )
                  scala ( (e 1) ".clear()" )
-                 go ( (e 1) " = nil" )                                                     
+                 go ( (e 1) " = " (e 1) "[:0]" )
+                 rust ( custom )
                  * ( (e 1) ".length = 0;" nl )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2755,13 +3919,15 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 ranger ( "(array_length " (e 1) ")")
                  cpp ( '(int)(' (e 1) ".size())" )                                                              
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".count")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".count")
                  php ( "count(" (e 1) ")")
                  java7 ( (e 1) ".size()" )                                                              
                  scala ( (e 1) ".length" )
-                 rust ( (e 1 ) ".len()" )
+                 rust ( "(" (e 1 ) ".len() as i64)" )
                  go ( "int64(len(" (e 1 ) "))" )
                  kotlin ( (e 1) ".size" )       
-                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Count")                                                       
+                 csharp ( (e 1) ".Count")
+                 python ( "len(" (e 1) ")" )                                                       
                  * ( (e 1) ".length" )                                              
             }
         }
@@ -2772,6 +3938,7 @@ func r_index_of ( arr:" (typeof 1)  " , elem: " (typeof 2) ") -> Int { " nl I
                 ranger ( "(array_extract " (e 1) " " (e 2) ")")
                  ; TODO: C++ version does not seem to have a clear functino to extrace element from std::vector
                  swift3 ( (e 1) ".remove(at:" (e 2)")")
+                 swift6 ( (e 1) ".remove(at:" (e 2)")")
                  php ( "array_splice(" (e 1) ", " (e 2 )", 1)[0]")
                  go ( "r_m_arr_" (rawtype 1) "_extract(" (e 1) ", " (e 2 )")"
 
@@ -2819,16 +3986,843 @@ public <T> T _arr_extract( ArrayList<T> list, Integer i )  {
                  go ( nl "fmt.Println( " (e 1) " )" nl (imp "fmt")             ) 
                  rust ( nl "println!( \"{}\", " (e 1) " );" nl )                              
                  java7 ( nl "System.out.println(String.valueOf( " (e 1) " ) );" nl (imp "java.io.*"))                              
-                 php ( nl "echo( " (e 1) " . \"\\n\");" nl )               
+                 php ( nl "echo( " (e 1) " . \"\\n\");" nl )
+                 python ( nl "print(" (e 1) ")" nl )
                  csharp ( nl "Console.WriteLine(" (e 1) ");" nl (imp "System"))
                  swift3 ( nl "print(" (e 1) ")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(" (e 1) ")" nl)
                  * ( nl "console.log(" (e 1) ");" nl)                                                                
             }
         }
 
+        ; Terminal control operators for console/shell games
+        ; Write text without newline
+        write           cmdWrite:void           ( text:string) { 
+            templates {
+                 cpp ( nl "std::cout << " (e 1) " << std::flush;" nl (imp "<iostream>"))
+                 go ( nl "fmt.Print( " (e 1) " )" nl (imp "fmt"))
+                 rust ( nl "print!(\"{}\", " (e 1) ");" nl)
+                 java7 ( nl "System.out.print(String.valueOf(" (e 1) "));" nl)
+                 kotlin ( nl "print(" (e 1) ")" nl)
+                 php ( nl "echo " (e 1) ";" nl)
+                 python ( nl "print(" (e 1) ", end='')" nl)
+                 csharp ( nl "Console.Write(" (e 1) ");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "print(" (e 1) ", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(" (e 1) ", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 * ( nl "process.stdout.write(" (e 1) ");" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Clear the terminal screen
+        clear_screen    cmdClearScreen:void     () {
+            templates {
+                 cpp ( nl "std::cout << \"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\" << std::flush;" nl (imp "<iostream>"))
+                 go ( nl "fmt.Print(\"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\")" nl (imp "fmt"))
+                 rust ( nl "print!(\"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\");" nl)
+                 java7 ( nl "System.out.print(\"\\033[2J\\033[H\");" nl)
+                 kotlin ( nl "print(\"\\u001b[2J\\u001b[H\")" nl)
+                 php ( nl "echo \"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\";" nl)
+                 python ( nl "print(\"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\", end='')" nl)
+                 csharp ( nl "Console.Write(\"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[2J\\u{1b}[H\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[2J\\u{1b}[H\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 * ( nl "process.stdout.write(\"\\x1b[2J\\x1b[H\");" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Move cursor to position (1-based coordinates)
+        move_cursor     cmdMoveCursor:void      ( x:int y:int) {
+            templates {
+                 cpp ( nl "std::cout << \"\\x1b[\" << (" (e 2) ") << \";\" << (" (e 1) ") << \"H\" << std::flush;" nl (imp "<iostream>"))
+                 go ( nl "fmt.Printf(\"\\x1b[%d;%dH\", " (e 2) ", " (e 1) ")" nl (imp "fmt"))
+                 rust ( nl "print!(\"\\x1b[{};{}H\", " (e 2) ", " (e 1) ");" nl)
+                 java7 ( nl "System.out.print(\"\\033[\" + (" (e 2) ") + \";\" + (" (e 1) ") + \"H\");" nl)
+                 kotlin ( nl "print(\"\\u001b[\" + (" (e 2) ") + \";\" + (" (e 1) ") + \"H\")" nl)
+                 php ( nl "echo \"\\x1b[\" . (" (e 2) ") . \";\" . (" (e 1) ") . \"H\";" nl)
+                 python ( nl "print(f\"\\x1b[{" (e 2) "};{" (e 1) "}H\", end='')" nl)
+                 csharp ( nl "Console.Write($\"\\x1b[{" (e 2) "};{" (e 1) "}H\");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[\\(" (e 2) ");\\(" (e 1) ")H\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[\\(" (e 2) ");\\(" (e 1) ")H\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 * ( nl "process.stdout.write(`\\x1b[${" (e 2) "};${" (e 1) "}H`);" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Hide terminal cursor
+        hide_cursor     cmdHideCursor:void      () {
+            templates {
+                 cpp ( nl "std::cout << \"\\x1b[?25l\" << std::flush;" nl (imp "<iostream>"))
+                 go ( nl "fmt.Print(\"\\x1b[?25l\")" nl (imp "fmt"))
+                 rust ( nl "print!(\"\\x1b[?25l\");" nl)
+                 java7 ( nl "System.out.print(\"\\033[?25l\");" nl)
+                 kotlin ( nl "print(\"\\u001b[?25l\")" nl)
+                 php ( nl "echo \"\\x1b[?25l\";" nl)
+                 python ( nl "print(\"\\x1b[?25l\", end='')" nl)
+                 csharp ( nl "Console.Write(\"\\x1b[?25l\");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[?25l\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[?25l\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 * ( nl "process.stdout.write(\"\\x1b[?25l\");" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Show terminal cursor
+        show_cursor     cmdShowCursor:void      () {
+            templates {
+                 cpp ( nl "std::cout << \"\\x1b[?25h\" << std::flush;" nl (imp "<iostream>"))
+                 go ( nl "fmt.Print(\"\\x1b[?25h\")" nl (imp "fmt"))
+                 rust ( nl "print!(\"\\x1b[?25h\");" nl)
+                 java7 ( nl "System.out.print(\"\\033[?25h\");" nl)
+                 kotlin ( nl "print(\"\\u001b[?25h\")" nl)
+                 php ( nl "echo \"\\x1b[?25h\";" nl)
+                 python ( nl "print(\"\\x1b[?25h\", end='')" nl)
+                 csharp ( nl "Console.Write(\"\\x1b[?25h\");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[?25h\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 swift6 ( nl "print(\"\\u{1b}[?25h\", terminator: \"\")" nl)
+                 * ( nl "process.stdout.write(\"\\x1b[?25h\");" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Listen for keyboard input - callback receives key:string
+        ; Creates a global key queue/receiver that poll_keypress can use
+        on_keypress     cmdOnKeypress:void      (keyvar:string code:block) {
+            templates {
+                 es6 ( nl 
+                    "global.r_key_queue = [];" nl
+                    "const readline = require('readline');" nl
+                    "readline.emitKeypressEvents(process.stdin);" nl
+                    "if (process.stdin.isTTY) { process.stdin.setRawMode(true); }" nl
+                    "process.stdin.on('keypress', (" (e 1) ", data) => {" nl I
+                    "if (data && data.ctrl && data.name === 'c') { process.stdout.write('\\x1b[?25h'); process.exit(); }" nl
+                    "if (data && data.name) { " (e 1) " = data.name; global.r_key_queue.push(" (e 1) "); }" nl
+                    (block 2) 
+                    i nl "});" nl
+                 )
+                 rust ( nl
+                    "let (r_key_sender, r_key_receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<String>();" nl
+                    "*R_KEY_RECEIVER.lock().unwrap() = Some(r_key_receiver);" nl
+                    "std::thread::spawn(move || {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode();" nl
+                    "loop {" nl I
+                    "if let Some(k) = r_read_key() {" nl I
+                    "if r_key_sender.send(k).is_err() { break; }" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "});" nl
+                    (create_polyfill "
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+static R_KEY_RECEIVER: Mutex<Option<std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<String>>> = Mutex::new(None);
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    // Windows: nothing needed, we use _getch() which handles raw input
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    use std::process::Command;
+    let _ = Command::new(\"stty\").args([\"-F\", \"/dev/tty\", \"cbreak\", \"min\", \"1\", \"-echo\"]).status();
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn r_read_key() -> Option<String> {
+    extern \"C\" {
+        fn _getch() -> i32;
+        fn _kbhit() -> i32;
+    }
+    unsafe {
+        if _kbhit() == 0 {
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
+            return None;
+        }
+        let ch = _getch();
+        if ch == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+            print!(\"\\x1b[?25h\");
+            std::process::exit(0);
+        }
+        // Handle Ctrl+key combinations (1-26 map to Ctrl+A through Ctrl+Z)
+        if ch >= 1 && ch <= 26 && ch != 3 {
+            let letter = (ch as u8 + 96) as char; // Convert to lowercase letter
+            return Some(format!(\"ctrl+{}\", letter));
+        }
+        if ch == 224 || ch == 0 { // Extended key
+            let ch2 = _getch();
+            return match ch2 {
+                72 => Some(\"up\".to_string()),
+                80 => Some(\"down\".to_string()),
+                75 => Some(\"left\".to_string()),
+                77 => Some(\"right\".to_string()),
+                71 => Some(\"home\".to_string()),
+                79 => Some(\"end\".to_string()),
+                73 => Some(\"pageup\".to_string()),
+                81 => Some(\"pagedown\".to_string()),
+                82 => Some(\"insert\".to_string()),
+                83 => Some(\"delete\".to_string()),
+                59..=68 => Some(format!(\"f{}\", ch2 - 58)), // F1-F10
+                133 => Some(\"f11\".to_string()),
+                134 => Some(\"f12\".to_string()),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+        }
+        return match ch {
+            8 => Some(\"backspace\".to_string()),
+            9 => Some(\"tab\".to_string()),
+            13 => Some(\"enter\".to_string()),
+            27 => Some(\"escape\".to_string()),
+            32 => Some(\"space\".to_string()),
+            _ => Some((ch as u8 as char).to_string()),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn r_read_key() -> Option<String> {
+    let mut buffer = [0u8; 6];
+    let stdin = std::io::stdin();
+    let mut handle = stdin.lock();
+    if handle.read(&mut buffer[0..1]).is_ok() {
+        if buffer[0] == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+            print!(\"\\x1b[?25h\");
+            std::process::exit(0);
+        }
+        // Handle Ctrl+key combinations (1-26 map to Ctrl+A through Ctrl+Z)
+        if buffer[0] >= 1 && buffer[0] <= 26 && buffer[0] != 3 {
+            let letter = (buffer[0] + 96) as char;
+            return Some(format!(\"ctrl+{}\", letter));
+        }
+        if buffer[0] == 27 { // Escape sequence
+            if handle.read(&mut buffer[1..2]).is_ok() && buffer[1] == 91 {
+                if handle.read(&mut buffer[2..3]).is_ok() {
+                    // Check for extended sequences like F5-F12, etc.
+                    if buffer[2] >= 49 && buffer[2] <= 54 {
+                        if handle.read(&mut buffer[3..5]).is_ok() {
+                            let seq = &buffer[2..5];
+                            return match seq {
+                                [49, 53, 126] => Some(\"f5\".to_string()),
+                                [49, 55, 126] => Some(\"f6\".to_string()),
+                                [49, 56, 126] => Some(\"f7\".to_string()),
+                                [49, 57, 126] => Some(\"f8\".to_string()),
+                                [50, 48, 126] => Some(\"f9\".to_string()),
+                                [50, 49, 126] => Some(\"f10\".to_string()),
+                                [50, 51, 126] => Some(\"f11\".to_string()),
+                                [50, 52, 126] => Some(\"f12\".to_string()),
+                                [50, 126, _] => Some(\"insert\".to_string()),
+                                [51, 126, _] => Some(\"delete\".to_string()),
+                                [53, 126, _] => Some(\"pageup\".to_string()),
+                                [54, 126, _] => Some(\"pagedown\".to_string()),
+                                _ => Some(\"escape\".to_string()),
+                            };
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return match buffer[2] {
+                        65 => Some(\"up\".to_string()),
+                        66 => Some(\"down\".to_string()),
+                        67 => Some(\"right\".to_string()),
+                        68 => Some(\"left\".to_string()),
+                        70 => Some(\"end\".to_string()),
+                        72 => Some(\"home\".to_string()),
+                        // F1-F4 on some terminals
+                        80 => Some(\"f1\".to_string()),
+                        81 => Some(\"f2\".to_string()),
+                        82 => Some(\"f3\".to_string()),
+                        83 => Some(\"f4\".to_string()),
+                        _ => Some(\"escape\".to_string()),
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            return Some(\"escape\".to_string());
+        }
+        return match buffer[0] {
+            8 | 127 => Some(\"backspace\".to_string()),
+            9 => Some(\"tab\".to_string()),
+            10 | 13 => Some(\"enter\".to_string()),
+            32 => Some(\"space\".to_string()),
+            _ => Some((buffer[0] as char).to_string()),
+        };
+    }
+    None
+}
+")
+                 )
+                 python ( nl
+                    "_ = " (e 1) nl
+                    "def _keypress_listener():" nl I
+                    "global r_key_queue, r_key_lock" nl
+                    "import time" nl
+                    "if sys.platform == 'win32':" nl I
+                    "import msvcrt" nl
+                    "while True:" nl I
+                    "if msvcrt.kbhit():" nl I
+                    "ch = msvcrt.getch()" nl
+                    "if ch == b'\\x03': break" nl
+                    "if ch in (b'\\x00', b'\\xe0'):" nl I
+                    "ch2 = msvcrt.getch()" nl
+                    "k = {b'H': 'up', b'P': 'down', b'K': 'left', b'M': 'right'}.get(ch2, '')" nl i
+                    "else:" nl I
+                    "k = ch.decode('latin-1') if ch != b' ' else 'space'" nl i
+                    "if k:" nl I
+                    "with r_key_lock:" nl I
+                    "r_key_queue.append(k)" nl i i i
+                    "else:" nl I
+                    "time.sleep(0.01)" nl i i i
+                    "else:" nl I
+                    "import tty, termios" nl
+                    "fd = sys.stdin.fileno()" nl
+                    "old = termios.tcgetattr(fd)" nl
+                    "try:" nl I
+                    "tty.setraw(fd)" nl
+                    "while True:" nl I
+                    "ch = sys.stdin.read(1)" nl
+                    "if ch == '\\x03': break" nl
+                    "if ch == '\\x1b':" nl I
+                    "ch2 = sys.stdin.read(2)" nl
+                    "k = {'[A': 'up', '[B': 'down', '[C': 'right', '[D': 'left'}.get(ch2, 'escape')" nl i
+                    "elif ch == ' ':" nl I
+                    "k = 'space'" nl i
+                    "else:" nl I
+                    "k = ch" nl i
+                    "with r_key_lock:" nl I
+                    "r_key_queue.append(k)" nl i i i
+                    "finally:" nl I
+                    "termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old)" nl i i i
+                    "threading.Thread(target=_keypress_listener, daemon=True).start()" nl
+                    (imp "threading")
+                    (imp "sys")
+                    (polyfill "after_imports" "
+r_key_queue = []
+r_key_lock = threading.Lock()
+")
+                 )
+                 go ( nl
+                    "_ = " (e 1) nl
+                    "r_key_channel = make(chan string, 100)" nl
+                    "go func() {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode()" nl
+                    "for {" nl I
+                    "if k := r_read_key(); k != \"\" {" nl I
+                    "r_key_channel <- k" nl
+                    "time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "}" nl i
+                    "}()" nl
+                    (imp "os")
+                    (imp "os/exec")
+                    (imp "fmt")
+                    (imp "runtime")
+                    (imp "syscall")
+                    (imp "time")
+                    (imp "unsafe")
+                    (polyfill "utilities" "
+var r_key_channel chan string
+
+var (
+	msvcrt = syscall.NewLazyDLL(\"msvcrt.dll\")
+	kbhit = msvcrt.NewProc(\"_kbhit\")
+	getch = msvcrt.NewProc(\"_getch\")
+)
+
+var _ = unsafe.Sizeof(0) // suppress unused import
+
+func r_setup_raw_mode() {
+	if runtime.GOOS != \"windows\" {
+		exec.Command(\"stty\", \"-F\", \"/dev/tty\", \"cbreak\", \"min\", \"1\").Run()
+		exec.Command(\"stty\", \"-F\", \"/dev/tty\", \"-echo\").Run()
+	}
+}
+
+func r_read_key() string {
+	if runtime.GOOS == \"windows\" {
+		ret, _, _ := kbhit.Call()
+		if ret == 0 {
+			time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+			return \"\"
+		}
+		ch, _, _ := getch.Call()
+		if ch == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+			fmt.Print(\"\\x1b[?25h\")
+			os.Exit(0)
+		}
+		if ch == 224 || ch == 0 { // Extended key
+			ch2, _, _ := getch.Call()
+			switch ch2 {
+			case 72:
+				return \"up\"
+			case 80:
+				return \"down\"
+			case 75:
+				return \"left\"
+			case 77:
+				return \"right\"
+			}
+			return \"\"
+		}
+		switch ch {
+		case 8:
+			return \"backspace\"
+		case 9:
+			return \"tab\"
+		case 13:
+			return \"enter\"
+		case 27:
+			return \"escape\"
+		case 32:
+			return \"space\"
+		}
+		return string(rune(ch))
+	}
+	var b []byte = make([]byte, 3)
+	n, err := os.Stdin.Read(b[:1])
+	if err != nil || n == 0 {
+		return \"\"
+	}
+	if b[0] == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+		fmt.Print(\"\\x1b[?25h\")
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+	if b[0] == 27 { // Escape sequence
+		os.Stdin.Read(b[1:3])
+		if b[1] == 91 {
+			switch b[2] {
+			case 65:
+				return \"up\"
+			case 66:
+				return \"down\"
+			case 67:
+				return \"right\"
+			case 68:
+				return \"left\"
+			}
+		}
+		return \"escape\"
+	}
+	switch b[0] {
+	case 8, 127:
+		return \"backspace\"
+	case 9:
+		return \"tab\"
+	case 10, 13:
+		return \"enter\"
+	case 32:
+		return \"space\"
+	}
+	return string(b[0])
+}
+")
+                 )
+                 cpp ( nl
+                    "std::thread([]() {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode();" nl
+                    "while (true) {" nl I
+                    "std::string k = r_read_key();" nl
+                    "if (!k.empty()) {" nl I
+                    "{" nl I
+                    "std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(r_key_mutex);" nl
+                    "r_key_queue.push(k);" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    "std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "}" nl i
+                    "}).detach();" nl
+                    (imp "<thread>")
+                    (imp "<mutex>")
+                    (imp "<queue>")
+                    (polyfill "utilities" "
+#include <string>
+#include <queue>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+#include <chrono>
+
+std::queue<std::string> r_key_queue;
+std::mutex r_key_mutex;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <conio.h>
+void r_setup_raw_mode() {}
+std::string r_read_key() {
+    if (!_kbhit()) {
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
+        return \"\";
+    }
+    int ch = _getch();
+    if (ch == 3) { std::cout << \"\\x1b[?25h\"; exit(0); }
+    if (ch == 224 || ch == 0) {
+        int ch2 = _getch();
+        switch (ch2) {
+            case 72: return \"up\";
+            case 80: return \"down\";
+            case 75: return \"left\";
+            case 77: return \"right\";
+        }
+        return \"\";
+    }
+    switch (ch) {
+        case 8: return \"backspace\";
+        case 9: return \"tab\";
+        case 13: return \"enter\";
+        case 27: return \"escape\";
+        case 32: return \"space\";
+    }
+    return std::string(1, (char)ch);
+}
+#else
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+void r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    system(\"stty cbreak min 1 -echo\");
+}
+std::string r_read_key() {
+    char buf[3];
+    if (read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, 1) <= 0) return \"\";
+    if (buf[0] == 3) { std::cout << \"\\x1b[?25h\"; exit(0); }
+    if (buf[0] == 27) {
+        read(STDIN_FILENO, buf+1, 2);
+        if (buf[1] == 91) {
+            switch (buf[2]) {
+                case 65: return \"up\";
+                case 66: return \"down\";
+                case 67: return \"right\";
+                case 68: return \"left\";
+            }
+        }
+        return \"escape\";
+    }
+    switch (buf[0]) {
+        case 8: case 127: return \"backspace\";
+        case 9: return \"tab\";
+        case 10: case 13: return \"enter\";
+        case 32: return \"space\";
+    }
+    return std::string(1, buf[0]);
+}
+#endif
+")
+                 )
+                 swift3 ( nl
+                    "_ = " (e 1) nl
+                    "r_key_channel = DispatchQueue(label: \"keypress\")" nl
+                    "r_key_channel!.async {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode()" nl
+                    "while true {" nl I
+                    "if let k = r_read_key(), !k.isEmpty {" nl I
+                    "r_key_queue_lock.lock()" nl
+                    "r_key_queue.append(k)" nl
+                    "r_key_queue_lock.unlock()" nl
+                    "Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.05)" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "}" nl i
+                    "}" nl
+                    (imp "Foundation")
+                    (polyfill "after_imports" "
+var r_key_channel: DispatchQueue? = nil
+var r_key_queue: [String] = []
+var r_key_queue_lock = NSLock()
+
+func r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    let _ = system(\"stty cbreak min 1 -echo\")
+}
+
+func r_read_key() -> String? {
+    var buf = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: 3)
+    let n = read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1)
+    if n <= 0 { return nil }
+    if buf[0] == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+        print(\"\\u{1b}[?25h\", terminator: \"\")
+        exit(0)
+    }
+    if buf[0] == 27 { // Escape sequence
+        let _ = read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf[1], 2)
+        if buf[1] == 91 {
+            switch buf[2] {
+            case 65: return \"up\"
+            case 66: return \"down\"
+            case 67: return \"right\"
+            case 68: return \"left\"
+            default: break
+            }
+        }
+        return \"escape\"
+    }
+    switch buf[0] {
+    case 8, 127: return \"backspace\"
+    case 9: return \"tab\"
+    case 10, 13: return \"enter\"
+    case 32: return \"space\"
+    default: return String(UnicodeScalar(buf[0]))
+    }
+}
+")
+                 )
+                 swift6 ( nl
+                    "_ = " (e 1) nl
+                    "r_key_channel = DispatchQueue(label: \"keypress\")" nl
+                    "r_key_channel!.async {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode()" nl
+                    "while true {" nl I
+                    "if let k = r_read_key(), !k.isEmpty {" nl I
+                    "r_key_queue_lock.lock()" nl
+                    "r_key_queue.append(k)" nl
+                    "r_key_queue_lock.unlock()" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    "Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.01)" nl
+                    i "}" nl i
+                    "}" nl
+                    (imp "Foundation")
+                    (polyfill "after_imports" "
+var r_key_channel: DispatchQueue? = nil
+var r_key_queue: [String] = []
+var r_key_queue_lock = NSLock()
+
+#if os(Windows)
+@_silgen_name(\"_kbhit\") func _kbhit() -> Int32
+@_silgen_name(\"_getch\") func _getch() -> Int32
+
+func r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    // No setup needed on Windows
+}
+
+func r_read_key() -> String? {
+    if _kbhit() == 0 { return nil }
+    let ch = _getch()
+    if ch == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+        print(\"\\u{1b}[?25h\", terminator: \"\")
+        exit(0)
+    }
+    if ch == 224 || ch == 0 { // Extended key
+        let ch2 = _getch()
+        switch ch2 {
+        case 72: return \"up\"
+        case 80: return \"down\"
+        case 75: return \"left\"
+        case 77: return \"right\"
+        default: return \"\"
+        }
+    }
+    switch ch {
+    case 8: return \"backspace\"
+    case 9: return \"tab\"
+    case 13: return \"enter\"
+    case 27: return \"escape\"
+    case 32: return \"space\"
+    default: return String(UnicodeScalar(UInt8(ch)))
+    }
+}
+#else
+func r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    let _ = system(\"stty cbreak min 1 -echo\")
+}
+
+func r_read_key() -> String? {
+    var buf = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: 3)
+    let n = read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1)
+    if n <= 0 { return nil }
+    if buf[0] == 3 { // Ctrl+C
+        print(\"\\u{1b}[?25h\", terminator: \"\")
+        exit(0)
+    }
+    if buf[0] == 27 { // Escape sequence
+        let _ = read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf[1], 2)
+        if buf[1] == 91 {
+            switch buf[2] {
+            case 65: return \"up\"
+            case 66: return \"down\"
+            case 67: return \"right\"
+            case 68: return \"left\"
+            default: break
+            }
+        }
+        return \"escape\"
+    }
+    switch buf[0] {
+    case 8, 127: return \"backspace\"
+    case 9: return \"tab\"
+    case 10, 13: return \"enter\"
+    case 32: return \"space\"
+    default: return String(UnicodeScalar(buf[0]))
+    }
+}
+#endif
+")
+                 )
+                 kotlin ( nl
+                    "r_key_channel = java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue<String>()" nl
+                    "Thread {" nl I
+                    "r_setup_raw_mode()" nl
+                    "while (true) {" nl I
+                    "val k = r_read_key()" nl
+                    "if (k.isNotEmpty()) {" nl I
+                    "r_key_channel?.offer(k)" nl
+                    i "}" nl
+                    i "}" nl i
+                    "}.start()" nl
+                    (polyfill "after_imports" "
+var r_key_channel: java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue<String>? = null
+var r_windows_key_process: Process? = null
+var r_windows_key_reader: java.io.BufferedReader? = null
+
+fun r_setup_raw_mode() {
+    val os = System.getProperty(\"os.name\").lowercase()
+    if (os.contains(\"win\")) {
+        // Start a persistent PowerShell process for reading keys
+        val pb = ProcessBuilder(\"powershell\", \"-NoProfile\", \"-Command\", 
+            \"[Console]::TreatControlCAsInput = \\$true; while(\\$true) { \\$k = \\$host.UI.RawUI.ReadKey('NoEcho,IncludeKeyDown'); [Console]::WriteLine(\\$k.VirtualKeyCode) }\")
+        pb.redirectErrorStream(true)
+        r_windows_key_process = pb.start()
+        r_windows_key_reader = r_windows_key_process?.inputStream?.bufferedReader()
+    } else {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().exec(arrayOf(\"/bin/sh\", \"-c\", \"stty -F /dev/tty cbreak min 1 -echo\"))
+    }
+    // Add shutdown hook to restore cursor
+    Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(Thread {
+        print(\"\\u001b[?25h\")
+        r_windows_key_process?.destroyForcibly()
+    })
+}
+
+fun r_read_key(): String {
+    val os = System.getProperty(\"os.name\").lowercase()
+    if (os.contains(\"win\")) {
+        // Read from persistent PowerShell process (blocks until key available)
+        try {
+            val reader = r_windows_key_reader ?: return \"\"
+            val line = reader.readLine() ?: return \"\"
+            val code = line.trim().toIntOrNull() ?: return \"\"
+            if (code == 3 || code == 67) { // Ctrl+C check
+                print(\"\\u001b[?25h\")
+                r_windows_key_process?.destroyForcibly()
+                System.exit(0)
+            }
+            return when (code) {
+                38 -> \"up\"
+                40 -> \"down\"
+                37 -> \"left\"
+                39 -> \"right\"
+                32 -> \"space\"
+                13 -> \"enter\"
+                27 -> \"escape\"
+                8 -> \"backspace\"
+                9 -> \"tab\"
+                else -> if (code in 65..90) code.toChar().lowercase() else \"\"
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) { return \"\" }
+    } else {
+        // Unix: read from stdin
+        try {
+            val buf = ByteArray(3)
+            val n = System.`in`.read(buf, 0, 1)
+            if (n <= 0) return \"\"
+            if (buf[0].toInt() == 3) { // Ctrl+C
+                print(\"\\u001b[?25h\")
+                System.exit(0)
+            }
+            if (buf[0].toInt() == 27) { // Escape sequence
+                System.`in`.read(buf, 1, 2)
+                if (buf[1].toInt() == 91) {
+                    return when (buf[2].toInt()) {
+                        65 -> \"up\"
+                        66 -> \"down\"
+                        67 -> \"right\"
+                        68 -> \"left\"
+                        else -> \"escape\"
+                    }
+                }
+                return \"escape\"
+            }
+            return when (buf[0].toInt()) {
+                8, 127 -> \"backspace\"
+                9 -> \"tab\"
+                10, 13 -> \"enter\"
+                32 -> \"space\"
+                else -> buf[0].toInt().toChar().toString()
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) { return \"\" }
+    }
+}
+")
+                 )
+                 * ( nl "// on_keypress not implemented for this target" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Poll for keypress (non-blocking, for use in game loops)
+        ; Returns empty string if no key is available
+        poll_keypress   cmdPollKey:string       () {
+            templates {
+                 es6 ( "(global.r_key_queue && global.r_key_queue.length > 0 ? global.r_key_queue.shift() : \"\")" )
+                 rust ( 
+                    "{" nl I
+                    "if let Some(ref recv) = *R_KEY_RECEIVER.lock().unwrap() {" nl I
+                    "recv.try_recv().unwrap_or_default()" nl
+                    i "} else { String::new() }" nl
+                    i "}"
+                 )
+                 go (
+                    "func() string { select { case k := <-r_key_channel: return k; default: return \"\" } }()"
+                 )
+                 cpp (
+                    "[&]() -> std::string { std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(r_key_mutex); if (r_key_queue.empty()) return \"\"; std::string k = r_key_queue.front(); r_key_queue.pop(); return k; }()"
+                 )
+                 python (
+                    "(r_key_queue.pop(0) if r_key_queue else \"\")"
+                 )
+                 swift3 (
+                    "{ () -> String in r_key_queue_lock.lock(); defer { r_key_queue_lock.unlock() }; if r_key_queue.isEmpty { return \"\" }; return r_key_queue.removeFirst() }()"
+                 )
+                 swift6 (
+                    "{ () -> String in r_key_queue_lock.lock(); defer { r_key_queue_lock.unlock() }; if r_key_queue.isEmpty { return \"\" }; return r_key_queue.removeFirst() }()"
+                 )
+                 kotlin (
+                    "(r_key_channel?.poll() ?: \"\")"
+                 )
+                 * ( "\"\"" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; Sleep for specified milliseconds (blocking)
+        sleep_ms        cmdSleepMs@(async):void         (ms:int) {
+            templates {
+                 es6 ( nl "await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, " (e 1) "));" nl )
+                 rust ( nl "std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(" (e 1) " as u64));" nl )
+                 go ( nl "time.Sleep(time.Duration(" (e 1) ") * time.Millisecond)" nl (imp "time"))
+                 cpp ( nl "std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(" (e 1) "));" nl (imp "<chrono>") (imp "<thread>"))
+                 java7 ( nl "try { Thread.sleep(" (e 1) "); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}" nl )
+                 kotlin ( nl "Thread.sleep(" (e 1) ".toLong())" nl )
+                 python ( nl "time.sleep(" (e 1) " / 1000.0)" nl (imp "time"))
+                 csharp ( nl "System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(" (e 1) ");" nl )
+                 php ( nl "usleep(" (e 1) " * 1000);" nl )
+                 swift3 ( nl "usleep(UInt32(" (e 1) " * 1000))" nl )
+                 swift6 ( nl "Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: Double(" (e 1) ") / 1000.0)" nl (imp "Foundation"))
+                 * ( nl "// sleep_ms not implemented" nl )
+            }
+        }
+
+        exit            cmdExit:void            ( code:int) {
+            templates {
+                 ranger ( nl "exit " (e 1) nl)
+                 cpp ( nl "exit(" (e 1) ");" nl (imp "<cstdlib>"))
+                 kotlin ( nl "System.exit(" (e 1) ")" nl )
+                 scala ( nl "System.exit(" (e 1) ")" nl )
+                 go ( nl "os.Exit(" (e 1) ")" nl (imp "os"))
+                 rust ( nl "std::process::exit(" (e 1) ");" nl )
+                 java7 ( nl "System.exit(" (e 1) ");" nl )
+                 php ( nl "exit(" (e 1) ");" nl )
+                 python ( nl "sys.exit(" (e 1) ")" nl (imp "sys"))
+                 csharp ( nl "Environment.Exit(" (e 1) ");" nl (imp "System"))
+                 swift3 ( nl "exit(Int32(" (e 1) "))" nl (imp "Foundation"))
+                 * ( nl "process.exit(" (e 1) ");" nl)
+            }
+        }
+
         to_lowercase _:string (s:string) {
             templates {
                 es6 ((e 1) '.toLowerCase()')
+                java7 ((e 1) '.toLowerCase()')
+                go ( "strings.ToLower(" (e 1) ")" (imp "strings"))
+                php ("strtolower(" (e 1) ")")
+                csharp ((e 1) ".ToLower()")
+                swift3 ((e 1) ".lowercased()")
+                scala ((e 1) ".toLowerCase()")
+                python ((e 1) ".lower()")
             }
         }
         to_uppercase _:string (s:string) {
@@ -2840,6 +4834,7 @@ public <T> T _arr_extract( ArrayList<T> list, Integer i )  {
                 java7 ( (e 1) ".toUpperCase()")
                 php( "strtoupper(" (e 1) ")")
                 csharp ( (e 1) ".ToUpper()" )
+                python ( (e 1) ".upper()" )
                 cpp (                     
                     "r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(" (e 1) ")"
                         (imp "<algorithm>")
@@ -2872,6 +4867,7 @@ std::string r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(std::string original)
                 java7 ("Double.valueOf(" (e 1) ")")
                 cpp ("(double)(" (e 1) ")")
                 php ( (e 1) )
+                rust ("(" (e 1) " as f64)")
             }
         }
 
@@ -3045,6 +5041,7 @@ std::string r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(std::string original)
                 go ( "" (e 1) ".has_value  && " "" (e 2) ".has_value")
                 cpp ( "" (e 1) "!= NULL  && " "" (e 2) " != NULL") 
                 kotlin ( (e 1) " != null  && " (e 2) " != null") 
+                python ( '(' (e 1) " is not None and " (e 2) " is not None)")
 
                 * ( "typeof(" ( e 1 ) ") != \"undefined\" && typeof(" ( e 2 ) ") != \"undefined\"" ) 
             } 
@@ -3062,6 +5059,7 @@ std::string r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(std::string original)
                 go ( (e 1) " && " "" (e 2) ".has_value") 
                 cpp ( (e 1) " && " "" (e 2) "!= NULL ") 
                 kotlin ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " != null") 
+                python ( (e 1) " and " (e 2) " is not None") 
                 cpp (e 1) " && " (e 2) 
                 * ( (e 1) " && " "typeof(" ( e 2 ) ") != \"undefined\"") 
             } 
@@ -3079,6 +5077,7 @@ std::string r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(std::string original)
                 go ( "" (e 1) ".has_value && " (e 2) ) 
                 cpp ( "" (e 1) " != NULL && " (e 2) ) 
                 kotlin ( ""(e 1) " != null && " (e 2) ) 
+                python ( (e 1) " is not None and " (e 2) ) 
                 cpp (e 1) " && " (e 2) 
                 * ( "typeof(" ( e 1 ) ") != \"undefined\"" " && " (e 2) ) 
             } 
@@ -3086,22 +5085,293 @@ std::string r_cpp_str_to_uppercase(std::string original)
 
 
 
-        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( left:boolean right:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) ) } }
-        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) )  } }
-        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) )  } }
-        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) " && " (e 5) ) } }
+        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( left:boolean right:boolean ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " and " (e 2) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) ) 
+            } 
+        }
+        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " and " (e 2) " and " (e 3) )  
+                * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) )  
+            } 
+        }
+        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " and " (e 2) " and " (e 3) " and " (e 4) )  
+                * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) )  
+            } 
+        }
+        &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " and " (e 2) " and " (e 3) " and " (e 4) " and " (e 5) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) " && " (e 5) ) 
+            } 
+        }
         &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean p6:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) " && " (e 5) " && " (e 6) ) } }
         &&              cmdLogicAnd:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean p6:boolean p7:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " && " (e 2) " && " (e 3) " && " (e 4) " && " (e 5) " && " (e 6) " && " (e 7) ) } }
 
-        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( left:boolean right:boolean ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) ) } }
-        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean  ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) ) } }
-        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean     ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) )  } }
-        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean    ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) " || " (e 5) ) } }        
-        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean p6:boolean    ) { templates { * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) " || " (e 5) " || " (e 6) ) } }
+        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( left:boolean right:boolean ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " or " (e 2) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) ) 
+            } 
+        }
+        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean  ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " or " (e 2) " or " (e 3) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) ) 
+            } 
+        }
+        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean     ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " or " (e 2) " or " (e 3) " or " (e 4) )  
+                * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) )  
+            } 
+        }
+        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean    ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " or " (e 2) " or " (e 3) " or " (e 4) " or " (e 5) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) " || " (e 5) ) 
+            } 
+        }        
+        ||              cmdLogicOr:boolean ( p1:boolean p2:boolean p3:boolean p4:boolean p5:boolean p6:boolean    ) { 
+            templates { 
+                python ( (e 1) " or " (e 2) " or " (e 3) " or " (e 4) " or " (e 5) " or " (e 6) ) 
+                * ( (e 1) " || " (e 2) " || " (e 3) " || " (e 4) " || " (e 5) " || " (e 6) ) 
+            } 
+        }
+
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; HTTP Request Operators
+        ; ============================================================================
+        
+        http_get_method cmdHttpGetMethod:string (req:HttpRequest) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Method" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".method" )
+                * ( "/* http_get_method not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_get_path cmdHttpGetPath:string (req:HttpRequest) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".URL.Path" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".url" )
+                * ( "/* http_get_path not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_get_param cmdHttpGetParam:string (req:HttpRequest name:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".PathValue(" (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".params[" (e 2) "]" )
+                * ( "/* http_get_param not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_get_query cmdHttpGetQuery:string (req:HttpRequest name:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".URL.Query().Get(" (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".query[" (e 2) "]" )
+                * ( "/* http_get_query not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_get_header cmdHttpGetHeader:string (req:HttpRequest name:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Header.Get(" (e 2) ")" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".headers.get(" (e 2) ")" )
+                * ( "/* http_get_header not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; HTTP Response Operators
+        ; ============================================================================
+        
+        http_set_status cmdHttpSetStatus:void (res:HttpResponse code:int) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".WriteHeader(int(" (e 2) "))" nl )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".status(" (e 2) ")" nl )
+                * ( "/* http_set_status not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_set_header cmdHttpSetHeader:void (res:HttpResponse name:string value:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Header().Set(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" nl )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".setHeader(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" nl )
+                * ( "/* http_set_header not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_send cmdHttpSend:void (res:HttpResponse body:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Write([]byte(" (e 2) "))" nl )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".send(" (e 2) ")" nl )
+                * ( "/* http_send not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_send_bytes cmdHttpSendBytes:void (res:HttpResponse content:charbuffer) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Write(" (e 2) ")" nl )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".send(Buffer.from(" (e 2) "))" nl )
+                * ( "/* http_send_bytes not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        http_send_buffer cmdHttpSendBuffer:void (res:HttpResponse content:buffer) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Write(" (e 2) ")" nl )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".send(Buffer.from(" (e 2) "))" nl )
+                * ( "/* http_send_buffer not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        ; ============================================================================
+        ; SSE (Server-Sent Events) Operators
+        ; ============================================================================
+        
+        sse_send cmdSSESend:void (client:SSEClient event:string data:string) {
+            templates {
+                go ( 
+                    "fmt.Fprintf(" (e 1) ".Writer, \"event: %s\\ndata: %s\\n\\n\", " (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" nl
+                    (e 1) ".Flusher.Flush()" nl
+                    (imp "fmt")
+                )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".send(" (e 2) ", " (e 3) ")" nl )
+                * ( "/* sse_send not implemented */" nl )
+            }
+        }
+        
+        sse_is_connected cmdSSEIsConnected:boolean (client:SSEClient) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".IsConnected" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".isConnected()" )
+                * ( "false /* sse_is_connected not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
+
+        ; HTTP Server Lifecycle Operators
+        ; These are special operators - the Go writer will detect @(HttpServer) class
+        ; and generate route setup code when start is called on HttpServer
+        
+        ; Start HTTP server - wires up all @(GET), @(POST), @(SSE) routes and starts listening
+        ; Usage: start server 8080   OR   start server  (uses default port from annotation)
+        ; The Go writer generates http.HandleFunc calls for each annotated method
+        start@(moves@( 1 )) cmdHttpServerStart:void (server:HttpServer port:int) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (custom _) )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".start(" (e 2) ")" )
+                * ( "/* start HttpServer not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
 
+        ; Stop HTTP server gracefully
+        ; Usage: stop server
+        stop@(moves@( 1 )) cmdHttpServerStop:void (server:HttpServer) {
+            templates {
+                go ( (e 1) ".Shutdown(context.Background())" )
+                es6 ( (e 1) ".stop()" )
+                * ( "/* stop HttpServer not implemented */" )
+            }
+        }
 
     }
 
 
 
 }
+
+; ============================================================================
+; SYSTEM CLASS: buffer
+; ============================================================================
+; Binary buffer type for low-level byte operations.
+; This provides a unified buffer type across all target languages.
+; ============================================================================
+
+systemclass buffer {
+    es6 ArrayBuffer
+    go "[]byte"
+    rust "Vec<u8>"
+    cpp "std::vector<uint8_t>"
+    java7 "byte[]"
+    python bytearray
+    swift6 "[UInt8]"
+    csharp "byte[]"
+    kotlin ByteArray
+    scala "Array[Byte]"
+}
+
+; SYSTEM CLASS: int_buffer
+; ============================================================================
+; Fixed-size int64 array for performance-critical code.
+; Use for lookup tables, DCT coefficients, pixel buffers, etc.
+; ============================================================================
+
+systemclass int_buffer {
+    es6 Int32Array
+    go "[]int64"
+    rust "Vec<i64>"
+    cpp "std::vector<int64_t>"
+    java7 "long[]"
+    python list
+    swift6 "[Int64]"
+    csharp "long[]"
+    kotlin LongArray
+    scala "Array[Long]"
+}
+
+; SYSTEM CLASS: double_buffer
+; ============================================================================
+; Fixed-size float64 array for performance-critical code.
+; Use for DSP, signal processing, matrix operations, etc.
+; ============================================================================
+
+systemclass double_buffer {
+    es6 Float64Array
+    go "[]float64"
+    rust "Vec<f64>"
+    cpp "std::vector<double>"
+    java7 "double[]"
+    python list
+    swift6 "[Double]"
+    csharp "double[]"
+    kotlin DoubleArray
+    scala "Array[Double]"
+}
+
+; ============================================================================
+; SYSTEM CLASSES: HTTP Server Types
+; ============================================================================
+; HTTP server types for building web servers and APIs.
+; These are used with the @(HttpServer) annotation system.
+; See PLAN_HTTP.md for details.
+; ============================================================================
+
+; HTTP Request object - represents an incoming HTTP request
+systemclass HttpRequest {
+    es6 Request
+    go "*http.Request" ((imp '"net/http"'))
+}
+
+; HTTP Response Writer - for writing HTTP responses
+systemclass HttpResponse {
+    es6 Response
+    go "http.ResponseWriter" ((imp '"net/http"'))
+}
+
+; Server-Sent Events client - for SSE streaming connections
+systemclass SSEClient {
+    es6 SSEClient
+    go "*SSEClient"
+}
+
+; HTTP Server instance - for server control
+systemclass HttpServer {
+    es6 Server
+    go "*http.Server" ((imp '"net/http"'))
+}