raindancers-cloudfront 0.0.28 → 0.0.30

package/lib/cloudfront/lambda-bundled/hmacSecret/dateutil/tz/tz.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1849 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+This module offers timezone implementations subclassing the abstract
+:py:class:`datetime.tzinfo` type. There are classes to handle tzfile format
+files (usually are in :file:`/etc/localtime`, :file:`/usr/share/zoneinfo`,
+etc), TZ environment string (in all known formats), given ranges (with help
+from relative deltas), local machine timezone, fixed offset timezone, and UTC
+timezone.
+"""
+import datetime
+import struct
+import time
+import sys
+import os
+import bisect
+import weakref
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+import six
+from six import string_types
+from six.moves import _thread
+from ._common import tzname_in_python2, _tzinfo
+from ._common import tzrangebase, enfold
+from ._common import _validate_fromutc_inputs
+
+from ._factories import _TzSingleton, _TzOffsetFactory
+from ._factories import _TzStrFactory
+try:
+    from .win import tzwin, tzwinlocal
+except ImportError:
+    tzwin = tzwinlocal = None
+
+# For warning about rounding tzinfo
+from warnings import warn
+
+ZERO = datetime.timedelta(0)
+EPOCH = datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0)
+EPOCHORDINAL = EPOCH.toordinal()
+
+
+@six.add_metaclass(_TzSingleton)
+class tzutc(datetime.tzinfo):
+    """
+    This is a tzinfo object that represents the UTC time zone.
+
+    **Examples:**
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> from datetime import *
+        >>> from dateutil.tz import *
+
+        >>> datetime.now()
+        datetime.datetime(2003, 9, 27, 9, 40, 1, 521290)
+
+        >>> datetime.now(tzutc())
+        datetime.datetime(2003, 9, 27, 12, 40, 12, 156379, tzinfo=tzutc())
+
+        >>> datetime.now(tzutc()).tzname()
+        'UTC'
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.7.0
+        ``tzutc()`` is now a singleton, so the result of ``tzutc()`` will
+        always return the same object.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> from dateutil.tz import tzutc, UTC
+            >>> tzutc() is tzutc()
+            True
+            >>> tzutc() is UTC
+            True
+    """
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+
+    @tzname_in_python2
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return "UTC"
+
+    def is_ambiguous(self, dt):
+        """
+        Whether or not the "wall time" of a given datetime is ambiguous in this
+        zone.
+
+        :param dt:
+            A :py:class:`datetime.datetime`, naive or time zone aware.
+
+
+        :return:
+            Returns ``True`` if ambiguous, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @_validate_fromutc_inputs
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        """
+        Fast track version of fromutc() returns the original ``dt`` object for
+        any valid :py:class:`datetime.datetime` object.
+        """
+        return dt
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, (tzutc, tzoffset)):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (isinstance(other, tzutc) or
+                (isinstance(other, tzoffset) and other._offset == ZERO))
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__
+
+    __reduce__ = object.__reduce__
+
+
+#: Convenience constant providing a :class:`tzutc()` instance
+#:
+#: .. versionadded:: 2.7.0
+UTC = tzutc()
+
+
+@six.add_metaclass(_TzOffsetFactory)
+class tzoffset(datetime.tzinfo):
+    """
+    A simple class for representing a fixed offset from UTC.
+
+    :param name:
+        The timezone name, to be returned when ``tzname()`` is called.
+    :param offset:
+        The time zone offset in seconds, or (since version 2.6.0, represented
+        as a :py:class:`datetime.timedelta` object).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, offset):
+        self._name = name
+
+        try:
+            # Allow a timedelta
+            offset = offset.total_seconds()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            pass
+
+        self._offset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=_get_supported_offset(offset))
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self._offset
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+
+    @tzname_in_python2
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self._name
+
+    @_validate_fromutc_inputs
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        return dt + self._offset
+
+    def is_ambiguous(self, dt):
+        """
+        Whether or not the "wall time" of a given datetime is ambiguous in this
+        zone.
+
+        :param dt:
+            A :py:class:`datetime.datetime`, naive or time zone aware.
+        :return:
+            Returns ``True`` if ambiguous, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, tzoffset):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._offset == other._offset
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, %s)" % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                               repr(self._name),
+                               int(self._offset.total_seconds()))
+
+    __reduce__ = object.__reduce__
+
+
+class tzlocal(_tzinfo):
+    """
+    A :class:`tzinfo` subclass built around the ``time`` timezone functions.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(tzlocal, self).__init__()
+
+        self._std_offset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=-time.timezone)
+        if time.daylight:
+            self._dst_offset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=-time.altzone)
+        else:
+            self._dst_offset = self._std_offset
+
+        self._dst_saved = self._dst_offset - self._std_offset
+        self._hasdst = bool(self._dst_saved)
+        self._tznames = tuple(time.tzname)
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        if dt is None and self._hasdst:
+            return None
+
+        if self._isdst(dt):
+            return self._dst_offset
+        else:
+            return self._std_offset
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        if dt is None and self._hasdst:
+            return None
+
+        if self._isdst(dt):
+            return self._dst_offset - self._std_offset
+        else:
+            return ZERO
+
+    @tzname_in_python2
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self._tznames[self._isdst(dt)]
+
+    def is_ambiguous(self, dt):
+        """
+        Whether or not the "wall time" of a given datetime is ambiguous in this
+        zone.
+
+        :param dt:
+            A :py:class:`datetime.datetime`, naive or time zone aware.
+
+
+        :return:
+            Returns ``True`` if ambiguous, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
+        """
+        naive_dst = self._naive_is_dst(dt)
+        return (not naive_dst and
+                (naive_dst != self._naive_is_dst(dt - self._dst_saved)))
+
+    def _naive_is_dst(self, dt):
+        timestamp = _datetime_to_timestamp(dt)
+        return time.localtime(timestamp + time.timezone).tm_isdst
+
+    def _isdst(self, dt, fold_naive=True):
+        # We can't use mktime here. It is unstable when deciding if
+        # the hour near to a change is DST or not.
+        #
+        # timestamp = time.mktime((dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour,
+        #                         dt.minute, dt.second, dt.weekday(), 0, -1))
+        # return time.localtime(timestamp).tm_isdst
+        #
+        # The code above yields the following result:
+        #
+        # >>> import tz, datetime
+        # >>> t = tz.tzlocal()
+        # >>> datetime.datetime(2003,2,15,23,tzinfo=t).tzname()
+        # 'BRDT'
+        # >>> datetime.datetime(2003,2,16,0,tzinfo=t).tzname()
+        # 'BRST'
+        # >>> datetime.datetime(2003,2,15,23,tzinfo=t).tzname()
+        # 'BRST'
+        # >>> datetime.datetime(2003,2,15,22,tzinfo=t).tzname()
+        # 'BRDT'
+        # >>> datetime.datetime(2003,2,15,23,tzinfo=t).tzname()
+        # 'BRDT'
+        #
+        # Here is a more stable implementation:
+        #
+        if not self._hasdst:
+            return False
+
+        # Check for ambiguous times:
+        dstval = self._naive_is_dst(dt)
+        fold = getattr(dt, 'fold', None)
+
+        if self.is_ambiguous(dt):
+            if fold is not None:
+                return not self._fold(dt)
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return dstval
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tzlocal):
+            return (self._std_offset == other._std_offset and
+                    self._dst_offset == other._dst_offset)
+        elif isinstance(other, tzutc):
+            return (not self._hasdst and
+                    self._tznames[0] in {'UTC', 'GMT'} and
+                    self._std_offset == ZERO)
+        elif isinstance(other, tzoffset):
+            return (not self._hasdst and
+                    self._tznames[0] == other._name and
+                    self._std_offset == other._offset)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__
+
+    __reduce__ = object.__reduce__
+
+
+class _ttinfo(object):
+    __slots__ = ["offset", "delta", "isdst", "abbr",
+                 "isstd", "isgmt", "dstoffset"]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        for attr in self.__slots__:
+            setattr(self, attr, None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        l = []
+        for attr in self.__slots__:
+            value = getattr(self, attr)
+            if value is not None:
+                l.append("%s=%s" % (attr, repr(value)))
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(l))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _ttinfo):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (self.offset == other.offset and
+                self.delta == other.delta and
+                self.isdst == other.isdst and
+                self.abbr == other.abbr and
+                self.isstd == other.isstd and
+                self.isgmt == other.isgmt and
+                self.dstoffset == other.dstoffset)
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = {}
+        for name in self.__slots__:
+            state[name] = getattr(self, name, None)
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name in self.__slots__:
+            if name in state:
+                setattr(self, name, state[name])
+
+
+class _tzfile(object):
+    """
+    Lightweight class for holding the relevant transition and time zone
+    information read from binary tzfiles.
+    """
+    attrs = ['trans_list', 'trans_list_utc', 'trans_idx', 'ttinfo_list',
+             'ttinfo_std', 'ttinfo_dst', 'ttinfo_before', 'ttinfo_first']
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            setattr(self, attr, kwargs.get(attr, None))
+
+
+class tzfile(_tzinfo):
+    """
+    This is a ``tzinfo`` subclass that allows one to use the ``tzfile(5)``
+    format timezone files to extract current and historical zone information.
+
+    :param fileobj:
+        This can be an opened file stream or a file name that the time zone
+        information can be read from.
+
+    :param filename:
+        This is an optional parameter specifying the source of the time zone
+        information in the event that ``fileobj`` is a file object. If omitted
+        and ``fileobj`` is a file stream, this parameter will be set either to
+        ``fileobj``'s ``name`` attribute or to ``repr(fileobj)``.
+
+    See `Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Data
+    <https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tz-link.html>`_ for more information.
+    Time zone files can be compiled from the `IANA Time Zone database files
+    <https://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_ with the `zic time zone compiler
+    <https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zic&sektion=8>`_
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Only construct a ``tzfile`` directly if you have a specific timezone
+        file on disk that you want to read into a Python ``tzinfo`` object.
+        If you want to get a ``tzfile`` representing a specific IANA zone,
+        (e.g. ``'America/New_York'``), you should call
+        :func:`dateutil.tz.gettz` with the zone identifier.
+
+
+    **Examples:**
+
+    Using the US Eastern time zone as an example, we can see that a ``tzfile``
+    provides time zone information for the standard Daylight Saving offsets:
+
+    .. testsetup:: tzfile
+
+        from dateutil.tz import gettz
+        from datetime import datetime
+
+    .. doctest:: tzfile
+
+        >>> NYC = gettz('America/New_York')
+        >>> NYC
+        tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York')
+
+        >>> print(datetime(2016, 1, 3, tzinfo=NYC))     # EST
+        2016-01-03 00:00:00-05:00
+
+        >>> print(datetime(2016, 7, 7, tzinfo=NYC))     # EDT
+        2016-07-07 00:00:00-04:00
+
+
+    The ``tzfile`` structure contains a fully history of the time zone,
+    so historical dates will also have the right offsets. For example, before
+    the adoption of the UTC standards, New York used local solar  mean time:
+
+    .. doctest:: tzfile
+
+       >>> print(datetime(1901, 4, 12, tzinfo=NYC))    # LMT
+       1901-04-12 00:00:00-04:56
+
+    And during World War II, New York was on "Eastern War Time", which was a
+    state of permanent daylight saving time:
+
+    .. doctest:: tzfile
+
+        >>> print(datetime(1944, 2, 7, tzinfo=NYC))    # EWT
+        1944-02-07 00:00:00-04:00
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, filename=None):
+        super(tzfile, self).__init__()
+
+        file_opened_here = False
+        if isinstance(fileobj, string_types):
+            self._filename = fileobj
+            fileobj = open(fileobj, 'rb')
+            file_opened_here = True
+        elif filename is not None:
+            self._filename = filename
+        elif hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
+            self._filename = fileobj.name
+        else:
+            self._filename = repr(fileobj)
+
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            if not file_opened_here:
+                fileobj = _nullcontext(fileobj)
+
+            with fileobj as file_stream:
+                tzobj = self._read_tzfile(file_stream)
+
+            self._set_tzdata(tzobj)
+
+    def _set_tzdata(self, tzobj):
+        """ Set the time zone data of this object from a _tzfile object """
+        # Copy the relevant attributes over as private attributes
+        for attr in _tzfile.attrs:
+            setattr(self, '_' + attr, getattr(tzobj, attr))
+
+    def _read_tzfile(self, fileobj):
+        out = _tzfile()
+
+        # From tzfile(5):
+        #
+        # The time zone information files used by tzset(3)
+        # begin with the magic characters "TZif" to identify
+        # them as time zone information files, followed by
+        # sixteen bytes reserved for future use, followed by
+        # six four-byte values of type long, written in a
+        # ``standard'' byte order (the high-order  byte
+        # of the value is written first).
+        if fileobj.read(4).decode() != "TZif":
+            raise ValueError("magic not found")
+
+        fileobj.read(16)
+
+        (
+            # The number of UTC/local indicators stored in the file.
+            ttisgmtcnt,
+
+            # The number of standard/wall indicators stored in the file.
+            ttisstdcnt,
+
+            # The number of leap seconds for which data is
+            # stored in the file.
+            leapcnt,
+
+            # The number of "transition times" for which data
+            # is stored in the file.
+            timecnt,
+
+            # The number of "local time types" for which data
+            # is stored in the file (must not be zero).
+            typecnt,
+
+            # The  number  of  characters  of "time zone
+            # abbreviation strings" stored in the file.
+            charcnt,
+
+        ) = struct.unpack(">6l", fileobj.read(24))
+
+        # The above header is followed by tzh_timecnt four-byte
+        # values  of  type long,  sorted  in ascending order.
+        # These values are written in ``standard'' byte order.
+        # Each is used as a transition time (as  returned  by
+        # time(2)) at which the rules for computing local time
+        # change.
+
+        if timecnt:
+            out.trans_list_utc = list(struct.unpack(">%dl" % timecnt,
+                                                    fileobj.read(timecnt*4)))
+        else:
+            out.trans_list_utc = []
+
+        # Next come tzh_timecnt one-byte values of type unsigned
+        # char; each one tells which of the different types of
+        # ``local time'' types described in the file is associated
+        # with the same-indexed transition time. These values
+        # serve as indices into an array of ttinfo structures that
+        # appears next in the file.
+
+        if timecnt:
+            out.trans_idx = struct.unpack(">%dB" % timecnt,
+                                          fileobj.read(timecnt))
+        else:
+            out.trans_idx = []
+
+        # Each ttinfo structure is written as a four-byte value
+        # for tt_gmtoff  of  type long,  in  a  standard  byte
+        # order, followed  by a one-byte value for tt_isdst
+        # and a one-byte  value  for  tt_abbrind.   In  each
+        # structure, tt_gmtoff  gives  the  number  of
+        # seconds to be added to UTC, tt_isdst tells whether
+        # tm_isdst should be set by  localtime(3),  and
+        # tt_abbrind serves  as an index into the array of
+        # time zone abbreviation characters that follow the
+        # ttinfo structure(s) in the file.
+
+        ttinfo = []
+
+        for i in range(typecnt):
+            ttinfo.append(struct.unpack(">lbb", fileobj.read(6)))
+
+        abbr = fileobj.read(charcnt).decode()
+
+        # Then there are tzh_leapcnt pairs of four-byte
+        # values, written in  standard byte  order;  the
+        # first  value  of  each pair gives the time (as
+        # returned by time(2)) at which a leap second
+        # occurs;  the  second  gives the  total  number of
+        # leap seconds to be applied after the given time.
+        # The pairs of values are sorted in ascending order
+        # by time.
+
+        # Not used, for now (but seek for correct file position)
+        if leapcnt:
+            fileobj.seek(leapcnt * 8, os.SEEK_CUR)
+
+        # Then there are tzh_ttisstdcnt standard/wall
+        # indicators, each stored as a one-byte value;
+        # they tell whether the transition times associated
+        # with local time types were specified as standard
+        # time or wall clock time, and are used when
+        # a time zone file is used in handling POSIX-style
+        # time zone environment variables.
+
+        if ttisstdcnt:
+            isstd = struct.unpack(">%db" % ttisstdcnt,
+                                  fileobj.read(ttisstdcnt))
+
+        # Finally, there are tzh_ttisgmtcnt UTC/local
+        # indicators, each stored as a one-byte value;
+        # they tell whether the transition times associated
+        # with local time types were specified as UTC or
+        # local time, and are used when a time zone file
+        # is used in handling POSIX-style time zone envi-
+        # ronment variables.
+
+        if ttisgmtcnt:
+            isgmt = struct.unpack(">%db" % ttisgmtcnt,
+                                  fileobj.read(ttisgmtcnt))
+
+        # Build ttinfo list
+        out.ttinfo_list = []
+        for i in range(typecnt):
+            gmtoff, isdst, abbrind = ttinfo[i]
+            gmtoff = _get_supported_offset(gmtoff)
+            tti = _ttinfo()
+            tti.offset = gmtoff
+            tti.dstoffset = datetime.timedelta(0)
+            tti.delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=gmtoff)
+            tti.isdst = isdst
+            tti.abbr = abbr[abbrind:abbr.find('\x00', abbrind)]
+            tti.isstd = (ttisstdcnt > i and isstd[i] != 0)
+            tti.isgmt = (ttisgmtcnt > i and isgmt[i] != 0)
+            out.ttinfo_list.append(tti)
+
+        # Replace ttinfo indexes for ttinfo objects.
+        out.trans_idx = [out.ttinfo_list[idx] for idx in out.trans_idx]
+
+        # Set standard, dst, and before ttinfos. before will be
+        # used when a given time is before any transitions,
+        # and will be set to the first non-dst ttinfo, or to
+        # the first dst, if all of them are dst.
+        out.ttinfo_std = None
+        out.ttinfo_dst = None
+        out.ttinfo_before = None
+        if out.ttinfo_list:
+            if not out.trans_list_utc:
+                out.ttinfo_std = out.ttinfo_first = out.ttinfo_list[0]
+            else:
+                for i in range(timecnt-1, -1, -1):
+                    tti = out.trans_idx[i]
+                    if not out.ttinfo_std and not tti.isdst:
+                        out.ttinfo_std = tti
+                    elif not out.ttinfo_dst and tti.isdst:
+                        out.ttinfo_dst = tti
+
+                    if out.ttinfo_std and out.ttinfo_dst:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    if out.ttinfo_dst and not out.ttinfo_std:
+                        out.ttinfo_std = out.ttinfo_dst
+
+                for tti in out.ttinfo_list:
+                    if not tti.isdst:
+                        out.ttinfo_before = tti
+                        break
+                else:
+                    out.ttinfo_before = out.ttinfo_list[0]
+
+        # Now fix transition times to become relative to wall time.
+        #
+        # I'm not sure about this. In my tests, the tz source file
+        # is setup to wall time, and in the binary file isstd and
+        # isgmt are off, so it should be in wall time. OTOH, it's
+        # always in gmt time. Let me know if you have comments
+        # about this.
+        lastdst = None
+        lastoffset = None
+        lastdstoffset = None
+        lastbaseoffset = None
+        out.trans_list = []
+
+        for i, tti in enumerate(out.trans_idx):
+            offset = tti.offset
+            dstoffset = 0
+
+            if lastdst is not None:
+                if tti.isdst:
+                    if not lastdst:
+                        dstoffset = offset - lastoffset
+
+                    if not dstoffset and lastdstoffset:
+                        dstoffset = lastdstoffset
+
+                    tti.dstoffset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=dstoffset)
+                    lastdstoffset = dstoffset
+
+            # If a time zone changes its base offset during a DST transition,
+            # then you need to adjust by the previous base offset to get the
+            # transition time in local time. Otherwise you use the current
+            # base offset. Ideally, I would have some mathematical proof of
+            # why this is true, but I haven't really thought about it enough.
+            baseoffset = offset - dstoffset
+            adjustment = baseoffset
+            if (lastbaseoffset is not None and baseoffset != lastbaseoffset
+                    and tti.isdst != lastdst):
+                # The base DST has changed
+                adjustment = lastbaseoffset
+
+            lastdst = tti.isdst
+            lastoffset = offset
+            lastbaseoffset = baseoffset
+
+            out.trans_list.append(out.trans_list_utc[i] + adjustment)
+
+        out.trans_idx = tuple(out.trans_idx)
+        out.trans_list = tuple(out.trans_list)
+        out.trans_list_utc = tuple(out.trans_list_utc)
+
+        return out
+
+    def _find_last_transition(self, dt, in_utc=False):
+        # If there's no list, there are no transitions to find
+        if not self._trans_list:
+            return None
+
+        timestamp = _datetime_to_timestamp(dt)
+
+        # Find where the timestamp fits in the transition list - if the
+        # timestamp is a transition time, it's part of the "after" period.
+        trans_list = self._trans_list_utc if in_utc else self._trans_list
+        idx = bisect.bisect_right(trans_list, timestamp)
+
+        # We want to know when the previous transition was, so subtract off 1
+        return idx - 1
+
+    def _get_ttinfo(self, idx):
+        # For no list or after the last transition, default to _ttinfo_std
+        if idx is None or (idx + 1) >= len(self._trans_list):
+            return self._ttinfo_std
+
+        # If there is a list and the time is before it, return _ttinfo_before
+        if idx < 0:
+            return self._ttinfo_before
+
+        return self._trans_idx[idx]
+
+    def _find_ttinfo(self, dt):
+        idx = self._resolve_ambiguous_time(dt)
+
+        return self._get_ttinfo(idx)
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        """
+        The ``tzfile`` implementation of :py:func:`datetime.tzinfo.fromutc`.
+
+        :param dt:
+            A :py:class:`datetime.datetime` object.
+
+        :raises TypeError:
+            Raised if ``dt`` is not a :py:class:`datetime.datetime` object.
+
+        :raises ValueError:
+            Raised if this is called with a ``dt`` which does not have this
+            ``tzinfo`` attached.
+
+        :return:
+            Returns a :py:class:`datetime.datetime` object representing the
+            wall time in ``self``'s time zone.
+        """
+        # These isinstance checks are in datetime.tzinfo, so we'll preserve
+        # them, even if we don't care about duck typing.
+        if not isinstance(dt, datetime.datetime):
+            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
+
+        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
+
+        # First treat UTC as wall time and get the transition we're in.
+        idx = self._find_last_transition(dt, in_utc=True)
+        tti = self._get_ttinfo(idx)
+
+        dt_out = dt + datetime.timedelta(seconds=tti.offset)
+
+        fold = self.is_ambiguous(dt_out, idx=idx)
+
+        return enfold(dt_out, fold=int(fold))
+
+    def is_ambiguous(self, dt, idx=None):
+        """
+        Whether or not the "wall time" of a given datetime is ambiguous in this
+        zone.
+
+        :param dt:
+            A :py:class:`datetime.datetime`, naive or time zone aware.
+
+
+        :return:
+            Returns ``True`` if ambiguous, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
+        """
+        if idx is None:
+            idx = self._find_last_transition(dt)
+
+        # Calculate the difference in offsets from current to previous
+        timestamp = _datetime_to_timestamp(dt)
+        tti = self._get_ttinfo(idx)
+
+        if idx is None or idx <= 0:
+            return False
+
+        od = self._get_ttinfo(idx - 1).offset - tti.offset
+        tt = self._trans_list[idx]          # Transition time
+
+        return timestamp < tt + od
+
+    def _resolve_ambiguous_time(self, dt):
+        idx = self._find_last_transition(dt)
+
+        # If we have no transitions, return the index
+        _fold = self._fold(dt)
+        if idx is None or idx == 0:
+            return idx
+
+        # If it's ambiguous and we're in a fold, shift to a different index.
+        idx_offset = int(not _fold and self.is_ambiguous(dt, idx))
+
+        return idx - idx_offset
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+
+        if not self._ttinfo_std:
+            return ZERO
+
+        return self._find_ttinfo(dt).delta
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+
+        if not self._ttinfo_dst:
+            return ZERO
+
+        tti = self._find_ttinfo(dt)
+
+        if not tti.isdst:
+            return ZERO
+
+        # The documentation says that utcoffset()-dst() must
+        # be constant for every dt.
+        return tti.dstoffset
+
+    @tzname_in_python2
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        if not self._ttinfo_std or dt is None:
+            return None
+        return self._find_ttinfo(dt).abbr
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, tzfile):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (self._trans_list == other._trans_list and
+                self._trans_idx == other._trans_idx and
+                self._ttinfo_list == other._ttinfo_list)
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, repr(self._filename))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__reduce_ex__(None)
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return (self.__class__, (None, self._filename), self.__dict__)
+
+
+class tzrange(tzrangebase):
+    """
+    The ``tzrange`` object is a time zone specified by a set of offsets and
+    abbreviations, equivalent to the way the ``TZ`` variable can be specified
+    in POSIX-like systems, but using Python delta objects to specify DST
+    start, end and offsets.
+
+    :param stdabbr:
+        The abbreviation for standard time (e.g. ``'EST'``).
+
+    :param stdoffset:
+        An integer or :class:`datetime.timedelta` object or equivalent
+        specifying the base offset from UTC.
+
+        If unspecified, +00:00 is used.
+
+    :param dstabbr:
+        The abbreviation for DST / "Summer" time (e.g. ``'EDT'``).
+
+        If specified, with no other DST information, DST is assumed to occur
+        and the default behavior or ``dstoffset``, ``start`` and ``end`` is
+        used. If unspecified and no other DST information is specified, it
+        is assumed that this zone has no DST.
+
+        If this is unspecified and other DST information is *is* specified,
+        DST occurs in the zone but the time zone abbreviation is left
+        unchanged.
+
+    :param dstoffset:
+        A an integer or :class:`datetime.timedelta` object or equivalent
+        specifying the UTC offset during DST. If unspecified and any other DST
+        information is specified, it is assumed to be the STD offset +1 hour.
+
+    :param start:
+        A :class:`relativedelta.relativedelta` object or equivalent specifying
+        the time and time of year that daylight savings time starts. To
+        specify, for example, that DST starts at 2AM on the 2nd Sunday in
+        March, pass:
+
+            ``relativedelta(hours=2, month=3, day=1, weekday=SU(+2))``
+
+        If unspecified and any other DST information is specified, the default
+        value is 2 AM on the first Sunday in April.
+
+    :param end:
+        A :class:`relativedelta.relativedelta` object or equivalent
+        representing the time and time of year that daylight savings time
+        ends, with the same specification method as in ``start``. One note is
+        that this should point to the first time in the *standard* zone, so if
+        a transition occurs at 2AM in the DST zone and the clocks are set back
+        1 hour to 1AM, set the ``hours`` parameter to +1.
+
+
+    **Examples:**
+
+    .. testsetup:: tzrange
+
+        from dateutil.tz import tzrange, tzstr
+
+    .. doctest:: tzrange
+
+        >>> tzstr('EST5EDT') == tzrange("EST", -18000, "EDT")
+        True
+
+        >>> from dateutil.relativedelta import *
+        >>> range1 = tzrange("EST", -18000, "EDT")
+        >>> range2 = tzrange("EST", -18000, "EDT", -14400,
+        ...                  relativedelta(hours=+2, month=4, day=1,
+        ...                                weekday=SU(+1)),
+        ...                  relativedelta(hours=+1, month=10, day=31,
+        ...                                weekday=SU(-1)))
+        >>> tzstr('EST5EDT') == range1 == range2
+        True
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, stdabbr, stdoffset=None,
+                 dstabbr=None, dstoffset=None,
+                 start=None, end=None):
+
+        global relativedelta
+        from dateutil import relativedelta
+
+        self._std_abbr = stdabbr
+        self._dst_abbr = dstabbr
+
+        try:
+            stdoffset = stdoffset.total_seconds()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            dstoffset = dstoffset.total_seconds()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            pass
+
+        if stdoffset is not None:
+            self._std_offset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=stdoffset)
+        else:
+            self._std_offset = ZERO
+
+        if dstoffset is not None:
+            self._dst_offset = datetime.timedelta(seconds=dstoffset)
+        elif dstabbr and stdoffset is not None:
+            self._dst_offset = self._std_offset + datetime.timedelta(hours=+1)
+        else:
+            self._dst_offset = ZERO
+
+        if dstabbr and start is None:
+            self._start_delta = relativedelta.relativedelta(
+                hours=+2, month=4, day=1, weekday=relativedelta.SU(+1))
+        else:
+            self._start_delta = start
+
+        if dstabbr and end is None:
+            self._end_delta = relativedelta.relativedelta(
+                hours=+1, month=10, day=31, weekday=relativedelta.SU(-1))
+        else:
+            self._end_delta = end
+
+        self._dst_base_offset_ = self._dst_offset - self._std_offset
+        self.hasdst = bool(self._start_delta)
+
+    def transitions(self, year):
+        """
+        For a given year, get the DST on and off transition times, expressed
+        always on the standard time side. For zones with no transitions, this
+        function returns ``None``.
+
+        :param year:
+            The year whose transitions you would like to query.
+
+        :return:
+            Returns a :class:`tuple` of :class:`datetime.datetime` objects,
+            ``(dston, dstoff)`` for zones with an annual DST transition, or
+            ``None`` for fixed offset zones.
+        """
+        if not self.hasdst:
+            return None
+
+        base_year = datetime.datetime(year, 1, 1)
+
+        start = base_year + self._start_delta
+        end = base_year + self._end_delta
+
+        return (start, end)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, tzrange):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (self._std_abbr == other._std_abbr and
+                self._dst_abbr == other._dst_abbr and
+                self._std_offset == other._std_offset and
+                self._dst_offset == other._dst_offset and
+                self._start_delta == other._start_delta and
+                self._end_delta == other._end_delta)
+
+    @property
+    def _dst_base_offset(self):
+        return self._dst_base_offset_
+
+
+@six.add_metaclass(_TzStrFactory)
+class tzstr(tzrange):
+    """
+    ``tzstr`` objects are time zone objects specified by a time-zone string as
+    it would be passed to a ``TZ`` variable on POSIX-style systems (see
+    the `GNU C Library: TZ Variable`_ for more details).
+
+    There is one notable exception, which is that POSIX-style time zones use an
+    inverted offset format, so normally ``GMT+3`` would be parsed as an offset
+    3 hours *behind* GMT. The ``tzstr`` time zone object will parse this as an
+    offset 3 hours *ahead* of GMT. If you would like to maintain the POSIX
+    behavior, pass a ``True`` value to ``posix_offset``.
+
+    The :class:`tzrange` object provides the same functionality, but is
+    specified using :class:`relativedelta.relativedelta` objects. rather than
+    strings.
+
+    :param s:
+        A time zone string in ``TZ`` variable format. This can be a
+        :class:`bytes` (2.x: :class:`str`), :class:`str` (2.x:
+        :class:`unicode`) or a stream emitting unicode characters
+        (e.g. :class:`StringIO`).
+
+    :param posix_offset:
+        Optional. If set to ``True``, interpret strings such as ``GMT+3`` or
+        ``UTC+3`` as being 3 hours *behind* UTC rather than ahead, per the
+        POSIX standard.
+
+    .. caution::
+
+        Prior to version 2.7.0, this function also supported time zones
+        in the format:
+
+            * ``EST5EDT,4,0,6,7200,10,0,26,7200,3600``
+            * ``EST5EDT,4,1,0,7200,10,-1,0,7200,3600``
+
+        This format is non-standard and has been deprecated; this function
+        will raise a :class:`DeprecatedTZFormatWarning` until
+        support is removed in a future version.
+
+    .. _`GNU C Library: TZ Variable`:
+        https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Variable.html
+    """
+    def __init__(self, s, posix_offset=False):
+        global parser
+        from dateutil.parser import _parser as parser
+
+        self._s = s
+
+        res = parser._parsetz(s)
+        if res is None or res.any_unused_tokens:
+            raise ValueError("unknown string format")
+
+        # Here we break the compatibility with the TZ variable handling.
+        # GMT-3 actually *means* the timezone -3.
+        if res.stdabbr in ("GMT", "UTC") and not posix_offset:
+            res.stdoffset *= -1
+
+        # We must initialize it first, since _delta() needs
+        # _std_offset and _dst_offset set. Use False in start/end
+        # to avoid building it two times.
+        tzrange.__init__(self, res.stdabbr, res.stdoffset,
+                         res.dstabbr, res.dstoffset,
+                         start=False, end=False)
+
+        if not res.dstabbr:
+            self._start_delta = None
+            self._end_delta = None
+        else:
+            self._start_delta = self._delta(res.start)
+            if self._start_delta:
+                self._end_delta = self._delta(res.end, isend=1)
+
+        self.hasdst = bool(self._start_delta)
+
+    def _delta(self, x, isend=0):
+        from dateutil import relativedelta
+        kwargs = {}
+        if x.month is not None:
+            kwargs["month"] = x.month
+            if x.weekday is not None:
+                kwargs["weekday"] = relativedelta.weekday(x.weekday, x.week)
+                if x.week > 0:
+                    kwargs["day"] = 1
+                else:
+                    kwargs["day"] = 31
+            elif x.day:
+                kwargs["day"] = x.day
+        elif x.yday is not None:
+            kwargs["yearday"] = x.yday
+        elif x.jyday is not None:
+            kwargs["nlyearday"] = x.jyday
+        if not kwargs:
+            # Default is to start on first sunday of april, and end
+            # on last sunday of october.
+            if not isend:
+                kwargs["month"] = 4
+                kwargs["day"] = 1
+                kwargs["weekday"] = relativedelta.SU(+1)
+            else:
+                kwargs["month"] = 10
+                kwargs["day"] = 31
+                kwargs["weekday"] = relativedelta.SU(-1)
+        if x.time is not None:
+            kwargs["seconds"] = x.time
+        else:
+            # Default is 2AM.
+            kwargs["seconds"] = 7200
+        if isend:
+            # Convert to standard time, to follow the documented way
+            # of working with the extra hour. See the documentation
+            # of the tzinfo class.
+            delta = self._dst_offset - self._std_offset
+            kwargs["seconds"] -= delta.seconds + delta.days * 86400
+        return relativedelta.relativedelta(**kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, repr(self._s))
+
+
+class _tzicalvtzcomp(object):
+    def __init__(self, tzoffsetfrom, tzoffsetto, isdst,
+                 tzname=None, rrule=None):
+        self.tzoffsetfrom = datetime.timedelta(seconds=tzoffsetfrom)
+        self.tzoffsetto = datetime.timedelta(seconds=tzoffsetto)
+        self.tzoffsetdiff = self.tzoffsetto - self.tzoffsetfrom
+        self.isdst = isdst
+        self.tzname = tzname
+        self.rrule = rrule
+
+
+class _tzicalvtz(_tzinfo):
+    def __init__(self, tzid, comps=[]):
+        super(_tzicalvtz, self).__init__()
+
+        self._tzid = tzid
+        self._comps = comps
+        self._cachedate = []
+        self._cachecomp = []
+        self._cache_lock = _thread.allocate_lock()
+
+    def _find_comp(self, dt):
+        if len(self._comps) == 1:
+            return self._comps[0]
+
+        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
+
+        try:
+            with self._cache_lock:
+                return self._cachecomp[self._cachedate.index(
+                    (dt, self._fold(dt)))]
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        lastcompdt = None
+        lastcomp = None
+
+        for comp in self._comps:
+            compdt = self._find_compdt(comp, dt)
+
+            if compdt and (not lastcompdt or lastcompdt < compdt):
+                lastcompdt = compdt
+                lastcomp = comp
+
+        if not lastcomp:
+            # RFC says nothing about what to do when a given
+            # time is before the first onset date. We'll look for the
+            # first standard component, or the first component, if
+            # none is found.
+            for comp in self._comps:
+                if not comp.isdst:
+                    lastcomp = comp
+                    break
+            else:
+                lastcomp = comp[0]
+
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            self._cachedate.insert(0, (dt, self._fold(dt)))
+            self._cachecomp.insert(0, lastcomp)
+
+            if len(self._cachedate) > 10:
+                self._cachedate.pop()
+                self._cachecomp.pop()
+
+        return lastcomp
+
+    def _find_compdt(self, comp, dt):
+        if comp.tzoffsetdiff < ZERO and self._fold(dt):
+            dt -= comp.tzoffsetdiff
+
+        compdt = comp.rrule.before(dt, inc=True)
+
+        return compdt
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+
+        return self._find_comp(dt).tzoffsetto
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        comp = self._find_comp(dt)
+        if comp.isdst:
+            return comp.tzoffsetdiff
+        else:
+            return ZERO
+
+    @tzname_in_python2
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self._find_comp(dt).tzname
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<tzicalvtz %s>" % repr(self._tzid)
+
+    __reduce__ = object.__reduce__
+
+
+class tzical(object):
+    """
+    This object is designed to parse an iCalendar-style ``VTIMEZONE`` structure
+    as set out in `RFC 5545`_ Section 4.6.5 into one or more `tzinfo` objects.
+
+    :param `fileobj`:
+        A file or stream in iCalendar format, which should be UTF-8 encoded
+        with CRLF endings.
+
+    .. _`RFC 5545`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5545
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fileobj):
+        global rrule
+        from dateutil import rrule
+
+        if isinstance(fileobj, string_types):
+            self._s = fileobj
+            # ical should be encoded in UTF-8 with CRLF
+            fileobj = open(fileobj, 'r')
+        else:
+            self._s = getattr(fileobj, 'name', repr(fileobj))
+            fileobj = _nullcontext(fileobj)
+
+        self._vtz = {}
+
+        with fileobj as fobj:
+            self._parse_rfc(fobj.read())
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """
+        Retrieves the available time zones as a list.
+        """
+        return list(self._vtz.keys())
+
+    def get(self, tzid=None):
+        """
+        Retrieve a :py:class:`datetime.tzinfo` object by its ``tzid``.
+
+        :param tzid:
+            If there is exactly one time zone available, omitting ``tzid``
+            or passing :py:const:`None` value returns it. Otherwise a valid
+            key (which can be retrieved from :func:`keys`) is required.
+
+        :raises ValueError:
+            Raised if ``tzid`` is not specified but there are either more
+            or fewer than 1 zone defined.
+
+        :returns:
+            Returns either a :py:class:`datetime.tzinfo` object representing
+            the relevant time zone or :py:const:`None` if the ``tzid`` was
+            not found.
+        """
+        if tzid is None:
+            if len(self._vtz) == 0:
+                raise ValueError("no timezones defined")
+            elif len(self._vtz) > 1:
+                raise ValueError("more than one timezone available")
+            tzid = next(iter(self._vtz))
+
+        return self._vtz.get(tzid)
+
+    def _parse_offset(self, s):
+        s = s.strip()
+        if not s:
+            raise ValueError("empty offset")
+        if s[0] in ('+', '-'):
+            signal = (-1, +1)[s[0] == '+']
+            s = s[1:]
+        else:
+            signal = +1
+        if len(s) == 4:
+            return (int(s[:2]) * 3600 + int(s[2:]) * 60) * signal
+        elif len(s) == 6:
+            return (int(s[:2]) * 3600 + int(s[2:4]) * 60 + int(s[4:])) * signal
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("invalid offset: " + s)
+
+    def _parse_rfc(self, s):
+        lines = s.splitlines()
+        if not lines:
+            raise ValueError("empty string")
+
+        # Unfold
+        i = 0
+        while i < len(lines):
+            line = lines[i].rstrip()
+            if not line:
+                del lines[i]
+            elif i > 0 and line[0] == " ":
+                lines[i-1] += line[1:]
+                del lines[i]
+            else:
+                i += 1
+
+        tzid = None
+        comps = []
+        invtz = False
+        comptype = None
+        for line in lines:
+            if not line:
+                continue
+            name, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            parms = name.split(';')
+            if not parms:
+                raise ValueError("empty property name")
+            name = parms[0].upper()
+            parms = parms[1:]
+            if invtz:
+                if name == "BEGIN":
+                    if value in ("STANDARD", "DAYLIGHT"):
+                        # Process component
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("unknown component: "+value)
+                    comptype = value
+                    founddtstart = False
+                    tzoffsetfrom = None
+                    tzoffsetto = None
+                    rrulelines = []
+                    tzname = None
+                elif name == "END":
+                    if value == "VTIMEZONE":
+                        if comptype:
+                            raise ValueError("component not closed: "+comptype)
+                        if not tzid:
+                            raise ValueError("mandatory TZID not found")
+                        if not comps:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "at least one component is needed")
+                        # Process vtimezone
+                        self._vtz[tzid] = _tzicalvtz(tzid, comps)
+                        invtz = False
+                    elif value == comptype:
+                        if not founddtstart:
+                            raise ValueError("mandatory DTSTART not found")
+                        if tzoffsetfrom is None:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "mandatory TZOFFSETFROM not found")
+                        if tzoffsetto is None:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "mandatory TZOFFSETFROM not found")
+                        # Process component
+                        rr = None
+                        if rrulelines:
+                            rr = rrule.rrulestr("\n".join(rrulelines),
+                                                compatible=True,
+                                                ignoretz=True,
+                                                cache=True)
+                        comp = _tzicalvtzcomp(tzoffsetfrom, tzoffsetto,
+                                              (comptype == "DAYLIGHT"),
+                                              tzname, rr)
+                        comps.append(comp)
+                        comptype = None
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("invalid component end: "+value)
+                elif comptype:
+                    if name == "DTSTART":
+                        # DTSTART in VTIMEZONE takes a subset of valid RRULE
+                        # values under RFC 5545.
+                        for parm in parms:
+                            if parm != 'VALUE=DATE-TIME':
+                                msg = ('Unsupported DTSTART param in ' +
+                                       'VTIMEZONE: ' + parm)
+                                raise ValueError(msg)
+                        rrulelines.append(line)
+                        founddtstart = True
+                    elif name in ("RRULE", "RDATE", "EXRULE", "EXDATE"):
+                        rrulelines.append(line)
+                    elif name == "TZOFFSETFROM":
+                        if parms:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "unsupported %s parm: %s " % (name, parms[0]))
+                        tzoffsetfrom = self._parse_offset(value)
+                    elif name == "TZOFFSETTO":
+                        if parms:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "unsupported TZOFFSETTO parm: "+parms[0])
+                        tzoffsetto = self._parse_offset(value)
+                    elif name == "TZNAME":
+                        if parms:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "unsupported TZNAME parm: "+parms[0])
+                        tzname = value
+                    elif name == "COMMENT":
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("unsupported property: "+name)
+                else:
+                    if name == "TZID":
+                        if parms:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "unsupported TZID parm: "+parms[0])
+                        tzid = value
+                    elif name in ("TZURL", "LAST-MODIFIED", "COMMENT"):
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("unsupported property: "+name)
+            elif name == "BEGIN" and value == "VTIMEZONE":
+                tzid = None
+                comps = []
+                invtz = True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, repr(self._s))
+
+
+if sys.platform != "win32":
+    TZFILES = ["/etc/localtime", "localtime"]
+    TZPATHS = ["/usr/share/zoneinfo",
+               "/usr/lib/zoneinfo",
+               "/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo",
+               "/etc/zoneinfo"]
+else:
+    TZFILES = []
+    TZPATHS = []
+
+
+def __get_gettz():
+    tzlocal_classes = (tzlocal,)
+    if tzwinlocal is not None:
+        tzlocal_classes += (tzwinlocal,)
+
+    class GettzFunc(object):
+        """
+        Retrieve a time zone object from a string representation
+
+        This function is intended to retrieve the :py:class:`tzinfo` subclass
+        that best represents the time zone that would be used if a POSIX
+        `TZ variable`_ were set to the same value.
+
+        If no argument or an empty string is passed to ``gettz``, local time
+        is returned:
+
+        .. code-block:: python3
+
+            >>> gettz()
+            tzfile('/etc/localtime')
+
+        This function is also the preferred way to map IANA tz database keys
+        to :class:`tzfile` objects:
+
+        .. code-block:: python3
+
+            >>> gettz('Pacific/Kiritimati')
+            tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/Pacific/Kiritimati')
+
+        On Windows, the standard is extended to include the Windows-specific
+        zone names provided by the operating system:
+
+        .. code-block:: python3
+
+            >>> gettz('Egypt Standard Time')
+            tzwin('Egypt Standard Time')
+
+        Passing a GNU ``TZ`` style string time zone specification returns a
+        :class:`tzstr` object:
+
+        .. code-block:: python3
+
+            >>> gettz('AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3')
+            tzstr('AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3')
+
+        :param name:
+            A time zone name (IANA, or, on Windows, Windows keys), location of
+            a ``tzfile(5)`` zoneinfo file or ``TZ`` variable style time zone
+            specifier. An empty string, no argument or ``None`` is interpreted
+            as local time.
+
+        :return:
+            Returns an instance of one of ``dateutil``'s :py:class:`tzinfo`
+            subclasses.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.7.0
+
+            After version 2.7.0, any two calls to ``gettz`` using the same
+            input strings will return the same object:
+
+            .. code-block:: python3
+
+                >>> tz.gettz('America/Chicago') is tz.gettz('America/Chicago')
+                True
+
+            In addition to improving performance, this ensures that
+            `"same zone" semantics`_ are used for datetimes in the same zone.
+
+
+        .. _`TZ variable`:
+            https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Variable.html
+
+        .. _`"same zone" semantics`:
+            https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2018/02/aware-datetime-arithmetic.html
+        """
+        def __init__(self):
+
+            self.__instances = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+            self.__strong_cache_size = 8
+            self.__strong_cache = OrderedDict()
+            self._cache_lock = _thread.allocate_lock()
+
+        def __call__(self, name=None):
+            with self._cache_lock:
+                rv = self.__instances.get(name, None)
+
+                if rv is None:
+                    rv = self.nocache(name=name)
+                    if not (name is None
+                            or isinstance(rv, tzlocal_classes)
+                            or rv is None):
+                        # tzlocal is slightly more complicated than the other
+                        # time zone providers because it depends on environment
+                        # at construction time, so don't cache that.
+                        #
+                        # We also cannot store weak references to None, so we
+                        # will also not store that.
+                        self.__instances[name] = rv
+                    else:
+                        # No need for strong caching, return immediately
+                        return rv
+
+                self.__strong_cache[name] = self.__strong_cache.pop(name, rv)
+
+                if len(self.__strong_cache) > self.__strong_cache_size:
+                    self.__strong_cache.popitem(last=False)
+
+            return rv
+
+        def set_cache_size(self, size):
+            with self._cache_lock:
+                self.__strong_cache_size = size
+                while len(self.__strong_cache) > size:
+                    self.__strong_cache.popitem(last=False)
+
+        def cache_clear(self):
+            with self._cache_lock:
+                self.__instances = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+                self.__strong_cache.clear()
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def nocache(name=None):
+            """A non-cached version of gettz"""
+            tz = None
+            if not name:
+                try:
+                    name = os.environ["TZ"]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            if name is None or name in ("", ":"):
+                for filepath in TZFILES:
+                    if not os.path.isabs(filepath):
+                        filename = filepath
+                        for path in TZPATHS:
+                            filepath = os.path.join(path, filename)
+                            if os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    if os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                        try:
+                            tz = tzfile(filepath)
+                            break
+                        except (IOError, OSError, ValueError):
+                            pass
+                else:
+                    tz = tzlocal()
+            else:
+                try:
+                    if name.startswith(":"):
+                        name = name[1:]
+                except TypeError as e:
+                    if isinstance(name, bytes):
+                        new_msg = "gettz argument should be str, not bytes"
+                        six.raise_from(TypeError(new_msg), e)
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                if os.path.isabs(name):
+                    if os.path.isfile(name):
+                        tz = tzfile(name)
+                    else:
+                        tz = None
+                else:
+                    for path in TZPATHS:
+                        filepath = os.path.join(path, name)
+                        if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                            filepath = filepath.replace(' ', '_')
+                            if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                                continue
+                        try:
+                            tz = tzfile(filepath)
+                            break
+                        except (IOError, OSError, ValueError):
+                            pass
+                    else:
+                        tz = None
+                        if tzwin is not None:
+                            try:
+                                tz = tzwin(name)
+                            except (WindowsError, UnicodeEncodeError):
+                                # UnicodeEncodeError is for Python 2.7 compat
+                                tz = None
+
+                        if not tz:
+                            from dateutil.zoneinfo import get_zonefile_instance
+                            tz = get_zonefile_instance().get(name)
+
+                        if not tz:
+                            for c in name:
+                                # name is not a tzstr unless it has at least
+                                # one offset. For short values of "name", an
+                                # explicit for loop seems to be the fastest way
+                                # To determine if a string contains a digit
+                                if c in "0123456789":
+                                    try:
+                                        tz = tzstr(name)
+                                    except ValueError:
+                                        pass
+                                    break
+                            else:
+                                if name in ("GMT", "UTC"):
+                                    tz = UTC
+                                elif name in time.tzname:
+                                    tz = tzlocal()
+            return tz
+
+    return GettzFunc()
+
+
+gettz = __get_gettz()
+del __get_gettz
+
+
+def datetime_exists(dt, tz=None):
+    """
+    Given a datetime and a time zone, determine whether or not a given datetime
+    would fall in a gap.
+
+    :param dt:
+        A :class:`datetime.datetime` (whose time zone will be ignored if ``tz``
+        is provided.)
+
+    :param tz:
+        A :class:`datetime.tzinfo` with support for the ``fold`` attribute. If
+        ``None`` or not provided, the datetime's own time zone will be used.
+
+    :return:
+        Returns a boolean value whether or not the "wall time" exists in
+        ``tz``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7.0
+    """
+    if tz is None:
+        if dt.tzinfo is None:
+            raise ValueError('Datetime is naive and no time zone provided.')
+        tz = dt.tzinfo
+
+    dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
+
+    # This is essentially a test of whether or not the datetime can survive
+    # a round trip to UTC.
+    dt_rt = dt.replace(tzinfo=tz).astimezone(UTC).astimezone(tz)
+    dt_rt = dt_rt.replace(tzinfo=None)
+
+    return dt == dt_rt
+
+
+def datetime_ambiguous(dt, tz=None):
+    """
+    Given a datetime and a time zone, determine whether or not a given datetime
+    is ambiguous (i.e if there are two times differentiated only by their DST
+    status).
+
+    :param dt:
+        A :class:`datetime.datetime` (whose time zone will be ignored if ``tz``
+        is provided.)
+
+    :param tz:
+        A :class:`datetime.tzinfo` with support for the ``fold`` attribute. If
+        ``None`` or not provided, the datetime's own time zone will be used.
+
+    :return:
+        Returns a boolean value whether or not the "wall time" is ambiguous in
+        ``tz``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
+    """
+    if tz is None:
+        if dt.tzinfo is None:
+            raise ValueError('Datetime is naive and no time zone provided.')
+
+        tz = dt.tzinfo
+
+    # If a time zone defines its own "is_ambiguous" function, we'll use that.
+    is_ambiguous_fn = getattr(tz, 'is_ambiguous', None)
+    if is_ambiguous_fn is not None:
+        try:
+            return tz.is_ambiguous(dt)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    # If it doesn't come out and tell us it's ambiguous, we'll just check if
+    # the fold attribute has any effect on this particular date and time.
+    dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+    wall_0 = enfold(dt, fold=0)
+    wall_1 = enfold(dt, fold=1)
+
+    same_offset = wall_0.utcoffset() == wall_1.utcoffset()
+    same_dst = wall_0.dst() == wall_1.dst()
+
+    return not (same_offset and same_dst)
+
+
+def resolve_imaginary(dt):
+    """
+    Given a datetime that may be imaginary, return an existing datetime.
+
+    This function assumes that an imaginary datetime represents what the
+    wall time would be in a zone had the offset transition not occurred, so
+    it will always fall forward by the transition's change in offset.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> from dateutil import tz
+        >>> from datetime import datetime
+        >>> NYC = tz.gettz('America/New_York')
+        >>> print(tz.resolve_imaginary(datetime(2017, 3, 12, 2, 30, tzinfo=NYC)))
+        2017-03-12 03:30:00-04:00
+
+        >>> KIR = tz.gettz('Pacific/Kiritimati')
+        >>> print(tz.resolve_imaginary(datetime(1995, 1, 1, 12, 30, tzinfo=KIR)))
+        1995-01-02 12:30:00+14:00
+
+    As a note, :func:`datetime.astimezone` is guaranteed to produce a valid,
+    existing datetime, so a round-trip to and from UTC is sufficient to get
+    an extant datetime, however, this generally "falls back" to an earlier time
+    rather than falling forward to the STD side (though no guarantees are made
+    about this behavior).
+
+    :param dt:
+        A :class:`datetime.datetime` which may or may not exist.
+
+    :return:
+        Returns an existing :class:`datetime.datetime`. If ``dt`` was not
+        imaginary, the datetime returned is guaranteed to be the same object
+        passed to the function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7.0
+    """
+    if dt.tzinfo is not None and not datetime_exists(dt):
+
+        curr_offset = (dt + datetime.timedelta(hours=24)).utcoffset()
+        old_offset = (dt - datetime.timedelta(hours=24)).utcoffset()
+
+        dt += curr_offset - old_offset
+
+    return dt
+
+
+def _datetime_to_timestamp(dt):
+    """
+    Convert a :class:`datetime.datetime` object to an epoch timestamp in
+    seconds since January 1, 1970, ignoring the time zone.
+    """
+    return (dt.replace(tzinfo=None) - EPOCH).total_seconds()
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
+    def _get_supported_offset(second_offset):
+        return second_offset
+else:
+    def _get_supported_offset(second_offset):
+        # For python pre-3.6, round to full-minutes if that's not the case.
+        # Python's datetime doesn't accept sub-minute timezones. Check
+        # http://python.org/sf/1447945 or https://bugs.python.org/issue5288
+        # for some information.
+        old_offset = second_offset
+        calculated_offset = 60 * ((second_offset + 30) // 60)
+        return calculated_offset
+
+
+try:
+    # Python 3.7 feature
+    from contextlib import nullcontext as _nullcontext
+except ImportError:
+    class _nullcontext(object):
+        """
+        Class for wrapping contexts so that they are passed through in a
+        with statement.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, context):
+            self.context = context
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.context
+
+        def __exit__(*args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+# vim:ts=4:sw=4:et