queue-typed 2.4.4 → 2.5.0

package/dist/esm/index.mjs

@@ -723,11 +723,37 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return list;
   }
   /**
-   * Append an element/node to the tail.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to append.
-   * @returns True when appended.
-   */
+    * Append an element/node to the tail.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to append.
+    * @returns True when appended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic SinglyLinkedList creation and push operation
+  *  // Create a simple SinglyLinkedList with initial values
+  *     const list = new SinglyLinkedList([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the list maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Push a new element to the end
+  *     list.push(6);
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 6;
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    */
   push(elementOrNode) {
     const newNode = this._ensureNode(elementOrNode);
     if (!this.head) {
@@ -741,10 +767,36 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove and return the tail element.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Remove and return the tail element.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList pop and shift operations
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
+  *
+  *     // Pop removes from the end
+  *     const last = list.pop();
+  *     console.log(last); // 50;
+  *
+  *     // Shift removes from the beginning
+  *     const first = list.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 3;
+    */
   pop() {
     if (!this.head) return void 0;
     if (this.head === this.tail) {
@@ -763,10 +815,26 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return value;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove and return the head element.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Remove and return the head element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the front
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([10, 20, 30]);
+  *     console.log(list.shift()); // 10;
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 2;
+    */
   shift() {
     if (!this.head) return void 0;
     const removed = this.head;
@@ -776,11 +844,42 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return removed.value;
   }
   /**
-   * Prepend an element/node to the head.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to prepend.
-   * @returns True when prepended.
-   */
+    * Prepend an element/node to the head.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to prepend.
+    * @returns True when prepended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList unshift and forward traversal
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Unshift adds to the beginning
+  *     list.unshift(10);
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     // Access elements (forward traversal only for singly linked)
+  *     const second = list.at(1);
+  *     console.log(second); // 20;
+  *
+  *     // SinglyLinkedList allows forward iteration only
+  *     const elements: number[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of list) {
+  *       elements.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(elements); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 4;
+    */
   unshift(elementOrNode) {
     const newNode = this._ensureNode(elementOrNode);
     if (!this.head) {
@@ -836,11 +935,28 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return void 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the element at a given index.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index.
-   * @returns Element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the element at a given index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access element by index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
+  *     console.log(list.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(list.at(2)); // 'c';
+  *     console.log(list.at(3)); // 'd';
+    */
   at(index) {
     if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
     let current = this.head;
@@ -857,11 +973,23 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return elementNodeOrPredicate instanceof SinglyLinkedListNode;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the node reference at a given index.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index.
-   * @returns Node or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the node reference at a given index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Node or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get node at index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(list.getNodeAt(1)?.value); // 'b';
+    */
   getNodeAt(index) {
     if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
     let current = this.head;
@@ -869,11 +997,24 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return current;
   }
   /**
-   * Delete the element at an index.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index.
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Delete the element at an index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove by index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     list.deleteAt(1);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // ['a', 'c'];
+    */
   deleteAt(index) {
     if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
     if (index === 0) return this.shift();
@@ -886,11 +1027,24 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return value;
   }
   /**
-   * Delete the first match by value/node.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param [elementOrNode] - Element or node to remove; if omitted/undefined, nothing happens.
-   * @returns True if removed.
-   */
+    * Delete the first match by value/node.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param [elementOrNode] - Element or node to remove; if omitted/undefined, nothing happens.
+    * @returns True if removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove first occurrence
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]);
+  *     list.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // [1, 3, 2];
+    */
   delete(elementOrNode) {
     if (elementOrNode === void 0 || !this.head) return false;
     const node = this.isNode(elementOrNode) ? elementOrNode : this.getNode(elementOrNode);
@@ -907,12 +1061,25 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Insert a new element/node at an index, shifting following nodes.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index.
-   * @param newElementOrNode - Element or node to insert.
-   * @returns True if inserted.
-   */
+    * Insert a new element/node at an index, shifting following nodes.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @param newElementOrNode - Element or node to insert.
+    * @returns True if inserted.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Insert at index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 3]);
+  *     list.addAt(1, 2);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // [1, 2, 3];
+    */
   addAt(index, newElementOrNode) {
     if (index < 0 || index > this._length) return false;
     if (index === 0) return this.unshift(newElementOrNode);
@@ -938,28 +1105,70 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Check whether the list is empty.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns True if length is 0.
-   */
+    * Check whether the list is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check empty
+  *  console.log(new SinglyLinkedList().isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
   isEmpty() {
     return this._length === 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove all nodes and reset length.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @returns void
-   */
+    * Remove all nodes and reset length.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     list.clear();
+  *     console.log(list.isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
   clear() {
     this._head = void 0;
     this._tail = void 0;
     this._length = 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Reverse the list in place.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @returns This list.
-   */
+    * Reverse the list in place.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns This list.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reverse the list in-place
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+  *     list.reverse();
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [4, 3, 2, 1];
+    */
   reverse() {
     if (!this.head || this.head === this.tail) return this;
     let prev;
@@ -1134,22 +1343,64 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return false;
   }
   /**
-   * Deep clone this list (values are copied by reference).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns A new list with the same element sequence.
-   */
+    * Deep clone this list (values are copied by reference).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new list with the same element sequence.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deep copy
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = list.clone();
+  *     copy.pop();
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
   clone() {
     const out = this._createInstance();
     for (const v of this) out.push(v);
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Filter values into a new list of the same class.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param callback - Predicate (value, index, list) → boolean to keep value.
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new list with kept values.
-   */
+    * Filter values into a new list of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param callback - Predicate (value, index, list) → boolean to keep value.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new list with kept values.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList filter and map operations
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Filter even numbers
+  *     const filtered = list.filter(value => value % 2 === 0);
+  *     console.log(filtered.length); // 2;
+  *
+  *     // Map to double values
+  *     const doubled = list.map(value => value * 2);
+  *     console.log(doubled.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Use reduce to sum
+  *     const sum = list.reduce((acc, value) => acc + value, 0);
+  *     console.log(sum); // 15;
+    */
   filter(callback, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createInstance();
     let index = 0;
@@ -1173,15 +1424,31 @@ var SinglyLinkedList = class extends LinearLinkedBase {
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Map values into a new list (possibly different element type).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @template EM
-   * @template RM
-   * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, list) → newElement.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the output list (e.g., maxLen, toElementFn).
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new SinglyLinkedList with mapped values.
-   */
+    * Map values into a new list (possibly different element type).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, list) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output list (e.g., maxLen, toElementFn).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new SinglyLinkedList with mapped values.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const doubled = list.map(n => n * 2);
+  *     console.log([...doubled]); // [2, 4, 6];
+    */
   map(callback, options, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createLike([], { ...options ?? {}, maxLen: this._maxLen });
     let index = 0;
@@ -1316,6 +1583,55 @@ function elementOrPredicate(input, equals) {
 }
 __name(elementOrPredicate, "elementOrPredicate");
 
+// src/common/error.ts
+var ERR = {
+  // Range / index
+  indexOutOfRange: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index ${index} is out of range [${min}, ${max}].`, "indexOutOfRange"),
+  invalidIndex: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index must be an integer.`, "invalidIndex"),
+  // Type / argument
+  invalidArgument: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidArgument"),
+  comparatorRequired: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Comparator is required for non-number/non-string/non-Date keys.`, "comparatorRequired"),
+  invalidKey: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidKey"),
+  notAFunction: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((name, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${name} must be a function.`, "notAFunction"),
+  invalidEntry: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Each entry must be a [key, value] tuple.`, "invalidEntry"),
+  invalidNaN: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}NaN is not a valid key.`, "invalidNaN"),
+  invalidDate: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Invalid Date key.`, "invalidDate"),
+  reduceEmpty: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Reduce of empty structure with no initial value.`, "reduceEmpty"),
+  callbackReturnType: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Callback must return ${expected}; got ${got}.`, "callbackReturnType"),
+  // State / operation
+  invalidOperation: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidOperation"),
+  // Matrix
+  matrixDimensionMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((op) => `Matrix: Dimensions must be compatible for ${op}.`, "matrixDimensionMismatch"),
+  matrixSingular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Singular matrix, inverse does not exist.", "matrixSingular"),
+  matrixNotSquare: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be square for inversion.", "matrixNotSquare"),
+  matrixNotRectangular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be rectangular for transposition.", "matrixNotRectangular"),
+  matrixRowMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got) => `Matrix: Expected row length ${expected}, but got ${got}.`, "matrixRowMismatch")
+};
+
+// src/common/index.ts
+var DFSOperation = /* @__PURE__ */ ((DFSOperation2) => {
+  DFSOperation2[DFSOperation2["VISIT"] = 0] = "VISIT";
+  DFSOperation2[DFSOperation2["PROCESS"] = 1] = "PROCESS";
+  return DFSOperation2;
+})(DFSOperation || {});
+var Range = class {
+  constructor(low, high, includeLow = true, includeHigh = true) {
+    this.low = low;
+    this.high = high;
+    this.includeLow = includeLow;
+    this.includeHigh = includeHigh;
+  }
+  static {
+    __name(this, "Range");
+  }
+  // Determine whether a key is within the range
+  isInRange(key, comparator) {
+    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;
+    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;
+    return lowCheck && highCheck;
+  }
+};
+
 // src/data-structures/queue/queue.ts
 var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
   static {
@@ -1373,18 +1689,52 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     this._autoCompactRatio = value;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the number of elements currently in the queue.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Current length.
-   */
+    * Get the number of elements currently in the queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Current length.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Track queue length
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+  *     q.push(1);
+  *     q.push(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 2;
+    */
   get length() {
     return this.elements.length - this._offset;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the first element (front) without removing it.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Front element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the first element (front) without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Front element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // View the front element
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['first', 'second', 'third']);
+  *     console.log(q.first); // 'first';
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   get first() {
     return this.length > 0 ? this.elements[this._offset] : void 0;
   }
@@ -1407,19 +1757,69 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return new _Queue(elements);
   }
   /**
-   * Check whether the queue is empty.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns True if length is 0.
-   */
+    * Check whether the queue is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue for...of iteration and isEmpty check
+  *  const queue = new Queue<string>(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+  *
+  *     const elements: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of queue) {
+  *       elements.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     // Verify all elements are iterated in order
+  *     console.log(elements); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'];
+  *
+  *     // Process all elements
+  *     while (queue.length > 0) {
+  *       queue.shift();
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 0;
+    */
   isEmpty() {
     return this.length === 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Enqueue one element at the back.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to enqueue.
-   * @returns True on success.
-   */
+    * Enqueue one element at the back.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to enqueue.
+    * @returns True on success.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic Queue creation and push operation
+  *  // Create a simple Queue with initial values
+  *     const queue = new Queue([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the queue maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 5;
+    */
   push(element) {
     this.elements.push(element);
     if (this._maxLen > 0 && this.length > this._maxLen) this.shift();
@@ -1440,10 +1840,35 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return ans;
   }
   /**
-   * Dequeue one element from the front (amortized via offset).
-   * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Dequeue one element from the front (amortized via offset).
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue shift and peek operations
+  *  const queue = new Queue<number>([10, 20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Peek at the front element without removing it
+  *     console.log(queue.first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Remove and get the first element (FIFO)
+  *     const first = queue.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements and length decreased
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 3;
+    */
   shift() {
     if (this.length === 0) return void 0;
     const first = this.first;
@@ -1452,11 +1877,24 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return first;
   }
   /**
-   * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to remove (strict equality via Object.is).
-   * @returns True if an element was removed.
-   */
+    * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to remove (strict equality via Object.is).
+    * @returns True if an element was removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove specific element
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]);
+  *     q.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   delete(element) {
     for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) {
       if (Object.is(this.elements[i], element)) {
@@ -1467,11 +1905,24 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return false;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the element at a given logical index.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
-   * @returns Element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the element at a given logical index.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access element by index
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(q.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(q.at(2)); // 'c';
+    */
   at(index) {
     if (index < 0 || index >= this.length) return void 0;
     return this._elements[this._offset + index];
@@ -1523,19 +1974,48 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return this;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove all elements and reset offset.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns void
-   */
+    * Remove all elements and reset offset.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     q.clear();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+    */
   clear() {
     this._elements = [];
     this._offset = 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Compact storage by discarding consumed head elements.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns True when compaction performed.
-   */
+    * Compact storage by discarding consumed head elements.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns True when compaction performed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reclaim unused memory
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.compact();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   compact() {
     this._elements = this.elements.slice(this._offset);
     this._offset = 0;
@@ -1561,10 +2041,26 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return removed;
   }
   /**
-   * Deep clone this queue and its parameters.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns A new queue with the same content and options.
-   */
+    * Deep clone this queue and its parameters.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new queue with the same content and options.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Create independent copy
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = q.clone();
+  *     copy.shift();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
   clone() {
     const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
     out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
@@ -1572,12 +2068,26 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Filter elements into a new queue of the same class.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param predicate - Predicate (element, index, queue) → boolean to keep element.
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
-   * @returns A new queue with kept elements.
-   */
+    * Filter elements into a new queue of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param predicate - Predicate (element, index, queue) → boolean to keep element.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
+    * @returns A new queue with kept elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     const evens = q.filter(x => x % 2 === 0);
+  *     console.log(evens.length); // 2;
+    */
   filter(predicate, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
     out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
@@ -1589,15 +2099,28 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Map each element to a new element in a possibly different-typed queue.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @template EM
-   * @template RM
-   * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → newElement.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the output queue (e.g., toElementFn, maxLen, autoCompactRatio).
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new Queue with mapped elements.
-   */
+    * Map each element to a new element in a possibly different-typed queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output queue (e.g., toElementFn, maxLen, autoCompactRatio).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new Queue with mapped elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const doubled = q.map(x => x * 2);
+  *     console.log(doubled.toArray()); // [2, 4, 6];
+    */
   map(callback, options, thisArg) {
     const out = new this.constructor([], {
       toElementFn: options?.toElementFn,
@@ -1700,8 +2223,10 @@ var LinkedListQueue = class extends SinglyLinkedList {
 };
 
 // src/utils/utils.ts
-var rangeCheck = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, message = "Index out of bounds.") => {
-  if (index < min || index > max) throw new RangeError(message);
+var rangeCheck = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, message) => {
+  if (index < min || index > max) {
+    throw new RangeError(message ?? `Index ${index} is out of range [${min}, ${max}].`);
+  }
 }, "rangeCheck");
 var calcMinUnitsRequired = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((totalQuantity, unitSize) => Math.floor((totalQuantity + unitSize - 1) / unitSize), "calcMinUnitsRequired");
 
@@ -1711,18 +2236,12 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     __name(this, "Deque");
   }
   _equals = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((a, b) => Object.is(a, b), "_equals");
-  /**
-   * Create a Deque and optionally bulk-insert elements.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param [elements] - Iterable (or iterable-like) of elements/records to insert.
-   * @param [options] - Options such as bucketSize, toElementFn, and maxLen.
-   * @returns New Deque instance.
-   */
   constructor(elements = [], options) {
     super(options);
     if (options) {
-      const { bucketSize } = options;
+      const { bucketSize, autoCompactRatio } = options;
       if (typeof bucketSize === "number") this._bucketSize = bucketSize;
+      if (typeof autoCompactRatio === "number") this._autoCompactRatio = autoCompactRatio;
     }
     let _size;
     if ("length" in elements) {
@@ -1748,6 +2267,30 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
   get bucketSize() {
     return this._bucketSize;
   }
+  _autoCompactRatio = 0.5;
+  /**
+   * Get the auto-compaction ratio.
+   * When `elements / (bucketCount * bucketSize)` drops below this ratio after
+   * enough shift/pop operations, the deque auto-compacts.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Current ratio threshold. 0 means auto-compact is disabled.
+   */
+  get autoCompactRatio() {
+    return this._autoCompactRatio;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the auto-compaction ratio.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - Ratio in [0,1]. 0 disables auto-compact.
+   */
+  set autoCompactRatio(value) {
+    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Counter for shift/pop operations since last compaction check.
+   * Only checks ratio every `_bucketSize` operations to minimize overhead.
+   */
+  _compactCounter = 0;
   _bucketFirst = 0;
   /**
    * Get the index of the first bucket in use.
@@ -1812,19 +2355,60 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return this._length;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the first element without removing it.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns First element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the first element without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns First element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque peek at both ends
+  *  const deque = new Deque<number>([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
+  *
+  *     // Get first element without removing
+  *     const first = deque.at(0);
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Get last element without removing
+  *     const last = deque.at(deque.length - 1);
+  *     console.log(last); // 50;
+  *
+  *     // Length unchanged
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 5;
+    */
   get first() {
     if (this._length === 0) return;
     return this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
   }
   /**
-   * Get the last element without removing it.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Last element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the last element without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Last element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Peek at the back element
+  *  const dq = new Deque<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(dq.last); // 'c';
+  *     console.log(dq.first); // 'a';
+    */
   get last() {
     if (this._length === 0) return;
     return this._buckets[this._bucketLast][this._lastInBucket];
@@ -1843,11 +2427,40 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return new this(data, options);
   }
   /**
-   * Append one element at the back.
-   * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to append.
-   * @returns True when appended.
-   */
+    * Append one element at the back.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to append.
+    * @returns True when appended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic Deque creation and push/pop operations
+  *  // Create a simple Deque with initial values
+  *     const deque = new Deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the deque maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Push to the end
+  *     deque.push(6);
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 6;
+  *
+  *     // Pop from the end
+  *     const last = deque.pop();
+  *     console.log(last); // 6;
+    */
   push(element) {
     if (this._length) {
       if (this._lastInBucket < this._bucketSize - 1) {
@@ -1867,10 +2480,26 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove and return the last element.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Remove and return the last element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the back
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     console.log(dq.pop()); // 3;
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
   pop() {
     if (this._length === 0) return;
     const element = this._buckets[this._bucketLast][this._lastInBucket];
@@ -1886,13 +2515,30 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
       }
     }
     this._length -= 1;
+    this._autoCompact();
     return element;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove and return the first element.
-   * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Remove and return the first element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the front
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     console.log(dq.shift()); // 1;
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
   shift() {
     if (this._length === 0) return;
     const element = this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
@@ -1908,14 +2554,41 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
       }
     }
     this._length -= 1;
+    this._autoCompact();
     return element;
   }
   /**
-   * Prepend one element at the front.
-   * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to prepend.
-   * @returns True when prepended.
-   */
+    * Prepend one element at the front.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to prepend.
+    * @returns True when prepended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque shift and unshift operations
+  *  const deque = new Deque<number>([20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Unshift adds to the front
+  *     deque.unshift(10);
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     // Shift removes from the front (O(1) complexity!)
+  *     const first = deque.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 3;
+    */
   unshift(element) {
     if (this._length) {
       if (this._firstInBucket > 0) {
@@ -1969,18 +2642,45 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return ans;
   }
   /**
-   * Check whether the deque is empty.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns True if length is 0.
-   */
+    * Check whether the deque is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check if empty
+  *  const dq = new Deque();
+  *     console.log(dq.isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
   isEmpty() {
     return this._length === 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove all elements and reset structure.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns void
-   */
+    * Remove all elements and reset structure.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     dq.clear();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 0;
+    */
   clear() {
     this._buckets = [new Array(this._bucketSize)];
     this._bucketCount = 1;
@@ -1988,11 +2688,24 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     this._firstInBucket = this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize >> 1;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the element at a given position.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
-   * @returns Element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the element at a given position.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access by index
+  *  const dq = new Deque<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(dq.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(dq.at(2)); // 'c';
+    */
   at(pos) {
     if (pos < 0 || pos >= this._length) return void 0;
     const { bucketIndex, indexInBucket } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
@@ -2151,11 +2864,24 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     }
   }
   /**
-   * Delete the first occurrence of a value.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to remove (using the configured equality).
-   * @returns True if an element was removed.
-   */
+    * Delete the first occurrence of a value.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to remove (using the configured equality).
+    * @returns True if an element was removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove element
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     dq.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
   delete(element) {
     const size = this._length;
     if (size === 0) return false;
@@ -2199,10 +2925,39 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return this;
   }
   /**
-   * Reverse the deque by reversing buckets and pointers.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns This deque.
-   */
+    * Reverse the deque by reversing buckets and pointers.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns This deque.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque for...of iteration and reverse
+  *  const deque = new Deque<string>(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+  *
+  *     // Iterate forward
+  *     const forward: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of deque) {
+  *       forward.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(forward); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'];
+  *
+  *     // Reverse the deque
+  *     deque.reverse();
+  *     const backward: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of deque) {
+  *       backward.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(backward); // ['D', 'C', 'B', 'A'];
+    */
   reverse() {
     this._buckets.reverse().forEach(function(bucket) {
       bucket.reverse();
@@ -2240,11 +2995,55 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
    * @returns void
    */
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Trigger auto-compaction if space utilization drops below threshold.
+   * Only checks every `_bucketSize` operations to minimize hot-path overhead.
+   * Uses element-based ratio: `elements / (bucketCount * bucketSize)`.
+   */
+  _autoCompact() {
+    if (this._autoCompactRatio <= 0 || this._bucketCount <= 1) return;
+    this._compactCounter++;
+    if (this._compactCounter < this._bucketSize) return;
+    this._compactCounter = 0;
+    const utilization = this._length / (this._bucketCount * this._bucketSize);
+    if (utilization < this._autoCompactRatio) {
+      this.shrinkToFit();
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Compact the deque by removing unused buckets.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns True if compaction was performed (bucket count reduced).
+   */
+  /**
+    * Compact the deque by removing unused buckets.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if compaction was performed (bucket count reduced).
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reclaim memory
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     dq.shift();
+  *     dq.shift();
+  *     dq.compact();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 3;
+    */
+  compact() {
+    const before = this._bucketCount;
+    this.shrinkToFit();
+    return this._bucketCount < before;
+  }
   shrinkToFit() {
     if (this._length === 0) return;
     const newBuckets = [];
-    if (this._bucketFirst === this._bucketLast) return;
-    else if (this._bucketFirst < this._bucketLast) {
+    if (this._bucketFirst <= this._bucketLast) {
       for (let i = this._bucketFirst; i <= this._bucketLast; ++i) {
         newBuckets.push(this._buckets[i]);
       }
@@ -2259,12 +3058,30 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     this._bucketFirst = 0;
     this._bucketLast = newBuckets.length - 1;
     this._buckets = newBuckets;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Deep clone this deque, preserving options.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns A new deque with the same content and options.
-   */
+    this._bucketCount = newBuckets.length;
+    this._compactCounter = 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Deep clone this deque, preserving options.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new deque with the same content and options.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Create independent copy
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = dq.clone();
+  *     copy.pop();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
   clone() {
     return this._createLike(this, {
       bucketSize: this.bucketSize,
@@ -2273,12 +3090,26 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     });
   }
   /**
-   * Filter elements into a new deque of the same class.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param predicate - Predicate (value, index, deque) → boolean to keep element.
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
-   * @returns A new deque with kept elements.
-   */
+    * Filter elements into a new deque of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param predicate - Predicate (value, index, deque) → boolean to keep element.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
+    * @returns A new deque with kept elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+  *     const result = dq.filter(x => x > 2);
+  *     console.log(result.length); // 2;
+    */
   filter(predicate, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
     out._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
@@ -2307,15 +3138,28 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Map elements into a new deque (possibly different element type).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @template EM
-   * @template RM
-   * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, deque) → newElement.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the output deque (e.g., bucketSize, toElementFn, maxLen).
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new Deque with mapped elements.
-   */
+    * Map elements into a new deque (possibly different element type).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, deque) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output deque (e.g., bucketSize, toElementFn, maxLen).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new Deque with mapped elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const result = dq.map(x => x * 10);
+  *     console.log(result.toArray()); // [10, 20, 30];
+    */
   map(callback, options, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createLike([], {
       ...options ?? {},
@@ -2438,30 +3282,6 @@ var Deque = class extends LinearBase {
     }
   }
 };
-
-// src/common/index.ts
-var DFSOperation = /* @__PURE__ */ ((DFSOperation2) => {
-  DFSOperation2[DFSOperation2["VISIT"] = 0] = "VISIT";
-  DFSOperation2[DFSOperation2["PROCESS"] = 1] = "PROCESS";
-  return DFSOperation2;
-})(DFSOperation || {});
-var Range = class {
-  constructor(low, high, includeLow = true, includeHigh = true) {
-    this.low = low;
-    this.high = high;
-    this.includeLow = includeLow;
-    this.includeHigh = includeHigh;
-  }
-  static {
-    __name(this, "Range");
-  }
-  // Determine whether a key is within the range
-  isInRange(key, comparator) {
-    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;
-    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;
-    return lowCheck && highCheck;
-  }
-};
 /**
  * data-structure-typed
  *
@@ -2470,6 +3290,6 @@ var Range = class {
  * @license MIT License
  */
 
-export { DFSOperation, Deque, LinkedListQueue, Queue, Range };
+export { DFSOperation, Deque, ERR, LinkedListQueue, Queue, Range };
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 //# sourceMappingURL=index.mjs.map