quadqr-js 1.0.1 → 1.2.0

package/dist/quadqr.min.js

@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ function luminance(rgb) {
   return 0.2126 * rgb.r + 0.7152 * rgb.g + 0.0722 * rgb.b;
 }
 
-function buildGray(imageData) {
+function buildGray(imageData, mode = "luminance") {
   const gray = new Uint8Array(imageData.width * imageData.height);
   for (let i = 0; i < gray.length; i++) {
     const p = i * 4;
@@ -962,7 +962,15 @@ function buildGray(imageData) {
     const r = imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
     const g = imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
     const b = imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
-    gray[i] = Math.round(0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b);
+
+    // Finder detection is special for QuadQR. Saturated red/green/blue data
+    // cells can look very dark in normal luminance, especially blue under a
+    // warm phone camera. The HSV "value" channel keeps any cell with one
+    // strong RGB component bright while structural black stays dark in all
+    // channels. That makes the black/white finder rings far easier to isolate.
+    gray[i] = Math.round(mode === "value"
+      ? Math.max(r, g, b)
+      : 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b);
   }
   return gray;
 }
@@ -998,12 +1006,28 @@ function otsuThreshold(gray) {
   return threshold;
 }
 
-function buildBinary(imageData) {
-  const gray = buildGray(imageData);
-  const threshold = otsuThreshold(gray);
+function binaryAtThreshold(gray, threshold) {
   const binary = new Uint8Array(gray.length);
   for (let i = 0; i < gray.length; i++) binary[i] = gray[i] <= threshold ? 1 : 0;
-  return { gray, binary, threshold };
+  return binary;
+}
+
+function buildBinary(imageData, options = {}) {
+  const grayMode = options.grayMode ?? "luminance";
+  const gray = buildGray(imageData, grayMode);
+  const baseThreshold = otsuThreshold(gray);
+  const threshold = clamp(
+    Math.round(baseThreshold + (options.thresholdOffset ?? 0)),
+    8,
+    247
+  );
+  return {
+    gray,
+    binary: binaryAtThreshold(gray, threshold),
+    threshold,
+    baseThreshold,
+    grayMode
+  };
 }
 
 function runsForRow(binary, width, row) {
@@ -1038,14 +1062,14 @@ function runsForColumn(binary, width, height, col) {
   return runs;
 }
 
-function finderRatioScore(lengths) {
+function finderRatioScore(lengths, toleranceScale = 1) {
   const total = lengths.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
   if (total < 7) return Infinity;
   const module = total / 7;
   const expected = [module, module, 3 * module, module, module];
   let score = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-    const tolerance = i === 2 ? module * 1.25 : module * 0.8;
+    const tolerance = (i === 2 ? module * 1.25 : module * 0.8) * toleranceScale;
     const diff = Math.abs(lengths[i] - expected[i]);
     if (diff > tolerance) return Infinity;
     score += diff / Math.max(1, expected[i]);
@@ -1053,14 +1077,14 @@ function finderRatioScore(lengths) {
   return score;
 }
 
-function findWindowContainingCoordinate(runs, coordinate) {
+function findWindowContainingCoordinate(runs, coordinate, toleranceScale = 1) {
   for (let i = 2; i < runs.length - 2; i++) {
     const centerRun = runs[i];
     if (centerRun.color !== 1) continue;
     if (coordinate < centerRun.start || coordinate >= centerRun.start + centerRun.length) continue;
     const window = runs.slice(i - 2, i + 3);
     if (window.map((run) => run.color).join("") !== "10101") continue;
-    const score = finderRatioScore(window.map((run) => run.length));
+    const score = finderRatioScore(window.map((run) => run.length), toleranceScale);
     if (!Number.isFinite(score)) continue;
     const first = window[0].start;
     const total = window.reduce((sum, run) => sum + run.length, 0);
@@ -1073,17 +1097,17 @@ function findWindowContainingCoordinate(runs, coordinate) {
   return null;
 }
 
-function crossCheckVertical(binary, width, height, x, y) {
+function crossCheckVertical(binary, width, height, x, y, toleranceScale = 1) {
   const col = clamp(Math.round(x), 0, width - 1);
-  return findWindowContainingCoordinate(runsForColumn(binary, width, height, col), y);
+  return findWindowContainingCoordinate(runsForColumn(binary, width, height, col), y, toleranceScale);
 }
 
-function crossCheckHorizontal(binary, width, height, x, y) {
+function crossCheckHorizontal(binary, width, height, x, y, toleranceScale = 1) {
   const row = clamp(Math.round(y), 0, height - 1);
-  return findWindowContainingCoordinate(runsForRow(binary, width, row), x);
+  return findWindowContainingCoordinate(runsForRow(binary, width, row), x, toleranceScale);
 }
 
-function clusterFinderCandidates(raw) {
+function clusterFinderCandidates(raw, minConfirmations = 2) {
   const clusters = [];
   raw.sort((a, b) => a.moduleSize - b.moduleSize);
 
@@ -1116,7 +1140,7 @@ function clusterFinderCandidates(raw) {
   }
 
   return clusters
-    .filter((candidate) => candidate.confirmations >= 2)
+    .filter((candidate) => candidate.confirmations >= minConfirmations)
     .sort((a, b) =>
       (b.confirmations - a.confirmations) ||
       (a.score - b.score) ||
@@ -1124,9 +1148,12 @@ function clusterFinderCandidates(raw) {
     );
 }
 
-function detectFinderCandidates(binary, width, height) {
+function detectFinderCandidates(binary, width, height, options = {}) {
   const raw = [];
   const rowStep = height > 1200 ? 2 : 1;
+  const toleranceScale = options.toleranceScale ?? 1;
+  const moduleSpreadLimit = options.moduleSpreadLimit ?? 0.45;
+  const minConfirmations = options.minConfirmations ?? 2;
 
   for (let y = 0; y < height; y += rowStep) {
     const runs = runsForRow(binary, width, y);
@@ -1134,13 +1161,13 @@ function detectFinderCandidates(binary, width, height) {
       const window = runs.slice(i, i + 5);
       if (window.map((run) => run.color).join("") !== "10101") continue;
       const lengths = window.map((run) => run.length);
-      const ratioScore = finderRatioScore(lengths);
+      const ratioScore = finderRatioScore(lengths, toleranceScale);
       if (!Number.isFinite(ratioScore)) continue;
       const total = lengths.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0);
       const centerX = window[0].start + total / 2;
-      const vertical = crossCheckVertical(binary, width, height, centerX, y);
+      const vertical = crossCheckVertical(binary, width, height, centerX, y, toleranceScale);
       if (!vertical) continue;
-      const horizontal = crossCheckHorizontal(binary, width, height, centerX, vertical.center);
+      const horizontal = crossCheckHorizontal(binary, width, height, centerX, vertical.center, toleranceScale);
       if (!horizontal) continue;
 
       const moduleSize = (total / 7 + vertical.moduleSize + horizontal.moduleSize) / 3;
@@ -1149,7 +1176,7 @@ function detectFinderCandidates(binary, width, height) {
         Math.abs(moduleSize - vertical.moduleSize),
         Math.abs(moduleSize - horizontal.moduleSize)
       ) / moduleSize;
-      if (moduleSpread > 0.45) continue;
+      if (moduleSpread > moduleSpreadLimit) continue;
 
       raw.push({
         x: horizontal.center,
@@ -1160,7 +1187,7 @@ function detectFinderCandidates(binary, width, height) {
     }
   }
 
-  return clusterFinderCandidates(raw);
+  return clusterFinderCandidates(raw, minConfirmations);
 }
 
 function dot(a, b) {
@@ -1384,15 +1411,11 @@ function projectPoint(h, u, v) {
   };
 }
 
-function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
-  assert(imageData?.data && imageData.width && imageData.height, "Valid image data is required.");
+function geometryCandidatesFromBinary(binary, width, height, finders, threshold, options = {}) {
+  if (finders.length < 3) return [];
   const minVersion = options.minVersion ?? 1;
   const maxVersion = options.maxVersion ?? 40;
   const maxCandidates = options.maxCandidates ?? 8;
-  const { binary, threshold } = buildBinary(imageData);
-  const finders = detectFinderCandidates(binary, imageData.width, imageData.height);
-  if (finders.length < 3) return [];
-
   const triples = chooseFinderTriples(finders, 20);
   const geometries = [];
 
@@ -1405,8 +1428,8 @@ function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
     for (const item of versions) {
       const version = item.version;
       const size = sizeForVersion(version);
-      const alignment = searchAlignment(binary, imageData.width, imageData.height, triple, version);
-      if (alignment.score < 0.72) continue;
+      const alignment = searchAlignment(binary, width, height, triple, version);
+      if (alignment.score < (options.alignmentThreshold ?? 0.72)) continue;
 
       const alignmentTarget = alignment.target;
       const dest = [
@@ -1429,8 +1452,8 @@ function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
         continue;
       }
 
-      const alignmentGrid = scoreAlignmentGrid(binary, imageData.width, imageData.height, homography, version);
-      if (alignmentGrid.score < 0.68) continue;
+      const alignmentGrid = scoreAlignmentGrid(binary, width, height, homography, version);
+      if (alignmentGrid.score < (options.alignmentGridThreshold ?? 0.68)) continue;
 
       const versionPenalty = item.error / 4;
       const alignmentConfidence = 0.55 * alignment.score + 0.45 * alignmentGrid.score;
@@ -1452,13 +1475,13 @@ function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
           patternScores: alignmentGrid.patternScores
         },
         threshold,
+        finderMethod: options.finderMethod,
         estimatedSize,
         score
       });
     }
   }
 
-  // Deduplicate roughly identical geometry/version hypotheses.
   const deduped = [];
   geometries.sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score);
   for (const geometry of geometries) {
@@ -1475,33 +1498,486 @@ function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
   return deduped;
 }
 
+function pushFinderDiagnostic(options, finderMethod, threshold, finders, geometries) {
+  if (!options.diagnostics || typeof options.diagnostics !== "object") return;
+  const passes = Array.isArray(options.diagnostics.passes)
+    ? options.diagnostics.passes
+    : (options.diagnostics.passes = []);
+  passes.push({
+    label: options.diagnosticLabel ?? "perspective",
+    finderMethod,
+    width: options.width,
+    height: options.height,
+    threshold,
+    finderCount: finders.length,
+    finders: finders.map((finder) => ({
+      x: finder.x,
+      y: finder.y,
+      moduleSize: finder.moduleSize,
+      confirmations: finder.confirmations,
+      score: finder.score
+    })),
+    geometries: geometries.map((geometry) => ({
+      version: geometry.version,
+      size: geometry.size,
+      score: geometry.score,
+      estimatedSize: geometry.estimatedSize,
+      alignmentScore: geometry.alignment.score,
+      alignmentGridScore: geometry.alignment.gridScore,
+      finderMethod: geometry.finderMethod,
+      finders: {
+        topLeft: { ...geometry.finders.topLeft },
+        topRight: { ...geometry.finders.topRight },
+        bottomLeft: { ...geometry.finders.bottomLeft }
+      },
+      alignmentCenter: { ...geometry.alignment.center },
+      sourcePoints: geometry.sourcePoints.map((point) => ({ ...point }))
+    }))
+  });
+}
+
+function detectCodeGeometry(imageData, options = {}) {
+  assert(imageData?.data && imageData.width && imageData.height, "Valid image data is required.");
+  const width = imageData.width;
+  const height = imageData.height;
+  const maxCandidates = options.maxCandidates ?? 8;
+
+  const evaluatePass = (pass, recovery = false) => {
+    const finders = detectFinderCandidates(pass.binary, width, height, pass.detector ?? {});
+    const geometries = geometryCandidatesFromBinary(
+      pass.binary,
+      width,
+      height,
+      finders,
+      pass.threshold,
+      {
+        ...options,
+        finderMethod: pass.finderMethod,
+        alignmentThreshold: recovery ? 0.68 : 0.72,
+        alignmentGridThreshold: recovery ? 0.64 : 0.68
+      }
+    );
+
+    pushFinderDiagnostic(
+      { ...options, width, height },
+      pass.finderMethod,
+      pass.threshold,
+      finders,
+      geometries
+    );
+    return { finders, geometries };
+  };
+
+  // Fast path stays exactly one grayscale + finder pass. No Auto Color, extra
+  // thresholding, or luminance image is computed when a normal frame works.
+  const valueInfo = buildBinary(imageData, { grayMode: "value" });
+  const fast = evaluatePass({
+    finderMethod: "rgb-value-otsu",
+    binary: valueInfo.binary,
+    threshold: valueInfo.threshold,
+    detector: {}
+  }, false);
+  if (fast.geometries.length) return fast.geometries.slice(0, maxCandidates);
+  if (options.finderRecovery === false) return [];
+
+  // Camera recovery #1: Photoshop Auto Color-style per-channel levels before
+  // finder thresholding. Live camera frames are usually much larger than the
+  // QR itself, so a single global histogram can be dominated by dark room/UI
+  // pixels around the guide. Photoshop looked strong in the user's cropped
+  // sample because its statistics were effectively code-centric. We emulate
+  // that by trying a few center-weighted analysis windows, while still applying
+  // each correction to the full frame so finder coordinates never move.
+  const requestedInsets = Array.isArray(options.finderAutoColorAnalysisInsets)
+    ? options.finderAutoColorAnalysisInsets
+    : (Number.isFinite(options.finderAutoColorAnalysisInset)
+      ? [options.finderAutoColorAnalysisInset]
+      : [0.10, 0.20, 0.04]);
+  const autoColorInsets = [];
+  for (const value of requestedInsets) {
+    const inset = clamp(Number(value), 0, 0.30);
+    if (!autoColorInsets.some((item) => Math.abs(item - inset) < 0.001)) autoColorInsets.push(inset);
+  }
+
+  for (const analysisInset of autoColorInsets) {
+    try {
+      const autoColorGray = buildAutoColorValueGray(imageData, {
+        blackClip: options.finderAutoColorBlackClip ?? 0.0001,
+        whiteClip: options.finderAutoColorWhiteClip,
+        highlightPercentile: options.finderAutoColorHighlightPercentile ?? 0.95,
+        outputHighlight: options.finderAutoColorOutputHighlight ?? 190,
+        analysisInset,
+        minimumInputRange: options.finderAutoColorMinimumInputRange ?? 72,
+        targetSamples: options.finderAutoColorTargetSamples
+      });
+      const base = otsuThreshold(autoColorGray);
+      const insetLabel = String(Math.round(analysisInset * 100)).padStart(2, "0");
+      const thresholds = [
+        { suffix: "otsu", value: base },
+        { suffix: "high", value: clamp(base + 12, 8, 247) }
+      ];
+      for (const thresholdInfo of thresholds) {
+        const autoColor = evaluatePass({
+          finderMethod: `auto-color-center${insetLabel}-${thresholdInfo.suffix}`,
+          binary: binaryAtThreshold(autoColorGray, thresholdInfo.value),
+          threshold: thresholdInfo.value,
+          detector: { toleranceScale: 1.22, moduleSpreadLimit: 0.60 }
+        }, true);
+        if (autoColor.geometries.length) return autoColor.geometries.slice(0, maxCandidates);
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Try the next center weighting, then continue with raw threshold bracketing.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Camera recovery #2: bracket the raw value-channel threshold, then retain
+  // the legacy luminance pass for unusual captures. These are only built after
+  // both the normal and Auto Color finder passes fail.
+  const highThreshold = clamp(valueInfo.baseThreshold + 18, 8, 247);
+  const lowThreshold = clamp(valueInfo.baseThreshold - 14, 8, 247);
+  const recoveryPasses = [];
+  if (highThreshold !== valueInfo.threshold) {
+    recoveryPasses.push({
+      finderMethod: "rgb-value-high-threshold",
+      binary: binaryAtThreshold(valueInfo.gray, highThreshold),
+      threshold: highThreshold,
+      detector: { toleranceScale: 1.18, moduleSpreadLimit: 0.56 }
+    });
+  }
+  if (lowThreshold !== valueInfo.threshold) {
+    recoveryPasses.push({
+      finderMethod: "rgb-value-low-threshold",
+      binary: binaryAtThreshold(valueInfo.gray, lowThreshold),
+      threshold: lowThreshold,
+      detector: { toleranceScale: 1.14, moduleSpreadLimit: 0.54 }
+    });
+  }
+  const lumaInfo = buildBinary(imageData, { grayMode: "luminance" });
+  recoveryPasses.push({
+    finderMethod: "luminance-otsu",
+    binary: lumaInfo.binary,
+    threshold: lumaInfo.threshold,
+    detector: { toleranceScale: 1.10, moduleSpreadLimit: 0.52 }
+  });
+
+  for (const pass of recoveryPasses) {
+    const recovery = evaluatePass(pass, true);
+    if (recovery.geometries.length) return recovery.geometries.slice(0, maxCandidates);
+  }
+
+  return [];
+}
+
+function median(values) {
+  if (!values.length) return 0;
+  const sorted = values.slice().sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  const middle = Math.floor(sorted.length / 2);
+  return sorted.length % 2
+    ? sorted[middle]
+    : (sorted[middle - 1] + sorted[middle]) / 2;
+}
+
+function robustRgb(values) {
+  if (!values.length) throw new Error("No RGB samples available.");
+  return {
+    r: median(values.map((rgb) => rgb.r)),
+    g: median(values.map((rgb) => rgb.g)),
+    b: median(values.map((rgb) => rgb.b))
+  };
+}
+
 function averageProjectedSample(imageData, homography, moduleX, moduleY, radius = 0.16) {
   const offsets = radius > 0
     ? [[0, 0], [-radius, 0], [radius, 0], [0, -radius], [0, radius]]
     : [[0, 0]];
-  let r = 0;
-  let g = 0;
-  let b = 0;
-  let count = 0;
+  const values = [];
   for (const [dx, dy] of offsets) {
     const point = projectPoint(homography, moduleX + dx, moduleY + dy);
     if (point.x < 0 || point.y < 0 || point.x >= imageData.width || point.y >= imageData.height) continue;
-    const rgb = bilinearRgb(imageData, point.x, point.y);
-    r += rgb.r;
-    g += rgb.g;
-    b += rgb.b;
-    count++;
+    values.push(bilinearRgb(imageData, point.x, point.y));
+  }
+  if (!values.length) return { r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 };
+  return averageRgb(values);
+}
+
+function robustProjectedSample(imageData, homography, moduleX, moduleY, radius = 0.12) {
+  // Fallback for dirty/soft-focus camera frames. A compact 3x3 patch stays
+  // away from module edges and median aggregation rejects glare/speckles.
+  const offsets = radius > 0 ? [-radius, 0, radius] : [0];
+  const values = [];
+  for (const dy of offsets) {
+    for (const dx of offsets) {
+      const point = projectPoint(homography, moduleX + dx, moduleY + dy);
+      if (point.x < 0 || point.y < 0 || point.x >= imageData.width || point.y >= imageData.height) continue;
+      values.push(bilinearRgb(imageData, point.x, point.y));
+    }
+  }
+  return values.length ? robustRgb(values) : { r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 };
+}
+
+function histogramPercentile(histogram, total, fraction) {
+  if (!total) return 0;
+  const target = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(total * clamp(fraction, 0, 1)));
+  let seen = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < histogram.length; i++) {
+    seen += histogram[i];
+    if (seen >= target) return i;
+  }
+  return histogram.length - 1;
+}
+
+function buildAutoColorLevels(imageData, options = {}) {
+  const analysisInset = clamp(options.analysisInset ?? 0, 0, 0.30);
+  const x0 = Math.floor(imageData.width * analysisInset);
+  const y0 = Math.floor(imageData.height * analysisInset);
+  const x1 = Math.max(x0 + 1, Math.ceil(imageData.width * (1 - analysisInset)));
+  const y1 = Math.max(y0 + 1, Math.ceil(imageData.height * (1 - analysisInset)));
+  const analysisWidth = Math.max(1, x1 - x0);
+  const analysisHeight = Math.max(1, y1 - y0);
+  const pixelCount = analysisWidth * analysisHeight;
+  const targetSamples = Math.max(4000, Math.round(options.targetSamples ?? 90000));
+  const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(pixelCount / targetSamples));
+  const histograms = [new Uint32Array(256), new Uint32Array(256), new Uint32Array(256)];
+  let samples = 0;
+
+  // Camera recovery deliberately supports analysing only the central part of
+  // the visible frame. A phone preview often contains very dark UI/screen
+  // edges outside the code; letting those pixels define the black point makes
+  // an otherwise useful Auto Color pass far too weak.
+  for (let index = 0; index < pixelCount; index += step) {
+    const x = x0 + (index % analysisWidth);
+    const y = y0 + Math.floor(index / analysisWidth);
+    const p = (y * imageData.width + x) * 4;
+    const a = imageData.data[p + 3] / 255;
+    const rgb = [
+      imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a)
+    ];
+    for (let channel = 0; channel < 3; channel++) {
+      histograms[channel][clamp(Math.round(rgb[channel]), 0, 255)]++;
+    }
+    samples++;
+  }
+
+  const blackClip = clamp(options.blackClip ?? 0.004, 0, 0.06);
+  const whiteClip = clamp(options.whiteClip ?? 0.004, 0, 0.06);
+  const lows = histograms.map((histogram) => histogramPercentile(histogram, samples, blackClip));
+
+  let references;
+  let highs;
+  const outputHighlight = Number(options.outputHighlight);
+  if (Number.isFinite(outputHighlight)) {
+    // Strong Photoshop-like camera mode. Photoshop Auto Color on the supplied
+    // warm camera sample does not stretch the brightest observed paper/white
+    // cells all the way to 255. Instead it anchors the per-channel shadow
+    // points close to black while keeping the observed highlight around a
+    // neutral mid-high value. That produces much darker structural black and
+    // much stronger RGB separation without washing the whole code out.
+    const highlightPercentile = clamp(options.highlightPercentile ?? 0.95, 0.70, 0.9999);
+    const target = clamp(outputHighlight, 96, 250);
+    references = histograms.map((histogram) => histogramPercentile(histogram, samples, highlightPercentile));
+    const minimumInputRange = Math.max(32, Math.round(options.minimumInputRange ?? 72));
+    highs = references.map((reference, channel) => {
+      const observedRange = Math.max(minimumInputRange, reference - lows[channel]);
+      return lows[channel] + observedRange * 255 / target;
+    });
+  } else {
+    references = histograms.map((histogram) => histogramPercentile(histogram, samples, 1 - whiteClip));
+    highs = references.slice();
+    for (let channel = 0; channel < 3; channel++) {
+      highs[channel] = Math.max(lows[channel] + 24, highs[channel]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const mapChannel = (value, channel) => clamp(
+    (value - lows[channel]) * 255 / Math.max(1, highs[channel] - lows[channel]),
+    0,
+    255
+  );
+
+  return { lows, highs, references, mapChannel };
+}
+
+function autoColorImageData(imageData, options = {}) {
+  const levels = buildAutoColorLevels(imageData, options);
+  const pixelCount = imageData.width * imageData.height;
+  const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(imageData.data.length);
+  for (let index = 0; index < pixelCount; index++) {
+    const p = index * 4;
+    const a = imageData.data[p + 3] / 255;
+    const r = imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    const g = imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    const b = imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    data[p] = levels.mapChannel(r, 0);
+    data[p + 1] = levels.mapChannel(g, 1);
+    data[p + 2] = levels.mapChannel(b, 2);
+    data[p + 3] = 255;
+  }
+  return { width: imageData.width, height: imageData.height, data };
+}
+
+function buildAutoColorValueGray(imageData, options = {}) {
+  const levels = buildAutoColorLevels(imageData, options);
+  const gray = new Uint8Array(imageData.width * imageData.height);
+  for (let i = 0; i < gray.length; i++) {
+    const p = i * 4;
+    const a = imageData.data[p + 3] / 255;
+    const r = imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    const g = imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    const b = imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a);
+    gray[i] = Math.round(Math.max(
+      levels.mapChannel(r, 0),
+      levels.mapChannel(g, 1),
+      levels.mapChannel(b, 2)
+    ));
+  }
+  return gray;
+}
+
+function buildAutoToneContrastColorTransform(samples, options = {}) {
+  if (!samples?.length) return (rgb) => rgb;
+  const blackClip = clamp(options.blackClip ?? 0.006, 0, 0.08);
+  const whiteClip = clamp(options.whiteClip ?? 0.004, 0, 0.08);
+  const highlightFraction = clamp(options.highlightFraction ?? 0.14, 0.04, 0.35);
+  const saturation = clamp(options.saturation ?? 1.12, 1, 1.5);
+
+  // Auto Color-style neutralization: use the brightest portion of the frame as
+  // a likely white reference. This is especially effective on warm/yellow
+  // phone-camera frames where the blue channel is suppressed.
+  const luminanceHistogram = new Uint32Array(256);
+  for (const rgb of samples) {
+    const y = clamp(Math.round(luminance(rgb)), 0, 255);
+    luminanceHistogram[y]++;
+  }
+  const highlightThreshold = histogramPercentile(
+    luminanceHistogram,
+    samples.length,
+    1 - highlightFraction
+  );
+  let highlightR = 0;
+  let highlightG = 0;
+  let highlightB = 0;
+  let highlightCount = 0;
+  for (const rgb of samples) {
+    if (luminance(rgb) < highlightThreshold) continue;
+    highlightR += rgb.r;
+    highlightG += rgb.g;
+    highlightB += rgb.b;
+    highlightCount++;
   }
-  if (!count) return { r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 };
-  return { r: r / count, g: g / count, b: b / count };
+  const highlightMean = highlightCount
+    ? { r: highlightR / highlightCount, g: highlightG / highlightCount, b: highlightB / highlightCount }
+    : { r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 };
+  const neutralTarget = (highlightMean.r + highlightMean.g + highlightMean.b) / 3;
+  const gains = {
+    r: clamp(neutralTarget / Math.max(24, highlightMean.r), 0.72, 1.42),
+    g: clamp(neutralTarget / Math.max(24, highlightMean.g), 0.72, 1.42),
+    b: clamp(neutralTarget / Math.max(24, highlightMean.b), 0.72, 1.42)
+  };
+
+  // Auto Tone-style per-channel levels after the neutralization above.
+  const histograms = [new Uint32Array(256), new Uint32Array(256), new Uint32Array(256)];
+  for (const rgb of samples) {
+    const corrected = [rgb.r * gains.r, rgb.g * gains.g, rgb.b * gains.b];
+    for (let channel = 0; channel < 3; channel++) {
+      histograms[channel][clamp(Math.round(corrected[channel]), 0, 255)]++;
+    }
+  }
+  const lows = histograms.map((histogram) => histogramPercentile(histogram, samples.length, blackClip));
+  const highs = histograms.map((histogram) => histogramPercentile(histogram, samples.length, 1 - whiteClip));
+  for (let channel = 0; channel < 3; channel++) {
+    highs[channel] = Math.max(lows[channel] + 20, highs[channel]);
+  }
+
+  const tone = (value, channel) => clamp(
+    (value * [gains.r, gains.g, gains.b][channel] - lows[channel]) * 255 / (highs[channel] - lows[channel]),
+    0,
+    255
+  );
+
+  // Auto Contrast-style common tonal expansion is calculated after the
+  // per-channel levels so it does not undo white-balance correction.
+  const toneLuminanceHistogram = new Uint32Array(256);
+  for (const rgb of samples) {
+    const corrected = { r: tone(rgb.r, 0), g: tone(rgb.g, 1), b: tone(rgb.b, 2) };
+    toneLuminanceHistogram[clamp(Math.round(luminance(corrected)), 0, 255)]++;
+  }
+  const contrastLow = histogramPercentile(toneLuminanceHistogram, samples.length, blackClip);
+  const contrastHigh = Math.max(
+    contrastLow + 28,
+    histogramPercentile(toneLuminanceHistogram, samples.length, 1 - whiteClip)
+  );
+  const contrast = (value) => clamp((value - contrastLow) * 255 / (contrastHigh - contrastLow), 0, 255);
+
+  return (rgb) => {
+    let r = contrast(tone(rgb.r, 0));
+    let g = contrast(tone(rgb.g, 1));
+    let b = contrast(tone(rgb.b, 2));
+
+    // A small saturation recovery restores separation lost to lens haze and
+    // bilinear camera scaling. It is intentionally conservative because this
+    // path runs only after the normal scanner has failed.
+    const y = luminance({ r, g, b });
+    r = clamp(y + (r - y) * saturation, 0, 255);
+    g = clamp(y + (g - y) * saturation, 0, 255);
+    b = clamp(y + (b - y) * saturation, 0, 255);
+    return { r, g, b };
+  };
+}
+
+function autoToneContrastColorRgbGrid(rgbGrid, options = {}) {
+  const samples = [];
+  for (const row of rgbGrid) for (const rgb of row) samples.push(rgb);
+  const transform = buildAutoToneContrastColorTransform(samples, options);
+  return rgbGrid.map((row) => row.map((rgb) => transform(rgb)));
+}
+
+function autoToneContrastColorImageData(imageData, options = {}) {
+  const pixelCount = imageData.width * imageData.height;
+  const targetSamples = Math.max(8000, Math.round(options.targetSamples ?? 160000));
+  const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(pixelCount / targetSamples));
+  const samples = [];
+  for (let index = 0; index < pixelCount; index += step) {
+    const p = index * 4;
+    const a = imageData.data[p + 3] / 255;
+    samples.push({
+      r: imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      g: imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      b: imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a)
+    });
+  }
+
+  const transform = buildAutoToneContrastColorTransform(samples, options);
+  const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(imageData.data.length);
+  for (let index = 0; index < pixelCount; index++) {
+    const p = index * 4;
+    const a = imageData.data[p + 3] / 255;
+    const corrected = transform({
+      r: imageData.data[p] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      g: imageData.data[p + 1] * a + 255 * (1 - a),
+      b: imageData.data[p + 2] * a + 255 * (1 - a)
+    });
+    data[p] = corrected.r;
+    data[p + 1] = corrected.g;
+    data[p + 2] = corrected.b;
+    data[p + 3] = 255;
+  }
+  return { width: imageData.width, height: imageData.height, data };
 }
 
 function samplePerspectiveMatrix(imageData, homography, size, options = {}) {
   const rgbGrid = Array.from({ length: size }, () => new Array(size));
-  const radius = options.sampleRadius ?? 0.16;
+  const mode = options.sampleMode ?? "cross";
+  const radius = options.sampleRadius ?? (mode === "median" ? 0.12 : 0.16);
+  const offsetX = Number.isFinite(options.sampleOffsetX) ? options.sampleOffsetX : 0;
+  const offsetY = Number.isFinite(options.sampleOffsetY) ? options.sampleOffsetY : 0;
   for (let r = 0; r < size; r++) {
     for (let c = 0; c < size; c++) {
-      rgbGrid[r][c] = averageProjectedSample(imageData, homography, c + 0.5, r + 0.5, radius);
+      const moduleX = c + 0.5 + offsetX;
+      const moduleY = r + 0.5 + offsetY;
+      rgbGrid[r][c] = mode === "median"
+        ? robustProjectedSample(imageData, homography, moduleX, moduleY, radius)
+        : averageProjectedSample(imageData, homography, moduleX, moduleY, radius);
     }
   }
   return { rgbGrid };
@@ -1532,13 +2008,14 @@ function pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, positions, limit = 24) {
   return out;
 }
 
-function sampleObservedPalette(rgbGrid, calibration) {
+function sampleObservedPalette(rgbGrid, calibration, options = {}) {
+  const aggregate = options.robust ? robustRgb : averageRgb;
   const palette = {
-    black: averageRgb(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.black, 36)),
-    white: averageRgb(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.white, 36)),
-    red: averageRgb(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.red, 12)),
-    green: averageRgb(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.green, 12)),
-    blue: averageRgb(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.blue, 12))
+    black: aggregate(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.black, 36)),
+    white: aggregate(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.white, 36)),
+    red: aggregate(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.red, 12)),
+    green: aggregate(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.green, 12)),
+    blue: aggregate(pickCalibrationSamples(rgbGrid, calibration.blue, 12))
   };
 
   // All five observed classes must remain separated enough for reliable RGBW
@@ -1558,6 +2035,71 @@ function sampleObservedPalette(rgbGrid, calibration) {
   return palette;
 }
 
+function calibrationReferencePoints(rgbGrid, positions, limit = 64) {
+  if (!positions?.length) return [];
+  const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(positions.length / limit));
+  const refs = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i += step) {
+    const [row, col] = positions[i];
+    refs.push({ row, col, rgb: rgbGrid[row][col] });
+    if (refs.length >= limit) break;
+  }
+  return refs;
+}
+
+function estimateLocalReference(refs, row, col) {
+  if (!refs.length) return { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 };
+  let wr = 0;
+  let wg = 0;
+  let wb = 0;
+  let total = 0;
+  for (const ref of refs) {
+    const dr = row - ref.row;
+    const dc = col - ref.col;
+    const distanceSq = dr * dr + dc * dc;
+    if (distanceSq < 1e-9) return ref.rgb;
+    // Smooth inverse-distance weighting. The +4 prevents one slightly blurred
+    // structural cell from dominating the local estimate.
+    const weight = 1 / (distanceSq + 4);
+    wr += ref.rgb.r * weight;
+    wg += ref.rgb.g * weight;
+    wb += ref.rgb.b * weight;
+    total += weight;
+  }
+  return {
+    r: wr / total,
+    g: wg / total,
+    b: wb / total
+  };
+}
+
+function spatiallyNormalizeRgbGrid(rgbGrid, calibration, options = {}) {
+  const size = rgbGrid.length;
+  const limit = options.referenceLimit ?? 64;
+  const blackRefs = calibrationReferencePoints(rgbGrid, calibration.black, limit);
+  const whiteRefs = calibrationReferencePoints(rgbGrid, calibration.white, limit);
+  if (!blackRefs.length || !whiteRefs.length) throw new Error("Black/white references are required for spatial color normalization.");
+
+  const normalized = Array.from({ length: size }, () => new Array(size));
+  for (let row = 0; row < size; row++) {
+    for (let col = 0; col < size; col++) {
+      const rgb = rgbGrid[row][col];
+      const black = estimateLocalReference(blackRefs, row, col);
+      const white = estimateLocalReference(whiteRefs, row, col);
+      const normalizeChannel = (value, low, high) => {
+        const range = Math.max(28, high - low);
+        return clamp((value - low) * 255 / range, -96, 384);
+      };
+      normalized[row][col] = {
+        r: normalizeChannel(rgb.r, black.r, white.r),
+        g: normalizeChannel(rgb.g, black.g, white.g),
+        b: normalizeChannel(rgb.b, black.b, white.b)
+      };
+    }
+  }
+  return normalized;
+}
+
 function rectifyImageData(imageData, homography, size, moduleSize = 8) {
   const outputSize = Math.max(1, Math.round(size * moduleSize));
   const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(outputSize * outputSize * 4);
@@ -1649,19 +2191,57 @@ const visionInternals = Object.freeze({
   luminance
 });
 
-return { computeHomography, projectPoint, detectCodeGeometry, samplePerspectiveMatrix, sampleObservedPalette, rectifyImageData, findActiveBounds, sampleAxisAlignedGrid, visionInternals };
+return { computeHomography, projectPoint, detectCodeGeometry, autoColorImageData, autoToneContrastColorRgbGrid, autoToneContrastColorImageData, samplePerspectiveMatrix, sampleObservedPalette, spatiallyNormalizeRgbGrid, rectifyImageData, findActiveBounds, sampleAxisAlignedGrid, visionInternals };
 })();
 const __qqr_quadqr_js = (function () {
 const { MAX_CODEWORD_SYMBOLS, rsEncode, rsDecode } = __qqr_reed_solomon_js;
 const { alignmentPatternCentersForVersion, alignmentPatternIsBlack, alignmentPatternRadius, sizeForVersion, versionFromSize } = __qqr_geometry_js;
-const { detectCodeGeometry, samplePerspectiveMatrix, rectifyImageData, sampleObservedPalette, findActiveBounds, sampleAxisAlignedGrid } = __qqr_vision_js;
+const { detectCodeGeometry, computeHomography, projectPoint, samplePerspectiveMatrix, rectifyImageData, sampleObservedPalette, spatiallyNormalizeRgbGrid, autoToneContrastColorRgbGrid, autoToneContrastColorImageData, autoColorImageData, findActiveBounds, sampleAxisAlignedGrid } = __qqr_vision_js;
 const { decryptSecurePayload, encryptSecurePayload, inspectSecureEnvelope, SECURITY_MODES, SECURITY_ALGORITHMS, SECURE_PAYLOAD_VERSION, DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, generateRaw256Key, normalizeRaw256Key, bytesToHex } = __qqr_security_js;
+/**
+ * QuadQR
+ *
+ * Experimental four-state RGBW matrix code written in pure JavaScript.
+ *
+ * Core format:
+ * - Red / Green / Blue / White data cells
+ * - exactly 2 bits per data cell
+ * - GF(256) Reed-Solomon ECC over byte symbols
+ * - interleaved body ECC blocks
+ * - zero-overhead spectral-spatial cell placement
+ * - confidence-aware Reed-Solomon error/erasure recovery
+ * - protected bootstrap/header
+ * - version-dependent distributed alignment patterns for perspective recovery
+ * - camera color calibration and image scanning
+ */
 
 const FORMAT_VERSION = 5;
 const MIN_VERSION = 1;
 const MAX_VERSION = 40;
 const DEFAULT_ECC_LEVEL = "M";
 
+const RENDER_MODES = Object.freeze({
+  SCREEN: "screen",
+  PRINT: "print"
+});
+
+// Print-safe defaults deliberately use darker, more ink-tolerant primaries and
+// a true white background. Applications can still override individual colors.
+const PRINT_PALETTE = Object.freeze({
+  black: "#000000",
+  white: "#ffffff",
+  red: "#d71932",
+  green: "#087f3e",
+  blue: "#174ea6"
+});
+
+const COMPRESSION_MODES = Object.freeze({
+  NONE: "none",
+  AUTO: "auto",
+  LZ: "lz"
+});
+const SIGNATURE_ALGORITHMS = Object.freeze({ ED25519: "Ed25519" });
+
 // Data cells are the four values 0..3. Structural white deliberately shares
 // value 3 with data-white because both render and scan identically.
 const CELL = Object.freeze({
@@ -1726,6 +2306,22 @@ const COMPACT_ECC_LEVELS = Object.freeze({
 const CRC_BYTES = 4;
 const TEXT_FLAG = 1;
 const SECURE_FLAG = 1 << 3;
+const EXTENDED_PAYLOAD_FLAG = 1 << 4;
+const SIGNED_FLAG = 1 << 5;
+
+// Internal payload extension envelope. This is deliberately not a public
+// payload mode or content-type system. It exists only when compression or
+// signing needs metadata around an otherwise normal text/binary payload.
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_VERSION = 2;
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_MAGIC = new Uint8Array([0x51, 0x50, 0x58, 0x31]); // QPX1
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_HEADER_BYTES = 16;
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNED_FLAG = 1;
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSED_FLAG = 1 << 1;
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_EMBEDDED_KEY_FLAG = 1 << 2;
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSION_IDS = Object.freeze({ none: 0, lz: 1 });
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSION_BY_ID = Object.freeze({ 0: "none", 1: "lz" });
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNATURE_IDS = Object.freeze({ none: 0, Ed25519: 1 });
+const PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNATURE_BY_ID = Object.freeze({ 0: null, 1: "Ed25519" });
 const ECC_SHIFT = 1;
 const ECC_MASK = 0b00000110;
 
@@ -1804,9 +2400,375 @@ function readU32be(bytes, offset = 0) {
   ) >>> 0;
 }
 
+function u16be(value) {
+  const v = Number(value) >>> 0;
+  assert(v <= 0xffff, "Value does not fit in uint16.");
+  return new Uint8Array([(v >>> 8) & 0xff, v & 0xff]);
+}
+
+function readU16be(bytes, offset = 0) {
+  return ((bytes[offset] << 8) | bytes[offset + 1]) >>> 0;
+}
+
+function normalizeCompressionMode(value = "none") {
+  const key = String(value).toLowerCase();
+  assert(["none", "auto", "lz"].includes(key), "compression must be none, auto, or lz.");
+  return key;
+}
+
+function asBytes(input) {
+  if (input instanceof Uint8Array) return input;
+  if (ArrayBuffer.isView(input)) return new Uint8Array(input.buffer, input.byteOffset, input.byteLength);
+  if (input instanceof ArrayBuffer) return new Uint8Array(input);
+  return new Uint8Array(input);
+}
+
+/** Portable LZSS-style compressor used by QuadQR payload compression. */
+function compressPayload(input) {
+  const bytes = asBytes(input);
+  if (bytes.length < 4) return bytes.slice();
+  const out = [];
+  const recent = new Map();
+  let pos = 0;
+
+  const keyAt = (i) => i + 2 < bytes.length ? ((bytes[i] << 16) | (bytes[i + 1] << 8) | bytes[i + 2]) : -1;
+  const remember = (i) => {
+    const key = keyAt(i);
+    if (key < 0) return;
+    let list = recent.get(key);
+    if (!list) recent.set(key, list = []);
+    list.push(i);
+    while (list.length > 32) list.shift();
+    while (list.length && i - list[0] > 4095) list.shift();
+  };
+
+  while (pos < bytes.length) {
+    const flagIndex = out.length;
+    out.push(0);
+    let flags = 0;
+    for (let token = 0; token < 8 && pos < bytes.length; token++) {
+      let bestLength = 0;
+      let bestOffset = 0;
+      const key = keyAt(pos);
+      const candidates = key >= 0 ? (recent.get(key) ?? []) : [];
+      for (let ci = candidates.length - 1; ci >= 0; ci--) {
+        const candidate = candidates[ci];
+        const offset = pos - candidate;
+        if (offset <= 0 || offset > 4095) continue;
+        let length = 0;
+        while (length < 18 && pos + length < bytes.length && bytes[candidate + length] === bytes[pos + length]) length++;
+        if (length >= 3 && length > bestLength) {
+          bestLength = length;
+          bestOffset = offset;
+          if (length === 18) break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (bestLength >= 3) {
+        flags |= (1 << token);
+        const encoded = ((bestOffset & 0x0fff) << 4) | ((bestLength - 3) & 0x0f);
+        out.push((encoded >>> 8) & 0xff, encoded & 0xff);
+        for (let i = 0; i < bestLength; i++) remember(pos + i);
+        pos += bestLength;
+      } else {
+        out.push(bytes[pos]);
+        remember(pos);
+        pos++;
+      }
+    }
+    out[flagIndex] = flags;
+  }
+  return Uint8Array.from(out);
+}
+
+function decompressPayload(input, expectedLength = null) {
+  const bytes = asBytes(input);
+  const out = [];
+  let pos = 0;
+  while (pos < bytes.length) {
+    const flags = bytes[pos++];
+    for (let token = 0; token < 8 && pos < bytes.length; token++) {
+      if (flags & (1 << token)) {
+        assert(pos + 1 < bytes.length, "Compressed payload is truncated.");
+        const encoded = (bytes[pos++] << 8) | bytes[pos++];
+        const offset = (encoded >>> 4) & 0x0fff;
+        const length = (encoded & 0x0f) + 3;
+        assert(offset > 0 && offset <= out.length, "Compressed payload has an invalid back-reference.");
+        for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) out.push(out[out.length - offset]);
+      } else {
+        out.push(bytes[pos++]);
+      }
+      if (expectedLength != null && out.length >= expectedLength) break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (expectedLength != null) assert(out.length === expectedLength, "Decompressed payload length mismatch.");
+  return Uint8Array.from(out);
+}
+
+function prepareCompressedBody(payload, compression = "none") {
+  const mode = normalizeCompressionMode(compression);
+  if (mode === "none") return { body: payload, compression: "none" };
+  const compressed = compressPayload(payload);
+  if (mode === "auto" && compressed.length >= payload.length - 2) {
+    return { body: payload, compression: "none" };
+  }
+  return { body: compressed, compression: "lz" };
+}
+
+function normalizeSigningKeyId(value) {
+  if (value == null || value === false || value === "") return new Uint8Array(0);
+  const bytes = typeof value === "string" ? getTextEncoder().encode(value) : asBytes(value);
+  assert(bytes.length <= 64, "Signing key ID must be 64 bytes or fewer.");
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+function makePayloadEnvelopeHeader({ compression, flags = 0, originalLength, keyIdLength = 0, publicKeyLength = 0, signatureLength = 0, signatureAlgorithm = null, version = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_VERSION }) {
+  assert(keyIdLength <= 0xff, "Signing key ID is too long.");
+  assert(publicKeyLength <= 0xff, "Signing public key is too large.");
+  assert(signatureLength <= 0xff, "Signature is too large.");
+  const header = new Uint8Array(PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_HEADER_BYTES);
+  header.set(PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_MAGIC, 0);
+  header[4] = version;
+  header[5] = flags & 0xff;
+  header[6] = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSION_IDS[compression];
+  header[7] = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNATURE_IDS[signatureAlgorithm ?? "none"] ?? 0;
+  header.set(u32be(originalLength), 8);
+  header[12] = keyIdLength;
+  header[13] = publicKeyLength;
+  header[14] = signatureLength;
+  header[15] = 0;
+  return header;
+}
+
+function isPayloadEnvelope(input) {
+  const bytes = asBytes(input);
+  return bytes.length >= PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_HEADER_BYTES && PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_MAGIC.every((value, index) => bytes[index] === value);
+}
+
+function packPayloadEnvelope(input, options = {}) {
+  const payload = asBytes(input);
+  const prepared = prepareCompressedBody(payload, options.compression ?? "none");
+  const flags = prepared.compression !== "none" ? PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSED_FLAG : 0;
+  const header = makePayloadEnvelopeHeader({
+    compression: prepared.compression,
+    flags,
+    originalLength: payload.length
+  });
+  return concatBytes(header, prepared.body);
+}
+
+function parsePayloadEnvelope(input) {
+  const container = asBytes(input);
+  assert(isPayloadEnvelope(container), "Payload extension envelope is not recognized.");
+  const version = container[4];
+  assert(version === 1 || version === PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_VERSION, `Unsupported payload extension version ${version}.`);
+  const flags = container[5];
+  const compression = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSION_BY_ID[container[6]];
+  assert(compression != null, `Unknown payload compression id ${container[6]}.`);
+  const signatureAlgorithm = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNATURE_BY_ID[container[7]];
+  const originalLength = readU32be(container, 8);
+  const metadataLength = container[12];
+  const publicKeyLength = container[13];
+  const signatureLength = container[14];
+  let offset = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_HEADER_BYTES;
+  const endMetadata = offset + metadataLength;
+  const endPublicKey = endMetadata + publicKeyLength;
+  const endSignature = endPublicKey + signatureLength;
+  assert(endSignature <= container.length, "Payload extension length fields exceed the envelope size.");
+  const metadataBytes = container.slice(offset, endMetadata);
+  const publicKey = container.slice(endMetadata, endPublicKey);
+  const signature = container.slice(endPublicKey, endSignature);
+  const stored = container.slice(endSignature);
+  const payload = compression === "lz" ? decompressPayload(stored, originalLength) : stored;
+  assert(payload.length === originalLength, "Payload length mismatch after extension decoding.");
+  const signed = Boolean(flags & PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNED_FLAG);
+  const signedBytes = signed ? concatBytes(container.slice(0, PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_HEADER_BYTES), metadataBytes, publicKey, stored) : null;
+
+  // v1 used byte 12 for a human-readable signer label and always embedded
+  // the public key. v2 uses the same field for a compact key ID and makes
+  // public-key embedding optional.
+  const legacySigner = version === 1 && metadataLength ? getTextDecoder().decode(metadataBytes) : null;
+  const keyId = version >= 2 && metadataLength ? getTextDecoder().decode(metadataBytes) : null;
+  const keyIdHex = version >= 2 && metadataLength
+    ? Array.from(metadataBytes, (value) => value.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("")
+    : null;
+
+  return {
+    container,
+    version,
+    compression,
+    compressed: compression !== "none",
+    originalBytes: originalLength,
+    storedBytes: stored.length,
+    savedBytes: originalLength - stored.length,
+    payload,
+    signed,
+    signer: legacySigner,
+    keyId,
+    keyIdHex,
+    publicKey,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey: publicKey.length > 0,
+    signature,
+    signatureAlgorithm,
+    signedBytes,
+    signatureVerified: signed ? null : undefined,
+    signatureTrusted: signed ? null : undefined
+  };
+}
+
+function subtleCrypto() {
+  const subtle = globalThis.crypto?.subtle;
+  assert(subtle, "Web Crypto is required for QuadQR signing.");
+  return subtle;
+}
+
+async function normalizeEd25519PublicKey(key) {
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+  if (typeof CryptoKey !== "undefined" && key instanceof CryptoKey) return key;
+  if (key && typeof key === "object" && key.type === "public" && key.algorithm?.name === "Ed25519") return key;
+  const bytes = asBytes(key);
+  assert(bytes.length === 32, "Ed25519 public key must be a 32-byte raw key or CryptoKey.");
+  return subtle.importKey("raw", bytes, { name: "Ed25519" }, true, ["verify"]);
+}
+
+async function normalizeEd25519PrivateKey(key) {
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+  if (typeof CryptoKey !== "undefined" && key instanceof CryptoKey) return key;
+  if (key && typeof key === "object" && key.type === "private" && key.algorithm?.name === "Ed25519") return key;
+  const bytes = asBytes(key);
+  return subtle.importKey("pkcs8", bytes, { name: "Ed25519" }, false, ["sign"]);
+}
+
+async function deriveSigningKeyId(publicKey, bytes = 8) {
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+  const normalized = await normalizeEd25519PublicKey(publicKey);
+  const raw = new Uint8Array(await subtle.exportKey("raw", normalized));
+  const digest = new Uint8Array(await subtle.digest("SHA-256", raw));
+  const count = Math.max(4, Math.min(16, Math.floor(bytes)));
+  return Array.from(digest.slice(0, count), (value) => value.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("");
+}
+
+async function generateSigningKeyPair() {
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+  const pair = await subtle.generateKey({ name: "Ed25519" }, true, ["sign", "verify"]);
+  const publicKeyBytes = new Uint8Array(await subtle.exportKey("raw", pair.publicKey));
+  const privateKeyPkcs8 = new Uint8Array(await subtle.exportKey("pkcs8", pair.privateKey));
+  const keyId = await deriveSigningKeyId(pair.publicKey);
+  return {
+    privateKey: pair.privateKey,
+    publicKey: pair.publicKey,
+    privateKeyPkcs8,
+    publicKeyBytes,
+    keyId,
+    algorithm: "Ed25519"
+  };
+}
+
+async function packSignedPayloadEnvelope(input, options = {}) {
+  const payload = asBytes(input);
+  assert(options.privateKey, "privateKey is required to sign a QuadQR payload.");
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+  const prepared = prepareCompressedBody(payload, options.compression ?? "auto");
+  const keyIdBytes = normalizeSigningKeyId(options.keyId);
+
+  let publicKeyBytes = new Uint8Array(0);
+  if (options.embedPublicKey) {
+    assert(options.publicKey, "publicKey is required when embedPublicKey is enabled.");
+    const publicKeyObject = await normalizeEd25519PublicKey(options.publicKey);
+    publicKeyBytes = new Uint8Array(await subtle.exportKey("raw", publicKeyObject));
+  }
+
+  const flags = PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_SIGNED_FLAG |
+    (prepared.compression !== "none" ? PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_COMPRESSED_FLAG : 0) |
+    (publicKeyBytes.length ? PAYLOAD_ENVELOPE_EMBEDDED_KEY_FLAG : 0);
+  const header = makePayloadEnvelopeHeader({
+    compression: prepared.compression,
+    flags,
+    originalLength: payload.length,
+    keyIdLength: keyIdBytes.length,
+    publicKeyLength: publicKeyBytes.length,
+    signatureLength: 64,
+    signatureAlgorithm: "Ed25519"
+  });
+  const signedBytes = concatBytes(header, keyIdBytes, publicKeyBytes, prepared.body);
+  const privateKey = await normalizeEd25519PrivateKey(options.privateKey);
+  const signature = new Uint8Array(await subtle.sign({ name: "Ed25519" }, privateKey, signedBytes));
+  assert(signature.length === 64, "Unexpected Ed25519 signature length.");
+  return concatBytes(header, keyIdBytes, publicKeyBytes, signature, prepared.body);
+}
+
+function lookupTrustedSigningKey(trustedKeys, keyId) {
+  if (!trustedKeys || !keyId) return null;
+  if (trustedKeys instanceof Map) return trustedKeys.get(keyId) ?? null;
+  if (typeof trustedKeys === "object") return trustedKeys[keyId] ?? null;
+  return null;
+}
+
+async function verifyPayloadEnvelopeSignature(input, options = {}) {
+  const parsed = input?.container && input?.signedBytes ? input : parsePayloadEnvelope(input);
+  assert(parsed.signed, "QuadQR payload is not signed.");
+  assert(parsed.signatureAlgorithm === "Ed25519", "Unsupported signature algorithm.");
+  const subtle = subtleCrypto();
+
+  let trusted = options.publicKey ?? options.trustedPublicKey ?? lookupTrustedSigningKey(options.trustedKeys, parsed.keyId);
+  let trustSource = trusted ? "external" : null;
+
+  // Legacy v1 symbols embedded the public key by default, so preserve their
+  // historical self-verification behavior. v2 requires explicit opt-in.
+  if (!trusted && parsed.publicKey.length && (parsed.version === 1 || options.allowEmbeddedKey === true)) {
+    trusted = parsed.publicKey;
+    trustSource = "embedded";
+  }
+
+  assert(
+    trusted,
+    parsed.keyId
+      ? `A trusted Ed25519 public key is required to verify signing key ID "${parsed.keyId}".`
+      : "A trusted Ed25519 public key is required to verify this signed QuadQR."
+  );
+
+  const publicKey = await normalizeEd25519PublicKey(trusted);
+  if (trustSource === "external" && parsed.publicKey.length) {
+    const trustedBytes = new Uint8Array(await subtle.exportKey("raw", publicKey));
+    assert(
+      trustedBytes.length === parsed.publicKey.length && trustedBytes.every((value, index) => value === parsed.publicKey[index]),
+      "Embedded signing key does not match the trusted public key."
+    );
+  }
+
+  const verified = await subtle.verify({ name: "Ed25519" }, publicKey, parsed.signature, parsed.signedBytes);
+  return {
+    verified,
+    trusted: verified && trustSource === "external",
+    trustSource,
+    keyId: parsed.keyId ?? null
+  };
+}
+
+function prepareOptionalCompressedPayload(input, compression = "none") {
+  const payload = asBytes(input);
+  const mode = normalizeCompressionMode(compression);
+  if (mode === "none") return { payload, extended: false, compression: "none" };
+  const prepared = prepareCompressedBody(payload, mode);
+  // Auto mode is truly zero-overhead when compression does not help.
+  if (mode === "auto" && prepared.compression === "none") {
+    return { payload, extended: false, compression: "none" };
+  }
+  return {
+    payload: packPayloadEnvelope(payload, { compression: prepared.compression }),
+    extended: true,
+    compression: prepared.compression
+  };
+}
+
 let CRC_TABLE = null;
 let CRC32_ACCELERATOR = null;
 
+/**
+ * Install or clear an optional synchronous CRC-32 accelerator.
+ * QuadQR's prebuilt WASM helper uses this hook after initWasm() succeeds.
+ * The JavaScript implementation remains the default and fallback.
+ */
 function installCrc32Accelerator(accelerator = null) {
   assert(
     accelerator == null || typeof accelerator === "function",
@@ -1863,9 +2825,11 @@ function cellsToBytes(cells, byteCount = Math.floor(cells.length / CELLS_PER_BYT
   return out;
 }
 
-function flagsFor(text, eccLevel, secure = false) {
+function flagsFor(text, eccLevel, secure = false, extended = false, signed = false) {
   return (text ? TEXT_FLAG : 0) |
     (secure ? SECURE_FLAG : 0) |
+    (extended ? EXTENDED_PAYLOAD_FLAG : 0) |
+    (signed ? SIGNED_FLAG : 0) |
     ((ECC_LEVELS[eccLevel].id << ECC_SHIFT) & ECC_MASK);
 }
 
@@ -2405,6 +3369,11 @@ function finalizeMatrix(layout, rawCells, meta) {
     payloadBytes: meta.payloadBytes,
     sourcePayloadBytes: meta.sourcePayloadBytes ?? meta.payloadBytes,
     secure: Boolean(meta.secure),
+    compressed: meta.compression != null && meta.compression !== "none",
+    compression: meta.compression ?? "none",
+    signed: Boolean(meta.signed),
+    signingKeyId: meta.signingKeyId ?? null,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey: Boolean(meta.hasEmbeddedPublicKey),
     requiresDecryption: Boolean(meta.secure),
     security: meta.security ?? null,
     meaningfulCells: meta.meaningfulCells,
@@ -2423,20 +3392,17 @@ function finalizeMatrix(layout, rawCells, meta) {
   };
 }
 
-function encodeText(text, options = {}) {
-  assert(typeof text === "string", "encodeText expects a string.");
-  return encodeBytes(getTextEncoder().encode(text), { ...options, text: true });
-}
-
-function encodeBytes(input, options = {}) {
+function encodePreparedBytes(input, options = {}) {
   if (options.formatVersion != null && options.formatVersion !== FORMAT_VERSION) {
     throw new Error(`Only QuadQR format version ${FORMAT_VERSION} is supported.`);
   }
 
-  const payload = input instanceof Uint8Array ? input : new Uint8Array(input);
+  const payload = asBytes(input);
   const eccLevel = normalizeEccLevel(options.ecc ?? DEFAULT_ECC_LEVEL);
   const secure = Boolean(options.secure);
-  const flags = flagsFor(Boolean(options.text), eccLevel, secure);
+  const extended = Boolean(options.extended);
+  const signed = Boolean(options.signed);
+  const flags = flagsFor(Boolean(options.text), eccLevel, secure, extended, signed);
   const version = chooseVersion(payload.length, { ...options, ecc: eccLevel });
   const layout = createLayout(version);
   const header = makeHeader(payload.length, flags, version);
@@ -2456,6 +3422,11 @@ function encodeBytes(input, options = {}) {
     payloadBytes: payload.length,
     sourcePayloadBytes: options.sourcePayloadBytes ?? payload.length,
     secure,
+    extended,
+    signed,
+    compression: options.compressionMetadata ?? "none",
+    signingKeyId: options.signingKeyId ?? null,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey: Boolean(options.hasEmbeddedPublicKey),
     security: options.securityMetadata ?? null,
     meaningfulCells: meaningfulCells.length,
     eccLevel,
@@ -2466,43 +3437,138 @@ function encodeBytes(input, options = {}) {
   });
 }
 
-/**
- * Encode text using the optional QuadQR Secure Payload v1 layer.
- * This API is async because Web Crypto performs AES-GCM and password KDF work asynchronously.
- */
-async function encodeSecureText(text, options = {}) {
-  assert(typeof text === "string", "encodeSecureText expects a string.");
-  return encodeSecureBytes(getTextEncoder().encode(text), { ...options, text: true });
+function encodeText(text, options = {}) {
+  assert(typeof text === "string", "encodeText expects a string.");
+  const source = getTextEncoder().encode(text);
+  const prepared = prepareOptionalCompressedPayload(source, options.compression ?? "none");
+  return encodePreparedBytes(prepared.payload, {
+    ...options,
+    text: true,
+    extended: prepared.extended,
+    sourcePayloadBytes: source.length,
+    compressionMetadata: prepared.compression
+  });
+}
+
+function encodeBytes(input, options = {}) {
+  const source = asBytes(input);
+  const prepared = prepareOptionalCompressedPayload(source, options.compression ?? "none");
+  return encodePreparedBytes(prepared.payload, {
+    ...options,
+    text: Boolean(options.text),
+    extended: prepared.extended,
+    sourcePayloadBytes: source.length,
+    compressionMetadata: prepared.compression
+  });
+}
+
+/** Explicit Uint8Array convenience API. Equivalent to encodeBytes(). */
+function encodeUint8Array(input, options = {}) {
+  return encodeBytes(asBytes(input), options);
+}
+
+/** Encode and sign a normal payload using an internal Ed25519 envelope. */
+async function encodeSignedBytes(input, options = {}) {
+  const source = asBytes(input);
+  const envelope = await packSignedPayloadEnvelope(source, options);
+  const parsed = parsePayloadEnvelope(envelope);
+  return encodePreparedBytes(envelope, {
+    ...options,
+    text: Boolean(options.text),
+    extended: true,
+    signed: true,
+    sourcePayloadBytes: source.length,
+    compressionMetadata: parsed.compression,
+    signingKeyId: parsed.keyId,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey: parsed.hasEmbeddedPublicKey
+  });
+}
+
+async function encodeSignedText(text, options = {}) {
+  assert(typeof text === "string", "encodeSignedText expects a string.");
+  return encodeSignedBytes(getTextEncoder().encode(text), { ...options, text: true });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encode text using the optional QuadQR Secure Payload v1 layer.
+ * This API is async because Web Crypto performs AES-GCM and password KDF work asynchronously.
+ */
+async function encodeSecureText(text, options = {}) {
+  assert(typeof text === "string", "encodeSecureText expects a string.");
+  return encodeSecureBytes(getTextEncoder().encode(text), { ...options, text: true });
 }
 
 /** Encode arbitrary bytes using password or raw 256-bit key security. */
 async function encodeSecureBytes(input, options = {}) {
-  const sourcePayload = input instanceof Uint8Array ? input : new Uint8Array(input);
+  const sourcePayload = asBytes(input);
   const security = options.security ?? {};
-  const encrypted = await encryptSecurePayload(sourcePayload, security);
-  return encodeBytes(encrypted.envelope, {
+  let protectedPayload = sourcePayload;
+  let extended = false;
+  let signed = false;
+  let compression = "none";
+  let signingKeyId = null;
+  let hasEmbeddedPublicKey = false;
+
+  if (options.signing) {
+    protectedPayload = await packSignedPayloadEnvelope(sourcePayload, {
+      ...options,
+      ...options.signing,
+      compression: options.compression ?? "auto"
+    });
+    const parsed = parsePayloadEnvelope(protectedPayload);
+    extended = true;
+    signed = true;
+    compression = parsed.compression;
+    signingKeyId = parsed.keyId;
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey = parsed.hasEmbeddedPublicKey;
+  } else {
+    const prepared = prepareOptionalCompressedPayload(sourcePayload, options.compression ?? "none");
+    protectedPayload = prepared.payload;
+    extended = prepared.extended;
+    compression = prepared.compression;
+  }
+
+  const encrypted = await encryptSecurePayload(protectedPayload, security);
+  return encodePreparedBytes(encrypted.envelope, {
     ...options,
     text: Boolean(options.text),
     secure: true,
+    extended,
+    signed,
     sourcePayloadBytes: sourcePayload.length,
+    compressionMetadata: compression,
+    signingKeyId,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey,
     securityMetadata: encrypted.metadata
   });
 }
 
 /**
  * Decrypt a result returned by decodeMatrix/scanImageData/scanFile.
- * The encrypted envelope remains available as encryptedPayload.
+ * Compression and signatures are automatically unwrapped after decryption.
  */
 async function decryptDecoded(result, security = {}) {
   assert(result?.secure && result?.payload, "decryptDecoded expects an encrypted QuadQR decode result.");
   const plaintext = await decryptSecurePayload(result.payload, security);
   const isText = (result.flags & TEXT_FLAG) !== 0;
+  const extended = (result.flags & EXTENDED_PAYLOAD_FLAG) !== 0;
+  const envelope = extended ? parsePayloadEnvelope(plaintext) : null;
+  const payload = envelope ? envelope.payload : plaintext;
   return {
     ...result,
     encryptedPayload: result.payload,
     encryptedPayloadBytes: result.payload.length,
-    payload: plaintext,
-    text: isText ? getTextDecoder().decode(plaintext) : null,
+    protectedPayload: envelope ? plaintext : undefined,
+    payload,
+    text: isText ? getTextDecoder().decode(payload) : null,
+    compressed: envelope?.compressed ?? false,
+    compression: envelope?.compression ?? "none",
+    signed: envelope?.signed ?? result.signed ?? false,
+    signatureVerified: envelope?.signatureVerified ?? result.signatureVerified,
+    signatureTrusted: envelope?.signatureTrusted ?? result.signatureTrusted,
+    signingKeyId: envelope?.keyId ?? result.signingKeyId ?? null,
+    hasEmbeddedPublicKey: envelope?.hasEmbeddedPublicKey ?? result.hasEmbeddedPublicKey ?? false,
+    signer: envelope?.signer ?? result.signer ?? null,
     decrypted: true,
     requiresDecryption: false,
     security: { ...result.security, decrypted: true }
@@ -2773,7 +3839,11 @@ function decodeCanonical(matrix, rotation, tolerance = 0, confidenceMatrix = nul
 
         const isText = (flags & TEXT_FLAG) !== 0;
         const secure = (flags & SECURE_FLAG) !== 0;
+        const extendedFlag = (flags & EXTENDED_PAYLOAD_FLAG) !== 0;
+        const signedFlag = (flags & SIGNED_FLAG) !== 0;
         const security = secure ? inspectSecureEnvelope(payload) : null;
+        const envelope = extendedFlag && !secure ? parsePayloadEnvelope(payload) : null;
+        const applicationPayload = envelope ? envelope.payload : payload;
         const erasureSymbols = headerDecoded.erasureSymbols + bodyDecoded.erasureSymbols;
         const unknownErrorSymbols = headerDecoded.unknownErrorSymbols + bodyDecoded.unknownErrorSymbols;
         return {
@@ -2798,8 +3868,17 @@ function decodeCanonical(matrix, rotation, tolerance = 0, confidenceMatrix = nul
           correctedHeaderSymbols: headerDecoded.correctedSymbols,
           correctedBodySymbols: bodyDecoded.correctedSymbols,
           correctedSymbols: headerDecoded.correctedSymbols + bodyDecoded.correctedSymbols,
-          payload,
-          text: isText && !secure ? getTextDecoder().decode(payload) : null,
+          protectedPayload: envelope ? payload : undefined,
+          payload: secure ? payload : applicationPayload,
+          text: secure ? null : (isText ? getTextDecoder().decode(applicationPayload) : null),
+          compressed: envelope?.compressed ?? false,
+          compression: envelope?.compression ?? "none",
+          signed: envelope?.signed ?? signedFlag,
+          signatureVerified: envelope?.signatureVerified,
+          signatureTrusted: envelope?.signatureTrusted,
+          signingKeyId: envelope?.keyId ?? null,
+          hasEmbeddedPublicKey: envelope?.hasEmbeddedPublicKey ?? false,
+          signer: envelope?.signer ?? null,
           secure,
           encrypted: secure,
           decrypted: false,
@@ -2844,6 +3923,26 @@ function decodeMatrix(inputMatrix, options = {}) {
   throw new Error(`Unable to decode matrix. ${errors.join(" || ")}`);
 }
 
+/** Decode a matrix and return only its application payload bytes. */
+function decodeUint8Array(inputMatrix, options = {}) {
+  return decodeMatrix(inputMatrix, options).payload;
+}
+
+/** Verify a signed decode result and return the result with verification state attached. */
+async function verifyDecodedSignature(result, options = {}) {
+  assert(result?.signed, "Decode result is not signed.");
+  const source = result.protectedPayload;
+  assert(source, "Signed payload metadata is unavailable. Decrypt secure content first if necessary.");
+  const verification = await verifyPayloadEnvelopeSignature(source, options);
+  return {
+    ...result,
+    signatureVerified: verification.verified,
+    signatureTrusted: verification.trusted,
+    signingKeyId: verification.keyId ?? result.signingKeyId ?? null,
+    signatureTrustSource: verification.trustSource
+  };
+}
+
 function hexToRgb(hex) {
   const clean = hex.replace("#", "");
   assert(clean.length === 6, `Invalid hex color ${hex}.`);
@@ -2858,6 +3957,18 @@ function resolvePalette(palette = {}) {
   return { ...DEFAULT_PALETTE, ...palette };
 }
 
+function normalizeRenderMode(mode = RENDER_MODES.SCREEN) {
+  const value = String(mode).toLowerCase();
+  assert(value === RENDER_MODES.SCREEN || value === RENDER_MODES.PRINT, "Render mode must be screen or print.");
+  return value;
+}
+
+function resolveRenderPalette(options = {}) {
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const base = mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT ? PRINT_PALETTE : DEFAULT_PALETTE;
+  return { ...base, ...(options.palette ?? {}) };
+}
+
 function paletteRgb(palette = {}) {
   const p = resolvePalette(palette);
   return {
@@ -3021,18 +4132,346 @@ function fillImageRoundedRect(data, width, x, y, rectWidth, rectHeight, radius,
   }
 }
 
+/** Estimate a conservative center-logo ratio from ECC, utilization and output mode. */
+function estimateSafeLogoSize(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
+  const code = Array.isArray(codeOrMatrix) ? null : codeOrMatrix;
+  const ecc = String(code?.eccLevel ?? options.ecc ?? DEFAULT_ECC_LEVEL).toUpperCase();
+  const base = { L: 0.10, M: 0.13, Q: 0.16, H: 0.19 }[ecc] ?? 0.12;
+  const utilization = Number.isFinite(code?.utilization) ? code.utilization : Number(options.utilization ?? 0.65);
+  const utilizationPenalty = utilization <= 0.55 ? 1 : Math.max(0.72, 1 - (utilization - 0.55) * 0.56);
+  const clearBackground = Boolean(options.clearBackground ?? options.logoClearBackground ?? options.logo?.clearBackground);
+  const clearPenalty = clearBackground ? 0.90 : 1;
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const printPenalty = mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT ? 0.88 : 1;
+  const versionPenalty = code?.version === 1 ? 0.88 : 1;
+  return Math.max(0.07, Math.min(0.22, base * utilizationPenalty * clearPenalty * printPenalty * versionPenalty));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Empirically search for the largest logo ratio that still decodes from the
+ * dependency-free ImageData renderer. The logo source must therefore be ImageData-like.
+ */
+function findMaxSafeLogoSize(code, options = {}) {
+  assert(code?.matrix, "findMaxSafeLogoSize expects an encoded QuadQR object.");
+  const logo = options.logo;
+  const source = logo?.source ?? logo;
+  assert(source?.data && source?.width && source?.height,
+    "findMaxSafeLogoSize requires an ImageData-like logo source so it can test pixel output without DOM dependencies.");
+  let low = Math.max(0.05, Number(options.minSize ?? 0.05));
+  let high = Math.min(0.30, Number(options.maxSize ?? 0.28));
+  let best = 0;
+  const iterations = Math.max(3, Math.min(10, Math.floor(options.iterations ?? 7)));
+  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+    const probe = (low + high) / 2;
+    try {
+      const image = renderToImageData(code, {
+        ...options,
+        logo: {
+          ...(typeof logo === "object" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(logo, "source") ? logo : { source }),
+          size: probe
+        }
+      });
+      const decoded = scanImageData(image, { minVersion: code.version, maxVersion: code.version });
+      if (decoded.crc32 !== code.crc32) throw new Error("Decoded a different payload.");
+      best = probe;
+      low = probe;
+    } catch {
+      high = probe;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    safeSize: best || estimateSafeLogoSize(code, options),
+    testedMax: Number(options.maxSize ?? 0.28),
+    iterations,
+    empirical: best > 0
+  };
+}
+
+function getPrintGuidance(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
+  const matrix = Array.isArray(codeOrMatrix) ? codeOrMatrix : codeOrMatrix?.matrix;
+  assert(matrix?.length, "getPrintGuidance expects a QuadQR code or matrix.");
+  const quietZone = Math.max(4, Math.floor(options.quietZone ?? 4));
+  const physicalSizeMm = Number(options.physicalSizeMm ?? 35);
+  const totalModules = matrix.length + quietZone * 2;
+  const moduleSizeMm = physicalSizeMm / totalModules;
+  const dpi = Number(options.dpi ?? 300);
+  const modulePixels = moduleSizeMm / 25.4 * dpi;
+  const recommendedMinimumModuleMm = Number(options.minimumModuleMm ?? 0.40);
+  return {
+    mode: "print",
+    physicalSizeMm,
+    quietZone,
+    moduleSizeMm,
+    modulePixelsAtDpi: modulePixels,
+    dpi,
+    recommendedMinimumModuleMm,
+    meetsRecommendedModuleSize: moduleSizeMm >= recommendedMinimumModuleMm,
+    recommendedMinimumPhysicalSizeMm: totalModules * recommendedMinimumModuleMm,
+    palette: PRINT_PALETTE,
+    recommendations: [
+      "Use classic rendering for print unless a styled output has been physically validated.",
+      "Keep at least a 4-module quiet zone.",
+      `Target at least ${recommendedMinimumModuleMm.toFixed(2)} mm per module for general-purpose printing.`,
+      "Avoid glossy reflections and low-ink/toner modes when reliable color classification matters."
+    ]
+  };
+}
+
+function resolveLogoRenderOptions(options, matrixSize, moduleSize, quietZone, palette, codeOrMatrix = null) {
+  if (!options.logo) return null;
+
+  const nested = (
+    options.logo &&
+    typeof options.logo === "object" &&
+    Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(options.logo, "source")
+  ) ? options.logo : null;
+  const source = nested ? nested.source : options.logo;
+  if (!source) return null;
+
+  const requestedSize = nested?.size ?? options.logoSize ?? 0.18;
+  const autoSize = String(requestedSize).toLowerCase() === "auto";
+  const rawSize = Number(requestedSize);
+  const sizeRatio = autoSize
+    ? estimateSafeLogoSize(codeOrMatrix, { ...options, clearBackground: nested?.clearBackground ?? options.logoClearBackground })
+    : Math.max(0.05, Math.min(0.30, Number.isFinite(rawSize) ? rawSize : 0.18));
+  const rawPadding = Number(nested?.padding ?? options.logoPadding ?? 0.65);
+  const rawRadius = Number(nested?.radius ?? options.logoRadius ?? 0.8);
+  const paddingModules = Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(rawPadding) ? rawPadding : 0.65);
+  const radiusModules = Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(rawRadius) ? rawRadius : 0.8);
+  const clearBackground = Boolean(nested?.clearBackground ?? options.logoClearBackground ?? false);
+  const backgroundColor = nested?.backgroundColor ?? options.logoBackgroundColor ?? palette.white;
+
+  const codePixels = matrixSize * moduleSize;
+  const canvasPixels = (matrixSize + quietZone * 2) * moduleSize;
+  const logoPixels = Math.max(1, codePixels * sizeRatio);
+  const center = canvasPixels / 2;
+  const paddingPixels = paddingModules * moduleSize;
+  const backgroundPixels = logoPixels + paddingPixels * 2;
+
+  return {
+    source,
+    sizeRatio,
+    clearBackground,
+    backgroundColor,
+    logoX: center - logoPixels / 2,
+    logoY: center - logoPixels / 2,
+    logoSize: logoPixels,
+    backgroundX: center - backgroundPixels / 2,
+    backgroundY: center - backgroundPixels / 2,
+    backgroundSize: backgroundPixels,
+    backgroundRadius: radiusModules * moduleSize
+  };
+}
+
+function canvasLogoSource(source) {
+  if (!source || typeof source === "string") return source;
+  if (source.data && Number.isInteger(source.width) && Number.isInteger(source.height)) {
+    let scratch = null;
+    if (typeof OffscreenCanvas !== "undefined") {
+      scratch = new OffscreenCanvas(source.width, source.height);
+    } else if (typeof document !== "undefined") {
+      scratch = document.createElement("canvas");
+      scratch.width = source.width;
+      scratch.height = source.height;
+    }
+    if (!scratch) return source;
+    const ctx = scratch.getContext("2d");
+    if (!ctx) return source;
+    const pixels = source.data instanceof Uint8ClampedArray
+      ? source.data
+      : new Uint8ClampedArray(source.data);
+    ctx.putImageData(new ImageData(pixels, source.width, source.height), 0, 0);
+    return scratch;
+  }
+  return source;
+}
+
+function logoSourceDimensions(source) {
+  const width = source?.naturalWidth ?? source?.videoWidth ?? source?.width;
+  const height = source?.naturalHeight ?? source?.videoHeight ?? source?.height;
+  if (!(Number(width) > 0 && Number(height) > 0)) return null;
+  return { width: Number(width), height: Number(height) };
+}
+
+function containRect(x, y, size, dimensions) {
+  if (!dimensions) return { x, y, width: size, height: size };
+  const scale = Math.min(size / dimensions.width, size / dimensions.height);
+  const width = dimensions.width * scale;
+  const height = dimensions.height * scale;
+  return {
+    x: x + (size - width) / 2,
+    y: y + (size - height) / 2,
+    width,
+    height
+  };
+}
+
+function drawLogoToCanvas(ctx, logo, palette) {
+  if (!logo) return;
+  if (logo.clearBackground) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = logo.backgroundColor || palette.white;
+    roundedRectPath(
+      ctx,
+      logo.backgroundX,
+      logo.backgroundY,
+      logo.backgroundSize,
+      logo.backgroundSize,
+      logo.backgroundRadius
+    );
+    ctx.fill();
+  }
+
+  const source = canvasLogoSource(logo.source);
+  assert(
+    source && typeof source !== "string",
+    "renderToCanvas() logo must be a loaded CanvasImageSource or ImageData-like object. Load URL/data-URL logos into an Image first."
+  );
+  const rect = containRect(logo.logoX, logo.logoY, logo.logoSize, logoSourceDimensions(source));
+  const previousSmoothing = ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled;
+  ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = true;
+  ctx.drawImage(source, rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height);
+  ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = previousSmoothing;
+}
+
+function blendImagePixel(data, width, x, y, rgb, alpha) {
+  if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= width) return;
+  const height = data.length / 4 / width;
+  if (y >= height) return;
+  const p = (y * width + x) * 4;
+  const a = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, alpha));
+  data[p] = Math.round(data[p] * (1 - a) + rgb.r * a);
+  data[p + 1] = Math.round(data[p + 1] * (1 - a) + rgb.g * a);
+  data[p + 2] = Math.round(data[p + 2] * (1 - a) + rgb.b * a);
+  data[p + 3] = 255;
+}
+
+function drawLogoToImageData(data, width, logo) {
+  if (!logo) return;
+  if (logo.clearBackground) {
+    const rgb = hexToRgb(logo.backgroundColor);
+    fillImageRoundedRect(
+      data,
+      width,
+      Math.round(logo.backgroundX),
+      Math.round(logo.backgroundY),
+      Math.round(logo.backgroundSize),
+      Math.round(logo.backgroundSize),
+      Math.round(logo.backgroundRadius),
+      rgb
+    );
+  }
+
+  const source = logo.source;
+  assert(
+    source?.data && Number.isInteger(source.width) && Number.isInteger(source.height),
+    "renderToImageData() logo must be an ImageData-like object with width, height, and RGBA data."
+  );
+  const dest = containRect(logo.logoX, logo.logoY, logo.logoSize, {
+    width: source.width,
+    height: source.height
+  });
+  const x0 = Math.round(dest.x);
+  const y0 = Math.round(dest.y);
+  const destWidth = Math.max(1, Math.round(dest.width));
+  const destHeight = Math.max(1, Math.round(dest.height));
+  const src = source.data;
+
+  for (let y = 0; y < destHeight; y++) {
+    const sy = Math.min(source.height - 1, Math.floor((y + 0.5) * source.height / destHeight));
+    for (let x = 0; x < destWidth; x++) {
+      const sx = Math.min(source.width - 1, Math.floor((x + 0.5) * source.width / destWidth));
+      const p = (sy * source.width + sx) * 4;
+      const alpha = (src[p + 3] ?? 255) / 255;
+      if (alpha <= 0) continue;
+      blendImagePixel(data, width, x0 + x, y0 + y, {
+        r: src[p],
+        g: src[p + 1],
+        b: src[p + 2]
+      }, alpha);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function escapeXmlAttribute(value) {
+  return String(value)
+    .replaceAll("&", "&amp;")
+    .replaceAll('"', "&quot;")
+    .replaceAll("<", "&lt;")
+    .replaceAll(">", "&gt;");
+}
+
+function svgRect(x, y, width, height, fill, radius = 0) {
+  const rounded = radius > 0 ? ` rx="${radius}" ry="${radius}"` : "";
+  return `<rect x="${x}" y="${y}" width="${width}" height="${height}" fill="${escapeXmlAttribute(fill)}"${rounded}/>`;
+}
+
+function svgLogoHref(source) {
+  if (typeof source === "string") return source;
+  if (typeof source?.src === "string" && source.src) return source.src;
+  return null;
+}
+
+function resolveRenderSizing(options, matrixSize) {
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const requestedQuietZone = Math.max(0, Math.floor(options.quietZone ?? 4));
+  const quietZone = mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT && options.allowUnsafePrintQuietZone !== true
+    ? Math.max(4, requestedQuietZone)
+    : requestedQuietZone;
+  const totalModules = matrixSize + quietZone * 2;
+  const hasImageSize = options.imageSize !== undefined && options.imageSize !== null;
+  const hasModuleSize = options.moduleSize !== undefined && options.moduleSize !== null;
+
+  let pixelSize;
+  if (hasImageSize) {
+    const requested = Number(options.imageSize);
+    assert(Number.isFinite(requested) && requested > 0, "imageSize must be a positive number of pixels.");
+    pixelSize = Math.max(totalModules, Math.round(requested));
+  } else if (hasModuleSize) {
+    const requested = Number(options.moduleSize);
+    assert(Number.isFinite(requested) && requested > 0, "moduleSize must be a positive number of pixels.");
+    const moduleSize = Math.max(1, Math.floor(requested));
+    pixelSize = totalModules * moduleSize;
+  } else {
+    // A practical export default that is large enough for screens/social use
+    // while keeping the API independent from the encoded matrix version.
+    pixelSize = Math.max(totalModules, 720);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    quietZone,
+    totalModules,
+    pixelSize,
+    moduleSize: pixelSize / totalModules,
+    mode
+  };
+}
+
+function rasterModuleRect(row, col, quietZone, moduleSize) {
+  const x0 = Math.round((col + quietZone) * moduleSize);
+  const y0 = Math.round((row + quietZone) * moduleSize);
+  const x1 = Math.round((col + quietZone + 1) * moduleSize);
+  const y1 = Math.round((row + quietZone + 1) * moduleSize);
+  return {
+    x: x0,
+    y: y0,
+    width: Math.max(1, x1 - x0),
+    height: Math.max(1, y1 - y0)
+  };
+}
+
 function renderToCanvas(codeOrMatrix, canvas, options = {}) {
   assert(canvas && typeof canvas.getContext === "function", "A canvas element is required.");
   const matrix = Array.isArray(codeOrMatrix) ? codeOrMatrix : codeOrMatrix.matrix;
   assert(Array.isArray(matrix) && matrix.length > 0, "A matrix is required.");
-  const moduleSize = Math.max(1, Math.floor(options.moduleSize ?? 12));
-  const quietZone = Math.max(0, Math.floor(options.quietZone ?? 4));
-  const palette = resolvePalette(options.palette);
-  const paletteValues = paletteRgb(options.palette);
-  const style = normalizeRenderStyle(options.style);
+  const sizing = resolveRenderSizing(options, matrix.length);
+  const { moduleSize, quietZone, pixelSize } = sizing;
+  const palette = resolveRenderPalette(options);
+  const paletteValues = paletteRgb(palette);
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const style = normalizeRenderStyle(mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT && options.allowStyledPrint !== true ? RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC : options.style);
   const layout = renderLayoutForMatrix(matrix);
   const size = matrix.length;
-  const pixelSize = (size + quietZone * 2) * moduleSize;
+  const logo = resolveLogoRenderOptions(options, size, moduleSize, quietZone, palette, codeOrMatrix);
 
   canvas.width = pixelSize;
   canvas.height = pixelSize;
@@ -3045,12 +4484,13 @@ function renderToCanvas(codeOrMatrix, canvas, options = {}) {
     for (let c = 0; c < size; c++) {
       const cell = matrix[r][c];
       const structural = isStructuralRenderCell(layout, r, c, cell);
-      const x = (c + quietZone) * moduleSize;
-      const y = (r + quietZone) * moduleSize;
+      const rect = rasterModuleRect(r, c, quietZone, moduleSize);
+      const { x, y, width: cellWidth, height: cellHeight } = rect;
+      const cellSize = Math.min(cellWidth, cellHeight);
 
       if (style === RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC || structural) {
         ctx.fillStyle = cellColor(cell, palette);
-        ctx.fillRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize);
+        ctx.fillRect(x, y, cellWidth, cellHeight);
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -3060,28 +4500,29 @@ function renderToCanvas(codeOrMatrix, canvas, options = {}) {
         const opacity = depthOpacity(r, c, cell);
         const base = mixRgb(paletteValues.white, rgb, opacity);
         ctx.fillStyle = rgbCss(base);
-        ctx.fillRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize);
+        ctx.fillRect(x, y, cellWidth, cellHeight);
 
-        if (moduleSize >= 6) {
-          const edge = Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.08));
+        if (cellSize >= 6) {
+          const edge = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.08));
           const highlight = mixRgb(base, paletteValues.white, 0.17);
           const shadow = mixRgb(base, paletteValues.black, 0.12);
           ctx.fillStyle = rgbCss(highlight);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y, moduleSize, edge);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y, edge, moduleSize);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y, cellWidth, edge);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y, edge, cellHeight);
           ctx.fillStyle = rgbCss(shadow);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge);
-          ctx.fillRect(x + moduleSize - edge, y, edge, moduleSize);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y + cellHeight - edge, cellWidth, edge);
+          ctx.fillRect(x + cellWidth - edge, y, edge, cellHeight);
         }
         continue;
       }
 
       if (style === RENDER_STYLES.SOFT) {
-        const inset = moduleSize >= 6 ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.07)) : 0;
-        const width = moduleSize - inset * 2;
-        const radius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.20));
+        const inset = cellSize >= 6 ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.07)) : 0;
+        const width = cellWidth - inset * 2;
+        const height = cellHeight - inset * 2;
+        const radius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.20));
         ctx.fillStyle = cellColor(cell, palette);
-        roundedRectPath(ctx, x + inset, y + inset, width, width, radius);
+        roundedRectPath(ctx, x + inset, y + inset, width, height, radius);
         ctx.fill();
         continue;
       }
@@ -3090,37 +4531,40 @@ function renderToCanvas(codeOrMatrix, canvas, options = {}) {
         // Keep the exact encoded color across the full module, then limit the
         // recessed effect to a narrow edge band so center sampling stays intact.
         ctx.fillStyle = cellColor(cell, palette);
-        ctx.fillRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize);
+        ctx.fillRect(x, y, cellWidth, cellHeight);
         if (cell === CELL.WHITE) continue;
 
-        const edge = safeStyleEdge(moduleSize);
+        const edge = safeStyleEdge(cellSize);
         if (edge > 0) {
           const fx = insetStyleColors(rgb, paletteValues);
           ctx.fillStyle = rgbCss(fx.shadow);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y, moduleSize, edge);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y, edge, moduleSize);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y, cellWidth, edge);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y, edge, cellHeight);
           ctx.fillStyle = rgbCss(fx.highlight);
-          ctx.fillRect(x, y + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge);
-          ctx.fillRect(x + moduleSize - edge, y, edge, moduleSize);
+          ctx.fillRect(x, y + cellHeight - edge, cellWidth, edge);
+          ctx.fillRect(x + cellWidth - edge, y, edge, cellHeight);
         }
       }
     }
   }
+  drawLogoToCanvas(ctx, logo, palette);
   return canvas;
 }
 
 function renderToImageData(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
   const matrix = Array.isArray(codeOrMatrix) ? codeOrMatrix : codeOrMatrix.matrix;
   assert(Array.isArray(matrix) && matrix.length > 0, "A matrix is required.");
-  const moduleSize = Math.max(1, Math.floor(options.moduleSize ?? 8));
-  const quietZone = Math.max(0, Math.floor(options.quietZone ?? 4));
-  const palette = paletteRgb(options.palette);
-  const style = normalizeRenderStyle(options.style);
+  const sizing = resolveRenderSizing(options, matrix.length);
+  const { moduleSize, quietZone, pixelSize } = sizing;
+  const resolvedPalette = resolveRenderPalette(options);
+  const palette = paletteRgb(resolvedPalette);
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const style = normalizeRenderStyle(mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT && options.allowStyledPrint !== true ? RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC : options.style);
   const layout = renderLayoutForMatrix(matrix);
   const size = matrix.length;
-  const pixelSize = (size + quietZone * 2) * moduleSize;
   const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(pixelSize * pixelSize * 4);
   const white = palette.white;
+  const logo = resolveLogoRenderOptions(options, size, moduleSize, quietZone, resolvedPalette, codeOrMatrix);
 
   for (let i = 0; i < pixelSize * pixelSize; i++) {
     const p = i * 4;
@@ -3135,26 +4579,105 @@ function renderToImageData(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
       const cell = matrix[r][c];
       const rgb = cellRgb(cell, palette);
       const structural = isStructuralRenderCell(layout, r, c, cell);
-      const y0 = (r + quietZone) * moduleSize;
-      const x0 = (c + quietZone) * moduleSize;
+      const rect = rasterModuleRect(r, c, quietZone, moduleSize);
+      const x0 = rect.x;
+      const y0 = rect.y;
+      const cellWidth = rect.width;
+      const cellHeight = rect.height;
+      const cellSize = Math.min(cellWidth, cellHeight);
 
       if (style === RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC || structural) {
-        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, moduleSize, moduleSize, rgb);
+        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, cellWidth, cellHeight, rgb);
         continue;
       }
 
       if (style === RENDER_STYLES.DEPTH) {
         const opacity = depthOpacity(r, c, cell);
         const base = mixRgb(white, rgb, opacity);
-        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, moduleSize, moduleSize, base);
-        if (moduleSize >= 6) {
-          const edge = Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.08));
+        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, cellWidth, cellHeight, base);
+        if (cellSize >= 6) {
+          const edge = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.08));
           const highlight = mixRgb(base, white, 0.17);
           const shadow = mixRgb(base, palette.black, 0.12);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, moduleSize, edge, highlight);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, edge, moduleSize, highlight);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0 + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge, shadow);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + moduleSize - edge, y0, edge, moduleSize, shadow);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, cellWidth, edge, highlight);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, edge, cellHeight, highlight);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0 + cellHeight - edge, cellWidth, edge, shadow);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + cellWidth - edge, y0, edge, cellHeight, shadow);
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (style === RENDER_STYLES.SOFT) {
+        const inset = cellSize >= 6 ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.07)) : 0;
+        const width = cellWidth - inset * 2;
+        const height = cellHeight - inset * 2;
+        const radius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cellSize * 0.20));
+        fillImageRoundedRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + inset, y0 + inset, width, height, radius, rgb);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (style === RENDER_STYLES.INSET) {
+        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, cellWidth, cellHeight, rgb);
+        if (cell === CELL.WHITE) continue;
+        const edge = safeStyleEdge(cellSize);
+        if (edge > 0) {
+          const fx = insetStyleColors(rgb, palette);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, cellWidth, edge, fx.shadow);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, edge, cellHeight, fx.shadow);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0 + cellHeight - edge, cellWidth, edge, fx.highlight);
+          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + cellWidth - edge, y0, edge, cellHeight, fx.highlight);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  drawLogoToImageData(data, pixelSize, logo);
+
+  return { width: pixelSize, height: pixelSize, data };
+}
+
+/** Render a QuadQR code/matrix to a standalone SVG string. */
+function renderToSVG(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
+  const matrix = Array.isArray(codeOrMatrix) ? codeOrMatrix : codeOrMatrix.matrix;
+  assert(Array.isArray(matrix) && matrix.length > 0, "A matrix is required.");
+  const sizing = resolveRenderSizing(options, matrix.length);
+  const { moduleSize, quietZone, pixelSize } = sizing;
+  const palette = resolveRenderPalette(options);
+  const paletteValues = paletteRgb(palette);
+  const mode = normalizeRenderMode(options.mode ?? options.renderMode ?? RENDER_MODES.SCREEN);
+  const style = normalizeRenderStyle(mode === RENDER_MODES.PRINT && options.allowStyledPrint !== true ? RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC : options.style);
+  const layout = renderLayoutForMatrix(matrix);
+  const size = matrix.length;
+  const logo = resolveLogoRenderOptions(options, size, moduleSize, quietZone, palette, codeOrMatrix);
+  const body = [svgRect(0, 0, pixelSize, pixelSize, palette.white)];
+
+  for (let r = 0; r < size; r++) {
+    for (let c = 0; c < size; c++) {
+      const cell = matrix[r][c];
+      const structural = isStructuralRenderCell(layout, r, c, cell);
+      const x = (c + quietZone) * moduleSize;
+      const y = (r + quietZone) * moduleSize;
+      const fill = cellColor(cell, palette);
+
+      if (style === RENDER_STYLES.CLASSIC || structural) {
+        body.push(svgRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize, fill));
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const rgb = cellRgb(cell, paletteValues);
+
+      if (style === RENDER_STYLES.DEPTH) {
+        const opacity = depthOpacity(r, c, cell);
+        const base = mixRgb(paletteValues.white, rgb, opacity);
+        body.push(svgRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize, rgbCss(base)));
+        if (moduleSize >= 6) {
+          const edge = Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.08));
+          const highlight = rgbCss(mixRgb(base, paletteValues.white, 0.17));
+          const shadow = rgbCss(mixRgb(base, paletteValues.black, 0.12));
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y, moduleSize, edge, highlight));
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y, edge, moduleSize, highlight));
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge, shadow));
+          body.push(svgRect(x + moduleSize - edge, y, edge, moduleSize, shadow));
         }
         continue;
       }
@@ -3163,36 +4686,102 @@ function renderToImageData(codeOrMatrix, options = {}) {
         const inset = moduleSize >= 6 ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.07)) : 0;
         const width = moduleSize - inset * 2;
         const radius = Math.max(1, Math.floor(moduleSize * 0.20));
-        fillImageRoundedRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + inset, y0 + inset, width, width, radius, rgb);
+        body.push(svgRect(x + inset, y + inset, width, width, fill, radius));
         continue;
       }
 
       if (style === RENDER_STYLES.INSET) {
-        fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, moduleSize, moduleSize, rgb);
+        body.push(svgRect(x, y, moduleSize, moduleSize, fill));
         if (cell === CELL.WHITE) continue;
         const edge = safeStyleEdge(moduleSize);
         if (edge > 0) {
-          const fx = insetStyleColors(rgb, palette);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, moduleSize, edge, fx.shadow);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0, edge, moduleSize, fx.shadow);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0, y0 + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge, fx.highlight);
-          fillImageRect(data, pixelSize, x0 + moduleSize - edge, y0, edge, moduleSize, fx.highlight);
+          const fx = insetStyleColors(rgb, paletteValues);
+          const shadow = rgbCss(fx.shadow);
+          const highlight = rgbCss(fx.highlight);
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y, moduleSize, edge, shadow));
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y, edge, moduleSize, shadow));
+          body.push(svgRect(x, y + moduleSize - edge, moduleSize, edge, highlight));
+          body.push(svgRect(x + moduleSize - edge, y, edge, moduleSize, highlight));
         }
       }
     }
   }
 
-  return { width: pixelSize, height: pixelSize, data };
-}
+  if (logo) {
+    if (logo.clearBackground) {
+      body.push(svgRect(
+        logo.backgroundX,
+        logo.backgroundY,
+        logo.backgroundSize,
+        logo.backgroundSize,
+        logo.backgroundColor,
+        logo.backgroundRadius
+      ));
+    }
+    const href = svgLogoHref(logo.source);
+    assert(href, "renderToSVG() logo must be a URL/data URL string or an object with a src string.");
+    body.push(
+      `<image href="${escapeXmlAttribute(href)}" x="${logo.logoX}" y="${logo.logoY}" width="${logo.logoSize}" height="${logo.logoSize}" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet"/>`
+    );
+  }
 
-function classifierFromPaletteRgb(observed) {
   return [
-    { cell: CELL.BLACK, rgb: observed.black },
-    { cell: CELL.WHITE, rgb: observed.white },
-    { cell: CELL.RED, rgb: observed.red },
-    { cell: CELL.GREEN, rgb: observed.green },
-    { cell: CELL.BLUE, rgb: observed.blue }
+    '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>',
+    `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="${pixelSize}" height="${pixelSize}" viewBox="0 0 ${pixelSize} ${pixelSize}" shape-rendering="crispEdges">`,
+    ...body,
+    "</svg>"
+  ].join("\n");
+}
+
+function clampNumber(value, min, max) {
+  return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, value));
+}
+
+function identityColorTransform(rgb) {
+  return rgb;
+}
+
+function makeWhiteBalanceTransform(observed) {
+  const black = observed.black;
+  const white = observed.white;
+  const ranges = {
+    r: Math.max(32, white.r - black.r),
+    g: Math.max(32, white.g - black.g),
+    b: Math.max(32, white.b - black.b)
+  };
+
+  return (rgb) => ({
+    // Normalize the camera's observed black/white points per channel. This
+    // boosts a suppressed blue channel under warm/yellow illumination without
+    // changing the QuadQR palette or payload capacity.
+    r: clampNumber((rgb.r - black.r) * 255 / ranges.r, -96, 384),
+    g: clampNumber((rgb.g - black.g) * 255 / ranges.g, -96, 384),
+    b: clampNumber((rgb.b - black.b) * 255 / ranges.b, -96, 384)
+  });
+}
+
+function classifierFromPaletteRgb(observed, mode = "raw") {
+  const transform = mode === "balanced" || mode === "hue"
+    ? makeWhiteBalanceTransform(observed)
+    : identityColorTransform;
+  const entries = [
+    { cell: CELL.BLACK, rgb: transform(observed.black) },
+    { cell: CELL.WHITE, rgb: transform(observed.white) },
+    { cell: CELL.RED, rgb: transform(observed.red) },
+    { cell: CELL.GREEN, rgb: transform(observed.green) },
+    { cell: CELL.BLUE, rgb: transform(observed.blue) }
   ];
+  const colored = entries.filter(({ cell }) => cell === CELL.RED || cell === CELL.GREEN || cell === CELL.BLUE);
+  const chroma = (rgb) => Math.max(rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b) - Math.min(rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+  const minimumColorChroma = Math.min(...colored.map(({ rgb }) => chroma(rgb)));
+  return {
+    entries,
+    transform,
+    mode,
+    dataMode: mode === "hue" ? "hue" : "distance",
+    whiteChroma: chroma(entries.find(({ cell }) => cell === CELL.WHITE).rgb),
+    minimumColorChroma
+  };
 }
 
 function colorDistanceSq(a, b) {
@@ -3203,12 +4792,13 @@ function colorDistanceSq(a, b) {
 }
 
 function classifyRgb(rgb, classifier) {
+  const transformed = classifier.transform(rgb);
   let best = null;
   let bestDistanceSq = Infinity;
   let secondDistanceSq = Infinity;
 
-  for (const candidate of classifier) {
-    const distanceSq = colorDistanceSq(rgb, candidate.rgb);
+  for (const candidate of classifier.entries) {
+    const distanceSq = colorDistanceSq(transformed, candidate.rgb);
     if (distanceSq < bestDistanceSq) {
       secondDistanceSq = bestDistanceSq;
       bestDistanceSq = distanceSq;
@@ -3220,17 +4810,46 @@ function classifyRgb(rgb, classifier) {
 
   const distance = Math.sqrt(bestDistanceSq);
   const secondDistance = Number.isFinite(secondDistanceSq) ? Math.sqrt(secondDistanceSq) : distance + 1;
-  // Confidence is the normalized separation between the nearest and second
-  // nearest calibrated palette states. 1 means unambiguous, 0 means tied.
   const confidence = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, (secondDistance - distance) / Math.max(secondDistance, 1e-6)));
   return { cell: best.cell, distance, confidence };
 }
 
+function classifyDataHue(rgb, classifier) {
+  const transformed = classifier.transform(rgb);
+  const channels = [
+    { cell: CELL.RED, value: transformed.r },
+    { cell: CELL.GREEN, value: transformed.g },
+    { cell: CELL.BLUE, value: transformed.b }
+  ].sort((a, b) => b.value - a.value);
+  const maxValue = channels[0].value;
+  const secondValue = channels[1].value;
+  const minValue = channels[2].value;
+  const chroma = maxValue - minValue;
+  const whiteThreshold = Math.max(18, Math.min(58, classifier.minimumColorChroma * 0.34));
+
+  if (chroma <= whiteThreshold) {
+    const confidence = clampNumber((whiteThreshold - chroma) / Math.max(whiteThreshold, 1), 0, 1);
+    return { cell: CELL.WHITE, distance: chroma, confidence: 0.35 + confidence * 0.65 };
+  }
+
+  const margin = maxValue - secondValue;
+  const hueConfidence = clampNumber(margin / Math.max(chroma, 1), 0, 1);
+  const saturationConfidence = clampNumber((chroma - whiteThreshold) / Math.max(classifier.minimumColorChroma - whiteThreshold, 1), 0, 1);
+  return {
+    cell: channels[0].cell,
+    distance: Math.max(0, classifier.minimumColorChroma - chroma),
+    confidence: clampNumber(0.18 + hueConfidence * 0.52 + saturationConfidence * 0.30, 0, 1)
+  };
+}
+
 function classifySampledRgbGrid(rgbGrid, classifier, layout = null) {
   const size = rgbGrid.length;
   const matrix = make2D(size, CELL.WHITE);
   const confidence = make2D(size, 1);
-  const dataClassifier = classifier.filter(({ cell }) => cell !== CELL.BLACK);
+  const dataClassifier = {
+    ...classifier,
+    entries: classifier.entries.filter(({ cell }) => cell !== CELL.BLACK)
+  };
   let distanceSum = 0;
   let confidenceSum = 0;
   let minimumConfidence = 1;
@@ -3241,8 +4860,11 @@ function classifySampledRgbGrid(rgbGrid, classifier, layout = null) {
       // Black is structural only. Restricting data modules to RGBW keeps a
       // shadowed/blurred data sample representable so confidence-aware ECC can
       // promote it to an erasure instead of aborting before RS gets a chance.
-      const candidates = layout && !layout.reserved[r][c] ? dataClassifier : classifier;
-      const classified = classifyRgb(rgbGrid[r][c], candidates);
+      const isDataCell = layout && !layout.reserved[r][c];
+      const candidates = isDataCell ? dataClassifier : classifier;
+      const classified = isDataCell && classifier.dataMode === "hue"
+        ? classifyDataHue(rgbGrid[r][c], classifier)
+        : classifyRgb(rgbGrid[r][c], candidates);
       matrix[r][c] = classified.cell;
       confidence[r][c] = classified.confidence;
       distanceSum += classified.distance;
@@ -3261,115 +4883,468 @@ function classifySampledRgbGrid(rgbGrid, classifier, layout = null) {
   };
 }
 
+function structuralAccuracy(matrix, layout) {
+  let matches = 0;
+  let total = 0;
+  for (let r = 0; r < layout.size; r++) {
+    for (let c = 0; c < layout.size; c++) {
+      if (!layout.reserved[r][c]) continue;
+      total++;
+      if (matrix[r][c] === layout.matrix[r][c]) matches++;
+    }
+  }
+  return total ? matches / total : 0;
+}
+
+function pushObservation(options, observation) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(options._observationCollector)) return;
+  options._observationCollector.push(observation);
+}
+
+function paletteClassifierAttempts(observedPalette) {
+  return [
+    { classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(observedPalette, "raw"), colorNormalization: "observed-rgb" },
+    { classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(observedPalette, "balanced"), colorNormalization: "white-balanced" },
+    { classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(observedPalette, "hue"), colorNormalization: "white-balanced-hue" }
+  ];
+}
+
 function tryPerspectiveScan(imageData, options) {
   const geometryCandidates = detectCodeGeometry(imageData, {
     minVersion: options.minVersion ?? MIN_VERSION,
     maxVersion: options.maxVersion ?? MAX_VERSION,
-    maxCandidates: options.maxGeometryCandidates ?? 8
+    maxCandidates: options.maxGeometryCandidates ?? 8,
+    finderRecovery: options.finderRecovery,
+    finderAutoColorBlackClip: options.finderAutoColorBlackClip,
+    finderAutoColorWhiteClip: options.finderAutoColorWhiteClip,
+    finderAutoColorHighlightPercentile: options.finderAutoColorHighlightPercentile,
+    finderAutoColorOutputHighlight: options.finderAutoColorOutputHighlight,
+    finderAutoColorAnalysisInset: options.finderAutoColorAnalysisInset,
+    finderAutoColorMinimumInputRange: options.finderAutoColorMinimumInputRange,
+    finderAutoColorTargetSamples: options.finderAutoColorTargetSamples,
+    diagnostics: options._visionDiagnostics,
+    diagnosticLabel: options._diagnosticLabel ?? "normal"
   });
+  if (Array.isArray(options._geometryCollector)) options._geometryCollector.push(...geometryCandidates);
   const results = [];
 
   for (const geometry of geometryCandidates) {
-    try {
-      const layout = createLayout(geometry.version);
-      const sampled = samplePerspectiveMatrix(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, {
-        sampleRadius: options.sampleRadius ?? 0.16
-      });
-      const observedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration);
-      const classifier = classifierFromPaletteRgb(observedPalette);
-      const classified = classifySampledRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, classifier, layout);
-      const decoded = decodeMatrix(classified.matrix, {
-        structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.18,
-        cellConfidence: classified.confidence,
-        maxErasureConfidence: options.maxErasureConfidence
-      });
-      if (decoded.version !== geometry.version) continue;
-
-      results.push({
-        ...decoded,
-        perspectiveCorrected: true,
-        colorCalibrated: true,
-        geometry,
-        observedPalette,
-        averageColorDistance: classified.averageColorDistance,
-        averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
-        minimumCellConfidence: classified.minimumCellConfidence,
-        lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells,
-        rectified: options.includeRectified
-          ? rectifyImageData(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, options.rectifiedModuleSize ?? 8)
-          : undefined
+    const layout = createLayout(geometry.version);
+    const sampleProfiles = [{
+      sampleMode: options.sampleMode ?? "cross",
+      sampleRadius: options.sampleRadius ?? 0.16,
+      robustCalibration: false
+    }];
+    if (options.adaptiveSampling !== false) {
+      sampleProfiles.push({
+        sampleMode: "median",
+        sampleRadius: options.robustSampleRadius ?? 0.12,
+        robustCalibration: true
       });
-    } catch {
-      // Continue trying geometry hypotheses.
     }
-  }
-
-  results.sort((a, b) =>
-    (a.correctedSymbols - b.correctedSymbols) ||
-    (a.averageColorDistance - b.averageColorDistance) ||
-    (b.geometry.score - a.geometry.score)
-  );
-  return results[0] ?? null;
-}
-
-function tryAxisAlignedScan(imageData, options) {
-  const bounds = options.bounds ?? findActiveBounds(imageData, options.whiteThreshold ?? 238);
-  const fixedClassifier = classifierFromPaletteRgb(paletteRgb(options.palette));
-  const minVersion = options.minVersion ?? MIN_VERSION;
-  const maxVersion = options.maxVersion ?? MAX_VERSION;
-  const candidates = [];
-
-  for (let version = minVersion; version <= maxVersion; version++) {
-    const size = sizeForVersion(version);
-    const moduleW = bounds.width / size;
-    const moduleH = bounds.height / size;
-    if (moduleW < 0.75 || moduleH < 0.75) continue;
-    const aspectError = Math.abs(moduleW - moduleH) / Math.max(moduleW, moduleH);
-    if (aspectError > (options.maxModuleAspectError ?? 0.16)) continue;
 
-    try {
-      const sampled = sampleAxisAlignedGrid(imageData, bounds, size, options.sampleRadius ?? 0.18);
-      const classifierAttempts = [];
-      const layout = createLayout(version);
+    let geometryDecoded = false;
+    let bestStructureScore = 0;
+    for (const profile of sampleProfiles) {
+      let sampled;
+      let observedPalette;
       try {
-        const observedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration);
-        classifierAttempts.push({ classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(observedPalette), calibrated: true });
+        sampled = samplePerspectiveMatrix(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, profile);
+        observedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration, {
+          robust: profile.robustCalibration
+        });
       } catch {
-        // Fixed palette fallback below.
+        continue;
       }
-      classifierAttempts.push({ classifier: fixedClassifier, calibrated: false });
 
-      let accepted = false;
-      for (const attempt of classifierAttempts) {
+      const tryAttempt = (attempt, rgbGrid, metadata = {}) => {
+        const activeObservedPalette = metadata.observedPalette ?? observedPalette;
+        const activeSamplingMode = metadata.samplingMode ?? profile.sampleMode;
+        const classified = classifySampledRgbGrid(rgbGrid, attempt.classifier, layout);
+        const structureScore = structuralAccuracy(classified.matrix, layout);
+        bestStructureScore = Math.max(bestStructureScore, structureScore);
+        pushObservation(options, {
+          version: geometry.version,
+          matrix: classified.matrix,
+          confidence: classified.confidence,
+          geometry,
+          observedPalette: activeObservedPalette,
+          samplingMode: activeSamplingMode,
+          colorNormalization: attempt.colorNormalization,
+          structureScore,
+          averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
+          lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells
+        });
+
         try {
-          const classified = classifySampledRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, attempt.classifier, layout);
           const decoded = decodeMatrix(classified.matrix, {
-            structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.12,
+            structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.18,
             cellConfidence: classified.confidence,
             maxErasureConfidence: options.maxErasureConfidence
           });
-          candidates.push({
+          if (decoded.version !== geometry.version) return false;
+
+          results.push({
             ...decoded,
-            bounds,
-            sampledVersion: version,
-            moduleWidth: moduleW,
-            moduleHeight: moduleH,
-            perspectiveCorrected: false,
-            colorCalibrated: attempt.calibrated,
+            perspectiveCorrected: true,
+            colorCalibrated: true,
+            colorNormalization: attempt.colorNormalization,
+            samplingMode: activeSamplingMode,
+            geometry,
+            observedPalette: activeObservedPalette,
+            autoEnhanced: metadata.autoEnhanced || undefined,
+            recoveryMode: metadata.recoveryMode,
             averageColorDistance: classified.averageColorDistance,
             averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
             minimumCellConfidence: classified.minimumCellConfidence,
+            lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells,
+            rectified: options.includeRectified
+              ? rectifyImageData(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, options.rectifiedModuleSize ?? 8)
+              : undefined
+          });
+          return true;
+        } catch {
+          return false;
+        }
+      };
+
+      // Fast path: preserve the original observed-RGB classifier first, then
+      // try per-channel white balancing. Most clean frames stop here without
+      // paying for the more expensive spatial normalization fallback.
+      for (const attempt of paletteClassifierAttempts(observedPalette)) {
+        if (tryAttempt(attempt, sampled.rgbGrid)) {
+          geometryDecoded = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!geometryDecoded && options.spatialColorNormalization !== false) {
+        try {
+          const normalizedGrid = spatiallyNormalizeRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration);
+          const normalizedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(normalizedGrid, layout.calibration, { robust: true });
+          geometryDecoded = tryAttempt({
+            classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(normalizedPalette, "raw"),
+            colorNormalization: "spatial-white-balanced"
+          }, normalizedGrid);
+        } catch {
+          // Continue to the recovery profile below.
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Very cheap Photoshop-like recovery on the already-sampled module grid.
+      // Normal camera frames never reach this path. The transform approximates
+      // Auto Color + Auto Tone + Auto Contrast and costs only O(moduleCount).
+      if (!geometryDecoded && options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false) {
+        try {
+          const enhancedGrid = autoToneContrastColorRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, {
+            blackClip: options.autoEnhanceBlackClip,
+            whiteClip: options.autoEnhanceWhiteClip,
+            saturation: options.autoEnhanceSaturation
+          });
+          const enhancedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(enhancedGrid, layout.calibration, { robust: true });
+          for (const attempt of paletteClassifierAttempts(enhancedPalette)) {
+            const recoveredAttempt = {
+              ...attempt,
+              colorNormalization: `auto-tone-contrast-color/${attempt.colorNormalization}`
+            };
+            if (tryAttempt(recoveredAttempt, enhancedGrid, {
+              observedPalette: enhancedPalette,
+              autoEnhanced: true,
+              recoveryMode: "module-grid-auto-tone-contrast-color"
+            })) {
+              geometryDecoded = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Continue to the QR-region pixel recovery below.
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Camera-specific Photoshop-style fallback. Enhancing the whole camera
+      // frame is often ineffective because dark surroundings, browser/UI
+      // reflections and unrelated objects skew the histograms. Once finder
+      // geometry is known, rectify only the QuadQR region, run Auto Tone /
+      // Contrast / Color there at pixel level, then sample modules again. This
+      // closely matches what happens when the QR itself is corrected in an
+      // editor before photographing it, while staying off the clean fast path.
+      if (
+        !geometryDecoded &&
+        profile === sampleProfiles[sampleProfiles.length - 1] &&
+        options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false &&
+        options.rectifiedAutoEnhanceRecovery !== false
+      ) {
+        try {
+          const recoveryModuleSize = Math.max(4, Math.min(10, Math.round(options.rectifiedRecoveryModuleSize ?? 6)));
+          const rectifiedRegion = rectifyImageData(
+            imageData,
+            geometry.homography,
+            layout.size,
+            recoveryModuleSize
+          );
+          const enhancedRegion = autoToneContrastColorImageData(rectifiedRegion, {
+            blackClip: options.rectifiedAutoEnhanceBlackClip ?? options.autoEnhanceBlackClip ?? 0.008,
+            whiteClip: options.rectifiedAutoEnhanceWhiteClip ?? options.autoEnhanceWhiteClip ?? 0.006,
+            saturation: options.rectifiedAutoEnhanceSaturation ?? options.autoEnhanceSaturation ?? 1.22,
+            highlightFraction: options.rectifiedAutoEnhanceHighlightFraction ?? 0.16,
+            targetSamples: Math.min(120000, rectifiedRegion.width * rectifiedRegion.height)
+          });
+          const enhancedSampled = sampleAxisAlignedGrid(
+            enhancedRegion,
+            { x: 0, y: 0, width: enhancedRegion.width, height: enhancedRegion.height },
+            layout.size,
+            options.rectifiedRecoveryRadiusRatio ?? 0.16
+          );
+          const enhancedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(
+            enhancedSampled.rgbGrid,
+            layout.calibration,
+            { robust: true }
+          );
+          for (const attempt of paletteClassifierAttempts(enhancedPalette)) {
+            const recoveredAttempt = {
+              ...attempt,
+              colorNormalization: `rectified-auto-tone-contrast-color/${attempt.colorNormalization}`
+            };
+            if (tryAttempt(recoveredAttempt, enhancedSampled.rgbGrid, {
+              observedPalette: enhancedPalette,
+              samplingMode: "rectified-auto-enhance",
+              autoEnhanced: true,
+              recoveryMode: "rectified-auto-tone-contrast-color"
+            })) {
+              geometryDecoded = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Geometry refinement remains available as the final bounded fallback.
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (geometryDecoded) break;
+    }
+
+    // Slow-path geometry micro-refinement. Finder/alignment detection can be
+    // correct while a soft-focus or smeared camera shifts the effective module
+    // centres by a small fraction of a cell. Clean scans never reach this code.
+    // On a strong-but-undecodable symbol, probe a tiny 3x3 offset neighbourhood
+    // using centre-only samples and attempt decoding from the best candidates.
+    if (
+      !geometryDecoded &&
+      options.geometryRefinement !== false &&
+      bestStructureScore >= (options.refinementStructureThreshold ?? 0.90)
+    ) {
+      const step = clampNumber(options.refinementOffset ?? 0.20, 0.05, 0.35);
+      const refinementOffsets = [
+        [step, 0], [-step, 0], [0, -step], [0, step],
+        [step, -step], [step, step], [-step, -step], [-step, step]
+      ];
+      const refinementCandidates = [];
+
+      for (const [offsetX, offsetY] of refinementOffsets) {
+        let sampled;
+        let observedPalette;
+        try {
+          sampled = samplePerspectiveMatrix(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, {
+            sampleMode: "cross",
+            sampleRadius: 0,
+            sampleOffsetX: offsetX,
+            sampleOffsetY: offsetY
+          });
+          observedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration, { robust: true });
+        } catch {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // Raw observed-palette classification is deliberately first here too.
+        // It is cheap, and it handles the common case where blur biased the
+        // geometry slightly but the camera colors themselves remain usable.
+        const attempts = paletteClassifierAttempts(observedPalette);
+        for (const attempt of attempts) {
+          const classified = classifySampledRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, attempt.classifier, layout);
+          const structureScore = structuralAccuracy(classified.matrix, layout);
+          bestStructureScore = Math.max(bestStructureScore, structureScore);
+          pushObservation(options, {
+            version: geometry.version,
+            matrix: classified.matrix,
+            confidence: classified.confidence,
+            geometry,
+            observedPalette,
+            samplingMode: "refined-center",
+            samplingOffset: { x: offsetX, y: offsetY },
+            colorNormalization: attempt.colorNormalization,
+            structureScore,
+            averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
             lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells
           });
-          accepted = true;
+
+          // Do not spend RS work on a refinement that made the known finder /
+          // alignment structure worse. This keeps the recovery path bounded.
+          if (structureScore < (options.refinementDecodeThreshold ?? 0.95)) continue;
+          refinementCandidates.push({
+            attempt,
+            classified,
+            observedPalette,
+            offsetX,
+            offsetY,
+            structureScore
+          });
+        }
+      }
+
+      refinementCandidates.sort((a, b) =>
+        (b.structureScore - a.structureScore) ||
+        (b.classified.averageCellConfidence - a.classified.averageCellConfidence) ||
+        (a.classified.averageColorDistance - b.classified.averageColorDistance)
+      );
+
+      const decodeLimit = Math.max(1, Math.min(8, Math.round(options.refinementDecodeCandidates ?? 4)));
+      for (const candidate of refinementCandidates.slice(0, decodeLimit)) {
+        try {
+          const decoded = decodeMatrix(candidate.classified.matrix, {
+            structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.18,
+            cellConfidence: candidate.classified.confidence,
+            maxErasureConfidence: options.maxErasureConfidence
+          });
+          if (decoded.version !== geometry.version) continue;
+          results.push({
+            ...decoded,
+            perspectiveCorrected: true,
+            geometryRefined: true,
+            samplingOffset: { x: candidate.offsetX, y: candidate.offsetY },
+            colorCalibrated: true,
+            colorNormalization: candidate.attempt.colorNormalization,
+            samplingMode: "refined-center",
+            geometry,
+            observedPalette: candidate.observedPalette,
+            averageColorDistance: candidate.classified.averageColorDistance,
+            averageCellConfidence: candidate.classified.averageCellConfidence,
+            minimumCellConfidence: candidate.classified.minimumCellConfidence,
+            lowConfidenceCells: candidate.classified.lowConfidenceCells,
+            rectified: options.includeRectified
+              ? rectifyImageData(imageData, geometry.homography, layout.size, options.rectifiedModuleSize ?? 8)
+              : undefined
+          });
+          geometryDecoded = true;
           break;
         } catch {
-          // Try next classifier.
+          // Try the next high-scoring micro-refinement.
         }
       }
-      if (!accepted) throw new Error("Axis-aligned candidate did not decode.");
-    } catch {
-      // Try next version.
+    }
+  }
+
+  results.sort((a, b) =>
+    (a.correctedSymbols - b.correctedSymbols) ||
+    (a.averageColorDistance - b.averageColorDistance) ||
+    (b.geometry.score - a.geometry.score)
+  );
+  return results[0] ?? null;
+}
+
+function tryAxisAlignedScan(imageData, options) {
+  const bounds = options.bounds ?? findActiveBounds(imageData, options.whiteThreshold ?? 238);
+  const fixedPalette = paletteRgb(options.palette);
+  const minVersion = options.minVersion ?? MIN_VERSION;
+  const maxVersion = options.maxVersion ?? MAX_VERSION;
+  const candidates = [];
+
+  for (let version = minVersion; version <= maxVersion; version++) {
+    const size = sizeForVersion(version);
+    const moduleW = bounds.width / size;
+    const moduleH = bounds.height / size;
+    if (moduleW < 0.75 || moduleH < 0.75) continue;
+    const aspectError = Math.abs(moduleW - moduleH) / Math.max(moduleW, moduleH);
+    if (aspectError > (options.maxModuleAspectError ?? 0.16)) continue;
+
+    const radiusProfiles = [options.sampleRadius ?? 0.18];
+    if (options.adaptiveSampling !== false) radiusProfiles.push(options.robustSampleRadius ?? 0.10);
+    let accepted = false;
+
+    for (let profileIndex = 0; profileIndex < radiusProfiles.length && !accepted; profileIndex++) {
+      try {
+        const sampled = sampleAxisAlignedGrid(imageData, bounds, size, radiusProfiles[profileIndex]);
+        const layout = createLayout(version);
+        const classifierAttempts = [];
+        try {
+          const observedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration, {
+            robust: profileIndex > 0
+          });
+          classifierAttempts.push(...paletteClassifierAttempts(observedPalette).map((attempt) => ({
+            ...attempt,
+            calibrated: true,
+            observedPalette,
+            rgbGrid: sampled.rgbGrid
+          })));
+          if (options.spatialColorNormalization !== false) {
+            try {
+              const normalizedGrid = spatiallyNormalizeRgbGrid(sampled.rgbGrid, layout.calibration);
+              const normalizedPalette = sampleObservedPalette(normalizedGrid, layout.calibration, { robust: true });
+              classifierAttempts.push({
+                classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(normalizedPalette, "raw"),
+                calibrated: true,
+                colorNormalization: "spatial-white-balanced",
+                observedPalette,
+                rgbGrid: normalizedGrid
+              });
+            } catch {
+              // Continue with global calibration/fixed palette.
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Fixed palette fallback below.
+        }
+        classifierAttempts.push({
+          classifier: classifierFromPaletteRgb(fixedPalette, "raw"),
+          calibrated: false,
+          colorNormalization: "fixed-rgb",
+          observedPalette: fixedPalette,
+          rgbGrid: sampled.rgbGrid
+        });
+
+        for (const attempt of classifierAttempts) {
+          try {
+            const classified = classifySampledRgbGrid(attempt.rgbGrid ?? sampled.rgbGrid, attempt.classifier, layout);
+            const structureScore = structuralAccuracy(classified.matrix, layout);
+            pushObservation(options, {
+              version,
+              matrix: classified.matrix,
+              confidence: classified.confidence,
+              bounds,
+              samplingMode: profileIndex === 0 ? "axis" : "axis-center",
+              colorNormalization: attempt.colorNormalization,
+              structureScore,
+              averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
+              lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells
+            });
+            const decoded = decodeMatrix(classified.matrix, {
+              structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.12,
+              cellConfidence: classified.confidence,
+              maxErasureConfidence: options.maxErasureConfidence
+            });
+            candidates.push({
+              ...decoded,
+              bounds,
+              sampledVersion: version,
+              moduleWidth: moduleW,
+              moduleHeight: moduleH,
+              perspectiveCorrected: false,
+              colorCalibrated: attempt.calibrated,
+              colorNormalization: attempt.colorNormalization,
+              samplingMode: profileIndex === 0 ? "axis" : "axis-center",
+              averageColorDistance: classified.averageColorDistance,
+              averageCellConfidence: classified.averageCellConfidence,
+              minimumCellConfidence: classified.minimumCellConfidence,
+              lowConfidenceCells: classified.lowConfidenceCells
+            });
+            accepted = true;
+            break;
+          } catch {
+            // Try next classifier/profile.
+          }
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Try a narrower centre sample, then next version.
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -3379,6 +5354,364 @@ function tryAxisAlignedScan(imageData, options) {
   return candidates[0] ?? null;
 }
 
+const STRESS_PROFILES = Object.freeze([
+  Object.freeze({ id: "clean", label: "Clean", type: "clean", severity: 0, weight: 2 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "blur", label: "Blur", type: "blur", severity: 0.42, weight: 1 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "dark", label: "Low brightness", type: "brightness-low", severity: 0.48, weight: 1 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "bright", label: "High exposure", type: "brightness-high", severity: 0.34, weight: 1 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "shadow", label: "Uneven shadow", type: "shadow", severity: 0.55, weight: 1.2 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "contrast", label: "Contrast loss", type: "contrast-loss", severity: 0.42, weight: 1 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "perspective", label: "Perspective", type: "perspective", severity: 0.42, weight: 1.3 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "jpeg", label: "JPEG-like compression", type: "jpeg", severity: 0.50, weight: 0.8 }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: "downscale", label: "Downscale", type: "downscale", severity: 0.52, weight: 0.9 })
+]);
+
+function cloneImageDataLike(imageData) {
+  return { width: imageData.width, height: imageData.height, data: new Uint8ClampedArray(imageData.data) };
+}
+
+function sampleRgbaBilinear(imageData, x, y) {
+  const { width, height, data } = imageData;
+  const cx = clampNumber(x, 0, width - 1);
+  const cy = clampNumber(y, 0, height - 1);
+  const x0 = Math.floor(cx), y0 = Math.floor(cy);
+  const x1 = Math.min(width - 1, x0 + 1), y1 = Math.min(height - 1, y0 + 1);
+  const tx = cx - x0, ty = cy - y0;
+  const get = (xx, yy, channel) => data[(yy * width + xx) * 4 + channel];
+  const out = [0, 0, 0, 255];
+  for (let ch = 0; ch < 4; ch++) {
+    const a = get(x0, y0, ch) * (1 - tx) + get(x1, y0, ch) * tx;
+    const b = get(x0, y1, ch) * (1 - tx) + get(x1, y1, ch) * tx;
+    out[ch] = a * (1 - ty) + b * ty;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function resizeImageDataLike(imageData, width, height) {
+  width = Math.max(1, Math.round(width));
+  height = Math.max(1, Math.round(height));
+  const out = new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4);
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const sx = (x + 0.5) * imageData.width / width - 0.5;
+      const sy = (y + 0.5) * imageData.height / height - 0.5;
+      const rgba = sampleRgbaBilinear(imageData, sx, sy);
+      const p = (y * width + x) * 4;
+      out[p] = rgba[0]; out[p + 1] = rgba[1]; out[p + 2] = rgba[2]; out[p + 3] = rgba[3];
+    }
+  }
+  return { width, height, data: out };
+}
+
+function boxBlurImage(imageData, radius) {
+  radius = Math.max(1, Math.round(radius));
+  const { width, height, data } = imageData;
+  const horizontal = new Float32Array(data.length);
+  const out = new Uint8ClampedArray(data.length);
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      for (let ch = 0; ch < 3; ch++) {
+        let sum = 0, count = 0;
+        for (let dx = -radius; dx <= radius; dx++) {
+          const xx = x + dx;
+          if (xx < 0 || xx >= width) continue;
+          sum += data[(y * width + xx) * 4 + ch]; count++;
+        }
+        horizontal[(y * width + x) * 4 + ch] = sum / count;
+      }
+      horizontal[(y * width + x) * 4 + 3] = 255;
+    }
+  }
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const p = (y * width + x) * 4;
+      for (let ch = 0; ch < 3; ch++) {
+        let sum = 0, count = 0;
+        for (let dy = -radius; dy <= radius; dy++) {
+          const yy = y + dy;
+          if (yy < 0 || yy >= height) continue;
+          sum += horizontal[(yy * width + x) * 4 + ch]; count++;
+        }
+        out[p + ch] = sum / count;
+      }
+      out[p + 3] = 255;
+    }
+  }
+  return { width, height, data: out };
+}
+
+function perspectiveStress(imageData, severity) {
+  const { width, height } = imageData;
+  const inset = Math.min(width, height) * (0.025 + 0.11 * severity);
+  const source = [{ x: 0, y: 0 }, { x: width - 1, y: 0 }, { x: width - 1, y: height - 1 }, { x: 0, y: height - 1 }];
+  const destination = [
+    { x: inset * 1.15, y: inset * 0.25 },
+    { x: width - 1 - inset * 0.25, y: inset },
+    { x: width - 1 - inset * 1.0, y: height - 1 - inset * 0.35 },
+    { x: inset * 0.20, y: height - 1 - inset * 0.95 }
+  ];
+  const inverse = computeHomography(destination, source);
+  const out = new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4);
+  out.fill(255);
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const src = projectPoint(inverse, x, y);
+      if (src.x < 0 || src.y < 0 || src.x >= width || src.y >= height) continue;
+      const rgba = sampleRgbaBilinear(imageData, src.x, src.y);
+      const p = (y * width + x) * 4;
+      out[p] = rgba[0]; out[p + 1] = rgba[1]; out[p + 2] = rgba[2]; out[p + 3] = 255;
+    }
+  }
+  return { width, height, data: out };
+}
+
+/** Apply one deterministic camera/print-style distortion to ImageData. */
+function applyStressDistortion(imageData, type, severity = 0.5, options = {}) {
+  assert(imageData?.data && imageData.width && imageData.height, "applyStressDistortion requires ImageData-like input.");
+  const s = clampNumber(Number(severity), 0, 1);
+  if (type === "clean") return cloneImageDataLike(imageData);
+  if (type === "blur") return boxBlurImage(imageData, 1 + s * 2.2);
+  if (type === "perspective") return perspectiveStress(imageData, s);
+  if (type === "downscale") {
+    const scale = Math.max(0.20, 1 - s * 0.72);
+    const small = resizeImageDataLike(imageData, imageData.width * scale, imageData.height * scale);
+    return resizeImageDataLike(small, imageData.width, imageData.height);
+  }
+
+  const out = cloneImageDataLike(imageData);
+  const { width, height, data } = out;
+  const quantStep = 4 + Math.round(s * 30);
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const p = (y * width + x) * 4;
+      for (let ch = 0; ch < 3; ch++) {
+        let value = data[p + ch];
+        if (type === "brightness-low") value *= 1 - s * 0.52;
+        else if (type === "brightness-high") value = value + (255 - value) * s * 0.48;
+        else if (type === "contrast-loss") value = 128 + (value - 128) * (1 - s * 0.48);
+        else if (type === "shadow") {
+          const nx = x / Math.max(1, width - 1);
+          const ny = y / Math.max(1, height - 1);
+          const shadow = clampNumber((nx * 0.65 + ny * 0.35 - 0.18) / 0.82, 0, 1);
+          value *= 1 - shadow * s * 0.62;
+        } else if (type === "jpeg") {
+          value = Math.round(value / quantStep) * quantStep;
+          const block = ((Math.floor(x / 8) + Math.floor(y / 8)) & 1) ? 1 : -1;
+          value += block * s * 3;
+        } else if (type === "warm") {
+          if (ch === 0) value *= 1 + s * 0.12;
+          if (ch === 2) value *= 1 - s * 0.22;
+        }
+        data[p + ch] = clampNumber(Math.round(value), 0, 255);
+      }
+      data[p + 3] = 255;
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function runImageStressTest(imageData, expected = {}, options = {}) {
+  const profiles = options.profiles ?? STRESS_PROFILES;
+  const results = [];
+  let passedWeight = 0;
+  let totalWeight = 0;
+  for (const profile of profiles) {
+    const weight = Number(profile.weight ?? 1);
+    totalWeight += weight;
+    const distorted = applyStressDistortion(imageData, profile.type ?? profile.id, profile.severity ?? 0.5, profile);
+    const started = typeof performance !== "undefined" && performance.now ? performance.now() : Date.now();
+    try {
+      const decoded = scanImageData(distorted, {
+        minVersion: expected.version ?? options.minVersion ?? MIN_VERSION,
+        maxVersion: expected.version ?? options.maxVersion ?? MAX_VERSION,
+        debug: false
+      });
+      const matches = expected.crc32 == null || decoded.crc32 === expected.crc32;
+      if (matches) passedWeight += weight;
+      results.push({
+        id: profile.id,
+        label: profile.label,
+        type: profile.type,
+        severity: profile.severity,
+        passed: matches,
+        confidence: decoded.confidence ?? decoded.diagnostics?.confidence ?? null,
+        correctedSymbols: decoded.correctedSymbols ?? 0,
+        elapsedMs: (typeof performance !== "undefined" && performance.now ? performance.now() : Date.now()) - started,
+        image: options.includeImages ? distorted : undefined,
+        error: matches ? null : "Decoded payload did not match expected CRC."
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      results.push({
+        id: profile.id,
+        label: profile.label,
+        type: profile.type,
+        severity: profile.severity,
+        passed: false,
+        confidence: 0,
+        correctedSymbols: null,
+        elapsedMs: (typeof performance !== "undefined" && performance.now ? performance.now() : Date.now()) - started,
+        image: options.includeImages ? distorted : undefined,
+        error: error.message
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  const passPercent = totalWeight ? passedWeight / totalWeight * 100 : 0;
+  const averageConfidence = results.filter((r) => r.passed && Number.isFinite(r.confidence)).reduce((sum, r, _, arr) => sum + r.confidence / arr.length, 0);
+  const score = clampNumber(passPercent * 0.86 + averageConfidence * 100 * 0.14, 0, 100);
+  const rating = score >= 90 ? "Excellent" : score >= 75 ? "Good" : score >= 50 ? "Risky" : "Likely unscannable";
+  return {
+    score,
+    rating,
+    passPercent,
+    passed: results.filter((r) => r.passed).length,
+    total: results.length,
+    averageConfidence,
+    results
+  };
+}
+
+/** Render and run the standard scanability torture suite. */
+function assessScanability(code, renderOptions = {}, options = {}) {
+  assert(code?.matrix, "assessScanability expects an encoded QuadQR object.");
+  const testImageSize = Math.max(240, Math.min(Number(options.testImageSize ?? 480), Number(renderOptions.imageSize ?? 720)));
+  const image = renderToImageData(code, { ...renderOptions, imageSize: testImageSize });
+  const report = runImageStressTest(image, { version: code.version, crc32: code.crc32 }, options);
+  const autoLogoSize = renderOptions.logo ? estimateSafeLogoSize(code, renderOptions) : null;
+  return {
+    ...report,
+    version: code.version,
+    eccLevel: code.eccLevel,
+    utilization: code.utilization,
+    testImageSize,
+    autoLogoSize,
+    recommendations: [
+      ...(report.score < 75 ? ["Increase ECC, reduce logo size, use Classic style, or increase output/physical size."] : []),
+      ...(Number(renderOptions.quietZone ?? 4) < 4 ? ["Use a quiet zone of at least 4 modules for robust camera/print scanning."] : []),
+      ...(renderOptions.logo && autoLogoSize != null ? [`Auto-safe logo estimate: ${(autoLogoSize * 100).toFixed(1)}% of the symbol width.`] : []),
+      ...(normalizeRenderMode(renderOptions.mode ?? renderOptions.renderMode ?? "screen") === "print" ? getPrintGuidance(code, renderOptions).recommendations : [])
+    ]
+  };
+}
+
+function paletteConfidence(observedPalette) {
+  if (!observedPalette) return 0.5;
+  const values = ["black", "white", "red", "green", "blue"].map((name) => observedPalette[name]).filter(Boolean);
+  if (values.length < 5) return 0.5;
+  let minDistance = Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+    for (let j = i + 1; j < values.length; j++) {
+      const a = values[i], b = values[j];
+      minDistance = Math.min(minDistance, Math.hypot(a.r - b.r, a.g - b.g, a.b - b.b));
+    }
+  }
+  return clampNumber((minDistance - 28) / 120, 0, 1);
+}
+
+function scannerDiagnostics(result, context = {}, options = {}) {
+  const info = result ? getVersionInfo(result.version, { ecc: result.eccLevel }) : null;
+  const correctableTotal = result && info
+    ? Number(info.correctableHeaderSymbols ?? 0) + Number(result.eccBlocks ?? 0) * Number(result.correctableSymbolsPerBlock ?? 0)
+    : 0;
+  const eccUtilization = correctableTotal > 0 ? clampNumber((result.correctedSymbols ?? 0) / correctableTotal, 0, 1) : 0;
+  const structureConfidence = clampNumber(
+    result?.structureScore ?? context.observations?.at(-1)?.structureScore ?? (result ? 0.92 : 0), 0, 1
+  );
+  const cellConfidence = clampNumber(result?.averageCellConfidence ?? 0.75, 0, 1);
+  const geometryConfidence = result
+    ? clampNumber(result.perspectiveCorrected ? Math.max(0.55, structureConfidence) : Math.max(0.65, structureConfidence * 0.9), 0, 1)
+    : (context.geometry?.length ? 0.45 : 0);
+  const calibrationConfidence = result
+    ? clampNumber(result.colorCalibrated ? paletteConfidence(result.observedPalette) : 0.55, 0, 1)
+    : 0;
+  const confidence = result
+    ? clampNumber(cellConfidence * 0.50 + structureConfidence * 0.20 + geometryConfidence * 0.15 + calibrationConfidence * 0.15 - eccUtilization * 0.12, 0, 1)
+    : 0;
+  const geometryCandidates = (context.geometry ?? []).slice(0, 8).map((geometry) => ({
+    version: geometry.version,
+    size: geometry.size,
+    score: geometry.score,
+    estimatedSize: geometry.estimatedSize,
+    alignmentScore: geometry.alignmentScore,
+    alignmentGridScore: geometry.alignmentGridScore,
+    corners: geometry.corners ?? geometry.quad ?? null,
+    finders: geometry.finders ?? null
+  }));
+  const observations = context.observations ?? [];
+  const latest = observations.at(-1) ?? null;
+  const stages = {
+    finderDetection: geometryCandidates.length > 0 || Boolean(result && !result.perspectiveCorrected),
+    geometry: geometryCandidates.length > 0 || Boolean(result && !result.perspectiveCorrected),
+    sampling: observations.length > 0 || Boolean(result),
+    colorClassification: observations.length > 0 || Boolean(result),
+    ecc: Boolean(result),
+    crc: Boolean(result),
+    payload: Boolean(result)
+  };
+  let failedStage = null;
+  if (!result) {
+    failedStage = !stages.finderDetection ? "finder-detection"
+      : !stages.sampling ? "perspective-geometry"
+        : "color-classification-or-ecc";
+  }
+  return {
+    confidence,
+    cellConfidence,
+    structureConfidence,
+    geometryConfidence,
+    calibrationConfidence,
+    eccUtilization,
+    correctedErrors: result?.correctedSymbols ?? 0,
+    erasureSymbols: result?.erasureSymbols ?? 0,
+    lowConfidenceCells: result?.lowConfidenceCells ?? latest?.lowConfidenceCells ?? null,
+    stages,
+    failedStage,
+    geometryCandidates,
+    vision: context.vision ?? null,
+    sampled: latest ? {
+      version: latest.version,
+      samplingMode: latest.samplingMode,
+      colorNormalization: latest.colorNormalization,
+      structureScore: latest.structureScore,
+      averageCellConfidence: latest.averageCellConfidence,
+      observedPalette: latest.observedPalette ?? null,
+      matrix: options.debugMatrices === false ? undefined : latest.matrix,
+      confidenceMatrix: options.debugMatrices === false ? undefined : latest.confidence
+    } : null
+  };
+}
+
+function decorateScanResult(result, context, options) {
+  const diagnostics = scannerDiagnostics(result, context, options);
+  return {
+    ...result,
+    confidence: diagnostics.confidence,
+    geometryConfidence: diagnostics.geometryConfidence,
+    calibrationConfidence: diagnostics.calibrationConfidence,
+    structureConfidence: diagnostics.structureConfidence,
+    correctedErrors: result.correctedSymbols ?? 0,
+    eccUtilization: diagnostics.eccUtilization,
+    diagnostics: options.debug ? diagnostics : {
+      confidence: diagnostics.confidence,
+      geometryConfidence: diagnostics.geometryConfidence,
+      calibrationConfidence: diagnostics.calibrationConfidence,
+      structureConfidence: diagnostics.structureConfidence,
+      eccUtilization: diagnostics.eccUtilization,
+      correctedErrors: diagnostics.correctedErrors,
+      erasureSymbols: diagnostics.erasureSymbols
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+/** Non-throwing scanner debug API with detailed stage diagnostics. */
+function debugScanImageData(imageData, options = {}) {
+  try {
+    const result = scanImageData(imageData, { ...options, debug: true });
+    return { ok: true, result, debug: result.diagnostics };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: error.message, debug: error.debug ?? null };
+  }
+}
+
 function scanImageData(imageData, options = {}) {
   assert(imageData && imageData.data && imageData.width && imageData.height, "Valid ImageData is required.");
   const minVersion = options.minVersion ?? MIN_VERSION;
@@ -3386,19 +5719,103 @@ function scanImageData(imageData, options = {}) {
   validateVersion(minVersion);
   validateVersion(maxVersion);
 
+  const geometryCollector = [];
+  const observationCollector = options.debug ? [] : (Array.isArray(options._observationCollector) ? options._observationCollector : []);
+  const visionDiagnostics = options.debug ? { passes: [] } : (options._visionDiagnostics ?? null);
+  const debugContext = { geometry: geometryCollector, observations: observationCollector, vision: visionDiagnostics };
+  const scanOptions = {
+    ...options,
+    _geometryCollector: geometryCollector,
+    _observationCollector: observationCollector,
+    _visionDiagnostics: visionDiagnostics
+  };
+
   if (options.perspective !== false) {
-    const perspective = tryPerspectiveScan(imageData, options);
-    if (perspective) return perspective;
+    const perspective = tryPerspectiveScan(imageData, scanOptions);
+    if (perspective) return decorateScanResult(perspective, debugContext, options);
+  }
+
+  // If the normal scanner could see QuadQR geometry but could not decode the
+  // colors, retry the same frame after a single global Auto Tone / Contrast /
+  // Color-style pass. This is deliberately after the normal path so clean
+  // camera scanning remains unchanged and fast.
+  if (
+    options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false &&
+    options.fullFrameAutoEnhanceRecovery !== false &&
+    !options._autoEnhancedRecovery &&
+    geometryCollector.length > 0
+  ) {
+    try {
+      const enhanced = autoToneContrastColorImageData(imageData, {
+        blackClip: options.autoEnhanceBlackClip,
+        whiteClip: options.autoEnhanceWhiteClip,
+        saturation: options.autoEnhanceSaturation,
+        targetSamples: options.autoEnhanceTargetSamples
+      });
+      const recovered = tryPerspectiveScan(enhanced, {
+        ...options,
+        _autoEnhancedRecovery: true,
+        autoEnhanceRecovery: false,
+        _geometryCollector: []
+      });
+      if (recovered) {
+        return decorateScanResult({
+          ...recovered,
+          autoEnhanced: true,
+          recoveryMode: "auto-tone-contrast-color",
+          originalColorNormalization: recovered.colorNormalization
+        }, debugContext, options);
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Continue to the axis-aligned fallback.
+    }
   }
 
   if (options.axisAlignedFallback !== false) {
-    const axis = tryAxisAlignedScan(imageData, options);
-    if (axis) return axis;
+    const axis = tryAxisAlignedScan(imageData, scanOptions);
+    if (axis) return decorateScanResult(axis, debugContext, options);
   }
 
-  throw new Error(
+  // Static images sometimes have such low contrast that locator detection itself
+  // fails. Permit one enhanced full retry in that case. The live camera disables
+  // this on its first pass so an empty frame never becomes expensive.
+  if (
+    options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false &&
+    !options._autoEnhancedRecovery &&
+    geometryCollector.length === 0 &&
+    options.autoEnhanceWhenNoGeometry !== false
+  ) {
+    try {
+      const enhanced = autoToneContrastColorImageData(imageData, {
+        blackClip: options.autoEnhanceBlackClip,
+        whiteClip: options.autoEnhanceWhiteClip,
+        saturation: options.autoEnhanceSaturation,
+        targetSamples: options.autoEnhanceTargetSamples
+      });
+      const recoveryOptions = {
+        ...options,
+        _autoEnhancedRecovery: true,
+        autoEnhanceRecovery: false,
+        _geometryCollector: []
+      };
+      if (options.perspective !== false) {
+        const perspective = tryPerspectiveScan(enhanced, recoveryOptions);
+        if (perspective) return decorateScanResult({ ...perspective, autoEnhanced: true, recoveryMode: "auto-tone-contrast-color" }, debugContext, options);
+      }
+      if (options.axisAlignedFallback !== false) {
+        const axis = tryAxisAlignedScan(enhanced, recoveryOptions);
+        if (axis) return decorateScanResult({ ...axis, autoEnhanced: true, recoveryMode: "auto-tone-contrast-color" }, debugContext, options);
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Fall through to the normal scan failure below.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const error = new Error(
     "No valid QuadQR code found. Try better lighting, fill more of the frame, keep all locator patterns visible, or use a less blurred image."
   );
+  if (options.debug) error.debug = scannerDiagnostics(null, debugContext, options);
+  throw error;
 }
 
 async function scanFile(file, options = {}) {
@@ -3427,19 +5844,274 @@ async function scanFile(file, options = {}) {
   return scanImageData(ctx.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height), options);
 }
 
+function parseObjectPositionFraction(value, fallback = 0.5) {
+  if (typeof value !== "string") return fallback;
+  const token = value.trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (token === "left" || token === "top") return 0;
+  if (token === "right" || token === "bottom") return 1;
+  if (token === "center") return 0.5;
+  if (token.endsWith("%")) {
+    const parsed = Number.parseFloat(token);
+    if (Number.isFinite(parsed)) return clampNumber(parsed / 100, 0, 1);
+  }
+  return fallback;
+}
+
+function visibleVideoSourceRect(video, options = {}) {
+  const sourceWidth = video.videoWidth;
+  const sourceHeight = video.videoHeight;
+  const full = { x: 0, y: 0, width: sourceWidth, height: sourceHeight, cropped: false };
+  if (options.videoCropMode === "full") return full;
+
+  let boxWidth = Number(video.clientWidth) || 0;
+  let boxHeight = Number(video.clientHeight) || 0;
+  if ((!boxWidth || !boxHeight) && typeof video.getBoundingClientRect === "function") {
+    const rect = video.getBoundingClientRect();
+    boxWidth = boxWidth || rect.width;
+    boxHeight = boxHeight || rect.height;
+  }
+  if (!boxWidth || !boxHeight) return full;
+
+  let objectFit = options.videoObjectFit;
+  let objectPosition = options.videoObjectPosition;
+  if ((!objectFit || !objectPosition) && typeof getComputedStyle === "function") {
+    try {
+      const style = getComputedStyle(video);
+      objectFit = objectFit || style.objectFit;
+      objectPosition = objectPosition || style.objectPosition;
+    } catch {
+      // Fall back to the demo's normal cover/center behavior.
+    }
+  }
+  objectFit = objectFit || "cover";
+  if (objectFit !== "cover") return full;
+
+  const scale = Math.max(boxWidth / sourceWidth, boxHeight / sourceHeight);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(scale) || scale <= 0) return full;
+  let cropWidth = Math.min(sourceWidth, boxWidth / scale);
+  let cropHeight = Math.min(sourceHeight, boxHeight / scale);
+  if (cropWidth >= sourceWidth - 1 && cropHeight >= sourceHeight - 1) return full;
+
+  const positionTokens = String(objectPosition || "50% 50%").trim().split(/\s+/);
+  const positionX = parseObjectPositionFraction(positionTokens[0], 0.5);
+  const positionY = parseObjectPositionFraction(positionTokens[1] ?? positionTokens[0], 0.5);
+  let x = (sourceWidth - cropWidth) * positionX;
+  let y = (sourceHeight - cropHeight) * positionY;
+
+  // Optional tiny inset removes the soft edge of a camera preview without
+  // changing the visible composition. Leave at zero unless explicitly set.
+  const inset = clampNumber(options.videoCropInset ?? 0, 0, 0.18);
+  if (inset > 0) {
+    const dx = cropWidth * inset;
+    const dy = cropHeight * inset;
+    x += dx;
+    y += dy;
+    cropWidth -= dx * 2;
+    cropHeight -= dy * 2;
+  }
+
+  x = clampNumber(x, 0, Math.max(0, sourceWidth - cropWidth));
+  y = clampNumber(y, 0, Math.max(0, sourceHeight - cropHeight));
+  return { x, y, width: cropWidth, height: cropHeight, cropped: true };
+}
+
+function cropImageDataInset(imageData, insetFraction = 0) {
+  const inset = clampNumber(Number(insetFraction) || 0, 0, 0.32);
+  if (inset <= 0) {
+    return {
+      imageData,
+      rect: { x: 0, y: 0, width: imageData.width, height: imageData.height }
+    };
+  }
+
+  const x = Math.max(0, Math.floor(imageData.width * inset));
+  const y = Math.max(0, Math.floor(imageData.height * inset));
+  const width = Math.max(1, imageData.width - x * 2);
+  const height = Math.max(1, imageData.height - y * 2);
+  const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4);
+  for (let row = 0; row < height; row++) {
+    const sourceStart = ((y + row) * imageData.width + x) * 4;
+    const sourceEnd = sourceStart + width * 4;
+    data.set(imageData.data.subarray(sourceStart, sourceEnd), row * width * 4);
+  }
+  return {
+    imageData: { width, height, data },
+    rect: { x, y, width, height }
+  };
+}
+
+function bestVisionDiagnosticPass(visionDiagnostics) {
+  const passes = visionDiagnostics?.passes;
+  if (!Array.isArray(passes) || !passes.length) return null;
+  return passes.slice().sort((a, b) => {
+    const aGeometry = a.geometries?.[0];
+    const bGeometry = b.geometries?.[0];
+    return (Boolean(bGeometry) - Boolean(aGeometry)) ||
+      ((b.finderCount ?? 0) - (a.finderCount ?? 0)) ||
+      ((bGeometry?.score ?? 0) - (aGeometry?.score ?? 0));
+  })[0];
+}
+
+function nowMs() {
+  return typeof performance !== "undefined" && typeof performance.now === "function"
+    ? performance.now()
+    : Date.now();
+}
+
+function normalizeFrameDiagnostics(frameDiagnostics, source, width, height, visionDiagnostics) {
+  if (!frameDiagnostics || typeof frameDiagnostics !== "object") return;
+  frameDiagnostics.scanWidth = width;
+  frameDiagnostics.scanHeight = height;
+  frameDiagnostics.frameWidth = width;
+  frameDiagnostics.frameHeight = height;
+  frameDiagnostics.scanRect = { x: 0, y: 0, width, height };
+  frameDiagnostics.sourceRect = {
+    x: source.x,
+    y: source.y,
+    width: source.width,
+    height: source.height,
+    cropped: Boolean(source.cropped)
+  };
+  frameDiagnostics.vision = visionDiagnostics;
+  const bestPass = bestVisionDiagnosticPass(visionDiagnostics);
+  frameDiagnostics.bestPass = bestPass;
+  frameDiagnostics.finderCount = bestPass?.finderCount ?? 0;
+  frameDiagnostics.finders = bestPass?.finders ?? [];
+  frameDiagnostics.finderMethod = bestPass?.finderMethod ?? null;
+  frameDiagnostics.finderPasses = Array.isArray(visionDiagnostics?.passes)
+    ? visionDiagnostics.passes.map((pass) => ({
+        method: pass.finderMethod ?? pass.label,
+        finderCount: pass.finderCount ?? 0,
+        threshold: pass.threshold,
+        geometryCount: pass.geometries?.length ?? 0
+      }))
+    : [];
+  frameDiagnostics.geometry = bestPass?.geometries?.[0] ?? null;
+}
+
 function scanVideoFrame(video, options = {}) {
   assert(typeof document !== "undefined", "scanVideoFrame is a browser API.");
   assert(video && video.videoWidth && video.videoHeight, "Video frame is not ready.");
+
+  // Scan what the user actually sees. On phones the video element is usually a
+  // portrait box with object-fit: cover while the camera sensor stream is 16:9.
+  // Previously we scanned the entire hidden sensor frame, so the QR looked big
+  // in the guide but became much smaller after canvas downscaling. Cropping to
+  // the visible source region both improves module resolution and reduces work.
+  const source = visibleVideoSourceRect(video, options);
   const maxDimension = options.maxDimension ?? 960;
-  const scale = Math.min(1, maxDimension / Math.max(video.videoWidth, video.videoHeight));
-  const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(video.videoWidth * scale));
-  const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(video.videoHeight * scale));
+  const scale = Math.min(1, maxDimension / Math.max(source.width, source.height));
+  const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(source.width * scale));
+  const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(source.height * scale));
   const canvas = options.canvas ?? document.createElement("canvas");
   canvas.width = width;
   canvas.height = height;
   const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d", { alpha: false, willReadFrequently: true });
-  ctx.drawImage(video, 0, 0, width, height);
-  return scanImageData(ctx.getImageData(0, 0, width, height), options);
+  // High-quality downscaling is preferable for finder geometry, but visible-ROI
+  // cropping means many mobile frames now need little or no downscaling at all.
+  if ("imageSmoothingEnabled" in ctx) ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = true;
+  if ("imageSmoothingQuality" in ctx) ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = "high";
+  ctx.drawImage(video, source.x, source.y, source.width, source.height, 0, 0, width, height);
+  const frameImageData = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, width, height);
+  if (options._capturedFrame && typeof options._capturedFrame === "object") {
+    options._capturedFrame.imageData = frameImageData;
+    options._capturedFrame.scanWidth = width;
+    options._capturedFrame.scanHeight = height;
+    options._capturedFrame.source = { ...source };
+  }
+  const visionDiagnostics = options._frameDiagnostics ? { passes: [] } : null;
+  try {
+    const result = scanImageData(frameImageData, {
+      ...options,
+      _visionDiagnostics: visionDiagnostics
+    });
+    normalizeFrameDiagnostics(options._frameDiagnostics, source, width, height, visionDiagnostics);
+    if (!source.cropped) return result;
+    return {
+      ...result,
+      cameraVisibleCrop: true,
+      cameraSourceRect: { x: source.x, y: source.y, width: source.width, height: source.height }
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    normalizeFrameDiagnostics(options._frameDiagnostics, source, width, height, visionDiagnostics);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+function selectBestFrameObservation(observations) {
+  if (!observations?.length) return null;
+  return observations
+    .filter((item) => item?.matrix && item.structureScore >= 0.82)
+    .sort((a, b) =>
+      (b.structureScore - a.structureScore) ||
+      (b.averageCellConfidence - a.averageCellConfidence) ||
+      ((b.geometry?.score ?? 0) - (a.geometry?.score ?? 0))
+    )[0] ?? null;
+}
+
+function combineFrameObservations(observations) {
+  if (!observations?.length) return null;
+  const version = observations[0].version;
+  const size = observations[0].matrix.length;
+  if (!observations.every((item) => item.version === version && item.matrix.length === size)) return null;
+
+  const matrix = make2D(size, CELL.WHITE);
+  const confidence = make2D(size, 0);
+  for (let r = 0; r < size; r++) {
+    for (let c = 0; c < size; c++) {
+      const votes = new Map();
+      const confidenceByCell = new Map();
+      for (const observation of observations) {
+        const cell = observation.matrix[r][c];
+        const sourceConfidence = clampNumber(observation.confidence?.[r]?.[c] ?? 0.5, 0, 1);
+        const weight = 0.35 + sourceConfidence * 0.65;
+        votes.set(cell, (votes.get(cell) ?? 0) + weight);
+        const stats = confidenceByCell.get(cell) ?? { weighted: 0, weight: 0 };
+        stats.weighted += sourceConfidence * weight;
+        stats.weight += weight;
+        confidenceByCell.set(cell, stats);
+      }
+
+      const ranked = Array.from(votes.entries()).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
+      const [bestCell, bestWeight] = ranked[0];
+      const secondWeight = ranked[1]?.[1] ?? 0;
+      const totalWeight = ranked.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item[1], 0);
+      const sourceStats = confidenceByCell.get(bestCell);
+      const sourceConfidence = sourceStats?.weight ? sourceStats.weighted / sourceStats.weight : 0.5;
+      const support = totalWeight ? bestWeight / totalWeight : 0;
+      const margin = totalWeight ? (bestWeight - secondWeight) / totalWeight : 0;
+      const agreement = 0.5 * support + 0.5 * margin;
+
+      matrix[r][c] = bestCell;
+      // Do not become overconfident just because several blurry frames agree.
+      // Retaining source uncertainty lets Reed-Solomon treat repeated ambiguous
+      // cells as erasures instead of hard, supposedly-certain errors.
+      confidence[r][c] = clampNumber(sourceConfidence * 0.58 + agreement * 0.42, 0, 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return { version, matrix, confidence };
+}
+
+async function improveCameraTrack(stream) {
+  const track = stream.getVideoTracks?.()[0];
+  if (!track?.applyConstraints || !track.getCapabilities) return;
+  try {
+    const capabilities = track.getCapabilities();
+    const advanced = {};
+    if (Array.isArray(capabilities.focusMode) && capabilities.focusMode.includes("continuous")) {
+      advanced.focusMode = "continuous";
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(capabilities.exposureMode) && capabilities.exposureMode.includes("continuous")) {
+      advanced.exposureMode = "continuous";
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(capabilities.whiteBalanceMode) && capabilities.whiteBalanceMode.includes("continuous")) {
+      advanced.whiteBalanceMode = "continuous";
+    }
+    if (Object.keys(advanced).length) await track.applyConstraints({ advanced: [advanced] });
+  } catch {
+    // Browsers expose different subsets of camera controls. Scanner-side
+    // calibration remains the primary path when these hints are unsupported.
+  }
 }
 
 async function startCameraScanner(video, options = {}) {
@@ -3451,11 +6123,13 @@ async function startCameraScanner(video, options = {}) {
       audio: false,
       video: {
         facingMode: { ideal: "environment" },
-        width: { ideal: 1280 },
-        height: { ideal: 720 }
+        width: { ideal: 1920 },
+        height: { ideal: 1080 },
+        frameRate: { ideal: 30 }
       }
     }
   );
+  await improveCameraTrack(stream);
 
   video.srcObject = stream;
   video.setAttribute("playsinline", "");
@@ -3464,32 +6138,435 @@ async function startCameraScanner(video, options = {}) {
 
   const scanInterval = Math.max(80, options.scanInterval ?? 180);
   const scratchCanvas = document.createElement("canvas");
+  const multiFrameEnabled = options.multiFrame !== false;
+  const multiFrameWindow = Math.max(2, Math.min(8, Math.round(options.multiFrameWindow ?? 4)));
+  const multiFrameMinFrames = Math.max(2, Math.min(multiFrameWindow, Math.round(options.multiFrameMinFrames ?? 2)));
+  const observationHistory = new Map();
+  const cameraAutoColorEvery = Math.max(1, Math.round(options.cameraAutoColorEvery ?? 1));
+  const cameraAutoEnhanceEvery = Math.max(1, Math.round(options.cameraAutoEnhanceEvery ?? 2));
+  const cameraFinderRecoveryEvery = Math.max(1, Math.round(options.cameraFinderRecoveryEvery ?? 2));
+  let missStreak = 0;
   let stopped = false;
   let busy = false;
   let timer = null;
+  let frameNumber = 0;
+
+  const diagnosticsEnabled = typeof options.onDiagnostic === "function";
+  const emitDiagnostic = (event) => {
+    if (!diagnosticsEnabled) return;
+    try {
+      options.onDiagnostic({
+        timestamp: Date.now(),
+        frame: frameNumber,
+        ...event
+      });
+    } catch {
+      // Diagnostics are UI-only and must never interrupt scanning.
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (diagnosticsEnabled) {
+    const track = stream.getVideoTracks?.()[0];
+    const settings = track?.getSettings?.() ?? {};
+    emitDiagnostic({
+      type: "camera-ready",
+      method: "camera",
+      message: `Camera ready · ${settings.width ?? video.videoWidth}×${settings.height ?? video.videoHeight}` ,
+      camera: {
+        width: settings.width ?? video.videoWidth,
+        height: settings.height ?? video.videoHeight,
+        frameRate: settings.frameRate ?? null,
+        facingMode: settings.facingMode ?? null
+      }
+    });
+  }
 
   const stop = () => {
     stopped = true;
     if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+    observationHistory.clear();
     for (const track of stream.getTracks()) track.stop();
     if (video.srcObject === stream) video.srcObject = null;
   };
 
-  const scanNow = () => scanVideoFrame(video, { ...options, canvas: scratchCanvas });
+  const scanNow = () => scanVideoFrame(video, {
+    ...options,
+    maxDimension: options.maxDimension ?? 1080,
+    canvas: scratchCanvas
+  });
+
+  const emitResult = (result, capturedFrame = null, diagnostic = null) => {
+    const frameMeta = capturedFrame?.imageData ? {
+      frame: frameNumber,
+      imageData: capturedFrame.imageData,
+      scanWidth: capturedFrame.scanWidth,
+      scanHeight: capturedFrame.scanHeight,
+      sourceRect: capturedFrame.source ? { ...capturedFrame.source } : null,
+      enhancedImageData: capturedFrame.enhancedImageData ?? null,
+      enhancedRect: capturedFrame.enhancedRect ? { ...capturedFrame.enhancedRect } : null,
+      enhancement: capturedFrame.enhancement ? { ...capturedFrame.enhancement } : null,
+      diagnostic
+    } : null;
+    options.onResult?.(result, frameMeta);
+    options.onDecode?.(result, frameMeta);
+    if (options.stopOnResult ?? true) {
+      stop();
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  const tryMultiFrameDecode = (observations) => {
+    if (!multiFrameEnabled) return null;
+    const best = selectBestFrameObservation(observations);
+    if (!best) return null;
+    const history = observationHistory.get(best.version) ?? [];
+    history.push(best);
+    while (history.length > multiFrameWindow) history.shift();
+    observationHistory.set(best.version, history);
+    if (history.length < multiFrameMinFrames) return null;
+
+    const combined = combineFrameObservations(history);
+    if (!combined) return null;
+    try {
+      const decoded = decodeMatrix(combined.matrix, {
+        structureTolerance: options.structureTolerance ?? 0.20,
+        cellConfidence: combined.confidence,
+        maxErasureConfidence: options.maxErasureConfidence
+      });
+      if (decoded.version !== best.version) return null;
+      return {
+        ...decoded,
+        perspectiveCorrected: Boolean(best.geometry),
+        colorCalibrated: true,
+        colorNormalization: "multi-frame-vote",
+        samplingMode: "multi-frame-vote",
+        multiFrameCombined: history.length,
+        geometry: best.geometry,
+        observedPalette: best.observedPalette,
+        averageCellConfidence: best.averageCellConfidence,
+        lowConfidenceCells: best.lowConfidenceCells
+      };
+    } catch {
+      return null;
+    }
+  };
 
   const loop = async () => {
     if (stopped) return;
     if (!busy && video.readyState >= 2) {
       busy = true;
+      frameNumber++;
+      const observations = [];
+      const frameDiagnostics = diagnosticsEnabled ? {} : null;
+      const capturedFrame = {};
+      const frameStarted = nowMs();
+      let allowAutoEnhance = false;
+      let allowFinderRecovery = false;
       try {
-        const result = scanNow();
-        options.onResult?.(result);
-        if (options.stopOnResult ?? true) {
-          stop();
-          return;
-        }
+        // The first frame stays minimal. The primary finder pass itself is now
+        // QuadQR-aware (max RGB/value channel), so it remains cheap while no
+        // longer confusing dark blue data with structural black. After a miss,
+        // alternate frames may bracket finder thresholds and then use the
+        // stronger color recovery path. Empty camera frames therefore do not
+        // pay every recovery cost on every scan tick.
+        allowFinderRecovery = options.finderRecovery !== false &&
+          missStreak > 0 && ((missStreak - 1) % cameraFinderRecoveryEvery === 0);
+        allowAutoEnhance = options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false &&
+          missStreak > 0 && ((missStreak - 1) % cameraAutoEnhanceEvery === 0);
+        const method = allowAutoEnhance
+          ? "progressive-color-recovery"
+          : (allowFinderRecovery ? "finder-recovery" : "fast-scan");
+        const result = scanVideoFrame(video, {
+          ...options,
+          _diagnosticLabel: method,
+          finderRecovery: allowFinderRecovery,
+          autoEnhanceRecovery: allowAutoEnhance,
+          autoEnhanceWhenNoGeometry: allowAutoEnhance,
+          // If geometry exists, the rectified QR-only pixel enhancer is both
+          // stronger and much cheaper than reprocessing the whole live frame.
+          fullFrameAutoEnhanceRecovery: options.fullFrameAutoEnhanceRecovery ?? false,
+          maxDimension: options.maxDimension ?? 1080,
+          canvas: scratchCanvas,
+          _capturedFrame: capturedFrame,
+          _observationCollector: observations,
+          _frameDiagnostics: frameDiagnostics
+        });
+        const elapsedMs = nowMs() - frameStarted;
+        emitDiagnostic({
+          type: "frame",
+          state: "decoded",
+          method: result.recoveryMode ?? result.samplingMode ?? method,
+          elapsedMs,
+          missStreak,
+          ...frameDiagnostics
+        });
+        emitDiagnostic({
+          type: "success",
+          state: "decoded",
+          method: result.recoveryMode ?? result.samplingMode ?? method,
+          elapsedMs,
+          message: `Decoded v${result.version} · ECC ${result.eccLevel} · ${Math.round(elapsedMs)} ms`,
+          ...frameDiagnostics
+        });
+        missStreak = 0;
+        observationHistory.clear();
+        if (emitResult(result, capturedFrame, frameDiagnostics)) return;
       } catch (error) {
-        options.onScanMiss?.(error);
+        missStreak++;
+        const fastElapsedMs = nowMs() - frameStarted;
+        emitDiagnostic({
+          type: "frame",
+          state: "miss",
+          method: allowAutoEnhance
+            ? "progressive-color-recovery"
+            : (allowFinderRecovery ? "finder-recovery" : "fast-scan"),
+          elapsedMs: fastElapsedMs,
+          missStreak,
+          error: error?.message ?? String(error),
+          ...frameDiagnostics
+        });
+
+        // The user's real phone-camera case is dominated by color cast before
+        // finder detection: Photoshop Auto Color alone makes the same live QR
+        // immediately detectable. Retry the exact captured frame with a cheap
+        // per-channel Auto Color levels correction before any geometry-dependent
+        // recovery. This runs only after the normal fast scan fails, and by
+        // default only on every other missed frame after the first one.
+        const shouldTryCameraAutoColor = options.cameraAutoColorRecovery !== false &&
+          capturedFrame.imageData &&
+          ((missStreak - 1) % cameraAutoColorEvery === 0);
+        if (shouldTryCameraAutoColor) {
+          const requestedCrops = Array.isArray(options.cameraAutoColorCropInsets)
+            ? options.cameraAutoColorCropInsets
+            : [0.08, 0.16, 0.22, 0];
+          const cropInsets = [];
+          for (const value of requestedCrops) {
+            const inset = clampNumber(Number(value), 0, 0.30);
+            if (!cropInsets.some((item) => Math.abs(item - inset) < 0.001)) cropInsets.push(inset);
+          }
+          const explicitAnalysisInsets = Array.isArray(options.cameraAutoColorAnalysisInsets)
+            ? options.cameraAutoColorAnalysisInsets
+            : null;
+
+          emitDiagnostic({
+            type: "method",
+            state: "trying",
+            method: "camera-auto-color",
+            message: `Fast scan failed · Auto Color recovery inside camera guide (${cropInsets.map((v) => v ? `${Math.round(v * 100)}% crop` : "full frame").join(" → ")})`,
+            ...frameDiagnostics
+          });
+
+          let autoColorDecoded = false;
+          for (let profileIndex = 0; profileIndex < cropInsets.length; profileIndex++) {
+            const cropInset = cropInsets[profileIndex];
+            const cropped = cropImageDataInset(capturedFrame.imageData, cropInset);
+            const defaultAnalysisInsets = [0.10, 0.08, 0.04, 0.10];
+            const analysisInset = clampNumber(
+              Number(explicitAnalysisInsets?.[profileIndex]
+                ?? options.cameraAutoColorAnalysisInset
+                ?? defaultAnalysisInsets[Math.min(profileIndex, defaultAnalysisInsets.length - 1)]),
+              0,
+              0.30
+            );
+            const autoColorObservations = [];
+            const autoColorVisionDiagnostics = diagnosticsEnabled ? { passes: [] } : null;
+            const autoColorFrameDiagnostics = diagnosticsEnabled ? {} : null;
+            const cropLabel = cropInset ? `${Math.round(cropInset * 100)}pct-crop` : "full";
+            const profileName = `camera-auto-color-${cropLabel}`;
+            try {
+              const recoveryStarted = nowMs();
+              const correctedFrame = autoColorImageData(cropped.imageData, {
+                // This is intentionally performed on a centered recovery crop.
+                // A live preview can contain large dark borders, browser UI, a
+                // monitor bezel or room background. Those pixels completely
+                // change global Auto Color/Otsu statistics even though the QR
+                // itself looks identical to a saved crop. Photoshop succeeded
+                // because the user's edited image was effectively QR-centric.
+                blackClip: options.cameraAutoColorBlackClip ?? 0.0001,
+                whiteClip: options.cameraAutoColorWhiteClip ?? 0.004,
+                highlightPercentile: options.cameraAutoColorHighlightPercentile ?? 0.95,
+                outputHighlight: options.cameraAutoColorOutputHighlight ?? 190,
+                analysisInset,
+                minimumInputRange: options.cameraAutoColorMinimumInputRange ?? 72,
+                targetSamples: options.cameraAutoColorTargetSamples ?? 90000
+              });
+              const recovered = scanImageData(correctedFrame, {
+                ...options,
+                _diagnosticLabel: profileName,
+                _visionDiagnostics: autoColorVisionDiagnostics,
+                finderRecovery: true,
+                autoEnhanceRecovery: false,
+                fullFrameAutoEnhanceRecovery: false,
+                _observationCollector: autoColorObservations
+              });
+              if (autoColorFrameDiagnostics) {
+                normalizeFrameDiagnostics(
+                  autoColorFrameDiagnostics,
+                  capturedFrame.source ?? { x: 0, y: 0, width: capturedFrame.scanWidth, height: capturedFrame.scanHeight, cropped: false },
+                  correctedFrame.width,
+                  correctedFrame.height,
+                  autoColorVisionDiagnostics
+                );
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.frameWidth = capturedFrame.scanWidth;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.frameHeight = capturedFrame.scanHeight;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.scanRect = { ...cropped.rect };
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.autoColorCropInset = cropInset;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.autoColorAnalysisInset = analysisInset;
+              }
+              const recoveryElapsedMs = nowMs() - recoveryStarted;
+              emitDiagnostic({
+                type: "frame",
+                state: "decoded",
+                method: profileName,
+                elapsedMs: recoveryElapsedMs,
+                missStreak,
+                ...(autoColorFrameDiagnostics ?? frameDiagnostics)
+              });
+              emitDiagnostic({
+                type: "success",
+                state: "decoded",
+                method: "camera-auto-color",
+                elapsedMs: recoveryElapsedMs,
+                message: `Auto Color ${cropInset ? `${Math.round(cropInset * 100)}% crop` : "full frame"} decoded v${recovered.version} · ECC ${recovered.eccLevel} · ${Math.round(recoveryElapsedMs)} ms`,
+                ...(autoColorFrameDiagnostics ?? frameDiagnostics)
+              });
+              capturedFrame.enhancedImageData = correctedFrame;
+              capturedFrame.enhancedRect = { ...cropped.rect };
+              capturedFrame.enhancement = {
+                method: "camera-auto-color",
+                cropInset,
+                analysisInset
+              };
+              missStreak = 0;
+              observationHistory.clear();
+              autoColorDecoded = true;
+              if (emitResult({
+                ...recovered,
+                autoColorCorrected: true,
+                cameraProgressiveRecovery: true,
+                recoveryMode: "camera-auto-color",
+                cameraAutoColorCropInset: cropInset,
+                cameraAutoColorAnalysisInset: analysisInset
+              }, capturedFrame, autoColorFrameDiagnostics ?? frameDiagnostics)) return;
+              break;
+            } catch (recoveryError) {
+              observations.push(...autoColorObservations);
+              if (autoColorFrameDiagnostics) {
+                normalizeFrameDiagnostics(
+                  autoColorFrameDiagnostics,
+                  capturedFrame.source ?? { x: 0, y: 0, width: capturedFrame.scanWidth, height: capturedFrame.scanHeight, cropped: false },
+                  cropped.imageData.width,
+                  cropped.imageData.height,
+                  autoColorVisionDiagnostics
+                );
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.frameWidth = capturedFrame.scanWidth;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.frameHeight = capturedFrame.scanHeight;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.scanRect = { ...cropped.rect };
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.autoColorCropInset = cropInset;
+                autoColorFrameDiagnostics.autoColorAnalysisInset = analysisInset;
+                emitDiagnostic({
+                  type: "frame",
+                  state: "miss",
+                  method: profileName,
+                  elapsedMs: nowMs() - frameStarted,
+                  missStreak,
+                  error: recoveryError?.message ?? String(recoveryError),
+                  ...autoColorFrameDiagnostics
+                });
+              }
+              emitDiagnostic({
+                type: "method",
+                state: "failed",
+                method: profileName,
+                message: `Auto Color ${cropInset ? `${Math.round(cropInset * 100)}% crop` : "full frame"} did not decode${autoColorFrameDiagnostics?.finderCount != null ? ` · ${autoColorFrameDiagnostics.finderCount} finder(s)` : ""}`,
+                ...(autoColorFrameDiagnostics ?? frameDiagnostics)
+              });
+            }
+          }
+          if (!autoColorDecoded) {
+            emitDiagnostic({
+              type: "method",
+              state: "failed",
+              method: "camera-auto-color",
+              message: "All camera Auto Color profiles failed · continuing deeper recovery",
+              ...frameDiagnostics
+            });
+          }
+        }
+
+        // If the fast pass already saw a convincing QuadQR structure, retry
+        // the exact same captured ROI immediately with the stronger QR-region
+        // color correction. Empty/non-QR frames do not pay this cost. This is
+        // the live equivalent of: normal scan first, then Auto Tone / Contrast
+        // / Color only when the normal decode actually needs help.
+        if (!allowAutoEnhance && options.autoEnhanceRecovery !== false) {
+          const strongObservation = selectBestFrameObservation(observations);
+          if (strongObservation && scratchCanvas.width && scratchCanvas.height) {
+            emitDiagnostic({
+              type: "method",
+              state: "trying",
+              method: "qr-region-auto-enhance",
+              message: "Fast decode failed · trying QR-region Auto Tone / Contrast / Color",
+              ...frameDiagnostics
+            });
+            try {
+              const recoveryStarted = nowMs();
+              const frameContext = scratchCanvas.getContext("2d", { alpha: false, willReadFrequently: true });
+              const capturedImageData = frameContext.getImageData(0, 0, scratchCanvas.width, scratchCanvas.height);
+              const recoveryObservations = [];
+              const recoveryVisionDiagnostics = diagnosticsEnabled ? { passes: [] } : null;
+              const recovered = scanImageData(capturedImageData, {
+                ...options,
+                _diagnosticLabel: "qr-region-auto-enhance",
+                _visionDiagnostics: recoveryVisionDiagnostics,
+                autoEnhanceRecovery: true,
+                autoEnhanceWhenNoGeometry: false,
+                fullFrameAutoEnhanceRecovery: false,
+                _observationCollector: recoveryObservations
+              });
+              const recoveryElapsedMs = nowMs() - recoveryStarted;
+              emitDiagnostic({
+                type: "success",
+                state: "decoded",
+                method: recovered.recoveryMode ?? recovered.samplingMode ?? "qr-region-auto-enhance",
+                elapsedMs: recoveryElapsedMs,
+                message: `Recovery decoded v${recovered.version} · ECC ${recovered.eccLevel} · ${Math.round(recoveryElapsedMs)} ms`,
+                ...frameDiagnostics
+              });
+              missStreak = 0;
+              observationHistory.clear();
+              if (emitResult({
+                ...recovered,
+                cameraProgressiveRecovery: true
+              }, capturedFrame, frameDiagnostics)) return;
+            } catch {
+              emitDiagnostic({
+                type: "method",
+                state: "failed",
+                method: "qr-region-auto-enhance",
+                message: "QR-region color recovery did not decode · trying multi-frame ECC",
+                ...frameDiagnostics
+              });
+              // Keep the original observations for multi-frame voting below.
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        const combined = tryMultiFrameDecode(observations);
+        if (combined) {
+          emitDiagnostic({
+            type: "success",
+            state: "decoded",
+            method: "multi-frame-vote",
+            message: `Multi-frame recovery decoded v${combined.version} from ${combined.multiFrameCombined} frames`,
+            ...frameDiagnostics
+          });
+          missStreak = 0;
+          if (emitResult(combined, capturedFrame, frameDiagnostics)) return;
+        } else {
+          options.onScanMiss?.(error);
+        }
       } finally {
         busy = false;
       }
@@ -3547,6 +6624,10 @@ const internals = Object.freeze({
   decodeRsAdaptive,
   encodeProtectedHeader,
   decodeProtectedHeader,
+  selectBestFrameObservation,
+  combineFrameObservations,
+  visibleVideoSourceRect,
+  cropImageDataInset,
   HEADER_CODEWORD_CELLS,
   COMPACT_HEADER_CODEWORD_CELLS,
   CELLS_PER_BYTE,
@@ -3554,7 +6635,7 @@ const internals = Object.freeze({
   SECURE_FLAG
 });
 
-return { installCrc32Accelerator, crc32, getVersionInfo, encodeText, encodeBytes, encodeSecureText, encodeSecureBytes, decryptDecoded, decodeMatrix, renderToCanvas, renderToImageData, scanImageData, scanFile, scanVideoFrame, startCameraScanner, rectifyDetectedCode, rotateMatrix, FORMAT_VERSION, MIN_VERSION, MAX_VERSION, DEFAULT_ECC_LEVEL, CELL, DEFAULT_PALETTE, RENDER_STYLES, ECC_LEVELS, internals, SECURITY_MODES, SECURITY_ALGORITHMS, SECURE_PAYLOAD_VERSION, DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, generateRaw256Key, normalizeRaw256Key, bytesToHex };
+return { compressPayload, decompressPayload, deriveSigningKeyId, generateSigningKeyPair, installCrc32Accelerator, crc32, getVersionInfo, encodeText, encodeBytes, encodeUint8Array, encodeSignedBytes, encodeSignedText, encodeSecureText, encodeSecureBytes, decryptDecoded, decodeMatrix, decodeUint8Array, verifyDecodedSignature, estimateSafeLogoSize, findMaxSafeLogoSize, getPrintGuidance, renderToCanvas, renderToImageData, renderToSVG, applyStressDistortion, runImageStressTest, assessScanability, debugScanImageData, scanImageData, scanFile, scanVideoFrame, startCameraScanner, rectifyDetectedCode, rotateMatrix, FORMAT_VERSION, MIN_VERSION, MAX_VERSION, DEFAULT_ECC_LEVEL, RENDER_MODES, PRINT_PALETTE, COMPRESSION_MODES, SIGNATURE_ALGORITHMS, CELL, DEFAULT_PALETTE, RENDER_STYLES, ECC_LEVELS, STRESS_PROFILES, internals, SECURITY_MODES, SECURITY_ALGORITHMS, SECURE_PAYLOAD_VERSION, DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, generateRaw256Key, normalizeRaw256Key, bytesToHex };
 })();
 const QuadQR = __qqr_quadqr_js;