npm - qsharp-lang - Versions diffs - 1.6.7-dev → 1.6.9-dev - Mend

qsharp-lang 1.6.7-dev → 1.6.9-dev

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Files changed (293) hide show

package/dist/katas-content.generated.js CHANGED Viewed

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export default {
                     "title": "Flip a Qubit",
                     "description": {
                         "type": "text-content",
-                        "content": "<p>Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code. In each exercise, you will be presented with placeholder code that you will have to fill in with the correct solution.</p>\n<p><strong>Input:</strong> A qubit in the $\\ket{0}$ state.</p>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong> Apply the X gate to the qubit, i.e., perform a &quot;bit flip&quot; to set the qubit into the $\\ket{1}$ state.</p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Need a hint?</strong></summary>\nFor some problems a hint will be provided to help you if you are stuck. For this exercise, read line number 3 in the code below.\n</details>\n"
+                        "content": "<p>Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code. In each exercise, you'll be presented with placeholder code that you'll have to fill in with the correct solution.</p>\n<p><strong>Input:</strong> A qubit in the $\\ket{0}$ state.</p>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong> Apply the X gate to the qubit, that is, perform a &quot;bit flip&quot; to set the qubit into the $\\ket{1}$ state.</p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Need a hint?</strong></summary>\nFor some problems a hint will be provided to help you if you are stuck. For this exercise, read line number 3 in the code below.\n</details>\n"
                     },
                     "sourceIds": [
                         "getting_started__flip_qubit__Verification.qs",
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export default {
                         "items": [
                             {
                                 "type": "text-content",
-                                "content": "<p>Once you have successfully implemented a solution or if you are stuck on a problem, you can consult our reference solution, which contains additional details on how to solve the exercise.</p>\n<p>For this exercise, you can solve the problem by simply using Q#'s <code>X</code> operation on the input qubit, which will perform a &quot;bit flip&quot; and set the qubit into the $\\ket{1}$ state.</p>\n"
+                                "content": "<p>Once you've successfully implemented a solution or if you're stuck on a problem, you can consult the reference solution, which contains additional details on how to solve the exercise.</p>\n<p>For this exercise, you can solve the problem by simply using Q#'s <code>X</code> operation on the input qubit, which will perform a &quot;bit flip&quot; and set the qubit into the $\\ket{1}$ state.</p>\n"
                             },
                             {
                                 "type": "solution",
@@ -6651,7 +6651,7 @@ export default {
                     "items": [
                         {
                             "type": "text-content",
-                            "content": "<p>You can follow the steps of the algorithm for the constant and the balanced scenarios using a neat visualization. Since Deutsch algorithm deals only with states with real amplitudes, you can map all states on the unit circle, and follow the state evolution through the steps.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Start with a qubit in the $\\ket{0}$ state and apply the $H$ gate to the qubit.\n<br/></li>\n</ol>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"660\" height=\"334\" fill=\"none\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 660 334\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4_498)\"><g clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><path d=\"m7.1 146c0-76.8 62.3-139 139-139 76.8 0 139 62.3 139 139 0 76.8-62.3 139-139 139-76.8 0-139-62.3-139-139z\" stroke=\"#747474\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"1.38\"/><g fill=\"#fff\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"1.38\"><path d=\"m279 147c0-3.26 2.69-5.9 6-5.9s6 2.64 6 5.9-2.69 5.9-6 5.9-6-2.64-6-5.9z\" stroke=\"#0070C0\"/><g stroke=\"#000\"><path d=\"m140 7.4c0-3.26 2.64-5.9 5.9-5.9s5.9 2.64 5.9 5.9-2.64 5.9-5.9 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0-2.04-0.458-2.61-1.38-0.57-0.918-0.856-2.31-0.856-4.18 0-0.994 0.088-1.85 0.264-2.58s0.422-1.32 0.738-1.79c0.316-0.474 0.694-0.824 1.14-1.05 0.444-0.228 0.926-0.34 1.45-0.34z\"/><path d=\"m406 140 3.23 7.28v0.6l-3.23 7.29-0.868-0.308 2.6-7.28-2.6-7.29 0.868-0.29z\"/><path d=\"m408 212h9.99v1.08h-9.99v-1.08z\"/><path d=\"m421 206h1.25v15.1h-1.25v-15.1z\"/><path d=\"m430 207h1.15v4.67h4.42v1.08h-4.42v4.67h-1.15v-4.67h-4.42v-1.08h4.42v-4.67z\"/><path d=\"m438 205 3.23 7.28v0.6l-3.23 7.29-0.868-0.308 2.6-7.28-2.6-7.29 0.868-0.29z\"/><path d=\"m407 78.8h9.99v1.08h-9.99v-1.08z\"/><path d=\"m420 72.5h1.25v15.1h-1.25v-15.1z\"/><path d=\"m425 78.8h9.99v1.08h-9.99v-1.08z\"/><path d=\"m438 71.8 3.24 7.28v0.6l-3.24 7.29-0.866-0.308 2.6-7.28-2.6-7.29 0.866-0.292z\"/></g></g><defs><clipPath id=\"clip0_4_498\"><rect transform=\"translate(.6 .8)\" width=\"659\" height=\"332\" fill=\"#fff\"/></clipPath></defs></svg></p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Apply the oracle.<br />\nHere, the difference between the two scenarios becomes noticeable. In the constant scenario, $\\ket{0}$ and $\\ket{1}$ states get the same phase (either $1$ or $-1$), so the state remains the same or acquires a global phase of $-1$, which is physically the same state. In the variable scenario, zero and one states get different phases, so the state changes!\n<br/></li>\n</ol>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"738\" height=\"374\" fill=\"none\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 738 374\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_5_635)\"><g clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><path d=\"m7.3 189c0-76.8 62.3-139 139-139 76.8 0 139 62.3 139 139 0 76.8-62.3 139-139 139-76.8 0-139-62.3-139-139z\" stroke=\"#747474\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"1.38\"/><g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\"><path d=\"m279 189c0-3.26 2.69-5.9 6-5.9s6 2.64 6 5.9-2.69 5.9-6 5.9-6-2.64-6-5.9z\" stroke-width=\"1.15\"/><g stroke-width=\"1.38\"><path d=\"m140 49.4c0-3.26 2.64-5.9 5.9-5.9s5.9 2.64 5.9 5.9c0 3.26-2.64 5.9-5.9 5.9s-5.9-2.64-5.9-5.9z\"/><path d=\"m1.3 189c0-3.26 2.69-5.9 6-5.9 3.31 0 6 2.64 6 5.9s-2.69 5.9-6 5.9c-3.31 0-6-2.64-6-5.9z\"/><path d=\"m140 328c0-3.26 2.64-5.9 5.9-5.9s5.9 2.64 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248h1.25v15.1h-1.25v-15.1z\"/><path d=\"m430 250h1.15v4.67h4.42v1.08h-4.42v4.67h-1.15v-4.67h-4.42v-1.08h4.42v-4.67z\"/><path d=\"m439 247 3.23 7.28v0.6l-3.23 7.29-0.868-0.308 2.6-7.28-2.6-7.29 0.868-0.292z\"/><path d=\"m408 121h9.99v1.08h-9.99v-1.08z\"/><path d=\"m421 115h1.25v15.1h-1.25v-15.1z\"/><path d=\"m425 121h9.99v1.08h-9.99v-1.08z\"/><path d=\"m438 114 3.23 7.28v0.599l-3.23 7.29-0.868-0.308 2.6-7.28-2.6-7.29 0.868-0.292z\"/></g></g><defs><clipPath id=\"clip0_5_635\"><rect transform=\"translate(.6 .2)\" width=\"737\" height=\"374\" fill=\"#fff\"/></clipPath></defs></svg></p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Apply the $H$ gate to the qubit again.\nNow, you get the $\\ket{0}$ state for both constant scenarios and the $\\ket{1}$ state for both variable scenarios!\n<br/></li>\n</ol>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"679\" height=\"365\" fill=\"none\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 679 365\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_6_812)\"><g 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+                            "content": "<p>You can follow the steps of the algorithm for the constant and the balanced scenarios using a neat visualization. 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</clipPath>\n    </defs>\n</svg>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Apply the oracle.<br />\nHere, the difference between the two scenarios becomes noticeable. In the constant scenario, $\\ket{0}$ and $\\ket{1}$ states get the same phase (either $1$ or $-1$), so the state remains the same or acquires a global phase of $-1$, which is physically the same state. 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-                            "content": "<h3>Inputs</h3>\n<p>You are given the number of bits in the function input $n$ and the phase oracle for the problem we're solving - a &quot;black box&quot; quantum operation $U_f$ that implements a classical function $f(x)$.</p>\n<p>As usual, the phase oracle $U_f$ is defined by its effect on the individual values $x$ (represented as basis states $\\ket{x}$).\nIf the value of the function on the input $x$ $f(x) = 1$, the corresponding basis state $\\ket{x}$ is multiplied by $-1$; otherwise, the basis state is not changed.\nFormally, this can be written as follows:</p>\n<p>$$U_f \\ket{x} = (-1)^{f(x)} \\ket{x}$$</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Typically the oracle for Grover's search is implemented as a marking oracle and then converted into a phase oracle using the phase kickback trick.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h3>Algorithm outline</h3>\n<p>The high-level outline of the algorithm is very simple:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Initialize the quantum system to a well-known starting state.</li>\n<li>Apply a fixed sequence of &quot;Grover iterations&quot; several times. Each iteration is implemented as pair of operations that includes one call of the oracle &quot;black box&quot;.</li>\n<li>Finally, measuring all qubits will produce the desired output with high probability.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Let's take a closer look at the algorithm.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>We will use a convenient visualization of the algorithm steps rather than mathematical derivation.\nThey are equivalent, but the visual representation is much easier to follow.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h3>Initial state and definitions</h3>\n<p>Grover's search algorithm begins with a uniform superposition of all the states in the search space.\nTypically, the search space is defined as all $n$-bit bit strings, so this superposition is just an even superposition\nof all $N = 2^n$ basis states on $n$ qubits:\n$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}}\\sum_{x=0}^{N-1}{\\ket{x}} $$</p>\n<p>When this superposition is considered in the context of the equation $f(x) = 1$,\nall the basis states can be split in two groups:  &quot;good&quot; (solutions) and &quot;bad&quot; (non-solutions).\nIf the number of states for which $f(x)=1$ (the number of equation solutions) is $M$,\ntwo uniform superpositions of &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; states can be defined as follows:</p>\n<p>$$\\ket{\\text{good}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{M}}\\sum_{x,f(x)=1}{\\ket{x}}$$\n$$\\ket{\\text{bad}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N-M}}\\sum_{x,f(x)=0}{\\ket{x}}$$</p>\n<p>Now, the even superposition of all basis states can be rewritten as follows:\n$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}\\ket{\\text{good}} + \\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}\\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>The amplutudes $\\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$ and $\\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}$ can then be written in a trigonometric representation,\nas a sine and cosine of the angle $\\theta$:</p>\n<p>$$\\sin \\theta = \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}, \\cos \\theta = \\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}$$</p>\n<p>With this replacement, the initial state can be written as</p>\n<p>$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\sin \\theta \\ket{\\text{good}} + \\cos \\theta \\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>The states involved in the algorithm can be represented on a plane on which $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ and $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$ vectors correspond to vertical and horizontal axes, respectively.</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"447\" height=\"366\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"fill0\" x1=\"2824\" x2=\"2824\" y1=\"1084\" y2=\"1211\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop offset=\"1\"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"fill3\" x1=\"2026\" x2=\"2026\" y1=\"516\" y2=\"642\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop offset=\"1\"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"fill6\" x1=\"2877\" x2=\"2877\" y1=\"1261\" y2=\"1388\" 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1.03-6.64 0-1.26-0.38-2.15-1.14-2.66-0.77-0.5-2.14-0.79-4.11-0.85l0.54-2.33z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2788.5801\" y=\"1331.87\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"65px\">𝑏𝑎𝑑</text><path d=\"m2950 1275 17.9 40.3v3.33l-17.9 40.4-4.8-1.71 14.4-40.3-14.4-40.4z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2945.6599\" y=\"1348.3\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"84px\">〉</text><path d=\"m2414 1269c-1.4 6.49-2.11 12-2.11 16.4 0 3.36 0.51 5.82 1.53 7.39s2.67 2.36 4.94 2.36c3.36 0 6.54-2.25 9.55-6.76s5.56-11 7.66-19.4zm18.4-30.3c-3.5 0-6.74 2.22-9.72 6.65s-5.52 10.8-7.62 19h21.5c1.41-6.31 2.11-11.8 2.11-16.3 0-3.15-0.51-5.5-1.53-7.06-1.01-1.55-2.6-2.33-4.76-2.33zm0.54-3.64c8.69 0 13 5.51 13 16.5 0 3.12-0.35 6.84-1.06 11.2-0.7 4.33-1.82 8.74-3.34 13.2-1.53 4.5-3.46 8.47-5.8 11.9-2.33 3.46-5.03 6.13-8.08 8.02-3.06 1.89-6.35 2.83-9.89 2.83-4.46 0-7.78-1.36-9.97-4.09-2.19-2.72-3.28-6.81-3.28-12.3 0-2.97 0.33-6.62 0.99-11 0.66-4.35 1.74-8.79 3.26-13.3 1.51-4.54 3.45-8.57 5.84-12.1 2.38-3.52 5.12-6.23 8.22-8.13s6.46-2.85 10.1-2.85z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2404.45\" y=\"1290.41\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"63.7px\">𝜃</text><path d=\"m2357 1240c6.73 27 10.1 54.7 10.1 82.5\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><path d=\"m2722 1082v-49h89v-49 49h89v49\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#0070c0\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><text transform=\"translate(2634 952)\" fill=\"#0070c0\" font-family=\"'Segoe UI', 'Segoe UI_MSFontService', sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\">The starting state</text></g></svg></p>\n<h3>Grover's iteration</h3>\n<p>Each Grover's iteration consists of two operations.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>The phase oracle $U_f$.</li>\n<li>An operation called &quot;reflection about the mean&quot;.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Applying the phase oracle to the state will flip the sign of all basis states in $\\ket{\\text{good}}$\nand leave all basis states in $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$ unchanged:</p>\n<p>$$U_f\\ket{\\text{good}} = -\\ket{\\text{good}}$$\n$$U_f\\ket{\\text{bad}} = \\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>On the circle plot, this transformation leaves the horizontal component of the state vector unchanged and reverses its vertical component. In other words, this operation is a reflection along the horizontal axis.</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"475\" height=\"368\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"fill0\" x1=\"2830\" x2=\"2830\" y1=\"1062\" y2=\"1188\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop offset=\"1\"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"fill3\" x1=\"2031\" x2=\"2031\" y1=\"494\" y2=\"621\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop offset=\"1\"/></linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"fill6\" x1=\"2876\" x2=\"2876\" y1=\"1238\" y2=\"1365\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop offset=\"1\"/></linearGradient></defs><g 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32-35.8 17.8c-1.7 0.85-3.76 0.15-4.61-1.55-0.84-1.7-0.15-3.76 1.55-4.61l32.1-15.9-1.22 5.14-21.4-28.7c-1.14-1.52-0.83-3.67 0.69-4.81s3.68-0.83 4.81 0.69z\" fill=\"#0070c0\"/><path d=\"m2367 1219c6.27 26.2 9.43 53.1 9.43 80.1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><path transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 1686 1644)\" d=\"m679 259c7.22 28.1 10.9 56.9 10.9 85.9\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#0070c0\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><path d=\"m1332 1299h1390v6.88h-1390zm1365-22.1 30.7 25.6-30.7 25.6c-1.46 1.21-3.63 1.02-4.84-0.44-1.22-1.46-1.02-3.63 0.44-4.84l27.5-22.9v5.28l-27.5-22.9c-1.46-1.21-1.66-3.38-0.44-4.84 1.21-1.46 3.38-1.65 4.84-0.44z\"/><g fill=\"#0070c0\" font-family=\"'Segoe UI', 'Segoe UI_MSFontService', sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\"><text transform=\"translate(2734 1521)\">State after</text><text transform=\"translate(2734 1598)\">the first </text><text transform=\"translate(2969 1598)\">reflection</text></g></g></svg></p>\n<p>&quot;Reflection about the mean&quot; is an operation for which the visual definition is much more intuitive than the mathematical one.\nIt is literally a reflection about the state $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ - the uniform superposition of all basis states in the search space.</p>\n<p>Mathematically, this operation is described as $2\\ket{\\text{all}}\\bra{\\text{all}} - I$: it leaves the component of the input state parallel to the state $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ unchanged and multiplies the component orthogonal to it by $-1$.</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"428\" height=\"374\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"fill0\" x1=\"2874\" x2=\"2874\" y1=\"1061\" y2=\"1188\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" spreadMethod=\"reflect\"><stop offset=\"0\"/><stop offset=\".0292\"/><stop offset=\".3\"/><stop 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4.74 1.96l2.33-10.4c0.24-0.99 0.45-2.08 0.63-3.28s0.27-2.25 0.27-3.14c0-0.9-0.16-1.58-0.49-2.05-0.33-0.46-0.8-0.8-1.42-1.01-0.61-0.21-1.71-0.36-3.3-0.45l0.54-2.33zm-124 0h2.6l-7.91 31.4 0.59 0.18c2.9-3.9 5.63-6.71 8.17-8.45 2.55-1.74 5.1-2.6 7.64-2.6 3.27 0 5.8 1.24 7.62 3.72 1.81 2.49 2.71 5.99 2.71 10.5 0 4.94-0.99 9.8-2.98 14.6-2 4.78-4.76 8.57-8.29 11.4-3.54 2.8-7.49 4.2-11.9 4.2-3.98 0-7.52-0.97-10.6-2.92l-4.14 2.92-2.87-0.72 11.6-51.4c0.69-3.05 1.04-5.27 1.04-6.64 0-1.26-0.38-2.15-1.15-2.65-0.76-0.51-2.13-0.8-4.11-0.86l0.54-2.33z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2833.6799\" y=\"1311.78\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"65px\">𝑏𝑎𝑑</text><path d=\"m3e3 1255 17.9 40.3v3.33l-17.9 40.4-4.81-1.71 14.4-40.3-14.4-40.4z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2990.76\" y=\"1328.21\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" 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transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 2062 1310)\" d=\"m2.4-2.46 498 484-4.79 4.93-498-484zm495 451 4.16 39.7-39.8-3.07c-1.89-0.146-3.31-1.8-3.16-3.69 0.145-1.89 1.8-3.31 3.69-3.16l35.7 2.75-3.68 3.79-3.73-35.6c-0.198-1.89 1.17-3.58 3.06-3.78 1.89-0.197 3.58 1.17 3.78 3.06z\" fill=\"#0070c0\"/><path d=\"m2443 1093c-1.12 5.16-1.68 9.5-1.68 13 0 2.66 0.41 4.61 1.22 5.86 0.8 1.25 2.11 1.87 3.92 1.87 2.66 0 5.18-1.79 7.57-5.36 2.39-3.58 4.42-8.71 6.08-15.4zm14.6-24c-2.78 0-5.35 1.76-7.71 5.28-2.37 3.51-4.38 8.55-6.04 15.1h17.1c1.12-5.01 1.67-9.33 1.67-12.9 0-2.49-0.4-4.36-1.21-5.6-0.81-1.23-2.07-1.85-3.78-1.85zm-46.7-2.14c4.42 0 7.76 0.97 10 2.91 2.25 1.93 3.38 4.74 3.38 8.43 0 1.26-0.12 2.41-0.37 3.47s-0.64 2.11-1.18 3.14c-0.53 1.03-1.25 2.14-2.15 3.33-0.91 1.19-1.9 2.4-3 3.62-1.09 1.22-2.98 3.26-5.67 6.11-4.51 4.78-7.83 8.95-9.94 12.5h13.4c1.16 0 2.1-0.07 2.81-0.21 0.72-0.14 1.29-0.38 1.71-0.71 0.43-0.34 0.77-0.77 1.02-1.3 0.25-0.54 0.56-1.36 0.95-2.48h3.02l-0.6 10.4h-29.3v-1.71c1.03-2.5 2.4-5.05 4.14-7.67 1.73-2.61 4.19-5.69 7.38-9.23 2.75-3.04 4.74-5.35 5.95-6.91 1.33-1.72 2.32-3.19 2.98-4.44 0.65-1.25 1.12-2.43 1.4-3.53 0.29-1.11 0.43-2.22 0.43-3.33 0-1.79-0.28-3.36-0.85-4.73-0.57-1.36-1.45-2.44-2.62-3.22-1.18-0.79-2.66-1.18-4.44-1.18-4.45 0-7.44 2.47-8.98 7.42h-4.32v-6.85c2.88-1.35 5.57-2.33 8.08-2.94 2.5-0.61 4.75-0.91 6.75-0.91zm47.1-0.75c6.89 0 10.3 4.38 10.3 13.1 0 2.47-0.28 5.42-0.84 8.86-0.56 3.43-1.44 6.93-2.65 10.5-1.22 3.56-2.75 6.71-4.6 9.46-1.86 2.74-3.99 4.86-6.42 6.36-2.42 1.5-5.04 2.25-7.84 2.25-3.54 0-6.18-1.08-7.91-3.25-1.74-2.16-2.61-5.4-2.61-9.73 0-2.35 0.27-5.25 0.79-8.69 0.52-3.45 1.38-6.97 2.58-10.6s2.75-6.8 4.64-9.59 4.06-4.94 6.52-6.45 5.13-2.27 8-2.27z\" fill=\"#0070c0\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2395.01\" y=\"1110.6801\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"50.5px\">2𝜃</text><path d=\"m2406 1221c6.32 26.6 9.52 53.8 9.52 81.1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><path transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 1716 1652)\" d=\"m688 263c7.29 28.4 11 57.7 11 87\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-miterlimit=\"8\" stroke-width=\"6.88\"/><g fill=\"#0070c0\" font-family=\"'Segoe UI', 'Segoe UI_MSFontService', sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\"><text transform=\"translate(2582 724)\">State after the</text><text transform=\"translate(2582 801)\">second </text><text transform=\"translate(2803 801)\">reflection</text></g></g></svg></p>\n<p>As we can see, the pair of these reflections combined amount to a counterclockwise rotation by an angle $2\\theta$.\nIf we repeat the Grover's iteration, reflecting the new state first along the horizontal axis and then along the $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ vector, it performs a rotation by $2\\theta$ again. The angle of this rotation depends only on the angle between the reflection axes and not on the state we reflect!</p>\n<p>Each iteration of Grover's search adds $2\\theta$ to the current angle in the expression of the system state as a superposition of $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ and $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$.\nAfter applying $R$ iterations of Grover's search the state of the system will become</p>\n<p>$$\\sin{(2R+1)\\theta}\\ket{\\text{good}} + \\cos{(2R+1)\\theta}\\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>At firat, each iteration brings the state of the system closer to the vertical axis, increasing the probability of measuring one of the basis states that are part of $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ - the states that are solutions to the problem.</p>\n"
+                            "content": "<h3>Inputs</h3>\n<p>You are given the number of bits in the function input $n$ and the phase oracle for the problem we're solving - a &quot;black box&quot; quantum operation $U_f$ that implements a classical function $f(x)$.</p>\n<p>As usual, the phase oracle $U_f$ is defined by its effect on the individual values $x$ (represented as basis states $\\ket{x}$).\nIf the value of the function on the input $x$ $f(x) = 1$, the corresponding basis state $\\ket{x}$ is multiplied by $-1$; otherwise, the basis state is not changed.\nFormally, this can be written as follows:</p>\n<p>$$U_f \\ket{x} = (-1)^{f(x)} \\ket{x}$$</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Typically the oracle for Grover's search is implemented as a marking oracle and then converted into a phase oracle using the phase kickback trick.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h3>Algorithm outline</h3>\n<p>The high-level outline of the algorithm is very simple:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Initialize the quantum system to a well-known starting state.</li>\n<li>Apply a fixed sequence of &quot;Grover iterations&quot; several times. Each iteration is implemented as pair of operations that includes one call of the oracle &quot;black box&quot;.</li>\n<li>Finally, measuring all qubits will produce the desired output with high probability.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Let's take a closer look at the algorithm.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>We will use a convenient visualization of the algorithm steps rather than mathematical derivation.\nThey are equivalent, but the visual representation is much easier to follow.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h3>Initial state and definitions</h3>\n<p>Grover's search algorithm begins with a uniform superposition of all the states in the search space.\nTypically, the search space is defined as all $n$-bit bit strings, so this superposition is just an even superposition\nof all $N = 2^n$ basis states on $n$ qubits:\n$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}}\\sum_{x=0}^{N-1}{\\ket{x}} $$</p>\n<p>When this superposition is considered in the context of the equation $f(x) = 1$,\nall the basis states can be split in two groups:  &quot;good&quot; (solutions) and &quot;bad&quot; (non-solutions).\nIf the number of states for which $f(x)=1$ (the number of equation solutions) is $M$,\ntwo uniform superpositions of &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; states can be defined as follows:</p>\n<p>$$\\ket{\\text{good}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{M}}\\sum_{x,f(x)=1}{\\ket{x}}$$\n$$\\ket{\\text{bad}} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N-M}}\\sum_{x,f(x)=0}{\\ket{x}}$$</p>\n<p>Now, the even superposition of all basis states can be rewritten as follows:\n$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}\\ket{\\text{good}} + \\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}\\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>The amplutudes $\\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$ and $\\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}$ can then be written in a trigonometric representation,\nas a sine and cosine of the angle $\\theta$:</p>\n<p>$$\\sin \\theta = \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}, \\cos \\theta = \\sqrt{\\frac{N-M}{N}}$$</p>\n<p>With this replacement, the initial state can be written as</p>\n<p>$$\\ket{\\text{all}} = \\sin \\theta \\ket{\\text{good}} + \\cos \\theta \\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>The states involved in the algorithm can be represented on a plane on which $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ and $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$ vectors correspond to vertical and horizontal axes, respectively.</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg width=\"447\" height=\"370\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n    <style>\n        :root {\n            --kata-svg-stroke: #222;\n            --kata-svg-fill: #fff;\n            --kata-svg-path: #777;\n            --kata-svg-accent: #06c;\n        }\n        @media(prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n        :root {\n            --kata-svg-stroke: #eee;\n            --kata-svg-fill: #111;\n            --kata-svg-path: #bbb;\n            --kata-svg-accent: #08f;\n        }\n        }\n        .kata_svg_path {\n            stroke: var(--kata-svg-path);\n            stroke-width: 10;\n            stroke-linecap: round;\n        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state</text>\n        </g>\n    </g>\n</svg>\n<h3>Grover's iteration</h3>\n<p>Each Grover's iteration consists of two operations.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>The phase oracle $U_f$.</li>\n<li>An operation called &quot;reflection about the mean&quot;.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Applying the phase oracle to the state will flip the sign of all basis states in $\\ket{\\text{good}}$\nand leave all basis states in $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$ unchanged:</p>\n<p>$$U_f\\ket{\\text{good}} = -\\ket{\\text{good}}$$\n$$U_f\\ket{\\text{bad}} = \\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>On the circle plot, this transformation leaves the horizontal component of the state vector unchanged and reverses its vertical component. 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     </g>\n    </g>\n</svg>\n<p>&quot;Reflection about the mean&quot; is an operation for which the visual definition is much more intuitive than the mathematical one.\nIt is literally a reflection about the state $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ - the uniform superposition of all basis states in the search space.</p>\n<p>Mathematically, this operation is described as $2\\ket{\\text{all}}\\bra{\\text{all}} - I$: it leaves the component of the input state parallel to the state $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ unchanged and multiplies the component orthogonal to it by $-1$.</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg width=\"447\" height=\"370\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n    <style>\n        :root {\n            --kata-svg-stroke: #222;\n            --kata-svg-fill: #fff;\n            --kata-svg-path: #777;\n            --kata-svg-accent: #06c;\n        }\n        @media(prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n        :root {\n            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0-7.78-1.36-9.97-4.09s-3.28-6.81-3.28-12.3c0-2.96 0.33-6.62 0.99-11 0.66-4.34 1.74-8.78 3.26-13.3 1.51-4.54 3.46-8.56 5.84-12.1s5.12-6.23 8.22-8.13 6.46-2.85 10.1-2.85z\" fill=\"#0070c0\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" />\n        </g>\n    </g>\n</svg>\n<p>As we can see, the pair of these reflections combined amount to a counterclockwise rotation by an angle $2\\theta$.\nIf we repeat the Grover's iteration, reflecting the new state first along the horizontal axis and then along the $\\ket{\\text{all}}$ vector, it performs a rotation by $2\\theta$ again. The angle of this rotation depends only on the angle between the reflection axes and not on the state we reflect!</p>\n<p>Each iteration of Grover's search adds $2\\theta$ to the current angle in the expression of the system state as a superposition of $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ and $\\ket{\\text{bad}}$.\nAfter applying $R$ iterations of Grover's search the state of the system will become</p>\n<p>$$\\sin{(2R+1)\\theta}\\ket{\\text{good}} + \\cos{(2R+1)\\theta}\\ket{\\text{bad}}$$</p>\n<p>At firat, each iteration brings the state of the system closer to the vertical axis, increasing the probability of measuring one of the basis states that are part of $\\ket{\\text{good}}$ - the states that are solutions to the problem.</p>\n"
                         }
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@@ -7075,7 +7075,7 @@ export default {
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-                            "content": "<p>The optimal number of iterations to use in Grover's search algorithm is typically defined as the number of iterations\nafter which the success probability of the algorithm - the probability of measuring one of the &quot;good&quot; states - is maximized.</p>\n<p>Geometrically, this means that the state vector should be rotated to be as close to the vertical axis as possible.\nMathematically, this means maximizing the ampitude $\\sin{(2R+1)\\theta}$ of the state $\\ket{\\text{good}}$\nin the superposition.\nWith either definition, the goal is to have the angle $(2R+1)\\theta$ that describes the system after $R$ rotations\nas close to $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$ as possible:</p>\n<p>$$(2R+1)\\theta \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{2}$$</p>\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<p><svg width=\"421\" height=\"383\" overflow=\"hidden\" version=\"1.1\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"fill3\" x1=\"2073\" 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2.49 2.72 5.99 2.72 10.5 0 4.95-1 9.81-2.99 14.6-1.99 4.78-4.75 8.57-8.29 11.4-3.53 2.8-7.48 4.2-11.9 4.2-3.98 0-7.51-0.98-10.6-2.92l-4.13 2.92-2.88-0.72 11.6-51.4c0.69-3.05 1.03-5.27 1.03-6.65 0-1.25-0.38-2.14-1.14-2.65-0.77-0.51-2.14-0.79-4.11-0.85l0.54-2.34z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"2843.8601\" y=\"1298.5601\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"65px\">𝑏𝑎𝑑</text><path d=\"m3006 1241 17.9 40.3v3.32l-17.9 40.4-4.8-1.71 14.4-40.3-14.4-40.4z\" fill=\"url(#fill6)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"/><text x=\"3000.95\" y=\"1314.99\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0\" font-family=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, sans-serif\" font-size=\"84px\">〉</text><path transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 2060 1308)\" d=\"m2.4-2.46 505 491-4.79 4.93-505-491zm502 458 4.16 39.7-39.8-3.07c-1.89-0.146-3.31-1.8-3.16-3.69 0.146-1.89 1.8-3.31 3.69-3.16l35.7 2.75-3.68 3.79-3.73-35.6c-0.198-1.89 1.17-3.58 3.06-3.78 1.89-0.198 3.58 1.17 3.78 3.06z\"/><text transform=\"translate(2240 517)\" fill=\"#0070c0\" font-family=\"'Segoe UI', 'Segoe UI_MSFontService', sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\">Close enough</text><text transform=\"translate(2240 594)\" fill=\"#0070c0\" font-family=\"'Segoe UI', 'Segoe UI_MSFontService', sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\">to measure</text></g></svg></p>\n<p>Now, recall that $\\theta = \\arcsin \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$. When $M$ is much smaller than $N$, $\\frac{M}{N}$ is close to 0, and $\\theta$ is a small angle that can approximated as $\\theta \\approx \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$. This gives the following equation for $R_{opt}$</p>\n<p>$$ 2R_{opt}+1 \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{2\\theta} = \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\sqrt{\\frac{N}{M}}$$\nSince $\\theta$ is small, $R_{opt}$ is large, and the $+1$ term next to $2R_{opt}$ can be ignored, giving the final formula:\n$$ R_{opt} \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{4}\\sqrt{\\frac{N}{M}}$$</p>\n<p>What happens if you use more iterations than is optimal? Each iteration will keep rotating the state $2\\theta$ counterclockwise,\ngetting it further away from the vertical axis and thus reducing the probability of measuring the correct answer.</p>\n<p>In this demo you will see how success probability of Grover's algorithm changes when it uses different numbers of iterations\nbefore the final measurements.</p>\n"
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0.13-2.92c0-2.3-0.49-4-1.48-5.07-0.99-1.08-2.67-1.62-5.03-1.62zm-0.9-3.55c1.95 0 3.77 0.22 5.46 0.65 1.69 0.44 3.43 1.21 5.23 2.32l4.13-2.97 2.88 0.72-6.6 28.5c-0.66 2.84-0.99 5.06-0.99 6.65 0 1.2 0.19 2.06 0.58 2.6s1 0.81 1.84 0.81c0.9 0 1.86-0.36 2.88-1.1 1.02-0.73 2.45-2.13 4.31-4.2l2.56 2.52c-2.69 2.87-4.99 4.92-6.89 6.13-1.91 1.21-3.97 1.82-6.18 1.82-1.86 0-3.34-0.62-4.45-1.84-1.11-1.23-1.66-2.86-1.66-4.9 0-1.65 0.34-3.4 1.03-5.26l-0.58-0.18c-2.88 4.2-5.6 7.27-8.18 9.21-2.57 1.95-5.3 2.92-8.17 2.92-3.3 0-5.85-1.24-7.66-3.73-1.81-2.48-2.72-5.97-2.72-10.5 0-5.15 1.01-10.1 3.03-14.8s4.8-8.49 8.34-11.2c3.53-2.74 7.47-4.11 11.8-4.11zm70.6-20.5h2.65l-11.2 49.7c-0.66 2.93-0.99 5.15-0.99 6.65 0 1.2 0.19 2.06 0.58 2.6s1 0.81 1.84 0.81c0.9 0 1.86-0.36 2.88-1.1 1.02-0.73 2.45-2.13 4.31-4.2l2.56 2.52c-2.75 2.9-5.08 4.95-6.96 6.15-1.89 1.2-3.93 1.8-6.11 1.8-1.86 0-3.34-0.62-4.45-1.84-1.11-1.23-1.66-2.86-1.66-4.9 0-1.65 0.34-3.4 1.03-5.26l-0.58-0.18c-2.88 4.2-5.6 7.27-8.18 9.21-2.57 1.95-5.3 2.92-8.17 2.92-3.3 0-5.85-1.24-7.66-3.73-1.81-2.48-2.72-5.97-2.72-10.5 0-5.15 1.01-10.1 3.03-14.8s4.8-8.49 8.34-11.2c3.53-2.74 7.47-4.11 11.8-4.11 1.83 0 3.51 0.19 5.05 0.56 1.55 0.38 3.13 1.03 4.74 1.96l2.34-10.4c0.24-0.99 0.45-2.08 0.63-3.28s0.27-2.25 0.27-3.14c0-0.9-0.17-1.58-0.5-2.05-0.33-0.46-0.8-0.8-1.41-1.01-0.62-0.21-1.72-0.36-3.3-0.45l0.54-2.33zm-124 0h2.61l-7.91 31.4 0.59 0.18c2.9-3.9 5.63-6.71 8.17-8.45 2.55-1.74 5.09-2.6 7.64-2.6 3.26 0 5.8 1.24 7.61 3.72 1.81 2.49 2.72 5.99 2.72 10.5 0 4.94-1 9.8-2.99 14.6-1.99 4.78-4.75 8.57-8.29 11.4-3.53 2.8-7.48 4.2-11.8 4.2-3.99 0-7.52-0.98-10.6-2.92l-4.13 2.92-2.87-0.72 11.6-51.4c0.69-3.05 1.03-5.27 1.03-6.64 0-1.26-0.38-2.15-1.14-2.66-0.77-0.5-2.14-0.79-4.11-0.85l0.54-2.33z\" />\n            <path d=\"m2950 1275 17.9 40.3v3.33l-17.9 40.4-4.8-1.71 14.4-40.3-14.4-40.4z\" />\n            <!-- theta-->\n            <path d=\"m2414 1260c-1.4 6.49-2.11 12-2.11 16.4 0 3.36 0.51 5.82 1.53 7.39s2.67 2.36 4.94 2.36c3.36 0 6.54-2.25 9.55-6.76s5.56-11 7.66-19.4zm18.4-30.3c-3.5 0-6.74 2.22-9.72 6.65s-5.52 10.8-7.62 19h21.5c1.41-6.31 2.11-11.8 2.11-16.3 0-3.15-0.51-5.5-1.53-7.06-1.01-1.55-2.6-2.33-4.76-2.33zm0.54-3.64c8.69 0 13 5.51 13 16.5 0 3.12-0.35 6.84-1.06 11.2-0.7 4.33-1.82 8.74-3.34 13.2-1.53 4.5-3.46 8.47-5.8 11.9-2.33 3.46-5.03 6.13-8.08 8.02-3.06 1.89-6.35 2.83-9.89 2.83-4.46 0-7.78-1.36-9.97-4.09-2.19-2.72-3.28-6.81-3.28-12.3 0-2.97 0.33-6.62 0.99-11 0.66-4.35 1.74-8.79 3.26-13.3 1.51-4.54 3.45-8.57 5.84-12.1 2.38-3.52 5.12-6.23 8.22-8.13s6.46-2.85 10.1-2.85z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" />\n            <!--2 \\theta and angle -->\n            <path d=\"m2410 1105c-1.41 6.5-2.12 12-2.12 16.4 0 3.35 0.51 5.82 1.53 7.39s2.67 2.36 4.94 2.36c3.36 0 6.54-2.25 9.55-6.76s5.56-11 7.66-19.4zm18.4-30.3c-3.5 0-6.74 2.22-9.72 6.65s-5.52 10.8-7.62 19h21.5c1.41-6.32 2.11-11.8 2.11-16.3 0-3.14-0.51-5.5-1.52-7.05-1.02-1.56-2.61-2.34-4.77-2.34zm-58.2-2.7c5.57 0 9.77 1.22 12.6 3.66 2.84 2.44 4.27 5.98 4.27 10.6 0 1.59-0.16 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</g>\n        <g class=\"kata_svg_fill_accent kata_svg_stroke_accent\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"64px\" font-weight=\"400\">\n            <text transform=\"translate(2220 580)\">Close enough</text>\n            <text transform=\"translate(2220 650)\">to measure</text>\n            <!--2 \\theta and angle -->\n            <path d=\"m2210 905c-1.41 6.5-2.12 12-2.12 16.4 0 3.35 0.51 5.82 1.53 7.39s2.67 2.36 4.94 2.36c3.36 0 6.54-2.25 9.55-6.76s5.56-11 7.66-19.4zm18.4-30.3c-3.5 0-6.74 2.22-9.72 6.65s-5.52 10.8-7.62 19h21.5c1.41-6.32 2.11-11.8 2.11-16.3 0-3.14-0.51-5.5-1.52-7.05-1.02-1.56-2.61-2.34-4.77-2.34zm-58.2-2.7c5.57 0 9.77 1.22 12.6 3.66 2.84 2.44 4.27 5.98 4.27 10.6 0 1.59-0.16 3.05-0.48 4.38-0.31 1.33-0.8 2.65-1.48 3.95-0.67 1.3-1.58 2.7-2.72 4.2-1.13 1.5-2.39 3.02-3.77 4.56s-3.76 4.11-7.14 7.7c-5.69 6.02-9.87 11.3-12.5 15.8h16.9c1.47 0 2.65-0.09 3.55-0.27s1.62-0.479 2.16-0.898c0.54-0.42 0.96-0.966 1.28-1.64 0.31-0.674 0.71-1.72 1.19-3.12h3.82l-0.77 13.1h-37v-2.16c1.29-3.14 3.03-6.36 5.21-9.66 2.19-3.3 5.29-7.17 9.3-11.6 3.47-3.83 5.98-6.74 7.5-8.72 1.68-2.16 2.93-4.02 3.75-5.59 0.83-1.57 1.42-3.06 1.78-4.45s0.54-2.79 0.54-4.2c0-2.25-0.36-4.23-1.08-5.95s-1.82-3.08-3.3-4.07c-1.49-0.988-3.35-1.48-5.6-1.48-5.6 0-9.37 3.11-11.3 9.34h-5.43v-8.62c3.62-1.71 7.01-2.94 10.2-3.71 3.16-0.763 6-1.14 8.52-1.14zm58.7-0.943c8.69 0 13 5.51 13 16.5 0 3.11-0.35 6.84-1.06 11.2-0.7 4.33-1.82 8.74-3.34 13.2-1.53 4.49-3.46 8.47-5.8 11.9-2.33 3.46-5.03 6.13-8.08 8.02-3.06 1.89-6.35 2.83-9.89 2.83-4.46 0-7.78-1.36-9.97-4.09s-3.28-6.81-3.28-12.3c0-2.96 0.33-6.62 0.99-11 0.66-4.34 1.74-8.78 3.26-13.3 1.51-4.54 3.46-8.56 5.84-12.1s5.12-6.23 8.22-8.13 6.46-2.85 10.1-2.85z\" fill=\"#0070c0\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" />\n        </g>\n    </g>\n</svg>\n<p>Now, recall that $\\theta = \\arcsin \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$. When $M$ is much smaller than $N$, $\\frac{M}{N}$ is close to 0, and $\\theta$ is a small angle that can approximated as $\\theta \\approx \\sqrt{\\frac{M}{N}}$. This gives the following equation for $R_{opt}$</p>\n<p>$$ 2R_{opt}+1 \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{2\\theta} = \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\sqrt{\\frac{N}{M}}$$\nSince $\\theta$ is small, $R_{opt}$ is large, and the $+1$ term next to $2R_{opt}$ can be ignored, giving the final formula:\n$$ R_{opt} \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{4}\\sqrt{\\frac{N}{M}}$$</p>\n<p>What happens if you use more iterations than is optimal? Each iteration will keep rotating the state $2\\theta$ counterclockwise,\ngetting it further away from the vertical axis and thus reducing the probability of measuring the correct answer.</p>\n<p>In this demo you will see how success probability of Grover's algorithm changes when it uses different numbers of iterations\nbefore the final measurements.</p>\n"
                         },
                         {
                             "type": "example",