qsharp-lang 0.1.0-dev.1 → 1.0.5-dev
This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
- package/README.md +0 -4
- package/dist/compiler/compiler.d.ts +2 -0
- package/dist/compiler/compiler.js +4 -1
- package/dist/compiler/worker-proxy.js +1 -0
- package/dist/debug-service/debug-service.js +11 -30
- package/dist/katas-content.generated.js +26 -26
- package/dist/language-service/language-service.d.ts +11 -7
- package/dist/language-service/language-service.js +54 -3
- package/dist/language-service/worker-proxy.js +2 -0
- package/lib/node/qsc_wasm.cjs +151 -177
- package/lib/node/qsc_wasm.d.cts +154 -139
- package/lib/node/qsc_wasm_bg.wasm +0 -0
- package/lib/web/qsc_wasm.d.ts +169 -156
- package/lib/web/qsc_wasm.js +146 -172
- package/lib/web/qsc_wasm_bg.wasm +0 -0
- package/package.json +3 -2
- package/LICENSE.txt +0 -21
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{
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"type": "text-content",
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"asHtml": "<p>kaˑ ta | kah-tuh\n<em>The japanese word for "form", a pattern of learning and practicing new skills.</em></p>\n<style>\n.transparent {\n background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0) !important;\n}\n</style>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr class=\"transparent\" style=\"border:none;\">\n <td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border:none;\">\n<svg width=\"60\" height=\"60\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n<path d=\"M9.8217 47.3824L24.8211 56.6477C28.0044 58.614 31.9943 58.614 35.1776 56.6477L50.1776 47.3823C53.1025 45.5756 54.9447 42.2482 54.9988 38.8089L54.9998 38.7205L55 38.6532V21.4635C55 17.892 53.1703 14.5804 50.1756 12.7319L35.1756 3.47308C32.0922 1.56982 28.2527 1.51086 25.1224 3.29619C21.6795 5.40493 18.2269 7.53883 14.7882 9.66472C13.1339 10.6874 11.4796 11.7102 9.82439 12.7312C6.82974 14.5797 5 17.8913 5 21.4628V38.6525C5 42.2229 6.82857 45.5336 9.8217 47.3824ZM26.6114 39.2349L17.9869 44.7687C16.3555 45.8154 14.288 45.8453 12.6282 44.8461L11.6711 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54.7939 26.6705 53.5299L18.591 48.5391C19.0369 48.35 19.4708 48.1216 19.888 47.854L31.6969 40.2771L35.1784 38.1265C38.1715 36.2777 40.0001 32.967 40.0001 29.3966V28.4897L48.4278 33.4875C50.2616 34.575 51.3991 36.5642 51.4282 38.7242C51.4028 40.9278 50.201 43.1077 48.3282 44.2645Z\" fill=\"url(#paint0_linear_21_1848)\"/>\n<defs>\n<linearGradient id=\"paint0_linear_21_1848\" x1=\"15.7843\" y1=\"7.90763\" x2=\"43.8968\" y2=\"52.1059\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\">\n<stop stop-color=\"#8661C5\"/>\n<stop offset=\"0.538864\" stop-color=\"#8661C5\"/>\n<stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#1864F0\"/>\n</linearGradient>\n</defs>\n</svg>\n\n</td>\n <td style=\"border:none;\">\n <b>Self-paced AI-assisted learning</b>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr class=\"transparent\" style=\"border:none;\">\n <td style=\"border:none;\">\n Quantum katas are self-paced learning tutorials assisted by Copilot in Azure Quantum.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr class=\"transparent\" style=\"border:none;\">\n <td rowspan=\"2\" 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"asMarkdown": "\nkaˑ ta | kah-tuh\n_The japanese word for \"form\", a pattern of learning and practicing new skills._\n\n<style>\n.transparent {\n background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0) !important;\n}\n</style>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr class=\"transparent\" style=\"border:none;\">\n <td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border:none;\">\n<svg width=\"60\" height=\"60\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n<path d=\"M9.8217 47.3824L24.8211 56.6477C28.0044 58.614 31.9943 58.614 35.1776 56.6477L50.1776 47.3823C53.1025 45.5756 54.9447 42.2482 54.9988 38.8089L54.9998 38.7205L55 38.6532V21.4635C55 17.892 53.1703 14.5804 50.1756 12.7319L35.1756 3.47308C32.0922 1.56982 28.2527 1.51086 25.1224 3.29619C21.6795 5.40493 18.2269 7.53883 14.7882 9.66472C13.1339 10.6874 11.4796 11.7102 9.82439 12.7312C6.82974 14.5797 5 17.8913 5 21.4628V38.6525C5 42.2229 6.82857 45.5336 9.8217 47.3824ZM26.6114 39.2349L17.9869 44.7687C16.3555 45.8154 14.288 45.8453 12.6282 44.8461L11.6711 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"asMarkdown": "\nkaˑ ta | kah-tuh\n_The Japanese word for \"form\", a pattern of learning and practicing new skills._\n\n<style>\n.transparent {\n background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0) !important;\n}\n</style>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr class=\"transparent\" style=\"border:none;\">\n <td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border:none;\">\n<svg width=\"60\" height=\"60\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n<path d=\"M9.8217 47.3824L24.8211 56.6477C28.0044 58.614 31.9943 58.614 35.1776 56.6477L50.1776 47.3823C53.1025 45.5756 54.9447 42.2482 54.9988 38.8089L54.9998 38.7205L55 38.6532V21.4635C55 17.892 53.1703 14.5804 50.1756 12.7319L35.1756 3.47308C32.0922 1.56982 28.2527 1.51086 25.1224 3.29619C21.6795 5.40493 18.2269 7.53883 14.7882 9.66472C13.1339 10.6874 11.4796 11.7102 9.82439 12.7312C6.82974 14.5797 5 17.8913 5 21.4628V38.6525C5 42.2229 6.82857 45.5336 9.8217 47.3824ZM26.6114 39.2349L17.9869 44.7687C16.3555 45.8154 14.288 45.8453 12.6282 44.8461L11.6711 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@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ export default {
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"title": "Flip a Qubit",
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"asHtml": "<p>Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code.
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"asMarkdown": "Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code.
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"asHtml": "<p>Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code. In each exercise, you will be presented with placeholder code that you will have to fill in with the correct solution.</p>\n<p><strong>Input:</strong> A qubit in the $|0\\rangle$ state.</p>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong> Apply the X gate to the qubit, i.e., perform a "bit flip" to set the qubit into the $|1\\rangle$ state.</p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Need a hint?</strong></summary>\nFor some problems a hint will be provided to help you if you are stuck. For this exercise, read line number 3 in the code below.\n</details>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "Exercises are problems that you have to solve by writing Q# code. In each exercise, you will be presented with placeholder code that you will have to fill in with the correct solution.\n\n**Input:** A qubit in the $|0\\rangle$ state.\n\n**Goal:** Apply the X gate to the qubit, i.e., perform a \"bit flip\" to set the qubit into the $|1\\rangle$ state.\n\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Need a hint?</strong></summary>\nFor some problems a hint will be provided to help you if you are stuck. For this exercise, read line number 3 in the code below.\n</details>\n"
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"KatasLibrary.qs",
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"asHtml": "<p><strong>Input:</strong> A qubit in an arbitrary state $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$.</p>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong> Use several Pauli gates to change the qubit state to $- \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$, i.e., apply the transformation represented by the following matrix
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"asMarkdown": "**Input:** A qubit in an arbitrary state $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$.\n\n**Goal:** Use several Pauli gates to change the qubit state to $- \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$, i.e., apply the transformation represented by the following matrix
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"asHtml": "<p><strong>Input:</strong> A qubit in an arbitrary state $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$.</p>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong> Use several Pauli gates to change the qubit state to $- \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$, i.e., apply the transformation represented by the following matrix:</p>\n<p>$$\\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 1 \\end{bmatrix}$$</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "**Input:** A qubit in an arbitrary state $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$.\n\n**Goal:** Use several Pauli gates to change the qubit state to $- \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$, i.e., apply the transformation represented by the following matrix:\n\n$$\\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & 1 \\end{bmatrix}$$\n"
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"asHtml": "<p>The next few gates are parametrized: their exact behavior depends on a numeric parameter - an angle $\\theta$, given in radians. \nThese gates are the $X$ rotation gate $R_x(\\theta)$, $Y$ rotation gate $R_y(\\theta)$, $Z$ rotation gate $R_z(\\theta)$, and the arbitrary phase gate $R_1(\\theta)$. \nNote that for the first three gates the parameter $\\theta$ is multiplied by $\\frac{1}{2}$ within the gate's matrix.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>These gates are known as rotation gates, because they represent rotations around various axes on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch sphere is a way of representing the qubit states visually, mapping them onto the surface of a sphere. \nUnfortunately, this visualization isn't very useful beyond single-qubit states, which is why we have opted not to go into details in this kata.\nIf you are curious about it, you can learn more in <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere\" target=\"_blank\">this Wikipedia article</a>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<table>\n <tr>\n <th>Gate</th>\n <th>Matrix</th>\n <th>Applying to $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$</th>\n <th>Applying to basis states</th>\n <th>Q# Documentation</th>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_x(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_x(\\theta)i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rx\" target=\"_blank\">Rx</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - \\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} + \\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_y(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle + \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_y(\\theta)\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.ry\" target=\"_blank\">Ry</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} e^{-i\\theta/2} & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta/2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_z(\\theta)|0\\rangle = e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_z(\\theta)$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rz\" target=\"_blank\">Rz</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_1(\\theta)|0\\rangle = |0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_1(\\theta)$\n </td> \n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.r1\" target=\"_blank\">R1</a></td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n\n<p>You have already encountered some special cases of the $R_1$ gate: </p>\n<p>$$T = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{4}), S = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{2}), Z = R_1(\\pi)$$</p>\n<p>In addition, this gate is closely related to the $R_z$ gate: applying $R_1$ gate is equivalent to applying the $R_z$ gate, and then applying a global phase: </p>\n<p>$$R_1(\\theta) = e^{i\\theta/2}R_z(\\theta)$$</p>\n<p>In addition, the rotation gates are very closely related to their respective Pauli gates: </p>\n<p>$$X = iR_x(\\pi), Y = iR_y(\\pi), Z = iR_z(\\pi)$$</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nThe next few gates are parametrized: their exact behavior depends on a numeric parameter - an angle $\\theta$, given in radians. \nThese gates are the $X$ rotation gate $R_x(\\theta)$, $Y$ rotation gate $R_y(\\theta)$, $Z$ rotation gate $R_z(\\theta)$, and the arbitrary phase gate $R_1(\\theta)$. \nNote that for the first three gates the parameter $\\theta$ is multiplied by $\\frac{1}{2}$ within the gate's matrix.\n\n> These gates are known as rotation gates, because they represent rotations around various axes on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch sphere is a way of representing the qubit states visually, mapping them onto the surface of a sphere. \n> Unfortunately, this visualization isn't very useful beyond single-qubit states, which is why we have opted not to go into details in this kata.\n> If you are curious about it, you can learn more in <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere\" target=\"_blank\">this Wikipedia article</a>.\n\n<table>\n <tr>\n <th>Gate</th>\n <th>Matrix</th>\n <th>Applying to $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$</th>\n <th>Applying to basis states</th>\n <th>Q# Documentation</th>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_x(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_x(\\theta)i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rx\" target=\"_blank\">Rx</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - \\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} + \\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_y(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle + \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_y(\\theta)\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.ry\" target=\"_blank\">Ry</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} e^{-i\\theta/2} & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta/2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_z(\\theta)|0\\rangle = e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_z(\\theta)$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rz\" target=\"_blank\">Rz</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_1(\\theta)|0\\rangle = |0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_1(\\theta)$\n </td> \n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.r1\" target=\"_blank\">R1</a></td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n\nYou have already encountered some special cases of the $R_1$ gate: \n\n$$T = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{4}), S = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{2}), Z = R_1(\\pi)$$\n\nIn addition, this gate is closely related to the $R_z$ gate: applying $R_1$ gate is equivalent to applying the $R_z$ gate, and then applying a global phase: \n\n$$R_1(\\theta) = e^{i\\theta/2}R_z(\\theta)$$\n\nIn addition, the rotation gates are very closely related to their respective Pauli gates: \n\n$$X = iR_x(\\pi), Y = iR_y(\\pi), Z = iR_z(\\pi)$$"
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"asHtml": "<p>The next few gates are parametrized: their exact behavior depends on a numeric parameter - an angle $\\theta$, given in radians. \nThese gates are the $X$ rotation gate $R_x(\\theta)$, $Y$ rotation gate $R_y(\\theta)$, $Z$ rotation gate $R_z(\\theta)$, and the arbitrary phase gate $R_1(\\theta)$. \nNote that for the first three gates the parameter $\\theta$ is multiplied by $\\frac{1}{2}$ within the gate's matrix.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>These gates are known as rotation gates, because they represent rotations around various axes on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch sphere is a way of representing the qubit states visually, mapping them onto the surface of a sphere. \nUnfortunately, this visualization isn't very useful beyond single-qubit states, which is why we have opted not to go into details in this kata.\nIf you are curious about it, you can learn more in <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere\" target=\"_blank\">this Wikipedia article</a>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<table>\n <tr>\n <th>Gate</th>\n <th>Matrix</th>\n <th>Applying to $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$</th>\n <th>Applying to basis states</th>\n <th>Q# Documentation</th>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_x(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_x(\\theta)|1\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rx\" target=\"_blank\">Rx</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - \\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} + \\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_y(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle + \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_y(\\theta)|1\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle - \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.ry\" target=\"_blank\">Ry</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} e^{-i\\theta/2} & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta/2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_z(\\theta)|0\\rangle = e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_z(\\theta)|1\\rangle = e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rz\" target=\"_blank\">Rz</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_1(\\theta)|0\\rangle = |0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_1(\\theta)|1\\rangle = e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$\n </td> \n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.r1\" target=\"_blank\">R1</a></td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n\n<p>You have already encountered some special cases of the $R_1$ gate: </p>\n<p>$$T = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{4}), S = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{2}), Z = R_1(\\pi)$$</p>\n<p>In addition, this gate is closely related to the $R_z$ gate: applying $R_1$ gate is equivalent to applying the $R_z$ gate, and then applying a global phase: </p>\n<p>$$R_1(\\theta) = e^{i\\theta/2}R_z(\\theta)$$</p>\n<p>In addition, the rotation gates are very closely related to their respective Pauli gates: </p>\n<p>$$X = iR_x(\\pi), Y = iR_y(\\pi), Z = iR_z(\\pi)$$</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nThe next few gates are parametrized: their exact behavior depends on a numeric parameter - an angle $\\theta$, given in radians. \nThese gates are the $X$ rotation gate $R_x(\\theta)$, $Y$ rotation gate $R_y(\\theta)$, $Z$ rotation gate $R_z(\\theta)$, and the arbitrary phase gate $R_1(\\theta)$. \nNote that for the first three gates the parameter $\\theta$ is multiplied by $\\frac{1}{2}$ within the gate's matrix.\n\n> These gates are known as rotation gates, because they represent rotations around various axes on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch sphere is a way of representing the qubit states visually, mapping them onto the surface of a sphere. \n> Unfortunately, this visualization isn't very useful beyond single-qubit states, which is why we have opted not to go into details in this kata.\n> If you are curious about it, you can learn more in <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere\" target=\"_blank\">this Wikipedia article</a>.\n\n<table>\n <tr>\n <th>Gate</th>\n <th>Matrix</th>\n <th>Applying to $|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta|1\\rangle$</th>\n <th>Applying to basis states</th>\n <th>Q# Documentation</th>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ -i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_x(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - i\\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_x(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_x(\\theta)|1\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle - i\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rx\" target=\"_blank\">Rx</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} & -\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\\\\\ \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2} & \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_y(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = (\\alpha\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} - \\beta\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|0\\rangle + (\\beta\\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2} + \\alpha\\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2})|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_y(\\theta)|0\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle + \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle$<br>\n $R_y(\\theta)|1\\rangle = \\cos\\frac{\\theta}{2}|1\\rangle - \\sin\\frac{\\theta}{2}|0\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.ry\" target=\"_blank\">Ry</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} e^{-i\\theta/2} & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta/2} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_z(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_z(\\theta)|0\\rangle = e^{-i\\theta/2}|0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_z(\\theta)|1\\rangle = e^{i\\theta/2}|1\\rangle$\n </td>\n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.rz\" target=\"_blank\">Rz</a></td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)$</td>\n <td>$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\\\\\ 0 & e^{i\\theta} \\end{bmatrix}$</td>\n <td>$R_1(\\theta)|\\psi\\rangle = \\alpha|0\\rangle + \\beta e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$</td>\n <td>\n $R_1(\\theta)|0\\rangle = |0\\rangle$<br>\n $R_1(\\theta)|1\\rangle = e^{i\\theta}|1\\rangle$\n </td> \n <td><a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.intrinsic.r1\" target=\"_blank\">R1</a></td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n\nYou have already encountered some special cases of the $R_1$ gate: \n\n$$T = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{4}), S = R_1(\\frac{\\pi}{2}), Z = R_1(\\pi)$$\n\nIn addition, this gate is closely related to the $R_z$ gate: applying $R_1$ gate is equivalent to applying the $R_z$ gate, and then applying a global phase: \n\n$$R_1(\\theta) = e^{i\\theta/2}R_z(\\theta)$$\n\nIn addition, the rotation gates are very closely related to their respective Pauli gates: \n\n$$X = iR_x(\\pi), Y = iR_y(\\pi), Z = iR_z(\\pi)$$"
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you learned the matrix and the ket-bra representation of quantum gates. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Single-qubit gates act on individual qubits and are represented by $2 \\times 2$ unitary matrices.</li>\n<li>The effect of a gate applied to a qubit can be calculated by multiplying the corresponding matrix by the state vector of the qubit.</li>\n<li>Applying several quantum gates in sequence is equivalent to performing several matrix multiplications.</li>\n<li>Any square matrix can be represented as a linear combination of the outer products of vectors. The outer product is the matrix product of $|\\phi\\rangle$ and $\\langle\\psi|$, denoted as $|\\phi\\rangle\\langle\\psi|$.</li>\n<li>Pauli gates, phase shift gates, and rotation gates are examples of single-qubit gates. All of them are available in Q#.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, you will learn about multi-qubit systems and the multi-qubit gates in the “Multi-Qubit Systems” kata.</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you learned the matrix and the ket-bra representation of quantum gates. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* Single-qubit gates act on individual qubits and are represented by $2 \\times 2$ unitary matrices.\n* The effect of a gate applied to a qubit can be calculated by multiplying the corresponding matrix by the state vector of the qubit.\n* Applying several quantum gates in sequence is equivalent to performing several matrix multiplications.\n* Any square matrix can be represented as a linear combination of the outer products of vectors. The outer product is the matrix product of $|\\phi\\rangle$ and $\\langle\\psi|$, denoted as $|\\phi\\rangle\\langle\\psi|$.\n* Pauli gates, phase shift gates, and rotation gates are examples of single-qubit gates. All of them are available in Q#.\n\nNext, you will learn about multi-qubit systems and the multi-qubit gates in the “Multi-Qubit Systems” kata."
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"asHtml": "<p><strong>Inputs:</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Angle $\\alpha$, in radians, represented as a <code>Double</code>.</li>\n<li>A qubit in some unknown state.</li>\n</ol>\n<p><strong>Output:</strong> Implement a measurement in the ${\\ket A, \\ket B}$ basis. Same as in the previous exercise, $|A\\rangle = \\cos \\alpha |0\\rangle - i \\sin \\alpha |1\\rangle$ and $|B\\rangle = - i \\sin \\alpha |0\\rangle + \\cos \\alpha |1\\rangle$. Return <code>Zero</code> if the measurement outcome is $A$, and <code>One</code> if the outcome is $B$.\nThe state of the qubit after the measurement should correspond to the measurement result.</p>\n<details>\n <summary><strong>Need a hint?</strong></summary>\n <p>An $R_x$ rotation can be used to go from the computational basis $\\{ \\ket 0, \\ket 1 \\}$ to the $\\{ \\ket{A}, \\ket{B} \\}$ basis and vice versa.</p>\n</details>\n",
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you learned how to apply measurements on multi-qubit systems. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Full measurements: you measure all the qubits simultaneously in an orthogonal basis ($2^n$ possible outcomes).</li>\n<li>Partial measurements: you measure
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you learned how to apply measurements on multi-qubit systems. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* Full measurements: you measure all the qubits simultaneously in an orthogonal basis ($2^n$ possible outcomes).\n* Partial measurements: you measure
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you learned how to apply measurements on multi-qubit systems. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Full measurements: you measure all the qubits simultaneously in an orthogonal basis ($2^n$ possible outcomes).</li>\n<li>Partial measurements: you measure $m$ qubits out of $n$, for $m< n$ ($2^m$ possible outcomes).</li>\n<li>Joint measurement: Pauli measurement of all $n$ qubits ($2$ possible outcomes).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, you will implement a quantum algorithm to generate random numbers in "Quantum Random Number Generation" kata.</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you learned how to apply measurements on multi-qubit systems. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* Full measurements: you measure all the qubits simultaneously in an orthogonal basis ($2^n$ possible outcomes).\n* Partial measurements: you measure $m$ qubits out of $n$, for $m< n$ ($2^m$ possible outcomes).\n* Joint measurement: Pauli measurement of all $n$ qubits ($2$ possible outcomes).\n\nNext, you will implement a quantum algorithm to generate random numbers in \"Quantum Random Number Generation\" kata."
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you have created a random number generator. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>This code will generate truly random numbers when executed on a true quantum computer. Random numbers obtained when executing on a simulator are only as good as the source of randomness used by the simulator.</li>\n<li>You can generate a random bit by applying a Hadamard gate to a state $\\ket{0}$, and then measuring the resulting qubit in the computational basis.</li>\n<li>The Q# <a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.math.bitsizei\" target=\"_blank\">BitSizeI function</a> returns the number of bits needed to write an integer in binary.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Next Steps</strong></p>\n<p>We hope you enjoyed this kata on quantum random number generation! If you're looking to learn more about quantum computing and Q#, here are some suggestions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>To learn about superposition, interference and entanglement by using Q#, you can check the <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/qsharp-explore-key-concepts-quantum-computing/\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module "Explore the key concepts of quantum computing by using Q#"</a>.</li>\n<li>For another look at quantum random number generation, you can check out the <a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/learn/modules/qsharp-create-first-quantum-development-kit/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module "Create your first Q# program by using the Quantum Development Kit"</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you have created a random number generator. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* This code will generate truly random numbers when executed on a true quantum computer. Random numbers obtained when executing on a simulator are only as good as the source of randomness used by the simulator.\n* You can generate a random bit by applying a Hadamard gate to a state $\\ket{0}$, and then measuring the resulting qubit in the computational basis.\n* The Q# <a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/qsharp/api/qsharp/microsoft.quantum.math.bitsizei\" target=\"_blank\">BitSizeI function</a> returns the number of bits needed to write an integer in binary.\n\n**Next Steps**\n\nWe hope you enjoyed this kata on quantum random number generation! If you're looking to learn more about quantum computing and Q#, here are some suggestions:\n* To learn about superposition, interference and entanglement by using Q#, you can check the <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/qsharp-explore-key-concepts-quantum-computing/\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module \"Explore the key concepts of quantum computing by using Q#\"</a>.\n* For another look at quantum random number generation, you can check out the <a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/learn/modules/qsharp-create-first-quantum-development-kit/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module \"Create your first Q# program by using the Quantum Development Kit\"</a>."
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"asHtml": "<p>A marking oracle $U_{mark}$ is an oracle that encodes the value of the classical function $f$ it implements in the <em>amplitude</em> of the qubit state. When provided an input array of qubits in the basis state $|\\vec{x}\\rangle$ and an output qubit in the basis state $|y\\rangle$, it flips the state of the output qubit if $f(x)=1$. (You can also represent this as addition modulo 2 between $f(x)$ and $y$.) Hence $U_{mark}$ is an operator that performs the following operation:</p>\n<p>$$U_{mark}|\\vec{x}\\rangle |y\\rangle = U_{mark}\\big(|\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y\\rangle\\big) = |\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y \\oplus f(x)\\rangle$$</p>\n<p>Again, since all quantum operations are linear, you can figure out the effect of this operation on superposition state knowing its effect on the basis states using its linearity. </p>\n<p>A marking oracle has distinct "input" and "output" qubits, but in general the effect of the oracle application is the change in the state of the whole system rather than of the "output" qubits only. We will look at this closer in a moment.</p>\n<h2 id=\"marking-oracle-for-alternating-bit-pattern-function\">Marking Oracle for Alternating Bit Pattern Function</h2>\n<p>Consider the function $f(x)$ that takes $3$ bits of input and returns $1$ if $x=101$ or $x=010$, and $0$ otherwise (it is the same function we've seen in demo
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"asMarkdown": "\nA marking oracle $U_{mark}$ is an oracle that encodes the value of the classical function $f$ it implements in the *amplitude* of the qubit state. When provided an input array of qubits in the basis state $|\\vec{x}\\rangle$ and an output qubit in the basis state $|y\\rangle$, it flips the state of the output qubit if $f(x)=1$. (You can also represent this as addition modulo 2 between $f(x)$ and $y$.) Hence $U_{mark}$ is an operator that performs the following operation:\n\n$$U_{mark}|\\vec{x}\\rangle |y\\rangle = U_{mark}\\big(|\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y\\rangle\\big) = |\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y \\oplus f(x)\\rangle$$\n\nAgain, since all quantum operations are linear, you can figure out the effect of this operation on superposition state knowing its effect on the basis states using its linearity. \n\nA marking oracle has distinct \"input\" and \"output\" qubits, but in general the effect of the oracle application is the change in the state of the whole system rather than of the \"output\" qubits only. We will look at this closer in a moment.\n\n## Marking Oracle for Alternating Bit Pattern Function\n\nConsider the function $f(x)$ that takes $3$ bits of input and returns $1$ if $x=101$ or $x=010$, and $0$ otherwise (it is the same function we've seen in demo
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"asHtml": "<p>A marking oracle $U_{mark}$ is an oracle that encodes the value of the classical function $f$ it implements in the <em>amplitude</em> of the qubit state. When provided an input array of qubits in the basis state $|\\vec{x}\\rangle$ and an output qubit in the basis state $|y\\rangle$, it flips the state of the output qubit if $f(x)=1$. (You can also represent this as addition modulo 2 between $f(x)$ and $y$.) Hence $U_{mark}$ is an operator that performs the following operation:</p>\n<p>$$U_{mark}|\\vec{x}\\rangle |y\\rangle = U_{mark}\\big(|\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y\\rangle\\big) = |\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y \\oplus f(x)\\rangle$$</p>\n<p>Again, since all quantum operations are linear, you can figure out the effect of this operation on superposition state knowing its effect on the basis states using its linearity. </p>\n<p>A marking oracle has distinct "input" and "output" qubits, but in general the effect of the oracle application is the change in the state of the whole system rather than of the "output" qubits only. We will look at this closer in a moment.</p>\n<h2 id=\"marking-oracle-for-alternating-bit-pattern-function\">Marking Oracle for Alternating Bit Pattern Function</h2>\n<p>Consider the function $f(x)$ that takes $3$ bits of input and returns $1$ if $x=101$ or $x=010$, and $0$ otherwise (it is the same function we've seen in the demo "Phase oracle for alternating bit pattern function").</p>\n<p>The marking oracle that implements this function will take an array of 3 qubits as an "input" register and an "output" qubit, and will flip the state of the output qubit if the input qubit was in basis state $|101\\rangle$ or $|010\\rangle$, and do nothing otherwise. Let's see the effect of this oracle on a superposition state.</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nA marking oracle $U_{mark}$ is an oracle that encodes the value of the classical function $f$ it implements in the *amplitude* of the qubit state. When provided an input array of qubits in the basis state $|\\vec{x}\\rangle$ and an output qubit in the basis state $|y\\rangle$, it flips the state of the output qubit if $f(x)=1$. (You can also represent this as addition modulo 2 between $f(x)$ and $y$.) Hence $U_{mark}$ is an operator that performs the following operation:\n\n$$U_{mark}|\\vec{x}\\rangle |y\\rangle = U_{mark}\\big(|\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y\\rangle\\big) = |\\vec{x}\\rangle \\otimes |y \\oplus f(x)\\rangle$$\n\nAgain, since all quantum operations are linear, you can figure out the effect of this operation on superposition state knowing its effect on the basis states using its linearity. \n\nA marking oracle has distinct \"input\" and \"output\" qubits, but in general the effect of the oracle application is the change in the state of the whole system rather than of the \"output\" qubits only. We will look at this closer in a moment.\n\n## Marking Oracle for Alternating Bit Pattern Function\n\nConsider the function $f(x)$ that takes $3$ bits of input and returns $1$ if $x=101$ or $x=010$, and $0$ otherwise (it is the same function we've seen in the demo \"Phase oracle for alternating bit pattern function\").\n\nThe marking oracle that implements this function will take an array of 3 qubits as an \"input\" register and an \"output\" qubit, and will flip the state of the output qubit if the input qubit was in basis state $|101\\rangle$ or $|010\\rangle$, and do nothing otherwise. Let's see the effect of this oracle on a superposition state."
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"asHtml": "<p>Suppose that you would like to schedule a meeting with your co-worker Jasmine
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"asHtml": "<p>Suppose that you would like to schedule a meeting with your co-worker Jasmine.\nYou both work five day workweeks, and $|x\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle$ are 5-bit states representing your and Jasmine's schedules.\nThe schedules are indicators of a person being busy on that day: a $1$ bit means that person is busy on that day, and $0$ means they're free for a meeting that day. Implement a function that determines if you and Jasmine can schedule a meeting during the week, i.e., whether there is a day when both schedules have a $0$ simultaneously.</p>\n<p><strong>Inputs:</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>5 qubits in an arbitrary state $|x\\rangle$ representing your schedule for the week (input/query register).</li>\n<li>5 qubits in an arbitrary state $|jasmine\\rangle$ representing Jasmine's schedule for the week (input/query register).</li>\n<li>A qubit in an arbitrary state $|y\\rangle$ (target qubit).</li>\n</ol>\n<p><strong>Goal:</strong></p>\n<p>Flip the state of $|y\\rangle$ if you and Jasmine are both free on the same day for at least one day during the week. Recall that a $0$ means that a person is free on that day.</p>\n<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>If $|x\\rangle=|10101\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|01010\\rangle$, do nothing (there is no day on which you both are free).</li>\n<li>If $|x\\rangle=|10001\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|01010\\rangle$, flip the state $|y\\rangle$ (you are both free on Wednesday).</li>\n<li>If $|x\\rangle=|00000\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|00000\\rangle$, flip the state $|y\\rangle$ (you are both free all week).</li>\n<li>If $|x\\rangle=|11111\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|11111\\rangle$, do nothing (you are both busy all week).</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n<details>\n <summary><b>Before implementing this oracle, answer the question: are you implementing a marking or a phase oracle?</b></summary>\n This is a marking oracle, because we are flipping the state of the target qubit $|y\\rangle$ based on the state of the inputs $|x\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle$. Notice that even though we do not have the typical single-input-register situation that we saw earlier, this is still a marking oracle.\n</details>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "Suppose that you would like to schedule a meeting with your co-worker Jasmine.\nYou both work five day workweeks, and $|x\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle$ are 5-bit states representing your and Jasmine's schedules.\nThe schedules are indicators of a person being busy on that day: a $1$ bit means that person is busy on that day, and $0$ means they're free for a meeting that day. Implement a function that determines if you and Jasmine can schedule a meeting during the week, i.e., whether there is a day when both schedules have a $0$ simultaneously.\n\n**Inputs:**\n\n 1. 5 qubits in an arbitrary state $|x\\rangle$ representing your schedule for the week (input/query register).\n 2. 5 qubits in an arbitrary state $|jasmine\\rangle$ representing Jasmine's schedule for the week (input/query register).\n 3. A qubit in an arbitrary state $|y\\rangle$ (target qubit).\n\n**Goal:**\n\nFlip the state of $|y\\rangle$ if you and Jasmine are both free on the same day for at least one day during the week. Recall that a $0$ means that a person is free on that day.\n\n**Examples:**\n\n* If $|x\\rangle=|10101\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|01010\\rangle$, do nothing (there is no day on which you both are free).\n* If $|x\\rangle=|10001\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|01010\\rangle$, flip the state $|y\\rangle$ (you are both free on Wednesday).\n* If $|x\\rangle=|00000\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|00000\\rangle$, flip the state $|y\\rangle$ (you are both free all week).\n* If $|x\\rangle=|11111\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle=|11111\\rangle$, do nothing (you are both busy all week).\n \n<br/>\n<details>\n <summary><b>Before implementing this oracle, answer the question: are you implementing a marking or a phase oracle?</b></summary>\n This is a marking oracle, because we are flipping the state of the target qubit $|y\\rangle$ based on the state of the inputs $|x\\rangle$ and $|jasmine\\rangle$. Notice that even though we do not have the typical single-input-register situation that we saw earlier, this is still a marking oracle.\n</details>\n"
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"placeholderCode": "namespace Kata {\n operation Meeting_Oracle(x: Qubit[], jasmine: Qubit[], y: Qubit)\n : Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n // Implement your solution here...\n\n }\n}\n",
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"code": "namespace Kata {\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Arrays;\n\n operation Or_Oracle(x: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n X(y);\n ApplyControlledOnInt(0, X, x, y);\n }\n\n operation Meeting_Oracle(x: Qubit[], jasmine: Qubit[],
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"code": "namespace Kata {\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Arrays;\n\n operation Or_Oracle(x: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n X(y);\n ApplyControlledOnInt(0, X, x, y);\n }\n\n operation Meeting_Oracle(x: Qubit[], jasmine: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n use q = Qubit[Length(x)];\n within {\n for i in IndexRange(q) {\n // flip q[i] if both x and jasmine are free on the given day\n X(x[i]);\n X(jasmine[i]);\n CCNOT(x[i], jasmine[i], q[i]);\n }\n } apply {\n Or_Oracle(q, y);\n }\n }\n}\n"
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"asHtml": "<p>In this demo we show how you could test an oracle that you've implemented for your own problem. \nFor all of the previous oracles that you've implemented, we've been testing your oracle against a reference solution for that task. \nHowever, if you're designing an oracle for a new problem, you do not have a reference solution for it - if you did, there would be no point for you to program the oracle in the first place!</p>\n<p>A good way to test a quantum oracle of interest is to write a classical oracle that performs the same computation classically, and then compare the effect of your quantum oracle on the basis states with the output of the classical oracle for every input (or a lot of the inputs if you are constrained by runtime) to ensure that they match.</p>\n<p>Here we will compare the reference implementation of <code>
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"asMarkdown": "\nIn this demo we show how you could test an oracle that you've implemented for your own problem. \nFor all of the previous oracles that you've implemented, we've been testing your oracle against a reference solution for that task. \nHowever, if you're designing an oracle for a new problem, you do not have a reference solution for it - if you did, there would be no point for you to program the oracle in the first place!\n\nA good way to test a quantum oracle of interest is to write a classical oracle that performs the same computation classically, and then compare the effect of your quantum oracle on the basis states with the output of the classical oracle for every input (or a lot of the inputs if you are constrained by runtime) to ensure that they match.\n\nHere we will compare the reference implementation of `
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"asHtml": "<p>In this demo we show how you could test an oracle that you've implemented for your own problem. \nFor all of the previous oracles that you've implemented, we've been testing your oracle against a reference solution for that task. \nHowever, if you're designing an oracle for a new problem, you do not have a reference solution for it - if you did, there would be no point for you to program the oracle in the first place!</p>\n<p>A good way to test a quantum oracle of interest is to write a classical oracle that performs the same computation classically, and then compare the effect of your quantum oracle on the basis states with the output of the classical oracle for every input (or a lot of the inputs if you are constrained by runtime) to ensure that they match.</p>\n<p>Here we will compare the reference implementation of <code>Meeting_Oracle</code> to the classical code implementing the same function.</p>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nIn this demo we show how you could test an oracle that you've implemented for your own problem. \nFor all of the previous oracles that you've implemented, we've been testing your oracle against a reference solution for that task. \nHowever, if you're designing an oracle for a new problem, you do not have a reference solution for it - if you did, there would be no point for you to program the oracle in the first place!\n\nA good way to test a quantum oracle of interest is to write a classical oracle that performs the same computation classically, and then compare the effect of your quantum oracle on the basis states with the output of the classical oracle for every input (or a lot of the inputs if you are constrained by runtime) to ensure that they match.\n\nHere we will compare the reference implementation of `Meeting_Oracle` to the classical code implementing the same function."
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you have learned to build quantum oracles. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A quantum oracle is an "opaque box" operation that is used as input to another algorithm.</li>\n<li>Phase oracles encode the information in the relative phase of basis states
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you have learned to build quantum oracles. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* A quantum oracle is an \"opaque box\" operation that is used as input to another algorithm.\n* Phase oracles encode the information in the relative phase of basis states
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"asHtml": "<p>Congratulations! In this kata you have learned to build quantum oracles. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A quantum oracle is an "opaque box" operation that is used as input to another algorithm.</li>\n<li>Phase oracles encode the information in the relative phase of basis states. If $f(x)=0$, the oracle doesn't change the basis state $\\ket{x}$, and if $f(x)=1$ it multiplies the phase of the basis state $\\ket{x}$ by $-1$.</li>\n<li>Marking oracles use an extra qubit $\\ket{y}$ and encode the information in the state of that qubit. If $f(x)=0$, it doen't change the state of the qubit $\\ket{y}$ for the basis state $\\ket{x}$, and if $f(x)=1$ it flips the state of the qubit $\\ket{y} for the basis state $\\ket{x}$.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Next Steps</strong></p>\n<p>We hope you enjoyed this kata! If you're looking to learn more about quantum oracles and Q#, here are some suggestions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>To learn about the Grover's algorithm, you can check <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/solve-graph-coloring-problems-grovers-search/\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module "Solve graph coloring problems by using Grover's search"</a>.</li>\n<li>To learn more about the Q# libraries, you can check the <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/quantum/user-guide/libraries/?tabs=tabid-clivscode\" target=\"_blank\">The Q# user guide</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n",
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"asMarkdown": "\nCongratulations! In this kata you have learned to build quantum oracles. Here are a few key concepts to keep in mind:\n* A quantum oracle is an \"opaque box\" operation that is used as input to another algorithm.\n* Phase oracles encode the information in the relative phase of basis states. If $f(x)=0$, the oracle doesn't change the basis state $\\ket{x}$, and if $f(x)=1$ it multiplies the phase of the basis state $\\ket{x}$ by $-1$.\n* Marking oracles use an extra qubit $\\ket{y}$ and encode the information in the state of that qubit. If $f(x)=0$, it doen't change the state of the qubit $\\ket{y}$ for the basis state $\\ket{x}$, and if $f(x)=1$ it flips the state of the qubit $\\ket{y} for the basis state $\\ket{x}$.\n\n**Next Steps**\n\nWe hope you enjoyed this kata! If you're looking to learn more about quantum oracles and Q#, here are some suggestions:\n* To learn about the Grover's algorithm, you can check <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/solve-graph-coloring-problems-grovers-search/\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft Learn module \"Solve graph coloring problems by using Grover's search\"</a>.\n* To learn more about the Q# libraries, you can check the <a href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/quantum/user-guide/libraries/?tabs=tabid-clivscode\" target=\"_blank\">The Q# user guide</a>."
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"code": "namespace Kata.Verification {\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Arrays;\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Convert;\n\n operation Or_Oracle_Reference(x: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n X(y);\n ApplyControlledOnInt(0, X, x, y);\n }\n\n operation Meeting_Oracle_Reference(x: Qubit[], jasmine: Qubit[],
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"code": "namespace Kata.Verification {\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Arrays;\n open Microsoft.Quantum.Convert;\n\n operation Or_Oracle_Reference(x: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n X(y);\n ApplyControlledOnInt(0, X, x, y);\n }\n\n operation Meeting_Oracle_Reference(x: Qubit[], jasmine: Qubit[], y: Qubit): Unit is Adj + Ctl {\n use q = Qubit[Length(x)];\n within {\n for i in IndexRange(q) {\n // flip q[i] if both x and jasmine are free on the given day\n X(x[i]);\n X(jasmine[i]);\n CCNOT(x[i], jasmine[i], q[i]);\n }\n } apply {\n Or_Oracle_Reference(q, y);\n }\n }\n\n @EntryPoint()\n operation CheckSolution(): Bool {\n for N in 1..4 {\n use jasmine = Qubit[N];\n for k in 0..(2^N-1) {\n let binaryJasmine = IntAsBoolArray(k, N);\n mutable isCorrect = false;\n within {\n ApplyPauliFromBitString(PauliX, true, binaryJasmine, jasmine);\n } apply {\n set isCorrect = CheckTwoOraclesAreEqual(\n 1..N,\n Kata.Meeting_Oracle(_, jasmine, _),\n Meeting_Oracle_Reference(_, jasmine, _));\n }\n if not isCorrect {\n Message($\"Failed on test case for N = {N}, k = {k}.\");\n return false;\n }\n }\n }\n Message(\"All tests passed.\");\n true\n }\n\n}\n"
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import type { IDiagnostic, ICompletionList, IHover, IDefinition } from "../../lib/node/qsc_wasm.cjs";
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import type { IDiagnostic, ICompletionList, IHover, IDefinition, ISignatureHelp, IWorkspaceConfiguration } from "../../lib/node/qsc_wasm.cjs";
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type QscWasm = typeof import("../../lib/node/qsc_wasm.cjs");
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addEventListener<T extends LanguageServiceEvent["type"]>(type: T, listener: (event: Extract<LanguageServiceEvent, {
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