prismatica 0.2.0

package/node_modules/argparse/lib/argument_parser.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1161 @@
+/**
+ * class ArgumentParser
+ *
+ * Object for parsing command line strings into js objects.
+ *
+ * Inherited from [[ActionContainer]]
+ **/
+'use strict';
+
+var util    = require('util');
+var format  = require('util').format;
+var Path    = require('path');
+var sprintf = require('sprintf-js').sprintf;
+
+// Constants
+var c = require('./const');
+
+var $$ = require('./utils');
+
+var ActionContainer = require('./action_container');
+
+// Errors
+var argumentErrorHelper = require('./argument/error');
+
+var HelpFormatter = require('./help/formatter');
+
+var Namespace = require('./namespace');
+
+
+/**
+ * new ArgumentParser(options)
+ *
+ * Create a new ArgumentParser object.
+ *
+ * ##### Options:
+ * - `prog`  The name of the program (default: Path.basename(process.argv[1]))
+ * - `usage`  A usage message (default: auto-generated from arguments)
+ * - `description`  A description of what the program does
+ * - `epilog`  Text following the argument descriptions
+ * - `parents`  Parsers whose arguments should be copied into this one
+ * - `formatterClass`  HelpFormatter class for printing help messages
+ * - `prefixChars`  Characters that prefix optional arguments
+ * - `fromfilePrefixChars` Characters that prefix files containing additional arguments
+ * - `argumentDefault`  The default value for all arguments
+ * - `addHelp`  Add a -h/-help option
+ * - `conflictHandler`  Specifies how to handle conflicting argument names
+ * - `debug`  Enable debug mode. Argument errors throw exception in
+ *   debug mode and process.exit in normal. Used for development and
+ *   testing (default: false)
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects
+ **/
+function ArgumentParser(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof ArgumentParser)) {
+    return new ArgumentParser(options);
+  }
+  var self = this;
+  options = options || {};
+
+  options.description = (options.description || null);
+  options.argumentDefault = (options.argumentDefault || null);
+  options.prefixChars = (options.prefixChars || '-');
+  options.conflictHandler = (options.conflictHandler || 'error');
+  ActionContainer.call(this, options);
+
+  options.addHelp = typeof options.addHelp === 'undefined' || !!options.addHelp;
+  options.parents = options.parents || [];
+  // default program name
+  options.prog = (options.prog || Path.basename(process.argv[1]));
+  this.prog = options.prog;
+  this.usage = options.usage;
+  this.epilog = options.epilog;
+  this.version = options.version;
+
+  this.debug = (options.debug === true);
+
+  this.formatterClass = (options.formatterClass || HelpFormatter);
+  this.fromfilePrefixChars = options.fromfilePrefixChars || null;
+  this._positionals = this.addArgumentGroup({ title: 'Positional arguments' });
+  this._optionals = this.addArgumentGroup({ title: 'Optional arguments' });
+  this._subparsers = null;
+
+  // register types
+  function FUNCTION_IDENTITY(o) {
+    return o;
+  }
+  this.register('type', 'auto', FUNCTION_IDENTITY);
+  this.register('type', null, FUNCTION_IDENTITY);
+  this.register('type', 'int', function (x) {
+    var result = parseInt(x, 10);
+    if (isNaN(result)) {
+      throw new Error(x + ' is not a valid integer.');
+    }
+    return result;
+  });
+  this.register('type', 'float', function (x) {
+    var result = parseFloat(x);
+    if (isNaN(result)) {
+      throw new Error(x + ' is not a valid float.');
+    }
+    return result;
+  });
+  this.register('type', 'string', function (x) {
+    return '' + x;
+  });
+
+  // add help and version arguments if necessary
+  var defaultPrefix = (this.prefixChars.indexOf('-') > -1) ? '-' : this.prefixChars[0];
+  if (options.addHelp) {
+    this.addArgument(
+      [ defaultPrefix + 'h', defaultPrefix + defaultPrefix + 'help' ],
+      {
+        action: 'help',
+        defaultValue: c.SUPPRESS,
+        help: 'Show this help message and exit.'
+      }
+    );
+  }
+  if (typeof this.version !== 'undefined') {
+    this.addArgument(
+      [ defaultPrefix + 'v', defaultPrefix + defaultPrefix + 'version' ],
+      {
+        action: 'version',
+        version: this.version,
+        defaultValue: c.SUPPRESS,
+        help: "Show program's version number and exit."
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  // add parent arguments and defaults
+  options.parents.forEach(function (parent) {
+    self._addContainerActions(parent);
+    if (typeof parent._defaults !== 'undefined') {
+      for (var defaultKey in parent._defaults) {
+        if (parent._defaults.hasOwnProperty(defaultKey)) {
+          self._defaults[defaultKey] = parent._defaults[defaultKey];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+util.inherits(ArgumentParser, ActionContainer);
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#addSubparsers(options) -> [[ActionSubparsers]]
+ * - options (object): hash of options see [[ActionSubparsers.new]]
+ *
+ * See also [subcommands][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#sub-commands
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.addSubparsers = function (options) {
+  if (this._subparsers) {
+    this.error('Cannot have multiple subparser arguments.');
+  }
+
+  options = options || {};
+  options.debug = (this.debug === true);
+  options.optionStrings = [];
+  options.parserClass = (options.parserClass || ArgumentParser);
+
+
+  if (!!options.title || !!options.description) {
+
+    this._subparsers = this.addArgumentGroup({
+      title: (options.title || 'subcommands'),
+      description: options.description
+    });
+    delete options.title;
+    delete options.description;
+
+  } else {
+    this._subparsers = this._positionals;
+  }
+
+  // prog defaults to the usage message of this parser, skipping
+  // optional arguments and with no "usage:" prefix
+  if (!options.prog) {
+    var formatter = this._getFormatter();
+    var positionals = this._getPositionalActions();
+    var groups = this._mutuallyExclusiveGroups;
+    formatter.addUsage(this.usage, positionals, groups, '');
+    options.prog = formatter.formatHelp().trim();
+  }
+
+  // create the parsers action and add it to the positionals list
+  var ParsersClass = this._popActionClass(options, 'parsers');
+  var action = new ParsersClass(options);
+  this._subparsers._addAction(action);
+
+  // return the created parsers action
+  return action;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._addAction = function (action) {
+  if (action.isOptional()) {
+    this._optionals._addAction(action);
+  } else {
+    this._positionals._addAction(action);
+  }
+  return action;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getOptionalActions = function () {
+  return this._actions.filter(function (action) {
+    return action.isOptional();
+  });
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getPositionalActions = function () {
+  return this._actions.filter(function (action) {
+    return action.isPositional();
+  });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#parseArgs(args, namespace) -> Namespace|Object
+ * - args (array): input elements
+ * - namespace (Namespace|Object): result object
+ *
+ * Parsed args and throws error if some arguments are not recognized
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.parseArgs = function (args, namespace) {
+  var argv;
+  var result = this.parseKnownArgs(args, namespace);
+
+  args = result[0];
+  argv = result[1];
+  if (argv && argv.length > 0) {
+    this.error(
+      format('Unrecognized arguments: %s.', argv.join(' '))
+    );
+  }
+  return args;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#parseKnownArgs(args, namespace) -> array
+ * - args (array): input options
+ * - namespace (Namespace|Object): result object
+ *
+ * Parse known arguments and return tuple of result object
+ * and unknown args
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#partial-parsing
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.parseKnownArgs = function (args, namespace) {
+  var self = this;
+
+  // args default to the system args
+  args = args || process.argv.slice(2);
+
+  // default Namespace built from parser defaults
+  namespace = namespace || new Namespace();
+
+  self._actions.forEach(function (action) {
+    if (action.dest !== c.SUPPRESS) {
+      if (!$$.has(namespace, action.dest)) {
+        if (action.defaultValue !== c.SUPPRESS) {
+          var defaultValue = action.defaultValue;
+          if (typeof action.defaultValue === 'string') {
+            defaultValue = self._getValue(action, defaultValue);
+          }
+          namespace[action.dest] = defaultValue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  Object.keys(self._defaults).forEach(function (dest) {
+    namespace[dest] = self._defaults[dest];
+  });
+
+  // parse the arguments and exit if there are any errors
+  try {
+    var res = this._parseKnownArgs(args, namespace);
+
+    namespace = res[0];
+    args = res[1];
+    if ($$.has(namespace, c._UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR)) {
+      args = $$.arrayUnion(args, namespace[c._UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR]);
+      delete namespace[c._UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR];
+    }
+    return [ namespace, args ];
+  } catch (e) {
+    this.error(e);
+  }
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._parseKnownArgs = function (argStrings, namespace) {
+  var self = this;
+
+  var extras = [];
+
+  // replace arg strings that are file references
+  if (this.fromfilePrefixChars !== null) {
+    argStrings = this._readArgsFromFiles(argStrings);
+  }
+  // map all mutually exclusive arguments to the other arguments
+  // they can't occur with
+  // Python has 'conflicts = action_conflicts.setdefault(mutex_action, [])'
+  // though I can't conceive of a way in which an action could be a member
+  // of two different mutually exclusive groups.
+
+  function actionHash(action) {
+    // some sort of hashable key for this action
+    // action itself cannot be a key in actionConflicts
+    // I think getName() (join of optionStrings) is unique enough
+    return action.getName();
+  }
+
+  var conflicts, key;
+  var actionConflicts = {};
+
+  this._mutuallyExclusiveGroups.forEach(function (mutexGroup) {
+    mutexGroup._groupActions.forEach(function (mutexAction, i, groupActions) {
+      key = actionHash(mutexAction);
+      if (!$$.has(actionConflicts, key)) {
+        actionConflicts[key] = [];
+      }
+      conflicts = actionConflicts[key];
+      conflicts.push.apply(conflicts, groupActions.slice(0, i));
+      conflicts.push.apply(conflicts, groupActions.slice(i + 1));
+    });
+  });
+
+  // find all option indices, and determine the arg_string_pattern
+  // which has an 'O' if there is an option at an index,
+  // an 'A' if there is an argument, or a '-' if there is a '--'
+  var optionStringIndices = {};
+
+  var argStringPatternParts = [];
+
+  argStrings.forEach(function (argString, argStringIndex) {
+    if (argString === '--') {
+      argStringPatternParts.push('-');
+      while (argStringIndex < argStrings.length) {
+        argStringPatternParts.push('A');
+        argStringIndex++;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // otherwise, add the arg to the arg strings
+      // and note the index if it was an option
+      var pattern;
+      var optionTuple = self._parseOptional(argString);
+      if (!optionTuple) {
+        pattern = 'A';
+      } else {
+        optionStringIndices[argStringIndex] = optionTuple;
+        pattern = 'O';
+      }
+      argStringPatternParts.push(pattern);
+    }
+  });
+  var argStringsPattern = argStringPatternParts.join('');
+
+  var seenActions = [];
+  var seenNonDefaultActions = [];
+
+
+  function takeAction(action, argumentStrings, optionString) {
+    seenActions.push(action);
+    var argumentValues = self._getValues(action, argumentStrings);
+
+    // error if this argument is not allowed with other previously
+    // seen arguments, assuming that actions that use the default
+    // value don't really count as "present"
+    if (argumentValues !== action.defaultValue) {
+      seenNonDefaultActions.push(action);
+      if (actionConflicts[actionHash(action)]) {
+        actionConflicts[actionHash(action)].forEach(function (actionConflict) {
+          if (seenNonDefaultActions.indexOf(actionConflict) >= 0) {
+            throw argumentErrorHelper(
+              action,
+              format('Not allowed with argument "%s".', actionConflict.getName())
+            );
+          }
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (argumentValues !== c.SUPPRESS) {
+      action.call(self, namespace, argumentValues, optionString);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function consumeOptional(startIndex) {
+    // get the optional identified at this index
+    var optionTuple = optionStringIndices[startIndex];
+    var action = optionTuple[0];
+    var optionString = optionTuple[1];
+    var explicitArg = optionTuple[2];
+
+    // identify additional optionals in the same arg string
+    // (e.g. -xyz is the same as -x -y -z if no args are required)
+    var actionTuples = [];
+
+    var args, argCount, start, stop;
+
+    for (;;) {
+      if (!action) {
+        extras.push(argStrings[startIndex]);
+        return startIndex + 1;
+      }
+      if (explicitArg) {
+        argCount = self._matchArgument(action, 'A');
+
+        // if the action is a single-dash option and takes no
+        // arguments, try to parse more single-dash options out
+        // of the tail of the option string
+        var chars = self.prefixChars;
+        if (argCount === 0 && chars.indexOf(optionString[1]) < 0) {
+          actionTuples.push([ action, [], optionString ]);
+          optionString = optionString[0] + explicitArg[0];
+          var newExplicitArg = explicitArg.slice(1) || null;
+          var optionalsMap = self._optionStringActions;
+
+          if (Object.keys(optionalsMap).indexOf(optionString) >= 0) {
+            action = optionalsMap[optionString];
+            explicitArg = newExplicitArg;
+          } else {
+            throw argumentErrorHelper(action, sprintf('ignored explicit argument %r', explicitArg));
+          }
+        } else if (argCount === 1) {
+          // if the action expect exactly one argument, we've
+          // successfully matched the option; exit the loop
+          stop = startIndex + 1;
+          args = [ explicitArg ];
+          actionTuples.push([ action, args, optionString ]);
+          break;
+        } else {
+          // error if a double-dash option did not use the
+          // explicit argument
+          throw argumentErrorHelper(action, sprintf('ignored explicit argument %r', explicitArg));
+        }
+      } else {
+        // if there is no explicit argument, try to match the
+        // optional's string arguments with the following strings
+        // if successful, exit the loop
+
+        start = startIndex + 1;
+        var selectedPatterns = argStringsPattern.substr(start);
+
+        argCount = self._matchArgument(action, selectedPatterns);
+        stop = start + argCount;
+
+
+        args = argStrings.slice(start, stop);
+
+        actionTuples.push([ action, args, optionString ]);
+        break;
+      }
+
+    }
+
+    // add the Optional to the list and return the index at which
+    // the Optional's string args stopped
+    if (actionTuples.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error('length should be > 0');
+    }
+    for (var i = 0; i < actionTuples.length; i++) {
+      takeAction.apply(self, actionTuples[i]);
+    }
+    return stop;
+  }
+
+  // the list of Positionals left to be parsed; this is modified
+  // by consume_positionals()
+  var positionals = self._getPositionalActions();
+
+  function consumePositionals(startIndex) {
+    // match as many Positionals as possible
+    var selectedPattern = argStringsPattern.substr(startIndex);
+    var argCounts = self._matchArgumentsPartial(positionals, selectedPattern);
+
+    // slice off the appropriate arg strings for each Positional
+    // and add the Positional and its args to the list
+    for (var i = 0; i < positionals.length; i++) {
+      var action = positionals[i];
+      var argCount = argCounts[i];
+      if (typeof argCount === 'undefined') {
+        continue;
+      }
+      var args = argStrings.slice(startIndex, startIndex + argCount);
+
+      startIndex += argCount;
+      takeAction(action, args);
+    }
+
+    // slice off the Positionals that we just parsed and return the
+    // index at which the Positionals' string args stopped
+    positionals = positionals.slice(argCounts.length);
+    return startIndex;
+  }
+
+  // consume Positionals and Optionals alternately, until we have
+  // passed the last option string
+  var startIndex = 0;
+  var position;
+
+  var maxOptionStringIndex = -1;
+
+  Object.keys(optionStringIndices).forEach(function (position) {
+    maxOptionStringIndex = Math.max(maxOptionStringIndex, parseInt(position, 10));
+  });
+
+  var positionalsEndIndex, nextOptionStringIndex;
+
+  while (startIndex <= maxOptionStringIndex) {
+    // consume any Positionals preceding the next option
+    nextOptionStringIndex = null;
+    for (position in optionStringIndices) {
+      if (!optionStringIndices.hasOwnProperty(position)) { continue; }
+
+      position = parseInt(position, 10);
+      if (position >= startIndex) {
+        if (nextOptionStringIndex !== null) {
+          nextOptionStringIndex = Math.min(nextOptionStringIndex, position);
+        } else {
+          nextOptionStringIndex = position;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (startIndex !== nextOptionStringIndex) {
+      positionalsEndIndex = consumePositionals(startIndex);
+      // only try to parse the next optional if we didn't consume
+      // the option string during the positionals parsing
+      if (positionalsEndIndex > startIndex) {
+        startIndex = positionalsEndIndex;
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        startIndex = positionalsEndIndex;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // if we consumed all the positionals we could and we're not
+    // at the index of an option string, there were extra arguments
+    if (!optionStringIndices[startIndex]) {
+      var strings = argStrings.slice(startIndex, nextOptionStringIndex);
+      extras = extras.concat(strings);
+      startIndex = nextOptionStringIndex;
+    }
+    // consume the next optional and any arguments for it
+    startIndex = consumeOptional(startIndex);
+  }
+
+  // consume any positionals following the last Optional
+  var stopIndex = consumePositionals(startIndex);
+
+  // if we didn't consume all the argument strings, there were extras
+  extras = extras.concat(argStrings.slice(stopIndex));
+
+  // if we didn't use all the Positional objects, there were too few
+  // arg strings supplied.
+  if (positionals.length > 0) {
+    self.error('too few arguments');
+  }
+
+  // make sure all required actions were present
+  self._actions.forEach(function (action) {
+    if (action.required) {
+      if (seenActions.indexOf(action) < 0) {
+        self.error(format('Argument "%s" is required', action.getName()));
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // make sure all required groups have one option present
+  var actionUsed = false;
+  self._mutuallyExclusiveGroups.forEach(function (group) {
+    if (group.required) {
+      actionUsed = group._groupActions.some(function (action) {
+        return seenNonDefaultActions.indexOf(action) !== -1;
+      });
+
+      // if no actions were used, report the error
+      if (!actionUsed) {
+        var names = [];
+        group._groupActions.forEach(function (action) {
+          if (action.help !== c.SUPPRESS) {
+            names.push(action.getName());
+          }
+        });
+        names = names.join(' ');
+        var msg = 'one of the arguments ' + names + ' is required';
+        self.error(msg);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // return the updated namespace and the extra arguments
+  return [ namespace, extras ];
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._readArgsFromFiles = function (argStrings) {
+  // expand arguments referencing files
+  var self = this;
+  var fs = require('fs');
+  var newArgStrings = [];
+  argStrings.forEach(function (argString) {
+    if (self.fromfilePrefixChars.indexOf(argString[0]) < 0) {
+      // for regular arguments, just add them back into the list
+      newArgStrings.push(argString);
+    } else {
+      // replace arguments referencing files with the file content
+      try {
+        var argstrs = [];
+        var filename = argString.slice(1);
+        var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
+        content = content.trim().split('\n');
+        content.forEach(function (argLine) {
+          self.convertArgLineToArgs(argLine).forEach(function (arg) {
+            argstrs.push(arg);
+          });
+          argstrs = self._readArgsFromFiles(argstrs);
+        });
+        newArgStrings.push.apply(newArgStrings, argstrs);
+      } catch (error) {
+        return self.error(error.message);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  return newArgStrings;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype.convertArgLineToArgs = function (argLine) {
+  return [ argLine ];
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._matchArgument = function (action, regexpArgStrings) {
+
+  // match the pattern for this action to the arg strings
+  var regexpNargs = new RegExp('^' + this._getNargsPattern(action));
+  var matches = regexpArgStrings.match(regexpNargs);
+  var message;
+
+  // throw an exception if we weren't able to find a match
+  if (!matches) {
+    switch (action.nargs) {
+      /*eslint-disable no-undefined*/
+      case undefined:
+      case null:
+        message = 'Expected one argument.';
+        break;
+      case c.OPTIONAL:
+        message = 'Expected at most one argument.';
+        break;
+      case c.ONE_OR_MORE:
+        message = 'Expected at least one argument.';
+        break;
+      default:
+        message = 'Expected %s argument(s)';
+    }
+
+    throw argumentErrorHelper(
+      action,
+      format(message, action.nargs)
+    );
+  }
+  // return the number of arguments matched
+  return matches[1].length;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._matchArgumentsPartial = function (actions, regexpArgStrings) {
+  // progressively shorten the actions list by slicing off the
+  // final actions until we find a match
+  var self = this;
+  var result = [];
+  var actionSlice, pattern, matches;
+  var i, j;
+
+  function getLength(string) {
+    return string.length;
+  }
+
+  for (i = actions.length; i > 0; i--) {
+    pattern = '';
+    actionSlice = actions.slice(0, i);
+    for (j = 0; j < actionSlice.length; j++) {
+      pattern += self._getNargsPattern(actionSlice[j]);
+    }
+
+    pattern = new RegExp('^' + pattern);
+    matches = regexpArgStrings.match(pattern);
+
+    if (matches && matches.length > 0) {
+      // need only groups
+      matches = matches.splice(1);
+      result = result.concat(matches.map(getLength));
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // return the list of arg string counts
+  return result;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._parseOptional = function (argString) {
+  var action, optionString, argExplicit, optionTuples;
+
+  // if it's an empty string, it was meant to be a positional
+  if (!argString) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // if it doesn't start with a prefix, it was meant to be positional
+  if (this.prefixChars.indexOf(argString[0]) < 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // if the option string is present in the parser, return the action
+  if (this._optionStringActions[argString]) {
+    return [ this._optionStringActions[argString], argString, null ];
+  }
+
+  // if it's just a single character, it was meant to be positional
+  if (argString.length === 1) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // if the option string before the "=" is present, return the action
+  if (argString.indexOf('=') >= 0) {
+    optionString = argString.split('=', 1)[0];
+    argExplicit = argString.slice(optionString.length + 1);
+
+    if (this._optionStringActions[optionString]) {
+      action = this._optionStringActions[optionString];
+      return [ action, optionString, argExplicit ];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // search through all possible prefixes of the option string
+  // and all actions in the parser for possible interpretations
+  optionTuples = this._getOptionTuples(argString);
+
+  // if multiple actions match, the option string was ambiguous
+  if (optionTuples.length > 1) {
+    var optionStrings = optionTuples.map(function (optionTuple) {
+      return optionTuple[1];
+    });
+    this.error(format(
+          'Ambiguous option: "%s" could match %s.',
+          argString, optionStrings.join(', ')
+    ));
+  // if exactly one action matched, this segmentation is good,
+  // so return the parsed action
+  } else if (optionTuples.length === 1) {
+    return optionTuples[0];
+  }
+
+  // if it was not found as an option, but it looks like a negative
+  // number, it was meant to be positional
+  // unless there are negative-number-like options
+  if (argString.match(this._regexpNegativeNumber)) {
+    if (!this._hasNegativeNumberOptionals.some(Boolean)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+  // if it contains a space, it was meant to be a positional
+  if (argString.search(' ') >= 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // it was meant to be an optional but there is no such option
+  // in this parser (though it might be a valid option in a subparser)
+  return [ null, argString, null ];
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getOptionTuples = function (optionString) {
+  var result = [];
+  var chars = this.prefixChars;
+  var optionPrefix;
+  var argExplicit;
+  var action;
+  var actionOptionString;
+
+  // option strings starting with two prefix characters are only split at
+  // the '='
+  if (chars.indexOf(optionString[0]) >= 0 && chars.indexOf(optionString[1]) >= 0) {
+    if (optionString.indexOf('=') >= 0) {
+      var optionStringSplit = optionString.split('=', 1);
+
+      optionPrefix = optionStringSplit[0];
+      argExplicit = optionStringSplit[1];
+    } else {
+      optionPrefix = optionString;
+      argExplicit = null;
+    }
+
+    for (actionOptionString in this._optionStringActions) {
+      if (actionOptionString.substr(0, optionPrefix.length) === optionPrefix) {
+        action = this._optionStringActions[actionOptionString];
+        result.push([ action, actionOptionString, argExplicit ]);
+      }
+    }
+
+  // single character options can be concatenated with their arguments
+  // but multiple character options always have to have their argument
+  // separate
+  } else if (chars.indexOf(optionString[0]) >= 0 && chars.indexOf(optionString[1]) < 0) {
+    optionPrefix = optionString;
+    argExplicit = null;
+    var optionPrefixShort = optionString.substr(0, 2);
+    var argExplicitShort = optionString.substr(2);
+
+    for (actionOptionString in this._optionStringActions) {
+      if (!$$.has(this._optionStringActions, actionOptionString)) continue;
+
+      action = this._optionStringActions[actionOptionString];
+      if (actionOptionString === optionPrefixShort) {
+        result.push([ action, actionOptionString, argExplicitShort ]);
+      } else if (actionOptionString.substr(0, optionPrefix.length) === optionPrefix) {
+        result.push([ action, actionOptionString, argExplicit ]);
+      }
+    }
+
+  // shouldn't ever get here
+  } else {
+    throw new Error(format('Unexpected option string: %s.', optionString));
+  }
+  // return the collected option tuples
+  return result;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getNargsPattern = function (action) {
+  // in all examples below, we have to allow for '--' args
+  // which are represented as '-' in the pattern
+  var regexpNargs;
+
+  switch (action.nargs) {
+    // the default (null) is assumed to be a single argument
+    case undefined:
+    case null:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*A-*)';
+      break;
+    // allow zero or more arguments
+    case c.OPTIONAL:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*A?-*)';
+      break;
+    // allow zero or more arguments
+    case c.ZERO_OR_MORE:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*[A-]*)';
+      break;
+    // allow one or more arguments
+    case c.ONE_OR_MORE:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*A[A-]*)';
+      break;
+    // allow any number of options or arguments
+    case c.REMAINDER:
+      regexpNargs = '([-AO]*)';
+      break;
+    // allow one argument followed by any number of options or arguments
+    case c.PARSER:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*A[-AO]*)';
+      break;
+    // all others should be integers
+    default:
+      regexpNargs = '(-*' + $$.repeat('-*A', action.nargs) + '-*)';
+  }
+
+  // if this is an optional action, -- is not allowed
+  if (action.isOptional()) {
+    regexpNargs = regexpNargs.replace(/-\*/g, '');
+    regexpNargs = regexpNargs.replace(/-/g, '');
+  }
+
+  // return the pattern
+  return regexpNargs;
+};
+
+//
+// Value conversion methods
+//
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getValues = function (action, argStrings) {
+  var self = this;
+
+  // for everything but PARSER args, strip out '--'
+  if (action.nargs !== c.PARSER && action.nargs !== c.REMAINDER) {
+    argStrings = argStrings.filter(function (arrayElement) {
+      return arrayElement !== '--';
+    });
+  }
+
+  var value, argString;
+
+  // optional argument produces a default when not present
+  if (argStrings.length === 0 && action.nargs === c.OPTIONAL) {
+
+    value = (action.isOptional()) ? action.constant : action.defaultValue;
+
+    if (typeof (value) === 'string') {
+      value = this._getValue(action, value);
+      this._checkValue(action, value);
+    }
+
+  // when nargs='*' on a positional, if there were no command-line
+  // args, use the default if it is anything other than None
+  } else if (argStrings.length === 0 && action.nargs === c.ZERO_OR_MORE &&
+    action.optionStrings.length === 0) {
+
+    value = (action.defaultValue || argStrings);
+    this._checkValue(action, value);
+
+  // single argument or optional argument produces a single value
+  } else if (argStrings.length === 1 &&
+        (!action.nargs || action.nargs === c.OPTIONAL)) {
+
+    argString = argStrings[0];
+    value = this._getValue(action, argString);
+    this._checkValue(action, value);
+
+  // REMAINDER arguments convert all values, checking none
+  } else if (action.nargs === c.REMAINDER) {
+    value = argStrings.map(function (v) {
+      return self._getValue(action, v);
+    });
+
+  // PARSER arguments convert all values, but check only the first
+  } else if (action.nargs === c.PARSER) {
+    value = argStrings.map(function (v) {
+      return self._getValue(action, v);
+    });
+    this._checkValue(action, value[0]);
+
+  // all other types of nargs produce a list
+  } else {
+    value = argStrings.map(function (v) {
+      return self._getValue(action, v);
+    });
+    value.forEach(function (v) {
+      self._checkValue(action, v);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // return the converted value
+  return value;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getValue = function (action, argString) {
+  var result;
+
+  var typeFunction = this._registryGet('type', action.type, action.type);
+  if (typeof typeFunction !== 'function') {
+    var message = format('%s is not callable', typeFunction);
+    throw argumentErrorHelper(action, message);
+  }
+
+  // convert the value to the appropriate type
+  try {
+    result = typeFunction(argString);
+
+    // ArgumentTypeErrors indicate errors
+    // If action.type is not a registered string, it is a function
+    // Try to deduce its name for inclusion in the error message
+    // Failing that, include the error message it raised.
+  } catch (e) {
+    var name = null;
+    if (typeof action.type === 'string') {
+      name = action.type;
+    } else {
+      name = action.type.name || action.type.displayName || '<function>';
+    }
+    var msg = format('Invalid %s value: %s', name, argString);
+    if (name === '<function>') { msg += '\n' + e.message; }
+    throw argumentErrorHelper(action, msg);
+  }
+  // return the converted value
+  return result;
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._checkValue = function (action, value) {
+  // converted value must be one of the choices (if specified)
+  var choices = action.choices;
+  if (choices) {
+    // choise for argument can by array or string
+    if ((typeof choices === 'string' || Array.isArray(choices)) &&
+        choices.indexOf(value) !== -1) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // choise for subparsers can by only hash
+    if (typeof choices === 'object' && !Array.isArray(choices) && choices[value]) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof choices === 'string') {
+      choices = choices.split('').join(', ');
+    } else if (Array.isArray(choices)) {
+      choices =  choices.join(', ');
+    } else {
+      choices =  Object.keys(choices).join(', ');
+    }
+    var message = format('Invalid choice: %s (choose from [%s])', value, choices);
+    throw argumentErrorHelper(action, message);
+  }
+};
+
+//
+// Help formatting methods
+//
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#formatUsage -> string
+ *
+ * Return usage string
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#printing-help
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.formatUsage = function () {
+  var formatter = this._getFormatter();
+  formatter.addUsage(this.usage, this._actions, this._mutuallyExclusiveGroups);
+  return formatter.formatHelp();
+};
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#formatHelp -> string
+ *
+ * Return help
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#printing-help
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.formatHelp = function () {
+  var formatter = this._getFormatter();
+
+  // usage
+  formatter.addUsage(this.usage, this._actions, this._mutuallyExclusiveGroups);
+
+  // description
+  formatter.addText(this.description);
+
+  // positionals, optionals and user-defined groups
+  this._actionGroups.forEach(function (actionGroup) {
+    formatter.startSection(actionGroup.title);
+    formatter.addText(actionGroup.description);
+    formatter.addArguments(actionGroup._groupActions);
+    formatter.endSection();
+  });
+
+  // epilog
+  formatter.addText(this.epilog);
+
+  // determine help from format above
+  return formatter.formatHelp();
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._getFormatter = function () {
+  var FormatterClass = this.formatterClass;
+  var formatter = new FormatterClass({ prog: this.prog });
+  return formatter;
+};
+
+//
+//  Print functions
+//
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#printUsage() -> Void
+ *
+ * Print usage
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#printing-help
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.printUsage = function () {
+  this._printMessage(this.formatUsage());
+};
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#printHelp() -> Void
+ *
+ * Print help
+ *
+ * See also [original guide][1]
+ *
+ * [1]:http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#printing-help
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.printHelp = function () {
+  this._printMessage(this.formatHelp());
+};
+
+ArgumentParser.prototype._printMessage = function (message, stream) {
+  if (!stream) {
+    stream = process.stdout;
+  }
+  if (message) {
+    stream.write('' + message);
+  }
+};
+
+//
+//  Exit functions
+//
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#exit(status=0, message) -> Void
+ * - status (int): exit status
+ * - message (string): message
+ *
+ * Print message in stderr/stdout and exit program
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.exit = function (status, message) {
+  if (message) {
+    if (status === 0) {
+      this._printMessage(message);
+    } else {
+      this._printMessage(message, process.stderr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  process.exit(status);
+};
+
+/**
+ * ArgumentParser#error(message) -> Void
+ * - err (Error|string): message
+ *
+ * Error method Prints a usage message incorporating the message to stderr and
+ * exits. If you override this in a subclass,
+ * it should not return -- it should
+ * either exit or throw an exception.
+ *
+ **/
+ArgumentParser.prototype.error = function (err) {
+  var message;
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    if (this.debug === true) {
+      throw err;
+    }
+    message = err.message;
+  } else {
+    message = err;
+  }
+  var msg = format('%s: error: %s', this.prog, message) + c.EOL;
+
+  if (this.debug === true) {
+    throw new Error(msg);
+  }
+
+  this.printUsage(process.stderr);
+
+  return this.exit(2, msg);
+};
+
+module.exports = ArgumentParser;