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package/pods/db/sql.txt

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+                                           Filtering and Unique Values
+
+
+1. Data Filtering: Highest Marks in Cities
+
+In this case, we'll first filter out the highest marks in each city.
+
+Step-by-Step Process:
+
+We will:
+
+Filter students by city and find the highest marks.
+
+Use MAX() to get the highest marks for each city.
+
+Group the data by city to ensure the highest marks are calculated per city.
+
+SQL Query for Highest Marks in Each City (Data Filtering):
+SELECT city, MAX(marks) AS highest_marks
+FROM students
+GROUP BY city;
+
+Explanation:
+
+MAX(marks): Finds the highest marks in each city.
+
+GROUP BY city: Groups the students by their cities to get the highest marks for each city individually.
+
+2. Unique Value: Highest Marks in Cities
+
+Now, to find the unique student(s) who have achieved the highest marks in each city, we need to perform a unique value extraction.
+
+We will:
+
+Find the highest marks in each city using a subquery.
+
+Retrieve the students whose marks match those highest marks, ensuring that the students with the highest marks are unique per city.
+
+SQL Query for Unique Students with Highest Marks:
+SELECT s.city, s.name, s.marks
+FROM students s
+WHERE s.marks = (
+  SELECT MAX(marks)
+  FROM students
+  WHERE city = s.city
+);
+
+Explanation:
+
+The subquery (SELECT MAX(marks) FROM students WHERE city = s.city) calculates the highest marks for each city.
+
+The outer query filters students in each city whose marks match the highest marks in that city.
+
+This will ensure that the unique student(s) with the highest marks in each city are listed.
+
+3. Combining Data Filtering and Unique Values: Highest Marks in Cities
+
+We can combine both filtering and unique value extraction by ensuring that the highest marks per city are unique to each student.
+
+SQL Query for Highest Marks with Unique Values (Data Filtering + Uniqueness):
+SELECT s.city, s.name, s.marks
+FROM students s
+JOIN (
+  SELECT city, MAX(marks) AS highest_marks
+  FROM students
+  GROUP BY city
+) AS max_marks
+ON s.city = max_marks.city
+AND s.marks = max_marks.highest_marks;
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Using GROUP BY and MAX()
+SELECT city, MAX(marks) AS highest_marks
+FROM students
+GROUP BY city;
+
+
+Explanation: This is correct, and there's no typo here.
+
+2. Using a Subquery for Highest Marks
+SELECT s.city, s.name, s.marks
+FROM students s
+WHERE s.marks = (
+  SELECT MAX(marks)
+  FROM students
+  WHERE city = s.city
+);
+
+
+Explanation: No typos detected here either. The query is correctly written.
+
+3. Using JOIN with a Subquery
+SELECT s.city, s.name, s.marks
+FROM students s
+JOIN (
+  SELECT city, MAX(marks) AS highest_marks
+  FROM students
+  GROUP BY city
+) AS max_marks
+ON s.city = max_marks.city
+AND s.marks = max_marks.highest_marks;
+
+
+Explanation: This query looks good too. The syntax is correct.
+
+4. Using ROW_NUMBER() Window Function
+WITH RankedStudents AS (
+  SELECT city, name, marks, 
+         ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY city ORDER BY marks DESC) AS rank
+  FROM students
+)
+SELECT city, name, marks
+FROM RankedStudents
+WHERE rank = 1;
+
+
+Explanation: No typos here either. It’s correct for retrieving students with the highest marks in each city.
+
+5. Using RANK() for Tied Results
+WITH RankedStudents AS (
+  SELECT city, name, marks, 
+         RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY city ORDER BY marks DESC) AS rank
+  FROM students
+)
+SELECT city, name, marks
+FROM RankedStudents
+WHERE rank = 1;
+
+
+Explanation: Everything is in order, and the query is correctly written.
+
+6. Using DENSE_RANK() to Handle Tied Marks
+WITH RankedStudents AS (
+  SELECT city, name, marks, 
+         DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY city ORDER BY marks DESC) AS rank
+  FROM students
+)
+SELECT city, name, marks
+FROM RankedStudents
+WHERE rank = 1;
+
+
+Explanation: The syntax is correct. No typos found.
+
+7. Using HAVING with COUNT() for Additional Filtering
+SELECT city, MAX(marks) AS highest_marks
+FROM students
+GROUP BY city
+HAVING COUNT(student_id) > 5;
+
+
+Explanation: This is a valid query, and it’s typo-free.
+
+8. Using DISTINCT to Ensure Uniqueness
+SELECT DISTINCT city, name, marks
+FROM students s
+WHERE marks = (
+  SELECT MAX(marks)
+  FROM students
+  WHERE city = s.city
+);
+
+
+Explanation: The query looks fine, no issues here.
+
+9. Using SELF JOIN to Compare Students' Marks
+SELECT s1.city, s1.name, s1.marks
+FROM students s1
+JOIN students s2
+ON s1.city = s2.city
+WHERE s1.marks = (SELECT MAX(marks) FROM students WHERE city = s1.city);
+
+
+Explanation: This is correctly written, and the syntax is accurate.
+
+10. Using LIMIT (or FETCH FIRST) for Top Results
+SELECT city, name, marks
+FROM students s
+WHERE (city, marks) IN (
+  SELECT city, MAX(marks)
+  FROM students
+  GROUP BY city
+);
+
+
+Explanation: This query is written correctly, with no typos.
+
+
+Model 1: Filtering Unique Values
+
+This is one of the most common operations — retrieving unique values from a single column.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT column_name
+FROM table_name;
+
+
+Explanation: The DISTINCT keyword ensures that the query returns only unique values from the column_name.
+
+Example:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT city
+FROM employees;
+
+
+This query will return a list of unique cities from the employees table.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 2: Filtering with Conditions
+
+You can filter data using conditions, for instance, only retrieving unique values that meet certain criteria.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT column_name
+FROM table_name
+WHERE condition;
+
+
+Example:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department
+FROM employees
+WHERE salary > 50000;
+
+
+This will return unique departments where the employee's salary is greater than 50,000.
+
+2. Using Joins with Unique Values
+
+When working with multiple tables, you'll often need to join them and then apply uniqueness to the results.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 3: Inner Join with Unique Values
+
+Let's consider two tables: employees and departments. We want to find out unique departments where employees earn more than 50,000.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT d.department_name
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE e.salary > 50000;
+
+
+Explanation:
+
+INNER JOIN combines the employees table and departments table based on the department_id.
+
+The DISTINCT keyword ensures that the result contains unique department names.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 4: Left Join with Filtering
+
+In case you want to include all employees even if they don't belong to any department (NULL for department name), you can use LEFT JOIN:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT d.department_name
+FROM employees e
+LEFT JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE e.salary > 50000;
+
+
+Explanation: This ensures that even employees without a department are included in the results.
+
+3. Complex Queries Involving Aggregation and Filtering
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 5: Filtering with Aggregation Functions
+
+Sometimes you need to get unique results along with aggregated data (like count, average, etc.).
+
+SELECT department_name, COUNT(DISTINCT employee_id)
+FROM employees
+GROUP BY department_name
+HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT employee_id) > 5;
+
+
+Explanation: This query finds the departments with more than 5 distinct employees.
+
+GROUP BY: Groups the results by department name.
+
+HAVING: Filters the results based on the aggregated value.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 6: Subqueries for Filtering and Uniqueness
+
+A subquery can be useful when you need to filter based on a condition that involves uniqueness.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department_name
+FROM employees
+WHERE department_id IN (
+  SELECT department_id
+  FROM departments
+  WHERE location = 'New York'
+);
+
+
+Explanation: This finds unique department names for employees located in New York. 
+The subquery retrieves department IDs for New York, and the main query uses those IDs to filter employees.
+
+4. Mixed Queries: Combining Filters, Uniqueness, and Aggregation
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Model 7: Mixed Filtering with Joins and Aggregation
+
+Sometimes you might need to filter, aggregate, and find unique results all in one query.
+
+SELECT e.department_id, d.department_name, COUNT(DISTINCT e.employee_id) AS total_employees
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE e.salary > 60000
+GROUP BY e.department_id, d.department_name
+HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT e.employee_id) > 5;
+
+
+
+5. Advanced Filtering and Unique Value Extraction
+Model 8: Extracting Top Unique Values
+
+You may want to extract the top unique values, such as finding the top 5 highest-paid employees in each department.
+
+WITH RankedEmployees AS (
+  SELECT e.department_id, e.employee_id, e.salary,
+         RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY e.department_id ORDER BY e.salary DESC) AS rank
+  FROM employees e
+)
+SELECT department_id, employee_id, salary
+FROM RankedEmployees
+WHERE rank <= 5;
+
+
+Explanation: This query uses a window function (RANK()) to rank employees by salary within each department and then filters the top 5.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Model 9: Using DISTINCT with Multiple Columns
+
+You can also apply DISTINCT to multiple columns to get unique combinations of values.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department_name, employee_id
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Basic Unique Values Extraction
+Problem 1: Extract Unique Cities
+
+Given a table customers with columns customer_id, name, and city, write a query to find all the unique cities where customers reside.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT city
+FROM customers;
+
+
+Explanation: This will give you all the unique cities where customers are located.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 2: List Unique Product Categories
+
+In a table products with product_id, product_name, and category, find the unique categories of products.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT category
+FROM products;
+
+
+Explanation: This will return a list of distinct categories without duplicates.
+
+2. Filtering with Conditions and Uniqueness
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 3: Unique Employees with Salary Above a Threshold
+
+In a table employees with employee_id, name, salary, and department, list all unique employees who earn more than 75,000.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT name
+FROM employees
+WHERE salary > 75000;
+
+
+Explanation: This will return unique employee names who have a salary above 75,000.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 4: List Unique Customers from a Specific Region
+
+Given a customers table with customer_id, name, city, and region, extract unique customer names from the West region.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT name
+FROM customers
+WHERE region = 'West';
+
+
+Explanation: This will return distinct customer names from the West region.
+
+3. Working with Joins and Uniqueness
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 5: Unique Departments with Employees Earning Over 50,000
+
+Given the employees table with columns employee_id, name, salary, and department_id, and
+ the departments table with columns department_id and department_name, find the unique department names with employees earning over 50,000.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT d.department_name
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE e.salary > 50000;
+
+
+Explanation: This returns distinct department names where at least one employee earns above 50,000.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 6: List Unique Product Categories Sold in Specific Locations
+
+You have two tables: sales with columns sale_id, product_id, and location, and products with columns product_id, product_name, and category.
+ Find all unique product categories sold in the location 'New York'.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p.category
+FROM sales s
+INNER JOIN products p
+ON s.product_id = p.product_id
+WHERE s.location = 'New York';
+
+
+Explanation: This query joins the two tables to find unique categories of products sold in 'New York'.
+
+4. Advanced Filtering with Aggregation
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 7: Unique Departments with More Than 10 Employees
+
+Given the employees table with employee_id, department_id, and salary, find unique departments that have more than 10 employees.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department_id
+FROM employees
+GROUP BY department_id
+HAVING COUNT(employee_id) > 10;
+
+
+Explanation: This query groups employees by department and returns those departments that have more than 10 employees.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 8: List Unique Products Sold with Total Sales Over 5000
+
+Given a sales table with sale_id, product_id, and amount, and a products table with product_id, product_name, and category, list all unique products where the total sales exceed 5000.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p.product_name
+FROM sales s
+INNER JOIN products p
+ON s.product_id = p.product_id
+GROUP BY p.product_name
+HAVING SUM(s.amount) > 5000;
+
+
+Explanation: This query groups sales by product name and filters to include only products where the total sales amount exceeds 5000.
+
+5. Complex Queries Involving Subqueries
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 9: Unique Employees Who Earn More Than the Average Salary
+
+In the employees table, with employee_id and salary, list unique employees who earn more than the average salary.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT name
+FROM employees
+WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
+
+
+Explanation: The subquery calculates the average salary, and the outer query returns distinct employees who earn more than that average.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 10: List Unique Customers Who Have Ordered More Than One Product
+
+Given a customers table with customer_id and name, and an orders table with order_id, customer_id, and product_id, find unique customers who have ordered more than one product.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT c.name
+FROM customers c
+INNER JOIN orders o
+ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id
+GROUP BY c.customer_id
+HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT o.product_id) > 1;
+
+
+Explanation: This query joins the customers and orders tables, groups by customer, and filters customers who ordered more than one product.
+
+6. Window Functions and Ranking with Uniqueness
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 11: Top 3 Employees by Salary in Each Department
+
+Given the employees table with employee_id, name, department_id, and salary, find the top 3 employees by salary in each department.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+WITH RankedEmployees AS (
+  SELECT e.department_id, e.employee_id, e.name, e.salary,
+         RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY e.department_id ORDER BY e.salary DESC) AS rank
+  FROM employees e
+)
+SELECT department_id, employee_id, name, salary
+FROM RankedEmployees
+WHERE rank <= 3;
+
+
+Explanation: The window function RANK() assigns a rank to each employee within their department based on salary, and the query filters the top 3 employees.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Problem 12: Unique Employees with Highest Salary in Each Department
+
+Given the employees table, list unique employees with the highest salary in each department.
+
+SQL Query:
+
+WITH MaxSalary AS (
+  SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) AS max_salary
+  FROM employees
+  GROUP BY department_id
+)
+SELECT DISTINCT e.department_id, e.name, e.salary
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN MaxSalary m
+ON e.department_id = m.department_id
+WHERE e.salary = m.max_salary;
+
+
+Explanation: The MaxSalary CTE calculates the highest salary per department, and the main query retrieves employees who earn that amount.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Topic 1: Data Filtering (Using WHERE, AND, OR, LIKE, BETWEEN, etc.)
+Question 1: Basic Filtering with WHERE Clause
+
+You have a table students with columns student_id, name, age, and score. Write a query to filter students who have a score greater than 80.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT name
+FROM students
+WHERE score > 80;
+
+
+Challenge: Try filtering students whose age is between 18 and 25, and their score is greater than 75.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 2: Using AND and OR for Multiple Conditions
+
+In the employees table, filter the employees who are in the 'Sales' department and have a salary greater than 50,000, or employees who have the title 'Manager'.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT name
+FROM employees
+WHERE (department = 'Sales' AND salary > 50000) OR title = 'Manager';
+
+
+Challenge: Modify the query to exclude employees who have been with the company for less than 2 years (join_date column).
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 3: Filtering with LIKE and Wildcards
+
+In the products table, write a query to filter the product names that start with 'A'.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT product_name
+FROM products
+WHERE product_name LIKE 'A%';
+
+
+Challenge: Modify the query to filter product names containing the word 'pro' anywhere in the name.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 4: Filtering with BETWEEN
+
+You are given a sales table with sale_id, amount, and date. Write a query to filter sales that happened between '2025-01-01' and '2025-06-30'.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT sale_id
+FROM sales
+WHERE date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-06-30';
+
+
+Challenge: Now, filter sales with amounts between 1000 and 5000.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 5: Filtering with IN
+
+You are working with a students table. Filter students who belong to either the 'Math', 'Science', or 'English' departments.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT name
+FROM students
+WHERE department IN ('Math', 'Science', 'English');
+
+
+Challenge: Modify the query to include only those students whose score is greater than or equal to 85.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Topic 2: Unique Values (Using DISTINCT, Aggregations, and GROUP BY)
+Question 6: Extracting Unique Values Using DISTINCT
+
+Given a customers table with customer_id and city, write a query to find all unique cities where customers reside.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT city
+FROM customers;
+
+
+Challenge: Modify the query to list unique cities where the number of customers is greater than 50.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 7: Filtering Unique Values with Aggregations
+
+In the employees table, list all unique departments where the average salary is greater than 60,000.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department
+FROM employees
+GROUP BY department
+HAVING AVG(salary) > 60000;
+
+
+Challenge: Add a filter to include only departments with more than 10 employees.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 8: Using DISTINCT with Multiple Columns
+
+You have a table orders with order_id, customer_id, and product_id. Write a query to return unique combinations of customer and product.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT customer_id, product_id
+FROM orders;
+
+
+Challenge: Modify the query to list unique customer and product combinations where the product_id is greater than 100.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 9: Combining DISTINCT with WHERE
+
+In the employees table with employee_id, name, salary, and department, find unique departments where employees earn more than 50,000.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT department
+FROM employees
+WHERE salary > 50000;
+
+
+Challenge: Add a condition to exclude departments where the salary is greater than 100,000.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 10: Grouping and Filtering Unique Values
+
+In a sales table with sale_id, product_id, amount, and date, find the unique products sold in 2025 where the total sales amount is greater than 10,000.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT product_id
+FROM sales
+WHERE YEAR(date) = 2025
+GROUP BY product_id
+HAVING SUM(amount) > 10000;
+
+
+Challenge: Add a filter to exclude products sold in the first quarter of 2025 (January, February, March).
+
+Bonus Challenge: Complex Query Involving Joins and Uniqueness
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Question 11: Join and Extract Unique Values
+
+You are given two tables: employees with employee_id, name, and department_id, and departments with department_id and department_name. Write a query to find unique department names where the average salary of employees is greater than 50,000.
+
+Expected Query:
+
+SELECT DISTINCT d.department_name
+FROM employees e
+INNER JOIN departments d
+ON e.department_id = d.department_id
+GROUP BY d.department_name
+HAVING AVG(e.salary) > 50000;