postext 1.24.0 → 1.25.0

package/dist/pipeline/build.js

@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ import { stampCentralBaselines } from './verticalMetrics';
 import { orientLinesToFrames } from './mirrorFrame';
 import { verseMarginTopPx } from './buildBlockKind';
 import { verseLinesSettings, versesLineByLine } from './verseLines';
-import { resolveAllConfig, computeBaselineGrid, resolvedDirection, resolvedLocale } from './config';
+import { resolveAllConfig, computeBaselineGrid, resolvedDirection, resolvedLocale, validateConfigCache } from './config';
+import { resolveDebugConfig } from '../defaults/debug';
+import { defaultFontSet, documentFontFaces, fontFallbacks } from '../fonts/faces';
+import { syncFontSet } from '../fonts/fontSet';
 import { asciiDigits } from '../arabicNumerals';
 import { getMeasureDirection, setMeasureDirection, shiftLineX } from '../measure/bidiLines';
 import { createHeadingLevelResolver, deriveSectionGeometryConfig, sectionWritingMode, deriveSectionMeasureContext, headingIsHidden, headingIsNumbered, headingMarksFor, headingStyleOf, numberTitlesFor, planHeadingSections, } from './headingStyles';
@@ -25,12 +28,13 @@ import { bookCitationContexts, needsCitationContext } from '../citations/context
 import { anchorTargetsOf, hasAnchorRefs, printsAnchorPages } from './crossRefs';
 import { applyStatementNumbering, numberStatements, outlineLookup } from './statementNumbering';
 import { SPAN_EMBED_STYLE_ID, isPageSpanStrip, spanEmbedStyle, wrapPageSpanEmbeds } from './spanEmbeds';
+import { flowColumnsStyles, isFlowColumnsStyle, wrapFlowColumns } from './flowColumns';
 import { anchorOutline, computeOutline, hasIndexDirective, hasTocDirective, headingNumberingOptions, headingTemplatesOf, outlineFromDoc, sameOutline } from './outline';
 import { expandTocDirectives } from './toc';
 import { expandIndexDirectives, locateIndexMarks } from './indexDirective';
 import { resolveBodyStyle, resolveBlockquoteStyle, resolveParagraphStyle } from './styles';
 import { computeLevelIndentsPx, computeOrderedLevelIndentsPx, computeOrderedListRunMetrics, listBulletPosition, listItemGapPx, listItemSpacingPx, mirrorListMarker, } from './lists';
-import { resetLinePositions, createPageWithColumns, currentColumn, advanceToNextColumn, advanceToNextPageBoundary, enforcePageParity, placeBlockInColumn, placeAtomicBlock, createPartPage, pageHasContent, sideColumnOf, sideColumns, sideUsedBottom, pageIsOccupied, bandColumns, currentBand, isBandLevel, bandUsedBottom, closeBandAndInsertSpan, closeBandAt, pageLayoutOf, } from './placement';
+import { resetLinePositions, createPageWithColumns, currentColumn, advanceToNextColumn, advanceToNextPageBoundary, enforcePageParity, placeBlockInColumn, placeAtomicBlock, createPartPage, pageHasContent, sideColumnOf, sideColumns, sideUsedBottom, pageIsOccupied, bandColumns, currentBand, isBandLevel, bandUsedBottom, closeBandAndInsertSpan, closeBandAt, pageLayoutOf, FIT_EPS, } from './placement';
 import { chooseParagraphSplit } from './orphanWidow';
 import { layoutComicPage, comicPageLayoutWarnings } from '../comics/layoutPage';
 import { comicStripExtent, comicStripOffset, comicStripPlacement, comicStripWidth, layoutComicStrip } from '../comics/strip';
@@ -41,7 +45,8 @@ import { containerStyle, paragraphStyleIdOf, planParagraphContainers } from './p
 import { appendChapterEndNotes, footnoteIdsOfLines, footnoteParagraphStyle, noteContentBlock, noteNumberPositionOf, numberFootnotes, footnoteFormatOf, numberFootnotesByPlacement, sameFootnoteNumbers, splitFootnoteDefinitions, withFootnoteStyle, } from './footnotes';
 import { planParts, derivePartMeasureContext } from './parts';
 import { layoutCallout, offsetBlock, offsetCalloutToAbsolute, pickCalloutStyle, planCallouts, resolveCalloutAttrs, } from './calloutLayout';
-import { layoutCaptionText, layoutResourceBlock, planTableSlice } from './resourceLayout';
+import { fillGalley, galleyBreaks } from './columnsGroup';
+import { chooseTableSlice, layoutCaptionText, layoutResourceBlock, MIN_TAIL_ROWS } from './resourceLayout';
 import { computeFloatPlan, floatedResourceIds, floatColumnCount, } from './floatPlacement';
 import { enumerateCurrentPageSlots, measureFloatBand, floatGapAbove, floatGapBelow, measureSideStack, clearSideObstacles, columnHasFloatBand, fitsStrict, trueBottom, } from './floatSlots';
 import { computeHeadingContext, computeResourceNumberingState, } from './resourceNumbering';
@@ -55,12 +60,13 @@ import { buildLineNumbers, lineNumberWarnings } from './lineNumbers';
 import { buildHeadersAndFooters, defaultOpenerTitle, headingDesignBoxes, measureDefaultOpenerHeight, measureHeadingDesign } from './headerFooter';
 import { flowColorValues } from './partPalette';
 import { chapterNumberCounter, leadingBoldText } from './placeholders';
-import { proposeBalanceLines, collectColumnGaps, firstDivergentColumn, gapLinesIn, boxRoomIn, boxLeverKeys, pageSegments, MAX_BALANCING_PASSES, MAX_BALANCING_PASSES_PER_DOCUMENT, balanceKey, candidateKey, flexFigureKey, flexFloatKey } from './columnBalancing';
+import { proposeBalanceLines, GRID_LINE_LEVERS, collectColumnGaps, firstDivergentColumn, gapLinesIn, boxRoomIn, boxLeverKeys, pageSegments, MAX_BALANCING_PASSES, MAX_BALANCING_PASSES_PER_DOCUMENT, balanceKey, candidateKey, flexFigureKey, flexFloatKey } from './columnBalancing';
 import { applyBandCap, uncapBand, columnBottom, bandCapLines, bandTop, bareBandTop, resolveBandCapsGen, drainPasses, resolveTrailingCapsGen, bandCapLinesAroundZone, } from './bandCaps';
 import { raggedLooseLines } from './raggedLines';
 import { cjkLooseLineWarnings, collectContentWarnings, designTruncationWarnings, dropCapWarnings, floatShrinkWarnings, joiningLetterSpacingWarnings, locateContentWarnings, wordOverflowWarnings } from './contentWarnings';
 import { dropCapSinkAfter } from './dropCap';
 import { mostlyJoiningScript } from '../measure/joining';
+import { composesAsCjk } from '../measure/cjkCompose';
 import { annotateDocument } from '../cjkMarks';
 import { annotateArabicMarks } from '../arabicMarks';
 import { literalBreaksFor } from './hardBreaks';
@@ -71,9 +77,6 @@ import { paperByBlock, stampPagePaper } from './paper';
 import { headingLineSpanBand } from './lineSpan';
 import { columnCursorY, insetsBefore, minTextWidthPx, openColumnWrap, resolveCalloutWrap, resolveResourceWrap, runsBesideWrap, sameInsetsFrom, settleColumnWraps, transparentToWrap, wrapGapPx, wrapInsetSteps } from './textWrap';
 import { lineInsetsAt } from '../measure/types';
-/** Tolerance for "does this block fit" checks against a column's free
- *  height, absorbing floating-point drift between grid multiples. */
-const FIT_EPS = 0.01;
 /** Room (px) under closing boxes a balancing pass must close to be kept on
  *  that ground alone (see `boxRoomIn`). */
 const BOX_ROOM_EPS_PX = 0.5;
@@ -101,6 +104,16 @@ function floatPagesOf(doc) {
     }
     return out;
 }
+/** Whether `pageIndex` opens a run of pages after an explicit break (the
+ *  document's first page, the page after a chapter's opener break, a part
+ *  or a `:::pagebreak`, past the blank pages parity put between them): no
+ *  float heads such a page ahead of its citing line (#633). */
+function opensAfterBreak(pages, pageIndex, forcedBreakPages) {
+    let p = pageIndex - 1;
+    while (p >= 0 && (pages[p]?.blankForParity || pages[p]?.blankForForce))
+        p--;
+    return p < 0 || forcedBreakPages.has(p);
+}
 /** `{chapterNumber}` at each content block: the value of the last level-1
  *  heading at or before it ('' before the first), by the counter the
  *  running heads use over the placed blocks (`computeChapterNumbers`) —
@@ -148,7 +161,7 @@ function chapterNumbersOfContent(blocks, resolved, prefixes, values, ordinalOffs
  * line less (EF-129: asked for one more, it could only match the target by
  * falling back to its optimum, unchecked).
  */
-function measureLooseParagraph(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, styleOverride, extraLines, trackingLadder, looseOutcome) {
+function measureLooseParagraph(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, styleOverride, extraLines, trackingLadder, looseOutcome, offGrid) {
     const base = measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, { styleOverride });
     if (!base)
         return null;
@@ -165,25 +178,39 @@ function measureLooseParagraph(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, styleOverri
     // A paragraph mostly in a joining script (Arabic…) is not tracked: its
     // words take no letter-spacing (`measure/joining.ts`), so only the first
     // rung, word spacing alone, can gain it the line.
-    const ladder = trackingLadder.length > 1 && mostlyJoiningScript(rawBlock.text) ? trackingLadder.slice(0, 1) : trackingLadder;
+    // On a character grid (#632) a paragraph the CJK composer sets keeps
+    // every character in its one-em cell: no tracking is added to its
+    // letters, and a line it breaks short may spread between its characters
+    // no more than `maxTracking` (on a grid of whole cells that refuses any
+    // line a character short, whose spread is an em over the line's gaps).
+    const onGrid = ctx.resolved.cjk.grid.enabled && composesAsCjk(rawBlock.text);
+    const ladder = trackingLadder.length > 1 && (onGrid || mostlyJoiningScript(rawBlock.text)) ? trackingLadder.slice(0, 1) : trackingLadder;
+    const gridCap = onGrid ? { gridTrackingEm: ctx.resolved.headings.balancing.maxTracking / 1000 } : {};
     const maxWordSpacing = ctx.resolved.bodyText.maxWordSpacing + 1e-9;
     // A CJK line spread past its tracking cap (`cjkLoose`) is past the
     // limit too.
     const withinLimit = (lines) => lines.every((l) => l.isLastLine || ((l.justifiedSpaceRatio === undefined || l.justifiedSpaceRatio <= maxWordSpacing) && !l.cjkLoose));
+    const gains = (loose) => loose !== null
+        && loose.measured.lines.length === target
+        && !loose.measured.lastLineRunt
+        && withinLimit(loose.measured.lines);
     for (const tracking of ladder) {
         const loose = measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, {
             styleOverride,
             looseness,
             trackingEm: tracking > 0 ? tracking / 1000 : undefined,
+            ...gridCap,
         });
-        if (loose
-            && loose.measured.lines.length === target
-            && !loose.measured.lastLineRunt
-            && withinLimit(loose.measured.lines)) {
+        if (gains(loose)) {
             looseOutcome.set(blockIdx, tracking);
             return loose;
         }
     }
+    // Refused for the grid's sake alone: the paragraph would gain its line
+    // off the grid. Recorded, so the column says why it ends short.
+    if (onGrid && offGrid && gains(measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, columnWidth, ctx, { styleOverride, looseness }))) {
+        offGrid.add(blockIdx);
+    }
     looseOutcome.set(blockIdx, null);
     return base;
 }
@@ -220,7 +247,7 @@ export function buildDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints = {}) {
     }
 }
 function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
-    const { balanceExtraPx, balanceLooseness, balanceLooseBudget, bandCaps, captionUnder, floatPages } = hints;
+    const { balanceExtraPx, balanceLooseness, balanceLooseBudget, bandCaps, captionUnder, floatPages, citingPageFloats } = hints;
     const captionUnderProposals = new Set();
     /** Side columns whose foot a figure's side caption has cut, by the figure. */
     const asideCutBy = new WeakMap();
@@ -247,6 +274,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         trackingLadder.push(balancingCfg.maxTracking);
     }
     const looseOutcome = new Map();
+    const looseOffGrid = new Set();
     // Lines gained so far per column budget group (see `LooseBudget`).
     const looseGained = new Map();
     // Level configs with heading-style overrides merged in (`{style="…"}`).
@@ -400,7 +428,10 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     // An inline `::resource` placed `here` with `span: 'page'` spans the
     // page where it stands (#535): each goes in a frameless page-span box,
     // set by the span-block path like any other.
-    const spanEmbeds = wrapPageSpanEmbeds(numberedBlocks, content.resources ?? [], effectiveResourceTypes(config, content.resources ?? []));
+    // A `:::columns` group in the running text (#634): each in a frameless
+    // box the callout machinery places, cuts and splits.
+    const flowGroups = resolved.layout.flowColumns ? wrapFlowColumns(numberedBlocks) : { blocks: numberedBlocks, wrapped: false };
+    const spanEmbeds = wrapPageSpanEmbeds(flowGroups.blocks, content.resources ?? [], effectiveResourceTypes(config, content.resources ?? []));
     // Code listings (#624): each in a box of the code style, which the
     // callout machinery places and splits.
     const codeBoxes = wrapCodeBlocks(spanEmbeds.blocks, resolved);
@@ -445,13 +476,18 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     const syntheticBoxes = [
         ...(spanEmbeds.wrapped ? [spanEmbedStyle(bodyStyle.lineHeightPx, resolved.layout.inlineResourceGap !== 'above')] : []),
         ...(codeBoxes.wrapped ? [codeBoxStyle(resolved)] : []),
+        // The boxes of main-flow groups: sub-columns a body line apart in the
+        // text column, a gutter apart across the page.
+        ...(flowGroups.wrapped
+            ? flowColumnsStyles(bodyStyle.lineHeightPx, dimensionToPx(resolved.layout.gutterWidth, resolved.page.dpi, bodyStyle.fontSizePx), resolved.bodyText.paragraphSpacing === false ? { value: 0, unit: 'px' } : { value: bodyStyle.marginBottomPx, unit: 'px' }, Math.max(resolved.bodyText.avoidOrphans ? resolved.bodyText.orphanMinLines : 1, resolved.bodyText.avoidWidows ? resolved.bodyText.widowMinLines : 1))
+            : []),
     ];
     const calloutStyles = syntheticBoxes.length > 0
         ? [...resolved.calloutStyles, ...resolveCalloutStylesConfig(syntheticBoxes, resolved.bodyText, resolved.headings, resolved.unorderedLists, config?.locale)]
         : resolved.calloutStyles;
     // A box nested in another looks its style up in the configuration it is
     // laid out with: the listings' box among them.
-    const calloutResolved = codeBoxes.wrapped ? { ...resolved, calloutStyles } : resolved;
+    const calloutResolved = codeBoxes.wrapped || flowGroups.wrapped ? { ...resolved, calloutStyles } : resolved;
     const blockquoteStyle = resolveBlockquoteStyle(resolved);
     const listLevelIndentsPx = computeLevelIndentsPx(resolved, bodyStyle.fontSizePx);
     const orderedMetrics = computeOrderedListRunMetrics(contentBlocks, resolved, bodyStyle.fontSizePx);
@@ -482,7 +518,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     // it asks for is not applied there. Decided per block, by the writing
     // mode of the styled section the reference sits in (a horizontal
     // appendix of a vertical book turns its figures as asked).
-    const floatPlan = computeFloatPlan(contentBlocks, resources, resourceTypes, incorporated, (blockIdx) => sectionWritingMode(sectionPlan, resolved, blockIdx) === 'vertical-rl', resolved.layout.floatShrink, resolved.layout.wrap);
+    const floatPlan = computeFloatPlan(contentBlocks, resources, resourceTypes, incorporated, (blockIdx) => sectionWritingMode(sectionPlan, resolved, blockIdx) === 'vertical-rl', resolved.layout.floatShrink, resolved.layout.wrap, resolved.layout.floatsAtCitingPage);
     const floatedIds = floatedResourceIds(floatPlan, incorporated, resources, resourceTypes);
     const floatsByFirstBlock = new Map();
     for (const f of floatPlan) {
@@ -499,6 +535,9 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  page: they take the side column of the next page the flow opens, in
      *  order (see `placeCalloutSide`). */
     const pendingSideBoxes = [];
+    /** The flow segment has ended and its floats and side boxes are taking
+     *  pages after the text (see `drainPendingFloats`, #639). */
+    let drainingAfterText = false;
     /** `span: 'side'` boxes of a style with `sideAtColumnEnd: 'after'`
      *  (EF-161), and the side boxes fenced behind them, waiting for the text
      *  after their fence to land (see `settleAwaitingSideBoxes`). Each keeps
@@ -884,8 +923,6 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     };
     const floatGapPx = bodyStyle.lineHeightPx;
     const minTextPx = bodyStyle.lineHeightPx * 3;
-    /** Fewest body rows the closing slice of a split table carries. */
-    const MIN_TAIL_ROWS = 3;
     /** Offset a resolved resource block's caption/table geometry from
      *  block-relative to absolute page coordinates (mirrors inline placement). */
     const offsetResourceBlockToAbsolute = (rb, ox, oy) => {
@@ -1244,28 +1281,6 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         // A top band rounds up to the grid: the tallest float it holds within
         // `avail` is the grid multiple below it, less the gap.
         const hMax = Math.floor((avail + 0.01) / baselineGrid) * baselineGrid - floatGapPx;
-        let end = planTableSlice(metrics, startRow, (rotated ? width : hMax) - overhead);
-        const floor = firstBody + 1;
-        if (end < floor) {
-            // Nothing fits. A fresh page carries the smallest slice anyway (it
-            // overflows, as a dominating figure would) rather than stall the
-            // queue; a slot of the current page is simply not this table's.
-            if (mode === 'strict')
-                return 'none';
-            end = floor;
-        }
-        // A last page holding a row or two under a repeated header reads as a
-        // stranded tail: give the closing slice at least `MIN_TAIL_ROWS` rows by
-        // handing some back from this one (at a breakable edge, not under a
-        // group head), when this slice can spare them.
-        const tail = rowCount - end;
-        if (overflow === 'split' && tail > 0 && tail < MIN_TAIL_ROWS) {
-            let e = rowCount - MIN_TAIL_ROWS;
-            while (e > floor && (!(metrics.breakableAfter[e - 1] ?? true) || metrics.groupHeaderRow[e - 1]))
-                e--;
-            if (e >= floor && e >= end - MIN_TAIL_ROWS)
-                end = e;
-        }
         const fits = (slice) => {
             const measure = measureFloat(f.resourceId, width, slice, rotated);
             if (!measure)
@@ -1275,23 +1290,18 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             const { need } = measureFloatBand(position, measure, targetCols, contentArea, baselineGrid, floatGapPx, (c) => trueBottom(c, uncappedBottoms));
             return need <= avail + 0.01;
         };
-        const sliceFor = (e) => ({
-            startRow,
-            endRow: e,
-            continues: e < rowCount && overflow === 'split',
+        // Nothing fits: a fresh page carries the smallest slice anyway (it
+        // overflows, as a dominating figure would) rather than stall the
+        // queue; a slot of the current page is simply not this table's.
+        const slice = chooseTableSlice(metrics, startRow, (rotated ? width : hMax) - overhead, {
+            floor: firstBody + 1,
+            force: mode === 'fresh',
+            split: overflow === 'split',
+            fits,
         });
-        let slice = sliceFor(end);
-        // The caption may wrap differently with its suffix, the closing slice
-        // carries the note instead of the marker: verify, backing off a row at
-        // a time (over breakable edges) when the band still overflows.
-        for (let guard = 0; guard < 8 && end > floor && !fits(slice); guard++) {
-            do
-                end--;
-            while (end > floor && !(metrics.breakableAfter[end - 1] ?? true));
-            slice = sliceFor(end);
-        }
-        if (mode === 'strict' && !fits(slice))
+        if (!slice)
             return 'none';
+        const end = slice.endRow;
         const rest = slice.continues ? { ...f, startRow: end } : undefined;
         return rest ? { slice, rest } : { slice };
     };
@@ -1495,6 +1505,25 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         let cut = false;
         /** A rotated block wider than the band (its upright height). */
         const tooWide = (m) => m.rotatedWidth !== undefined && m.rotatedWidth > width + 0.01;
+        /** The columns of the slot that hold a page-span opener and nothing
+         *  after it (#639), with the y of their head under the opener's band:
+         *  there the band is taken from the flow under the opener — the column
+         *  keeps its box, the opener stands in it — where an empty column's
+         *  head moves down under the band. */
+        const openerHeads = new Map();
+        if (position === 'top' && mode === 'strict' && !pageSpan && !side) {
+            for (const c of targetCols) {
+                const top = openerHeadOf(c);
+                if (top !== undefined)
+                    openerHeads.set(c, top);
+            }
+        }
+        /** What such a column loses above the band: from the flow's position
+         *  under the opener down to the grid line the band starts on. */
+        const leadOf = (c) => {
+            const top = openerHeads.get(c);
+            return top === undefined ? 0 : Math.max(0, top - columnCursorY(c));
+        };
         if (side) {
             // The side column's stack: the float goes under what the column holds
             // when the rest of the column takes it; otherwise it waits for the
@@ -1534,6 +1563,13 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 return 'skip';
             first.availableHeight = Math.max(0, first.availableHeight - need);
             commitFloatBlock(page, first, built, xLeft, y, width, f.firstBlockIdx);
+            if (drainingAfterText && !calloutFloatOf(f.resourceId)) {
+                const citing = contentBlocks[f.firstBlockIdx];
+                setAfterText.set(built.block, {
+                    resourceId: f.resourceId,
+                    ...(citing ? { sourceStart: citing.sourceStart + bodyOffset, sourceEnd: citing.sourceEnd + bodyOffset } : {}),
+                });
+            }
             floatsPlaced++;
             return 'placed';
         }
@@ -1607,7 +1643,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             // to another band, as `fitsStrict` keeps it); the loop below checks
             // the band as for any float.
             if (f.shrink === 'slot' && measure.body && !rotated) {
-                const room = Math.min(...targetCols.map((c) => c.availableHeight - (columnHasFloatBand(page, c) ? minTextPx : 0)));
+                const room = Math.min(...targetCols.map((c) => c.availableHeight - leadOf(c) - (columnHasFloatBand(page, c) ? minTextPx : 0)));
                 if (need > room + 0.01) {
                     const s = shrinkToRoom(f, width, aside, measure, room, position === 'top', bandOf);
                     if (!s?.fits)
@@ -1623,7 +1659,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 const hasBand = columnHasFloatBand(page, c);
-                if (fitsStrict(need, c, hasBand, minTextPx))
+                if (fitsStrict(need + leadOf(c), c, hasBand, minTextPx))
                     continue;
                 // The head of an empty column: a splittable table is cut to the
                 // column and continues in the next slot — the compositor sets a
@@ -1675,6 +1711,9 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         const built = buildFloatBlock(f.resourceId, xLeft, width, slice, rotated, flush, aside, mirroredOf(page), cap);
         if (!built)
             return 'skip';
+        // Under an opener in its own column the band starts at that column's
+        // head, the grid line the heads beside it stand on.
+        y = openerHeads.get(first) ?? y;
         // The caption beside the figure takes its band of the side column: a
         // top float's caption is consumed from the stack's head (when the
         // stack is still above it), a bottom float's cuts the column's foot.
@@ -1694,7 +1733,34 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                     asideCutBy.set(sideCol, f.resourceId);
             }
         }
+        // Text wrap (#627): a one-column float at the head or foot of its
+        // column, which running text may take back to run beside it — unless
+        // the text left beside it would be too narrow, or the float too short
+        // for lines beside it.
+        const wrapGap = wrapGapPx(f.wrapGap, dpi, bodyStyle.fontSizePx, floatGapPx);
+        const wraps = f.wrap !== undefined && !pageSpan && !side && targetCols.length === 1 && !rotated && !aside && !cut && !galleryFill
+            && !(position === 'bottom' && uncappedBottoms.has(first));
+        const wrapRefused = !wraps ? undefined
+            : first.bbox.width - width - wrapGap + 0.01 < minTextWidthPx(resolved.layout.wrap.minTextWidth, first.bbox.width, dpi, bodyStyle.fontSizePx)
+                ? 'tooNarrow'
+                : Math.round(need / bodyStyle.lineHeightPx) < resolved.layout.wrap.minLinesBeside ? 'fewLines' : undefined;
         for (const col of targetCols) {
+            if (openerHeads.has(col)) {
+                // The band is taken from the flow under the opener: the column
+                // keeps its box (a trailing cap measures the band from the opener's
+                // top in every column) and records where the band ends, which is
+                // where its rule starts (`columnRuleSegments`). A float text wraps
+                // round records nothing: the text placed next takes its band back
+                // (see below) and the rule runs beside both.
+                col.availableHeight = Math.max(0, col.availableHeight - leadOf(col) - need);
+                if (!(wraps && !wrapRefused))
+                    col.headFloatFoot = columnCursorY(col);
+                openerHeadFloats.set(col, columnCursorY(col));
+                // What the opener left under it went into the band's gap.
+                pendingSpacing = 0;
+                inlineGapOwed = null;
+                continue;
+            }
             const r = { ...reservedOf(col) };
             if (position === 'top') {
                 col.bbox.y += need;
@@ -1727,38 +1793,34 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         if (galleryFill)
             for (const col of targetCols)
                 col.availableHeight = 0;
-        // Text wrap (#627): a one-column float at the head or foot of its
-        // column, which running text may take back to run beside it — unless
-        // the text left beside it would be too narrow, or the float too short
-        // for lines beside it.
-        if (f.wrap && !pageSpan && !side && targetCols.length === 1 && !rotated && !aside && !cut && !galleryFill
-            && !(position === 'bottom' && uncappedBottoms.has(first))) {
-            const gap = wrapGapPx(f.wrapGap, dpi, bodyStyle.fontSizePx, floatGapPx);
-            const settings = resolved.layout.wrap;
-            const reason = first.bbox.width - width - gap + 0.01 < minTextWidthPx(settings.minTextWidth, first.bbox.width, dpi, bodyStyle.fontSizePx)
-                ? 'tooNarrow'
-                : Math.round(need / bodyStyle.lineHeightPx) < settings.minLinesBeside ? 'fewLines' : undefined;
-            if (reason) {
-                textWrapNotes.push({ kind: 'textWrap', reason, resourceId: f.resourceId, pageIndex: page.index });
+        if (wraps && f.wrap) {
+            if (wrapRefused) {
+                textWrapNotes.push({ kind: 'textWrap', reason: wrapRefused, resourceId: f.resourceId, pageIndex: page.index });
             }
             else {
-                const exWidth = wrapExclusionWidth(first.bbox.width, width, gap);
-                const exY = position === 'top' ? first.bbox.y - need : first.bbox.y + first.bbox.height;
-                const list = floatWraps.get(first) ?? [];
-                list.push({
-                    position,
-                    need,
-                    ex: {
-                        x: f.wrap === 'left' ? first.bbox.x : first.bbox.x + first.bbox.width - exWidth,
-                        y: exY,
-                        width: exWidth,
-                        height: need,
-                        side: f.wrap,
-                        gap: exWidth - width,
-                        ownerId: built.block.id,
-                    },
-                });
-                floatWraps.set(first, list);
+                const exWidth = wrapExclusionWidth(first.bbox.width, width, wrapGap);
+                const underOpener = openerHeads.has(first);
+                const exY = underOpener ? y : position === 'top' ? first.bbox.y - need : first.bbox.y + first.bbox.height;
+                const ex = {
+                    x: f.wrap === 'left' ? first.bbox.x : first.bbox.x + first.bbox.width - exWidth,
+                    y: exY,
+                    width: exWidth,
+                    height: need,
+                    side: f.wrap,
+                    gap: exWidth - width,
+                    ownerId: built.block.id,
+                };
+                if (underOpener) {
+                    // The band was taken from the flow: the text placed next takes
+                    // it back and runs beside the float, as it does beside an inline
+                    // figure that wraps (`pendingWrap`).
+                    pendingWrap = { col: first, blocks: first.blocks.length, cursorY: columnCursorY(first), ex };
+                }
+                else {
+                    const list = floatWraps.get(first) ?? [];
+                    list.push({ position, need, ex });
+                    floatWraps.set(first, list);
+                }
             }
         }
         commitFloatBlock(page, first, built, xLeft, y, width, f.firstBlockIdx);
@@ -1808,7 +1870,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  column float of its sequence still gets the page's foot once that one
      *  is set. A float that does not fit holds up the ones behind it in its
      *  numbering sequence (see `heldBack`), never the other sequence. */
-    const flushFloatsIntoPage = (page) => {
+    const flushPendingFloatsIntoPage = (page) => {
         if (pendingFloats.length === 0) {
             flushSideBoxesIntoPage(page);
             return;
@@ -1896,6 +1958,12 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                             i++;
                             continue;
                         }
+                        // After the text a side float keeps behind the side boxes fenced
+                        // before its citation that still wait (#639).
+                        if (isSide && drainingAfterText && pendingSideBoxes.some((b) => b.startIdx < f.firstBlockIdx)) {
+                            i++;
+                            continue;
+                        }
                         // A page-span rest never shares the page of its previous slice.
                         if (isPageSpan && f.notBefore?.pageIndex === page.index) {
                             i++;
@@ -2013,7 +2081,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             // refuse (a head-of-page float offered the foot of the current page);
             // floated callouts keep their placement.
             const asked = anyPosition && !f.rotate && !f.callout && f.position !== 'auto' ? { ...f, position: 'auto' } : f;
-            let slots = enumerateCurrentPageSlots(page, cursor.columnIndex, asked, capKindOf);
+            let slots = enumerateCurrentPageSlots(page, cursor.columnIndex, asked, capKindOf, openerHeadOf);
             // The rest of a table cut on this page only takes the slots after
             // its previous slice in reading order (never the foot of the column
             // before it; a page-span rest waits for the next page).
@@ -2050,6 +2118,242 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             i = settle(i, r);
         }
     };
+    // --- Floats at the head of the page that cites them (#633) ---------------
+    // A float that may head its citing page (`placement.citingPage`) is placed
+    // as any other in the first pass; when its citing line lands on a page (a
+    // column) whose head it would fit while the float went on to a later one,
+    // the pass proposes that head (`settleCitingPageFloats`), and the next
+    // pass opens the page with the float there, before any text, the text
+    // above the reference moving down under it. The driver keeps the slot
+    // while the citing line stays on that page (that column).
+    /** The floats `PassHints.citingPageFloats` sets at the head of each page,
+     *  in first-reference order (the order of their numbers). */
+    const citingHeadsByPage = new Map();
+    if (citingPageFloats && citingPageFloats.size > 0) {
+        for (const f of floatPlan) {
+            const slot = citingPageFloats.get(f.resourceId);
+            if (!slot || !f.citingPage)
+                continue;
+            const list = citingHeadsByPage.get(slot.pageIndex);
+            if (list)
+                list.push(f);
+            else
+                citingHeadsByPage.set(slot.pageIndex, [f]);
+        }
+    }
+    /** The floats this pass set at the head of their citing page. */
+    const citingHeadsSet = new Set();
+    const floatPlanOrder = new Map(floatPlan.map((f, i) => [f.resourceId, i]));
+    /** Whether every float of `f`'s numbering sequence first cited before it
+     *  is set already: figure 4 never heads a page while figure 3 waits. */
+    const sequenceSetBefore = (f) => {
+        const typeId = resourceById.get(f.resourceId)?.typeId;
+        const at = floatPlanOrder.get(f.resourceId) ?? 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < at; i++) {
+            const g = floatPlan[i];
+            if (resourceById.get(g.resourceId)?.typeId !== typeId)
+                continue;
+            if (!enqueuedFloatIds.has(g.resourceId) || pendingFloats.some((p) => p.resourceId === g.resourceId))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    };
+    /** The text columns of `page`'s first band (no span block above them). */
+    const firstBandTextColumns = (page) => page.columns.filter((c) => c.kind !== 'span' && c.kind !== 'side' && (c.band ?? 0) === 0);
+    /** Whether a float takes the page's whole width on `page` (as
+     *  `flushFloatsIntoPage` reads it). */
+    const spansPageOn = (page, f, textCols) => {
+        const across = Math.min(f.columns ?? 1, textCols.length);
+        return (f.span === 'page' || (across > 1 && across === textCols.length)) && (textCols.length > 1 || sideColumns(page).length > 0);
+    };
+    /** The columns a column float heading its citing column `columnIndex`
+     *  takes: that column, or the run of `columns` from it (ending at the
+     *  band's last column when fewer follow it). */
+    const citingColumnsOf = (f, textCols, columnIndex) => {
+        const across = Math.min(f.columns ?? 1, textCols.length);
+        const at = textCols.findIndex((c) => c.index === columnIndex);
+        if (at < 0)
+            return undefined;
+        const from = Math.max(0, Math.min(at, textCols.length - across));
+        return textCols.slice(from, from + across);
+    };
+    /** Set the floats that head `page` (`PassHints.citingPageFloats`), after
+     *  the floats the page owes to earlier pages (cited before them, read
+     *  before them): each where its citing line lands, when its sequence is
+     *  set up to it and it fits within `layout.maxTopFraction` of the column,
+     *  the text room kept under it. One that does not is placed as usual. */
+    const placeCitingHeads = (page) => {
+        const heads = citingHeadsByPage.get(page.index);
+        if (!heads)
+            return;
+        if (opensAfterBreak(doc.pages, page.index, forcedBreakPages) || page.openerBand || page.partInfo)
+            return;
+        const textCols = firstBandTextColumns(page);
+        if (textCols.length === 0 || textCols.some((c) => c.blocks.length > 0))
+            return;
+        const maxTop = resolved.layout.maxTopFraction;
+        for (const planned of heads) {
+            const id = planned.resourceId;
+            if (citingHeadsSet.has(id))
+                continue;
+            const at = pendingFloats.findIndex((p) => p.resourceId === id);
+            // Placed already, or queued with its citing line placed (on an
+            // earlier page): the usual slots are its.
+            if (at >= 0 ? !awaitsCitation(pendingFloats[at]) : enqueuedFloatIds.has(id))
+                continue;
+            if (!sequenceSetBefore(planned))
+                continue;
+            const pageSpan = spansPageOn(page, planned, textCols);
+            const cols = pageSpan ? [...textCols, ...sideColumns(page)] : citingColumnsOf(planned, textCols, citingPageFloats.get(id).columnIndex);
+            if (!cols)
+                continue;
+            const f = { ...planned, refPageIndex: page.index };
+            const probe = probeFloatBand(page, f, cols, 'top', pageSpan, false);
+            if (!probe)
+                continue;
+            const fits = cols.filter((c) => c.kind !== 'side').every((c) => {
+                const r = reservedOf(c);
+                const full = c.bbox.height + r.top + r.bottom;
+                return r.top + probe.need <= maxTop * full + 0.01 && probe.need <= c.availableHeight - minTextPx + 0.01;
+            });
+            if (!fits)
+                continue;
+            // A page opened for a block that cannot split keeps its room.
+            if (freshPageHold && cols.includes(freshPageHold.col)
+                && availableAfterBand(freshPageHold.col, 'top', probe, false) < freshPageHold.px - FIT_EPS)
+                continue;
+            const r = placeFloatInColumns(page, f, cols, 'top', pageSpan, 'strict');
+            if (r === 'defer' || r === 'skip')
+                continue;
+            enqueuedFloatIds.add(id);
+            citationGates.delete(id);
+            citingHeadsSet.add(id);
+            if (at >= 0)
+                pendingFloats.splice(at, 1);
+            // A table cut to the head after all goes on as any rest does.
+            if (typeof r === 'object')
+                pendingFloats.push(r.rest);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * After the pass: the floats that may head their citing page and went on
+     * to a later page (or column), with the head their citing line's page
+     * (column) offers — proposals for the next pass — and the floats the
+     * hints asked to head a page this pass did not keep there. A float is
+     * proposed when its citing line lands in the first band of a page that
+     * no explicit break opened (no opener, part or `:::pagebreak` above it),
+     * as one slice (not a table split across pages), when the earlier floats
+     * of its sequence went no later than that page, and when it fits within
+     * `layout.maxTopFraction` of the column.
+     */
+    const settleCitingPageFloats = () => {
+        const proposals = new Map();
+        const refused = new Map();
+        const candidates = floatPlan.filter((f) => f.citingPage);
+        if (candidates.length === 0)
+            return { proposals, refused };
+        const byId = new Map(candidates.map((f) => [f.resourceId, f]));
+        // Where each one's citation landed: the first line that cites it, or
+        // for a `::resource` directive the first line placed after it.
+        const cited = new Map();
+        const directives = candidates.filter((f) => contentBlocks[f.firstBlockIdx]?.type === 'resourceBlock');
+        for (const page of doc.pages) {
+            for (const col of page.columns) {
+                for (const b of col.blocks) {
+                    for (const f of directives) {
+                        if (!cited.has(f.resourceId) && b.contentIndex !== undefined && b.contentIndex > f.firstBlockIdx && b.lines.length > 0) {
+                            cited.set(f.resourceId, { pageIndex: page.index, col });
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for (const l of b.lines) {
+                        for (const seg of l.segments ?? []) {
+                            const id = seg.refResourceId;
+                            if (id !== undefined && byId.has(id) && !cited.has(id))
+                                cited.set(id, { pageIndex: page.index, col });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const landed = floatPagesOf(doc);
+        const landedColumn = new Map();
+        for (const page of doc.pages) {
+            for (const fb of page.floats ?? []) {
+                const id = fb.resourceBlock?.resource.id;
+                if (id === undefined || !byId.has(id))
+                    continue;
+                const l = landedColumn.get(id);
+                if (l)
+                    l.slices++;
+                else
+                    landedColumn.set(id, { columnIndex: fb.columnIndex ?? 0, slices: 1 });
+            }
+        }
+        const positionIn = (cols, index) => cols.findIndex((c) => c.index === index);
+        for (const f of candidates) {
+            const id = f.resourceId;
+            const c = cited.get(id);
+            const slot = citingPageFloats?.get(id);
+            if (slot) {
+                // Hinted: kept when it was set at the head and its citing line is
+                // still under it, on that page, in a column it heads.
+                if (!citingHeadsSet.has(id)) {
+                    refused.set(id, 'notSet');
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const page = doc.pages[slot.pageIndex];
+                let kept = !!page && c !== undefined && c.pageIndex === slot.pageIndex;
+                if (kept && page) {
+                    const textCols = firstBandTextColumns(page);
+                    if (!spansPageOn(page, f, textCols)) {
+                        const cols = citingColumnsOf(f, textCols, slot.columnIndex);
+                        kept = cols !== undefined && cols.includes(c.col);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!kept)
+                    refused.set(id, 'citationMoved');
+                continue;
+            }
+            const l = landedColumn.get(id);
+            const landedPage = landed.get(id);
+            if (!c || !l || landedPage === undefined || l.slices > 1)
+                continue;
+            const page = doc.pages[c.pageIndex];
+            if (c.col.kind === 'span' || c.col.kind === 'side' || (c.col.band ?? 0) !== 0)
+                continue;
+            if (opensAfterBreak(doc.pages, c.pageIndex, forcedBreakPages) || page.openerBand || page.partInfo)
+                continue;
+            const textCols = firstBandTextColumns(page);
+            const pageSpan = spansPageOn(page, f, textCols);
+            const later = landedPage > c.pageIndex
+                || (!pageSpan && landedPage === c.pageIndex && positionIn(textCols, l.columnIndex) > positionIn(textCols, c.col.index));
+            if (!later)
+                continue;
+            // The earlier floats of its sequence went no later than that page.
+            const typeId = resourceById.get(id)?.typeId;
+            const order = floatPlanOrder.get(id) ?? 0;
+            if (floatPlan.slice(0, order).some((g) => resourceById.get(g.resourceId)?.typeId === typeId && (landed.get(g.resourceId) ?? Infinity) > c.pageIndex))
+                continue;
+            // It fits the head within `layout.maxTopFraction` of the column.
+            const cols = pageSpan ? textCols : citingColumnsOf(f, textCols, c.col.index);
+            if (!cols || cols.length === 0)
+                continue;
+            const slotWidth = pageSpan ? page.contentArea.width : cols[cols.length - 1].bbox.x + cols[cols.length - 1].bbox.width - cols[0].bbox.x;
+            const width = f.widthFraction && f.widthFraction < 1 ? slotWidth * f.widthFraction : slotWidth;
+            const m = measureFloat(id, width);
+            if (!m || m.height + floatGapPx > resolved.layout.maxTopFraction * page.contentArea.height + 0.01)
+                continue;
+            proposals.set(id, { pageIndex: c.pageIndex, columnIndex: c.col.index });
+        }
+        return { proposals, refused };
+    };
+    /** Reserve the floats a freshly opened page owes: those waiting for a
+     *  page's bands, then those that head the page citing them (#633). */
+    const flushFloatsIntoPage = (page) => {
+        flushPendingFloatsIntoPage(page);
+        if (citingHeadsByPage.size > 0)
+            placeCitingHeads(page);
+    };
     /** Reserve floats on each freshly opened content page. Passed only to the
      *  content-flow column advances — parity / force-blank pages never get it. */
     const onNewPage = (page) => flushFloatsIntoPage(page);
@@ -2098,15 +2402,28 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         // its closing columns — whatever position it asked for: a chapter's
         // last page with room under its text beats a page holding one table.
         tryPlacePendingFloatsOnCurrentPage(false, undefined, true);
+        // So does a waiting side box, for room in a side column of the pages
+        // the flow opened after its fence.
+        settlePendingSideBoxes();
         let guard = 0;
-        while ((pendingFloats.length > 0 || pendingSideBoxes.length > 0) && guard++ < 1000) {
-            const before = floatsPlaced;
-            const startPageIndex = cursor.pageIndex;
-            do {
-                advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onNewPage);
-            } while (cursor.pageIndex === startPageIndex);
-            if (floatsPlaced === before)
-                break; // safety: no progress
+        drainingAfterText = true;
+        try {
+            // A page that sets a side box counts as progress like one that sets
+            // a float (#639): up to postext 1.24 the loop stopped after the first
+            // page of boxes and the rest of the queue was never set.
+            while ((pendingFloats.length > 0 || pendingSideBoxes.length > 0) && guard++ < 1000) {
+                const before = floatsPlaced;
+                const boxesBefore = pendingSideBoxes.length;
+                const startPageIndex = cursor.pageIndex;
+                do {
+                    advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onNewPage);
+                } while (cursor.pageIndex === startPageIndex);
+                if (floatsPlaced === before && pendingSideBoxes.length === boxesBefore)
+                    break; // safety: no progress
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            drainingAfterText = false;
         }
     };
     /** Boxes that left the flow this pass (side column, float band, fixed),
@@ -2700,6 +3017,8 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  level snaps, or would but for the heading after it). */
     const reserveOpenerBand = (headingCol, h, opener, pending = 0, gridText = true) => {
         const page = doc.pages[cursor.pageIndex];
+        if (opener)
+            openerOwnColumn.set(headingCol, opener);
         for (const otherCol of page.columns) {
             if (otherCol === headingCol)
                 continue;
@@ -2729,6 +3048,47 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  the opener, its column, the band's foot, where text right under the
      *  opener starts and the float band the column held at its head then. */
     const openerBandHeads = new Map();
+    /** The column each page-span opener was set in (#639). */
+    const openerOwnColumn = new Map();
+    /** The opener's own columns a float took the head of, under the opener:
+     *  where the float's band ends, the flow's position right after it. */
+    const openerHeadFloats = new Map();
+    /**
+     * The head of the opener's own column under its band (#639): the first
+     * grid line at or under the opener, level with the heads the band's other
+     * columns were given (`reserveOpenerBand`), while the column holds nothing
+     * after the opener and the band has another text column beside it — a
+     * single text column under its heading has no other head to be level
+     * with, and keeps the rule every column with content has. `undefined`
+     * for any other column, and under `layout.floatsUnderOpener: false`
+     * (postext 1.24 and earlier: the opener's column offered no head slot,
+     * so a float fenced right after the opener landed from column 2).
+     */
+    const openerHeadOf = (col) => {
+        if (!resolved.layout.floatsUnderOpener)
+            return undefined;
+        const opener = openerOwnColumn.get(col);
+        if (!opener || col.blocks[col.blocks.length - 1] !== opener)
+            return undefined;
+        const page = doc.pages[opener.pageIndex];
+        if (!page)
+            return undefined;
+        const beside = bandColumns(page, col.band ?? 0).filter((c) => c !== col && c.kind !== 'side' && c.kind !== 'span');
+        if (beside.length === 0)
+            return undefined;
+        return gridUpOnPage(page, columnCursorY(col));
+    };
+    /** Whether the flow in `col` stands right under a float set at the head
+     *  of the opener's own column: the block placed next starts there as at
+     *  a column's head, with no space above it. */
+    const underOpenerHeadFloat = (col) => {
+        const foot = openerHeadFloats.get(col);
+        return foot !== undefined && col.blocks[col.blocks.length - 1] === openerOwnColumn.get(col)
+            && Math.abs(columnCursorY(col) - foot) < 0.01;
+    };
+    /** Whether what is placed next in `col` opens it: the column is empty,
+     *  or holds an opener and the float set under it at its head. */
+    const atColumnHead = (col) => col.blocks.length === 0 || underOpenerHeadFloat(col);
     /**
      * The room above the first block of a column headed by an opener band,
      * relative to the column's head, or undefined for any other column (or
@@ -2756,7 +3116,9 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         if (!head || col.blocks.length > 0 || reservedOf(col).top !== head.floatTop)
             return undefined;
         let target = head.textTop;
-        if (level) {
+        // (With a float under the opener in its own column, the first block
+        // there stands under that float: nothing to be level with, #639.)
+        if (level && !openerHeadFloats.has(head.openerCol)) {
             const at = head.openerCol.blocks.indexOf(head.opener);
             const next = at >= 0 ? head.openerCol.blocks.slice(at + 1).find((b) => !b.hidden) : undefined;
             if (next && (next.type === 'heading' || next.type === 'mathDisplay')) {
@@ -2880,7 +3242,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     /** `rollbackTrailingBlocks` that also drops a rolled-back heading's
      *  side-column obstacles: the heading is set again further on. */
     const rollbackHeadings = (col) => {
-        const popped = rollbackTrailingBlocks(col, doc.blocks, isFreeHeading);
+        const popped = rollbackTrailingBlocks(col, doc.blocks, (b) => isFreeHeading(b) && !holdsHeadFloat(col, b));
         for (const p of popped) {
             const side = sideObstacleColumn.get(p);
             if (!side)
@@ -3013,6 +3375,12 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         const floatHeads = cols
             .filter((c) => c.blocks.length === 0 && reservedOf(c).top > 0)
             .map((c) => Math.ceil((c.bbox.y - top - 0.01) / baselineGrid));
+        // So does one set under a page-span opener at the head of the opener's
+        // own column (#639).
+        for (const c of cols) {
+            if (c.headFloatFoot !== undefined)
+                floatHeads.push(Math.ceil((c.headFloatFoot - top - 0.01) / baselineGrid));
+        }
         bandCapProposals.set(boundaryIndex, {
             kind: 'trailing',
             startContentIndex: bandStart.contentIndex,
@@ -3199,13 +3567,18 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  keep-with-next rollbacks may pull along (a callout is one unbreakable
      *  unit; its children never leave it). */
     const isFreeHeading = (b) => b.type === 'heading' && b.containerId === undefined;
+    /** Whether `b` is the page-span opener of `col` with a float set under it
+     *  at the column's head (#639): the float follows it there, so it closes
+     *  no run of headings a block moving on could strand, and is never taken
+     *  on to the next column with one. */
+    const holdsHeadFloat = (col, b) => openerHeadFloats.has(col) && openerOwnColumn.get(col) === b;
     /** Free headings closing `col` (its trailing run), 0 unless keep-with-next
      *  is on: the headings a block moving on would strand. */
     const trailingHeadingRun = (col) => {
         if (!resolved.headings.keepWithNext || headingMayCloseColumn(col))
             return 0;
         let n = 0;
-        for (let j = col.blocks.length - 1; j >= 0 && isFreeHeading(col.blocks[j]); j--)
+        for (let j = col.blocks.length - 1; j >= 0 && isFreeHeading(col.blocks[j]) && !holdsHeadFloat(col, col.blocks[j]); j--)
             n++;
         return n;
     };
@@ -3226,8 +3599,31 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
      *  convert the laid-out box to absolute coordinates at the frame's placed
      *  origin, and push frame + children — in that order — to `doc.blocks`
      *  and to the column the frame landed in. */
+    /** `:::columns` groups whose sub-columns are too narrow (#634), once a
+     *  group. */
+    const columnsNotes = [];
+    const narrowNoted = new Set();
+    const noteNarrowGroups = (result, pageIndex) => {
+        for (const g of result.groups ?? []) {
+            if (!g.narrow || narrowNoted.has(g.contentIndex))
+                continue;
+            narrowNoted.add(g.contentIndex);
+            const raw = contentBlocks[g.contentIndex];
+            columnsNotes.push({
+                kind: 'columnsTooNarrow',
+                columns: g.columns,
+                widthPx: g.columnWidth,
+                ...(raw ? { sourceStart: raw.sourceStart + bodyOffset, sourceEnd: raw.sourceEnd + bodyOffset } : {}),
+                pageIndex,
+            });
+        }
+        for (const u of result.units)
+            if (u.kind === 'box')
+                noteNarrowGroups(u.box.result, pageIndex);
+    };
     const commitCallout = (result, startIdx, plan, col, range) => {
         const frame = result.frame;
+        noteNarrowGroups(result, cursor.pageIndex);
         stampCalloutSource(frame, startIdx, plan, range);
         offsetCalloutToAbsolute(result, frame.bbox.x, frame.bbox.y);
         doc.blocks.push(frame);
@@ -3278,13 +3674,19 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         });
         const layoutRange = (from, to, width, frameId, continuation, mirrored = false) => {
             let n = 0;
+            // A fragment that opens inside a `:::columns` group starts at its
+            // opening marker and one that ends inside it at its closing marker:
+            // the group sets the part between the cut's positions (#634).
+            const fromChild = from.group ? from.group.open : from.child;
+            const closeOfGroup = (open) => groups.find(([gs]) => gs === open)?.[1] ?? children.length - 1;
             // A cut inside child `to.child` includes that child (its first
             // `to.line` lines); a cut at a child's head excludes it.
-            const toChild = to.line > 0 ? to.child + 1 : to.child;
+            const toChild = to.group ? closeOfGroup(to.group.open) + 1 : to.line > 0 ? to.child + 1 : to.child;
+            const inSlice = (pos) => pos.map((p) => ({ ...p, child: p.child - fromChild }));
             // Nested boxes still open at `from` (their closing markers leading
             // the range close them): the fragment opens inside them.
             const open = [];
-            for (let k = 0; k < from.child; k++) {
+            for (let k = 0; k < fromChild; k++) {
                 const c = children[k];
                 if (c.containerName !== 'callout')
                     continue;
@@ -3293,7 +3695,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 else if (c.type === 'containerEnd')
                     open.pop();
             }
-            for (let k = from.child; k < children.length && open.length > 0; k++) {
+            for (let k = fromChild; k < children.length && open.length > 0; k++) {
                 const c = children[k];
                 if (c.type !== 'containerEnd' || c.containerId !== open[open.length - 1].block.containerId)
                     break;
@@ -3305,19 +3707,25 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 ...(contentBlocks[startIdx]?.direction ? { direction: contentBlocks[startIdx].direction } : {}),
                 continuation,
                 // Any range short of the box's end is a fragment that goes on.
-                ...(to.child < children.length || to.line > 0 ? { continues: true } : {}),
-                children: children.slice(from.child, toChild),
-                childStartIdx: startIdx + 1 + from.child,
+                ...(to.child < children.length || to.line > 0 || to.group ? { continues: true } : {}),
+                children: children.slice(fromChild, toChild),
+                childStartIdx: startIdx + 1 + fromChild,
                 width,
-                ctx: measureCtx,
+                // A main-flow group's box sets its blocks as the text around it is
+                // set: a styled section's or a part's body (#634).
+                ctx: isFlowColumnsStyle(style.id)
+                    ? (partPlan.byBlock[startIdx] ? partMeasureCtx : sectionMeasureCtx(sectionPlan.byBlock[startIdx]))
+                    : measureCtx,
                 resolved: calloutResolved,
                 containerId: plan.containerId,
                 frameId,
                 nextChildId: () => `${frameId}-c${n++}`,
                 paragraphContainers,
-                ...(from.line > 0 ? { lineFrom: from.line } : {}),
-                ...(from.line > 0 && from.widths ? { lineWidths: from.widths } : {}),
-                ...(to.line > 0 ? { lineTo: to.line } : {}),
+                ...(from.line > 0 && !from.group ? { lineFrom: from.line } : {}),
+                ...(from.line > 0 && !from.group && from.widths ? { lineWidths: from.widths } : {}),
+                ...(to.line > 0 && !to.group ? { lineTo: to.line } : {}),
+                ...(from.group ? { groupFrom: inSlice(from.group.pos) } : {}),
+                ...(to.group ? { groupTo: inSlice(to.group.pos) } : {}),
                 ...(open.length > 0 ? { openNested: open } : {}),
                 mirrored,
                 stripBlock: calloutStripBlock,
@@ -3451,7 +3859,68 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             });
         };
         collect(full.units, minLines, 0);
-        const insideGroup = (cut) => L.groups.some(([gs, ge]) => (cut.line === 0 ? gs < cut.child && cut.child <= ge : gs < cut.child && cut.child < ge));
+        // Inside a `:::columns` group of the box (#634): the cut the group
+        // offers for the room, where each of its sub-columns (each stream, in
+        // a parallel group) ends when the galley fills them in turn; at least
+        // one stream goes on and one moves on. A group of a nested box is
+        // never cut, nor any group under 1.24's rules (`layout.flowColumns`).
+        if (resolved.layout.flowColumns) {
+            const base = from.group ? from.group.open : from.child;
+            const childMin = Math.min(Math.max(1, minLines), resolved.layout.boxChildSplitMinLines);
+            for (const g of full.groups ?? []) {
+                const h = roomPx - tail - g.top;
+                if (h <= 0.5)
+                    continue;
+                const reopened = from.group?.open === g.open + base ? from.group : undefined;
+                const pos = [];
+                let moved = false;
+                let left = false;
+                let used = 0;
+                g.streams.forEach((items, s) => {
+                    const end = { child: (g.ends[s] ?? g.close) + base, line: 0 };
+                    if (items.length === 0) {
+                        pos.push(end);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    const breaks = galleyBreaks(items, childMin);
+                    const fill = fillGalley(items, breaks, g.flow === 'snake' ? g.columns : 1, h);
+                    if (fill.end) {
+                        moved = true;
+                        used = Math.max(used, fill.used);
+                        pos.push(end);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    left = true;
+                    if (fill.cuts.length === 0) {
+                        // This stream takes nothing in the fragment: it stays where it is.
+                        pos.push(reopened?.pos[s] ?? { child: items[0].child + base, line: 0 });
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    moved = true;
+                    used = Math.max(used, fill.used);
+                    const b = breaks[fill.cuts[fill.cuts.length - 1]];
+                    const it = items[b.item];
+                    if (b.line === 0) {
+                        pos.push({ child: it.child + base, line: 0 });
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // The sub-column widths the paragraph's lines are set at.
+                    const before = it.lineBase > 0 ? reopened?.pos[s]?.widths : undefined;
+                    const lastW = before?.[before.length - 1];
+                    const widths = !before || before.length === 0
+                        ? [{ fromLine: 0, width: g.columnWidth }]
+                        : Math.abs(lastW.width - g.columnWidth) <= 0.5 ? before : [...before, { fromLine: it.lineBase, width: g.columnWidth }];
+                    pos.push({ child: it.child + base, line: it.lineBase + b.line, widths });
+                });
+                if (!moved || !left)
+                    continue;
+                candidates.push({
+                    cut: { child: Math.min(...pos.map((p) => p.child)), line: 0, group: { open: g.open + base, pos } },
+                    bottom: g.top + used,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        const insideGroup = (cut) => !cut.group && L.groups.some(([gs, ge]) => (cut.line === 0 ? gs < cut.child && cut.child <= ge : gs < cut.child && cut.child < ge));
         const viable = candidates
             .filter((c) => !insideGroup(c.cut))
             .sort((a, b) => b.bottom - a.bottom);
@@ -4152,9 +4621,27 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             const cutBy = asideCutBy.get(side);
             if (cutBy !== undefined)
                 captionUnderProposals.add(cutBy);
+            // Taller than an empty side column: set anyway, and reported (#639).
+            const overflowPx = y - used + result.totalHeight - side.availableHeight;
+            if (overflowPx > 0.5) {
+                (doc.warnings ??= []).push({
+                    kind: 'calloutOverflow',
+                    pageIndex: page.index,
+                    columnIndex: side.index,
+                    sourceStart: contentBlocks[startIdx].sourceStart + bodyOffset,
+                    sourceEnd: contentBlocks[plan.endIdx].sourceEnd + bodyOffset,
+                    overflowPx,
+                });
+            }
         }
         const frame = result.frame;
         stampCalloutSource(frame, startIdx, plan);
+        if (drainingAfterText) {
+            setAfterText.set(frame, {
+                ...(frame.sourceStart !== undefined ? { sourceStart: frame.sourceStart } : {}),
+                ...(frame.sourceEnd !== undefined ? { sourceEnd: frame.sourceEnd } : {}),
+            });
+        }
         frame.pageIndex = page.index;
         frame.columnIndex = side.index;
         offsetCalloutToAbsolute(result, side.bbox.x, y);
@@ -4194,7 +4681,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             return true;
         }
         if (!trySideBox(page, side, { startIdx, plan, style }, refY, 'strict')) {
-            pendingSideBoxes.push({ startIdx, plan, style });
+            pendingSideBoxes.push({ startIdx, plan, style, pageIndex: page.index });
         }
         return true;
     };
@@ -4263,7 +4750,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 placed = laterSide !== undefined && trySideBox(later, laterSide, w.box, undefined, 'fresh');
             }
             if (!placed)
-                pendingSideBoxes.push(w.box);
+                pendingSideBoxes.push({ ...w.box, pageIndex: cursor.pageIndex });
         }
     };
     /** Set the waiting side boxes in the side column of a freshly opened
@@ -4280,6 +4767,31 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             pendingSideBoxes.shift();
         }
     };
+    /** Where the text ends (#639): before a waiting side box takes a page
+     *  after it, the side columns of the pages the flow opened after its
+     *  fence that still hold it whole, in order (the page of the fence had no
+     *  room at or under it). A try that sets nothing gives its block id back,
+     *  so the ids after it stay what they were. */
+    const settlePendingSideBoxes = () => {
+        while (pendingSideBoxes.length > 0) {
+            const box = pendingSideBoxes[0];
+            let placed = false;
+            for (let p = box.pageIndex + 1; p <= cursor.pageIndex && !placed; p++) {
+                const page = doc.pages[p];
+                for (const side of sideColumns(page)) {
+                    const idBefore = blockIdCounter;
+                    if (trySideBox(page, side, box, undefined, 'strict')) {
+                        placed = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    blockIdCounter = idBefore;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!placed)
+                return;
+            pendingSideBoxes.shift();
+        }
+    };
     /**
      * Place a `:::callout` inline at the current column width as one atomic
      * unit: the frame block followed by its children in the same column. The
@@ -4332,7 +4844,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 note('fewLines');
                 return false;
             }
-            const spacing = col.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : pendingSpacing;
+            const spacing = atColumnHead(col) ? 0 : pendingSpacing;
             if (result.totalHeight > col.availableHeight - spacing + 0.01 && col.blocks.length > 0 && attempt < 4) {
                 if (attempt === 0)
                     note('moved');
@@ -4378,6 +4890,162 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             return true;
         }
     };
+    /**
+     * An inline table (`::resource` placed `here`) that does not fit the room
+     * left in its column (#634), by its style's `overflow` when
+     * `splitInline` is on: `'split'` cuts it between rows with the rules of a
+     * floated table (`chooseTableSlice`: breakable edges, group heads, the
+     * closing slice's three rows, header repeat, caption suffix, marker,
+     * note on the last slice), the first slice keeping the float gap above
+     * it and at least the header and {@link MIN_HEAD_ROWS} rows (fewer, and
+     * the whole table starts in the next column, as before); every
+     * continuation opens at the head of the next column, laid out at that
+     * column's width, before the text after the table. `'clip'` keeps the
+     * leading rows of a table taller than a column that fit the head of
+     * one, `'hide'` leaves such a table out. Returns `'whole'` when the
+     * table is placed as one block by the caller (it fits, or the rule does
+     * not apply), `'dropped'`, or `'placed'`: every slice is placed and the
+     * cursor sits in the column of the last one, which the caller snaps
+     * under. `blk` is the first slice's block, filled in here.
+     */
+    const MIN_HEAD_ROWS = 2;
+    const placeInlineTableSlices = (raw, blockIdx, blk, ctx, styleOverride, resource, wholeHeight, spacingBefore) => {
+        const style = pickTableStyle(resolved, resource.table?.styleId);
+        if (!style.splitInline || pageIsVertical(doc.pages[cursor.pageIndex]))
+            return 'whole';
+        const rowCount = resource.table?.model.rows.length ?? 0;
+        const first = currentColumn(doc, cursor);
+        const room = first.availableHeight - (first.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : spacingBefore);
+        if (wholeHeight <= room + FIT_EPS)
+            return 'whole';
+        const overflow = style.overflow;
+        // `'clip'` and `'hide'` concern a table no column holds; a shorter one
+        // moves whole to the next column, as before.
+        const taller = wholeHeight > contentArea.height + FIT_EPS;
+        if (overflow !== 'split' && !taller)
+            return 'whole';
+        if (overflow === 'hide')
+            return 'dropped';
+        const measureAt = (width, slice) => measureContentBlock(raw, blockIdx, width, ctx, { styleOverride, ...(slice ? { tableSlice: slice } : {}) });
+        const metricsMemo = new Map();
+        const metricsAt = (width) => {
+            const key = width.toFixed(2);
+            let m = metricsMemo.get(key);
+            if (m === undefined)
+                metricsMemo.set(key, (m = measureAt(width)?.tableRows ?? null));
+            return m;
+        };
+        const firstMetrics = metricsAt(first.bbox.width);
+        if (!firstMetrics || rowCount === 0)
+            return 'whole';
+        const headerRows = firstMetrics.headerRowCount;
+        // Too few rows to leave a head and a tail worth the cut.
+        if (overflow === 'split' && rowCount - headerRows < MIN_HEAD_ROWS + MIN_TAIL_ROWS)
+            return 'whole';
+        /** The rows a slice from `startRow` must carry at least, and its height
+         *  at `width` (caption and marker included): what a page opened for it
+         *  keeps clear of the floats it flushes (EF-160). */
+        const floorOf = (startRow) => (startRow === 0
+            ? Math.min(rowCount, headerRows + (overflow === 'split' ? MIN_HEAD_ROWS : 1))
+            : Math.max(startRow, headerRows) + 1);
+        const minHeightAt = (width, startRow) => {
+            const floor = floorOf(startRow);
+            const probe = measureAt(width, { startRow, endRow: floor, continues: floor < rowCount && overflow === 'split' });
+            return probe?.measured.totalHeight ?? 0;
+        };
+        let startRow = 0;
+        let part = 0;
+        let moves = 0;
+        let block = blk;
+        for (;;) {
+            enterBand(blockIdx, part);
+            let col = currentColumn(doc, cursor);
+            if (col.kind === 'span') {
+                advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(minHeightAt(col.bbox.width, startRow)));
+                continue;
+            }
+            const width = col.bbox.width;
+            const metrics = metricsAt(width) ?? firstMetrics;
+            const spacing = part === 0 && col.blocks.length > 0 ? spacingBefore : 0;
+            const avail = col.availableHeight - spacing;
+            const restSlice = startRow > 0 ? { startRow, endRow: rowCount, continues: false } : undefined;
+            const rest = measureAt(width, restSlice);
+            if (!rest?.resourceBlock)
+                return part === 0 ? 'whole' : 'placed';
+            let placed = rest;
+            let slice = null;
+            if (rest.measured.totalHeight > avail + FIT_EPS) {
+                const atHead = col.blocks.length === 0;
+                // `'clip'` keeps the rows the head of a column holds.
+                if (overflow === 'clip' && !atHead && moves < 4) {
+                    moves++;
+                    advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(minHeightAt(width, startRow)));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const firstBody = startRow > 0 ? Math.max(startRow, headerRows) : headerRows;
+                const probe = measureAt(width, { startRow, endRow: firstBody + 1, continues: true });
+                const overhead = probe?.resourceBlock ? probe.measured.totalHeight - probe.resourceBlock.bodyRect.height : 0;
+                // An empty column of full height (or a run of short ones behind)
+                // takes the smallest slice even when it overflows: a fresh page
+                // always progresses.
+                const force = atHead && (col.bbox.height >= contentArea.height - baselineGrid || moves >= 4);
+                slice = chooseTableSlice(metrics, startRow, avail - overhead, {
+                    floor: floorOf(startRow),
+                    force,
+                    split: overflow === 'split',
+                    fits: (s) => (measureAt(width, s)?.measured.totalHeight ?? Infinity) <= avail + FIT_EPS,
+                });
+                if (!slice) {
+                    // Not even the head rows fit: the (rest of the) table starts in
+                    // the next column.
+                    moves++;
+                    pendingSpacing = 0;
+                    advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(minHeightAt(width, startRow)));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const m = measureAt(width, slice);
+                if (!m?.resourceBlock)
+                    return part === 0 ? 'whole' : 'placed';
+                placed = m;
+            }
+            // The slice's block: the first one is the caller's.
+            if (part > 0) {
+                block = createVDTBlock(`block-${blockIdCounter++}`, 'resource', blk.fontString, blk.color, blk.textAlign);
+                block.contentIndex = blockIdx;
+                stampBlockExtras(block, raw);
+                block.dirty = false;
+                block.snappedToGrid = false;
+                block.sourceStart = blk.sourceStart;
+                block.sourceEnd = blk.sourceEnd;
+            }
+            const rb = placed.resourceBlock;
+            const height = placed.measured.totalHeight;
+            block.resourceBlock = rb;
+            block.lines = [{
+                    text: '',
+                    bbox: { x: 0, y: 0, width: rb.bodyRect.width, height },
+                    baseline: 0,
+                    hyphenated: false,
+                    segments: [],
+                    isLastLine: true,
+                }];
+            col = currentColumn(doc, cursor);
+            if (spacing > 0)
+                col.availableHeight -= spacing;
+            placeBlockInColumn(block, height, col, cursor);
+            offsetResourceBlockToAbsolute(rb, block.bbox.x, block.bbox.y);
+            doc.blocks.push(block);
+            enterBand(blockIdx, part);
+            if (!slice?.continues)
+                return 'placed';
+            // The rest opens the next column, with no gap above it.
+            startRow = slice.endRow;
+            part++;
+            moves = 0;
+            pendingSpacing = 0;
+            advanceToNextColumn(doc, cursor, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(minHeightAt(width, startRow)));
+        }
+    };
     const placeCalloutInline = (startIdx, plan) => {
         const style = pickCalloutStyle(calloutStyles, plan.attrs.type);
         const firstFrameId = `block-${blockIdCounter++}`;
@@ -4460,7 +5128,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             const balanceBefore = curCol.blocks.length > 0 || reservedOf(curCol).top > 0
                 ? (balanceExtraPx?.get(balanceKey(startIdx, part)) ?? 0)
                 : 0;
-            const spacing = (curCol.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(pendingBeforeSelfSnapping(startIdx), result.marginTopPx)) + balanceBefore;
+            const spacing = (atColumnHead(curCol) ? 0 : Math.max(pendingBeforeSelfSnapping(startIdx), result.marginTopPx)) + balanceBefore;
             const roomPx = curCol.availableHeight - spacing;
             let fragment = null;
             if (result.totalHeight > roomPx + 0.01) {
@@ -4542,7 +5210,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             const to = fragment ? fragment.to : L.end;
             if (part > 0 || fragment)
                 markFragment(placed, part, fragment !== null);
-            const spacingBefore = (curCol.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(pendingBeforeSelfSnapping(startIdx), placed.marginTopPx)) + balanceBefore;
+            const spacingBefore = (atColumnHead(curCol) ? 0 : Math.max(pendingBeforeSelfSnapping(startIdx), placed.marginTopPx)) + balanceBefore;
             if (balanceBefore > 0) {
                 addBalanceExtra(curCol, balanceBefore);
                 placed.frame.balancing = { levers: ['trailingCallout'], spaceAbove: balanceBefore };
@@ -5171,14 +5839,14 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         const figureGrowPx = rawBlock.type === 'resourceBlock' ? balanceExtraPx?.get(flexFigureKey(blockIdx)) ?? 0 : 0;
         const figureDelta = figureGrowPx > 0 ? { figureHeightDelta: figureGrowPx } : {};
         let measuredBlock = tryLoose
-            ? measureLooseParagraph(rawBlock, blockIdx, col.bbox.width, blockMeasureCtx, styleOverride, looseLines, trackingLadder, looseOutcome)
+            ? measureLooseParagraph(rawBlock, blockIdx, col.bbox.width, blockMeasureCtx, styleOverride, looseLines, trackingLadder, looseOutcome, looseOffGrid)
             : measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, measureWidth, blockMeasureCtx, { styleOverride, ...upright, ...figureDelta });
         // An inline picture with a safe area a little too tall for the room
         // left in its column is cropped within its safe area to stay there
         // rather than move on and leave the column short (#442).
         if (measuredBlock?.kind.vdtType === 'resource' && measuredBlock.resourceBlock?.bodyFlex) {
             const flex = measuredBlock.resourceBlock.bodyFlex;
-            const room = col.availableHeight - (col.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(pendingSpacing, floatGapPx));
+            const room = col.availableHeight - (atColumnHead(col) ? 0 : Math.max(pendingSpacing, floatGapPx));
             const over = measuredBlock.measured.totalHeight - room;
             if (over > 0.01 && room > 0 && over <= flex.shrink + 0.01) {
                 const cropped = measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, measureWidth, blockMeasureCtx, {
@@ -5194,8 +5862,8 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
         // the page empty. Never below MIN_INLINE_FIGURE_SCALE of its size.
         if (measuredBlock?.kind.vdtType === 'resource' && resolved.layout.fitFiguresToPage) {
             const rb = measuredBlock.resourceBlock;
-            const room = col.availableHeight - (col.blocks.length === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(pendingSpacing, floatGapPx));
-            if (rb && !rb.table && !rb.rotation && rb.bodyRect.height > 0 && measuredBlock.measured.totalHeight > room && room > 0) {
+            const room = col.availableHeight - (atColumnHead(col) ? 0 : Math.max(pendingSpacing, floatGapPx));
+            if (rb && !rb.table && !rb.rotation && rb.bodyRect.height > 0 && measuredBlock.measured.totalHeight > room + FIT_EPS && room > 0) {
                 let width = rb.bodyRect.width;
                 for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt++) {
                     const current = measuredBlock.resourceBlock;
@@ -5210,12 +5878,12 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                     if (!smaller)
                         break;
                     measuredBlock = smaller;
-                    if (smaller.measured.totalHeight <= room)
+                    if (smaller.measured.totalHeight <= room + FIT_EPS)
                         break;
                 }
                 // Still too tall at the smallest acceptable size: back to full size
                 // and on to the next column, as without the option.
-                if (measuredBlock.measured.totalHeight > room) {
+                if (measuredBlock.measured.totalHeight > room + FIT_EPS) {
                     measuredBlock = measureContentBlock(rawBlock, blockIdx, col.bbox.width, blockMeasureCtx, { styleOverride });
                 }
             }
@@ -5308,56 +5976,67 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             // float would, unless the block before asked for more. A wrapped one
             // stands level with the next line's top instead.
             const spacingBefore = wraps ? pendingSpacing : Math.max(pendingSpacing, floatGapPx);
-            const columnBefore = col;
-            enterBand(blockIdx, 0);
-            placeAtomicBlock(blk, groupHeight, spacingBefore, cursor, doc, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(groupHeight));
-            enterBand(blockIdx, 0);
-            // Too tall for the room left in its column, a wrapped picture moved
-            // on with its anchor: say so.
-            if (wraps && currentColumn(doc, cursor) !== columnBefore && columnBefore.blocks.length > 0) {
-                textWrapNotes.push({
-                    kind: 'textWrap', reason: 'moved', resourceId: kind.resource.id,
-                    sourceStart: rawBlock.sourceStart + bodyOffset, sourceEnd: rawBlock.sourceEnd + bodyOffset, pageIndex: cursor.pageIndex,
-                });
-            }
-            // `placeBlockInColumn` (inside placeAtomicBlock) shifts `blk.lines`; the
-            // resource's own caption/table lines live on `resourceBlock` and must be
-            // offset to absolute page coordinates here using the placed bbox origin.
-            offsetResourceBlockToAbsolute(resourceBlock, blk.bbox.x, blk.bbox.y);
-            const grown = figureGrowPx > 0 ? resourceBlock.bodyFlex?.delta ?? 0 : 0;
-            if (grown > 0.01) {
-                blk.balancing = { levers: ['flexFigure'], spaceAbove: 0, bodyGrowth: grown };
-                addBalanceExtra(currentColumn(doc, cursor), grown);
-            }
-            doc.blocks.push(blk);
-            // A wrapped picture (#627): the flow goes on under it and its gap, on
-            // a grid line, unless the next block takes the band back to run
-            // beside it (see `pendingWrap`).
-            if (wraps && wrapSpec) {
-                const rCol = currentColumn(doc, cursor);
-                const top = blk.bbox.y;
-                const bottomRel = Math.ceil((top - rCol.bbox.y + groupHeight + wrapGap - 0.01) / baselineGrid) * baselineGrid;
-                rCol.availableHeight = Math.max(0, Math.min(rCol.availableHeight, rCol.bbox.height - bottomRel));
-                pendingSpacing = 0;
-                inlineGapOwed = null;
-                const exWidth = wrapExclusionWidth(rCol.bbox.width, rCol.bbox.width * wrapSpec.width, wrapGap);
-                pendingWrap = {
-                    col: rCol,
-                    blocks: rCol.blocks.length,
-                    cursorY: columnCursorY(rCol),
-                    ex: {
-                        x: wrapSpec.side === 'left' ? rCol.bbox.x : rCol.bbox.x + rCol.bbox.width - exWidth,
-                        y: top,
-                        width: exWidth,
-                        height: rCol.bbox.y + bottomRel - top,
-                        side: wrapSpec.side,
-                        gap: exWidth - rCol.bbox.width * wrapSpec.width,
-                        ownerId: blk.id,
-                    },
-                };
+            // An inline table that does not fit the room left in its column is
+            // cut between rows (#634), by the rules of a floated one.
+            const sliced = !wraps && !resourceBlock.rotation && resourceBlock.table && kind.resource
+                ? placeInlineTableSlices(rawBlock, blockIdx, blk, blockMeasureCtx, styleOverride, kind.resource, groupHeight, spacingBefore)
+                : 'whole';
+            if (sliced === 'dropped') {
                 flushPendingNumberingAtBoundary();
                 continue;
             }
+            const columnBefore = col;
+            if (sliced === 'whole') {
+                enterBand(blockIdx, 0);
+                placeAtomicBlock(blk, groupHeight, spacingBefore, cursor, doc, geomResolved, contentArea, pageWidthPx, pageHeightPx, onAtomicNewPage(groupHeight));
+                enterBand(blockIdx, 0);
+                // Too tall for the room left in its column, a wrapped picture moved
+                // on with its anchor: say so.
+                if (wraps && currentColumn(doc, cursor) !== columnBefore && columnBefore.blocks.length > 0) {
+                    textWrapNotes.push({
+                        kind: 'textWrap', reason: 'moved', resourceId: kind.resource.id,
+                        sourceStart: rawBlock.sourceStart + bodyOffset, sourceEnd: rawBlock.sourceEnd + bodyOffset, pageIndex: cursor.pageIndex,
+                    });
+                }
+                // `placeBlockInColumn` (inside placeAtomicBlock) shifts `blk.lines`; the
+                // resource's own caption/table lines live on `resourceBlock` and must be
+                // offset to absolute page coordinates here using the placed bbox origin.
+                offsetResourceBlockToAbsolute(resourceBlock, blk.bbox.x, blk.bbox.y);
+                const grown = figureGrowPx > 0 ? resourceBlock.bodyFlex?.delta ?? 0 : 0;
+                if (grown > 0.01) {
+                    blk.balancing = { levers: ['flexFigure'], spaceAbove: 0, bodyGrowth: grown };
+                    addBalanceExtra(currentColumn(doc, cursor), grown);
+                }
+                doc.blocks.push(blk);
+                // A wrapped picture (#627): the flow goes on under it and its gap, on
+                // a grid line, unless the next block takes the band back to run
+                // beside it (see `pendingWrap`).
+                if (wraps && wrapSpec) {
+                    const rCol = currentColumn(doc, cursor);
+                    const top = blk.bbox.y;
+                    const bottomRel = Math.ceil((top - rCol.bbox.y + groupHeight + wrapGap - 0.01) / baselineGrid) * baselineGrid;
+                    rCol.availableHeight = Math.max(0, Math.min(rCol.availableHeight, rCol.bbox.height - bottomRel));
+                    pendingSpacing = 0;
+                    inlineGapOwed = null;
+                    const exWidth = wrapExclusionWidth(rCol.bbox.width, rCol.bbox.width * wrapSpec.width, wrapGap);
+                    pendingWrap = {
+                        col: rCol,
+                        blocks: rCol.blocks.length,
+                        cursorY: columnCursorY(rCol),
+                        ex: {
+                            x: wrapSpec.side === 'left' ? rCol.bbox.x : rCol.bbox.x + rCol.bbox.width - exWidth,
+                            y: top,
+                            width: exWidth,
+                            height: rCol.bbox.y + bottomRel - top,
+                            side: wrapSpec.side,
+                            gap: exWidth - rCol.bbox.width * wrapSpec.width,
+                            ownerId: blk.id,
+                        },
+                    };
+                    flushPendingNumberingAtBoundary();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
             // Snap the flow position after the resource to the baseline grid (the
             // group height is arbitrary), baking in at least marginBottom — same
             // convention as snapped headings — so the following text lands back on
@@ -5625,7 +6304,9 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             /** Column balancing: the levers applied to this placement, stamped
              *  on the block it places (`VDTBlock.balancing`). */
             let balancing;
-            if (!isFirstInColumn) {
+            // (Right under a float at the head of the opener's own column, #639,
+            // the block starts as at a column's head: no space above it.)
+            if (!isFirstInColumn && !underOpenerHeadFloat(curCol)) {
                 spacingBefore = pendingSpacing;
                 if (vdtType === 'heading' || vdtType === 'mathDisplay') {
                     spacingBefore = Math.max(partIndex === 0 ? pendingBeforeSelfSnapping(blockIdx) : spacingBefore, style.marginTopPx);
@@ -5860,7 +6541,9 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
             // the tail follows the list naturally in the next column.
             if (endsWithColon
                 && partIndex === 0
-                && totalRemainHeight <= effectiveAvailable
+                // The tolerance of the fit check below (#635): a paragraph that
+                // fits by a hair of drift is one this rule reads too.
+                && totalRemainHeight <= effectiveAvailable + FIT_EPS
                 && curCol.blocks.length > 0) {
                 const usedHeight = (curCol.bbox.height - curCol.availableHeight) + spacingBefore;
                 const paragraphBottom = usedHeight + totalRemainHeight;
@@ -5884,7 +6567,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 // there, by the rules that split it — a two-line item the orphan
                 // and widow rules keep whole needs both. `'line'` keeps the 1.4
                 // check, one line.
-                if (availableAfter < minSpaceForList
+                if (availableAfter < minSpaceForList - FIT_EPS
                     || (resolved.bodyText.colonListRoom === 'item'
                         && !firstListItemStarts(blockIdx, availableAfter - effectiveGap, curCol.bbox.width, blockMeasureCtx))) {
                     const effectiveWidowMin = resolved.bodyText.avoidWidows
@@ -6086,7 +6769,10 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                     // A `:::space` between the heading and its text needs room too.
                     const minSpaceAfter = minLinesNeeded * bodyStyle.lineHeightPx
                         + spaceLinesAfter(contentBlocks, blockIdx) * baselineGrid;
-                    if (remainAfterHeading < minSpaceAfter) {
+                    // The room is a difference of grid sums and the need a product:
+                    // a head whose text ends on the last line of the column is short
+                    // by floating-point drift alone (#635), and stays.
+                    if (remainAfterHeading < minSpaceAfter - FIT_EPS) {
                         if (curCol.blocks.length === 0)
                             shortColumnMoves++;
                         // Roll back any immediately-preceding heading blocks in this
@@ -6189,7 +6875,7 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
                 // its margin and grid snap would carry the block past the foot: it
                 // takes the rest of the column instead, as a design reaching past
                 // the foot does (the text after it opens the next column or page).
-                if (vdtType === 'heading' && effectiveRemainHeight > totalRemainHeight && h > curCol.availableHeight) {
+                if (vdtType === 'heading' && effectiveRemainHeight > totalRemainHeight && h > curCol.availableHeight + FIT_EPS) {
                     h = Math.max(effectiveRemainHeight, curCol.availableHeight);
                 }
                 placeBlockInColumn(blk, h, curCol, cursor);
@@ -6581,6 +7267,25 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     // End of the document: level the closing band and place any floats still
     // pending (referenced on the last page) on pages appended after it.
     closeFlowSegment(contentBlocks.length);
+    // Nothing leaves the layout unseen (#639): a box or a float still in a
+    // queue here is on no page, and the build says so.
+    const unplaced = [];
+    const sourceOf = (from, to) => {
+        const first = contentBlocks[from];
+        const last = contentBlocks[to];
+        return first && last ? { sourceStart: first.sourceStart + bodyOffset, sourceEnd: last.sourceEnd + bodyOffset } : {};
+    };
+    for (const box of [...awaitingSideBoxes.map((w) => w.box), ...pendingSideBoxes]) {
+        unplaced.push({ kind: 'unplaced', ...sourceOf(box.startIdx, box.plan.endIdx) });
+    }
+    for (const f of pendingFloats) {
+        const box = f.callout ? calloutFloats.get(f.callout.startIdx) : undefined;
+        unplaced.push(box
+            ? { kind: 'unplaced', ...sourceOf(f.callout.startIdx, box.plan.endIdx) }
+            : { kind: 'unplaced', resourceId: f.resourceId, ...sourceOf(f.firstBlockIdx, f.firstBlockIdx) });
+    }
+    if (unplaced.length > 0)
+        unplacedByDoc.set(doc, unplaced);
     // The notes, in the room the flow reserved for them.
     reserveLeftoverNotes();
     setColumnNotes();
@@ -6704,13 +7409,17 @@ function placeDocumentPass(content, config, cache, options, hints) {
     });
     if (shrunk.length > 0)
         floatShrinkWarningsByDoc.set(doc, shrunk);
-    if (textWrapNotes.length > 0)
-        textWrapWarningsByDoc.set(doc, textWrapNotes);
-    return { doc, forcedBreakPages, bandCapProposals, spanPlacedInBand, bandCapsApplied, looseOutcome, captionUnderProposals };
+    if (textWrapNotes.length > 0 || columnsNotes.length > 0)
+        textWrapWarningsByDoc.set(doc, [...textWrapNotes, ...columnsNotes]);
+    const { proposals: citingPageProposals, refused: citingPageRefused } = settleCitingPageFloats();
+    return { doc, forcedBreakPages, bandCapProposals, spanPlacedInBand, bandCapsApplied, looseOutcome, looseOffGrid, captionUnderProposals, citingPageProposals, citingPageRefused };
 }
 /** Passes a document printing its own contents gets at most, beyond the
  *  first, for the page labels it prints to settle. */
 const MAX_TOC_ROUNDS = 3;
+/** Rounds of proposals for floats heading their citing page (#633), each a
+ *  placement pass, before the band caps run. */
+const MAX_CITING_PAGE_ROUNDS = 3;
 export function buildDocument(content, config, cache, options) {
     return drainPasses(buildDocumentGen(content, config, cache, options));
 }
@@ -6754,6 +7463,12 @@ export async function buildDocumentAsync(content, config, cache, options) {
 }
 /** The build as a generator: one `yield` after every placement pass. */
 export function* buildDocumentGen(content, config, cache, options) {
+    // Faces that arrived since the last build drop what was measured in
+    // their families, and a config changed in place resolves again (#629).
+    const fontSet = options?.fontSet === undefined ? defaultFontSet() : options.fontSet;
+    if (fontSet)
+        syncFontSet(fontSet);
+    validateConfigCache(config);
     const doc = yield* buildDocumentRounds(content, config, cache, options);
     // References and markup the source names wrongly: read from the source
     // once, located on the pages of the finished layout. Kept apart from
@@ -6767,6 +7482,9 @@ export function* buildDocumentGen(content, config, cache, options) {
     // whose letter-spacing such words do not take.
     // Line numbers set over a float of the side column (#621).
     const loose = [...cjkLooseLineWarnings(doc), ...wordOverflowWarnings(doc), ...(joiningSpacingWarnings.get(doc) ?? []), ...(dropCapWarningsByDoc.get(doc) ?? []), ...lineNumberWarnings(doc), ...codeOverflowWarnings(doc), ...(floatShrinkWarningsByDoc.get(doc) ?? []), ...(textWrapWarningsByDoc.get(doc) ?? [])];
+    // Side boxes and side floats set on pages after the text, and what the
+    // layout could place nowhere (#639).
+    loose.push(...afterTextWarnings(doc), ...(unplacedByDoc.get(doc) ?? []));
     // Design texts cut to fit their width (#628).
     loose.push(...designTruncationWarnings(doc));
     // Comic panels whose cell cannot hold their picture's safe area (#556).
@@ -6794,8 +7512,12 @@ export function* buildDocumentGen(content, config, cache, options) {
     const harakat = annotateArabicMarks(doc);
     // The rules over `*…*` runs under `bodyText.emphasis: 'overline'`.
     overlineEmphasis(doc);
-    if (located.length > 0 || loose.length > 0 || annotations.length > 0 || harakat.length > 0) {
-        doc.contentWarnings = [...located, ...loose, ...annotations, ...harakat];
+    // Faces the text was set in that the font set could not give (#629).
+    const fallbacks = fontSet && resolveDebugConfig(config?.debug).warnings.missingFont
+        ? fontFallbacks(documentFontFaces(doc), fontSet).map((f) => ({ kind: 'fontFallback', family: f.family, weight: f.weight, style: f.style, reason: f.reason }))
+        : [];
+    if (located.length > 0 || loose.length > 0 || annotations.length > 0 || harakat.length > 0 || fallbacks.length > 0) {
+        doc.contentWarnings = [...located, ...loose, ...annotations, ...harakat, ...fallbacks];
     }
     // Config values the build replaced (an unknown number format, a font
     // stack, a side column no column width can take): walked once per build,
@@ -6815,8 +7537,33 @@ const joiningSpacingWarnings = new WeakMap();
 const dropCapWarningsByDoc = new WeakMap();
 /** The `floatShrunk` warnings of a build (#626), found by its last pass. */
 const floatShrinkWarningsByDoc = new WeakMap();
-/** The `textWrap` warnings of a build (#627), found by its last pass. */
+/** The `textWrap` warnings of a build (#627) and its `columnsTooNarrow`
+ *  ones (#634), found by its last pass. */
 const textWrapWarningsByDoc = new WeakMap();
+/** What a pass set in the side column of a page opened after the text of
+ *  its chapter (#639): a side box's frame, a side float's block, with the
+ *  source range an `afterText` warning points at. Read from the finished
+ *  layout, so the blocks a splice keeps bring their note along. */
+const setAfterText = new WeakMap();
+/** The `unplaced` warnings of a build (#639): what its last pass left in
+ *  its queues. */
+const unplacedByDoc = new WeakMap();
+/** An `afterText` warning for each side box and side float set after the
+ *  text (`setAfterText`) on a page whose text columns hold nothing: one a
+ *  barrier box then shared with them holds text again. */
+function afterTextWarnings(doc) {
+    const out = [];
+    for (const page of doc.pages) {
+        if (!page.floats || page.columns.some((c) => c.kind !== 'side' && c.blocks.length > 0))
+            continue;
+        for (const block of page.floats) {
+            const note = setAfterText.get(block);
+            if (note)
+                out.push({ kind: 'afterText', ...note, pageIndex: page.index });
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
 /** `doc` with the page of each of its index marks (`doc.indexMarks`). */
 function withIndexMarks(doc, content) {
     const { content: body, contentOffset } = extractFrontmatter(content.markdown);
@@ -6835,6 +7582,10 @@ function withIndexMarks(doc, content) {
 /** {@link buildDocumentGen} before the document-wide warnings: the
  *  contents rounds around the balanced build. */
 function* buildDocumentRounds(content, config, cache, options) {
+    // The floats heading their citing page (#633) carry over from one round
+    // of the contents or of the note numbers to the next: the layout barely
+    // moves between them, and each round would otherwise settle them again.
+    const citing = { hints: new Map(), refused: new Set() };
     // A document printing its own table of contents (`:::toc` with no
     // host-supplied outline) is laid out with the page labels of the previous
     // build until they no longer change: the contents' own length moves what
@@ -6851,18 +7602,18 @@ function* buildDocumentRounds(content, config, cache, options) {
         };
         if (hasTocDirective(parsed) || hasIndexDirective(parsed) || pageRefs()) {
             let outline = computeOutline(parsed, resolveAllConfig(config), content.continuation?.headings, content.continuation?.statementCounters);
-            let doc = withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered({ ...content, outline }, config, cache, options, 0), content);
+            let doc = withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered({ ...content, outline }, config, cache, options, 0, citing), content);
             for (let round = 0; round < MAX_TOC_ROUNDS; round++) {
                 const after = outlineFromDoc(doc, outline);
                 if (sameOutline(after, outline))
                     break;
                 outline = after;
-                doc = withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered({ ...content, outline }, config, cache, options, round + 1), content);
+                doc = withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered({ ...content, outline }, config, cache, options, round + 1, citing), content);
             }
             return doc;
         }
     }
-    return withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered(content, config, cache, options), content);
+    return withIndexMarks(yield* buildDocumentNumbered(content, config, cache, options, 0, citing), content);
 }
 /** The number each note's marker prints in `doc` (its first marker). */
 function printedFootnoteNumbers(doc) {
@@ -6892,8 +7643,8 @@ const MAX_FOOTNOTE_ROUNDS = 3;
  * width whatever its number, so the second build reflows nothing and the
  * numbers hold; a decimal one may move a line (9 → 10), hence the bound.
  */
-function* buildDocumentNumbered(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0) {
-    let doc = yield* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound);
+function* buildDocumentNumbered(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, citing) {
+    let doc = yield* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound, undefined, citing);
     const f = doc.config.footnotes;
     if ((f.placement !== 'column' && f.placement !== 'spread') || (f.numbering !== 'page' && f.numbering !== 'column' && f.numbering !== 'spread'))
         return doc;
@@ -6911,12 +7662,15 @@ function* buildDocumentNumbered(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0) {
             next.set(id, number);
         if (sameFootnoteNumbers(next, used))
             break;
-        doc = yield* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound, next);
+        doc = yield* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound, next, citing);
     }
     return doc;
 }
 const now = () => (typeof performance !== 'undefined' ? performance.now() : Date.now());
-function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, footnoteNumbers) {
+function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, footnoteNumbers, 
+/** Floats heading their citing page settled by an earlier round of the
+ *  same build (#633): seeds the hints and the refusals. */
+citing = { hints: new Map(), refused: new Set() }) {
     // Each pass reports its own progress, numbered in build order.
     let passIndex = 0;
     const onProgress = options?.onProgress;
@@ -6927,12 +7681,28 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
     // Side captions moved under their figure (see `PassHints.captionUnder`):
     // once a pass asks for one, every later pass keeps it.
     const captionUnder = new Set();
+    // Loose paragraphs any pass found would gain their line only off the
+    // character grid (#632): the columns they leave short say so.
+    const looseOffGrid = new Set();
+    // Floats heading the page or column that cites them (#633,
+    // `PassHints.citingPageFloats`): once a pass keeps one there, every later
+    // pass opens that page with it; a float refused once (its citing line
+    // left the page, or it could not be set there) is never proposed again.
+    const citingPage = citing.hints;
+    const citingRefused = citing.refused;
     const runPass = (hints) => {
         passIndex++;
         const started = onPass ? now() : 0;
-        const result = buildDocumentPass(content, config, cache, passOptions, { ...hints, captionUnder, ...(footnoteNumbers ? { footnoteNumbers } : {}) });
+        const result = buildDocumentPass(content, config, cache, passOptions, {
+            ...hints,
+            captionUnder,
+            ...(footnoteNumbers ? { footnoteNumbers } : {}),
+            ...(citingPage.size > 0 ? { citingPageFloats: new Map(citingPage) } : {}),
+        });
         for (const id of result.captionUnderProposals)
             captionUnder.add(id);
+        for (const k of result.looseOffGrid)
+            looseOffGrid.add(k);
         onPass?.({ pass: passIndex, tocRound, ms: now() - started, pages: result.doc.pages.length });
         return result;
     };
@@ -6949,12 +7719,55 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
         if (captionUnder.size === before)
             break;
     }
+    // --- Floats at the head of their citing page (#633) --------------------
+    // A float that may head the page (column) its citing line lands on and
+    // went on to a later one is proposed there; the next pass opens that
+    // page with it. A pass that could not keep one there (the text it pushed
+    // down took the citing line to the next page) drops it for good. A few
+    // rounds at most, as the side captions get; then any hint still refused
+    // is dropped, each pass with fewer, until every one left holds.
+    /** Drop the hints `r` could not keep; whether there were any. */
+    const dropRefusedCiting = (r) => {
+        let dropped = false;
+        for (const id of r.citingPageRefused.keys()) {
+            citingRefused.add(id);
+            if (citingPage.delete(id))
+                dropped = true;
+        }
+        return dropped;
+    };
+    for (let round = 0; round < MAX_CITING_PAGE_ROUNDS; round++) {
+        let changed = dropRefusedCiting(initial);
+        for (const [id, slot] of initial.citingPageProposals) {
+            if (citingRefused.has(id) || citingPage.has(id))
+                continue;
+            citingPage.set(id, slot);
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        if (!changed)
+            break;
+        initial = runPass();
+        yield;
+    }
+    while (dropRefusedCiting(initial)) {
+        initial = runPass();
+        yield;
+    }
     // --- Band caps (page-span blocks mid-page) -----------------------------
     // A span block that arrived in an uneven band proposes a cap; the driver
     // re-places the document with it (and grows / drops caps whose band
     // overflowed) before balancing runs. Documents without such blocks get
     // their first pass back untouched — no extra pass.
-    const bands = yield* resolveBandCapsGen(initial, (bandCaps) => runPass({ bandCaps }));
+    let bands = yield* resolveBandCapsGen(initial, (bandCaps) => runPass({ bandCaps }));
+    // A cap that took a citing line off the page its float heads: drop that
+    // float's hint and settle the caps again without it.
+    while (dropRefusedCiting(bands.result)) {
+        initial = runPass();
+        yield;
+        const passes = bands.passCount;
+        bands = yield* resolveBandCapsGen(initial, (bandCaps) => runPass({ bandCaps }));
+        bands = { ...bands, passCount: bands.passCount + passes + 1 };
+    }
     let best = bands.result;
     const bandCaps = bands.bandCaps;
     let passCount = bands.passCount;
@@ -6980,8 +7793,20 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
     // balances exactly as its chapters would one by one, instead of one
     // cascade anywhere costing every page of the book a pass.
     const balancing = best.doc.config.headings.balancing;
-    if (!balancing.enabled)
+    const onGrid = best.doc.config.cjk.grid.enabled;
+    // Why the columns of a page on a character grid may end short (#632):
+    // balancing off by the grid's default (vertical text has it off by its
+    // own), or its whole-line levers kept out.
+    const gridBalancing = onGrid
+        ? (!balancing.enabled
+            ? (config?.headings?.balancing?.enabled === undefined && best.doc.config.layout.writingMode !== 'vertical-rl' ? { off: true } : undefined)
+            : (balancing.gridLines === 'off' ? { gridLines: 'off' } : undefined))
+        : undefined;
+    if (!balancing.enabled) {
+        if (gridBalancing)
+            best.doc.gridBalancing = gridBalancing;
         return best.doc;
+    }
     /** Levers accepted so far, over every segment (keyed by content index /
      *  `balanceKey`; each key belongs to exactly one segment). */
     const applied = { lines: new Map(), loose: new Map() };
@@ -7101,6 +7926,11 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
         if (!sameContent(blocks, next.doc.blocks))
             return best;
         const doc = { ...best.doc, pages, blocks, ...(warnings.length > 0 ? { warnings } : { warnings: undefined }) };
+        // It holds what `next` holds: what `next` placed nowhere is still
+        // missing from it (#639).
+        const unplaced = unplacedByDoc.get(next.doc);
+        if (unplaced)
+            unplacedByDoc.set(doc, unplaced);
         const pageBest = pageOfContent(best.doc);
         const pageNext = pageOfContent(next.doc);
         const mergeMap = (a, b) => {
@@ -7130,7 +7960,10 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
             spanPlacedInBand: mergeSet(best.spanPlacedInBand, next.spanPlacedInBand),
             bandCapsApplied: mergeSet(best.bandCapsApplied, next.bandCapsApplied),
             looseOutcome: mergeMap(best.looseOutcome, next.looseOutcome),
+            looseOffGrid: new Set([...best.looseOffGrid, ...next.looseOffGrid]),
             captionUnderProposals: new Set([...best.captionUnderProposals, ...next.captionUnderProposals]),
+            citingPageProposals: best.citingPageProposals,
+            citingPageRefused: best.citingPageRefused,
         };
     };
     /**
@@ -7200,6 +8033,7 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
                 failedLoose,
                 failedLines,
                 closingBox: balancing.closingBox,
+                ...(onGrid && balancing.gridLines === 'off' ? { gridLines: false } : {}),
             });
             // The levers newly proposed, by segment; those of a segment that is
             // done (plateaued, out of attempts) are withdrawn from the pass.
@@ -7265,7 +8099,10 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
                 // a levelled closing band spills past its cut) is a regression —
                 // capped columns without their box are not a layout we may keep.
                 const capsDelivered = [...bandCaps.keys()].every((i) => !inRange(s.range, capPage.get(i)) || next.spanPlacedInBand.has(i));
-                const score = capsDelivered && wholeIntact(next, s, si === segments.length - 1)
+                // So is one that loses a float heading its citing page (#633): the
+                // levers pushed its citing line off it.
+                const citingKept = ![...next.citingPageRefused.keys()].some((id) => inRange(s.range, citingPage.get(id)?.pageIndex));
+                const score = capsDelivered && citingKept && wholeIntact(next, s, si === segments.length - 1)
                     ? gapLinesIn(nextGaps, s.range)
                     : Infinity;
                 // Loose paragraphs that gained no line at any tracking rung are
@@ -7348,7 +8185,9 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
         const frozen = hintsFrom(applied.lines, applied.loose);
         const trailing = yield* resolveTrailingCapsGen(best, bandCaps, (caps) => runPass({ ...frozen, bandCaps: caps, floatPages: floatPagesOf(best.doc) }));
         passCount += trailing.passCount;
-        if (trailing.result !== best) {
+        // A cap that takes a citing line off the page its float heads (#633)
+        // is not kept.
+        if (trailing.result !== best && trailing.result.citingPageRefused.size === 0) {
             best = trailing.result;
             for (const [i, cap] of trailing.caps)
                 bandCaps.set(i, cap);
@@ -7364,8 +8203,41 @@ function* buildDocumentBalanced(content, config, cache, options, tocRound = 0, f
     }
     best.doc.iterationCount = passCount;
     best.doc.converged = segments.every((s) => s.stable || s.bestScore === 0);
+    if (onGrid)
+        markGridRefusals(best.doc, best.forcedBreakPages, looseOffGrid, gridBalancing);
     return best.doc;
 }
+/**
+ * Column balancing on a character grid (#632): stamp the document with why
+ * its balancing is limited (`VDTDocument.gridBalancing`) and every column
+ * still short with the levers the grid kept from it
+ * (`VDTColumn.gridRefused`): the loose paragraphs that would have gained
+ * their line off the grid (`offGrid`), and the whole-line levers under
+ * `headings.balancing.gridLines: 'off'`.
+ */
+function markGridRefusals(doc, forcedBreakPages, offGrid, gridBalancing) {
+    if (gridBalancing)
+        doc.gridBalancing = gridBalancing;
+    const noLines = gridBalancing?.gridLines === 'off';
+    for (const gap of collectColumnGaps(doc, forcedBreakPages)) {
+        if (gap.gapLines < 1)
+            continue;
+        const refused = new Set();
+        for (const c of gap.candidates) {
+            if (noLines && GRID_LINE_LEVERS.includes(c.kind))
+                refused.add(c.kind);
+            else if (c.kind === 'looseParagraph' && offGrid.has(c.contentIndex))
+                refused.add(c.kind);
+        }
+        if (refused.size === 0)
+            continue;
+        const col = doc.pages[gap.pageIndex]?.columns[gap.columnIndex];
+        if (col)
+            col.gridRefused = BALANCE_LEVER_ORDER.filter((l) => refused.has(l));
+    }
+}
+/** The balancing levers in the order `BalanceLever` lists them. */
+const BALANCE_LEVER_ORDER = ['trailingCallout', 'flexFigure', 'heading', 'listEnd', 'afterDisplay', 'afterFloat', 'looseParagraph'];
 /** Whether two lines set one bayt of a poem (`VDTLine.verse`), which a
  *  column never cuts. */
 function sameBayt(a, b) {