postext 1.15.1 → 1.16.0

package/dist/measure/cjkCompose.js

@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@
  * segment of its own. A line that needs more than the cap (½ em, or
  * `bodyText.maxJustifyTracking` when set) is set with the cap and flagged
  * `cjkLoose` and `ragged`; a line with no CJK character on it (the head of
- * a long web address) is set `ragged` without the flag.
+ * a long web address) is set `ragged` without the flag. Japanese
+ * full-width text (`isJlreqSpacing`) follows JLReq §3.8 instead where it
+ * differs: a line takes one more character by giving up blank in Table 3's
+ * order (`fitLine`), and is never spread inside a bracket or next to
+ * 、。・？！, a hyphen or U+3000 (`gapStretches`, JLReq §3.1.11).
  *
  * Segments: a Western run keeps one of its own, and single characters
  * share one only when they have one style, link and spacing and advance
@@ -29,18 +33,20 @@
  * and a Markdown link covers only its own.
  */
 import { createBoundingBox } from '../vdt';
+import { isJapaneseLanguage } from '../locale';
 import { lineMeasure } from './types';
 import { measureInkBox, measureInkExtent, measureTextWidth, normalSpaceWidthFor } from './canvas';
 import { atomicSpanToken, setLabelTabs, emergencySplit, expandSmallCaps, pickSpanFont, scriptMetrics, setsObject, spanScriptFields, stackedScriptPairs, textWidth, tokenSegment, URL_LIKE_RE, urlBreakIndices, } from './rich';
-import { cjkBreakAllowed, cjkClassOf, getCjkLineBreak, isCjkGrapheme, isFullwidthAlnum, isFullwidthDigit, isLineEndProhibited, isLineStartProhibited, isWordInnerMark, } from './cjkClasses';
+import { cjkBreakAllowed, cjkClassOf, getCjkLineBreak, isCjkGrapheme, isFullwidthAlnum, isFullwidthDigit, isJapaneseLineBreak, isLineEndProhibited, isLineStartProhibited, isWordInnerMark, } from './cjkClasses';
 import { hasCJK } from './cjk';
 import { graphemeCount, graphemesOf, lastGrapheme } from './graphemes';
 import { isBreakingSpace } from './spaces';
 import { trimChipLineEdges } from './chipEdges';
-import { cellAdvance, fontEm, fontFamilyOf, getMeasureRegion, getMeasureUprightDigits, getMeasureWritingMode, lineBaselineOffset, measureCentralBaseline, verticalTrackCount, withMeasureWritingMode } from './vertical';
-import { verticalRuns } from '../writingMode';
-import { foldWidth, isZhuyin, noteRowBaselines, readingAdvance, rubyGeometry, splitNote, withFontSize, ZHUYIN_SIZE_RATIO } from './cjkAnnotate';
-import { applyLineEdges, boxCut, carryStopBlank, compositionFor, compressPair, getCjkComposition, isLatinSpacingHan, isLatinSpacingLatin, isPlainComposition, latinSpacingPx, lineEdgeCut, mayHang, punctuationBox, punctuationShrink, routesSharedMarks, shrinkPunctuation, shrinkStep, } from './cjkPunctuation';
+import { cellAdvance, flowTextWidth, fontEm, fontFamilyOf, getMeasureRegion, getMeasureUprightDigits, getMeasureWritingMode, lineBaselineOffset, measureCentralBaseline, verticalTrackCount, withMeasureWritingMode } from './vertical';
+import { isUprightMarkPair, verticalRuns } from '../writingMode';
+import { foldWidth, isZhuyin, kuntenGeometry, noteRowBaselines, readingAdvance, readingBaseline, rubyGeometry, splitNote, withFontSize, ZHUYIN_SIZE_RATIO } from './cjkAnnotate';
+import { boxesWidth, fullSizeKana, layoutJisRuby, layoutJukugo } from './rubyJis';
+import { applyLineEdges, blankEnd, blankStart, boxCut, carryStopBlank, compositionFor, compressPair, getCjkComposition, isLatinSpacingHan, isLatinSpacingLatin, isJlreqSpacing, isPlainComposition, jlreqShrinkStep, latinSpacingPx, lineEdgeCut, mayHang, punctuationBox, punctuationShrink, routesSharedMarks, shrinkPunctuation, shrinkStep, } from './cjkPunctuation';
 /** Fit tolerance of the breaker (px): running sums of many widths may
  *  land a hair past a measure they fill exactly. */
 const FIT_EPS = 1e-6;
@@ -97,11 +103,13 @@ export function isCjkParagraph(text) {
 export function composesAsCjk(text) {
     return hasCJK(text) && isCjkParagraph(text);
 }
-/** The marks a span sets on its characters (#193), the emphasis dots'
- *  defaults filled in: a filled dot (an open circle), under the text, or
- *  right of it in vertical text. */
+/** The marks a span sets on its characters (#193, #421), the defaults
+ *  of what the span leaves unset filled in (`cjk.emphasisMark` has filled
+ *  the region's in already, `pipeline/annotations.ts`): emphasis dots a
+ *  filled dot (an open circle), a side line solid; both under the text,
+ *  or right of it in vertical text. */
 export function spanMarks(span, vertical) {
-    if (!span.emphasisMark && span.properName === undefined && !span.bookTitle)
+    if (!span.emphasisMark && span.properName === undefined && !span.bookTitle && !span.sideline)
         return undefined;
     const marks = {};
     if (span.emphasisMark) {
@@ -116,6 +124,13 @@ export function spanMarks(span, vertical) {
         marks.properName = span.properName;
     if (span.bookTitle)
         marks.bookTitle = span.bookTitle.id;
+    if (span.sideline) {
+        marks.sideline = {
+            id: span.sideline.id,
+            style: span.sideline.style ?? 'solid',
+            position: span.sideline.position ?? (vertical ? 'over' : 'under'),
+        };
+    }
     return marks;
 }
 /** The part of a style key the marks and added characters make. */
@@ -123,14 +138,32 @@ function marksKey(marks, inserted) {
     if (!marks && !inserted)
         return '';
     const d = marks?.dots;
-    return `|m:${d ? `${d.style}${d.fill}${d.position}` : ''}:${marks?.properName ?? ''}:${marks?.bookTitle ?? ''}${inserted ? ':ins' : ''}`;
+    const l = marks?.sideline;
+    return `|m:${d ? `${d.style}${d.fill}${d.position}` : ''}:${marks?.properName ?? ''}:${marks?.bookTitle ?? ''}${l ? `:sl${l.id}${l.style}${l.position}` : ''}${inserted ? ':ins' : ''}`;
+}
+/**
+ * The language a span's isolate names (the innermost that names one,
+ * `:ltr[…]{lang=en}`), which its segments carry (`VDTLineSegment.lang`)
+ * so the renderers declare it (a PDF `Span` with its `/Lang`) and shape it
+ * in its own forms (#427): in a Japanese document (the `japan` region), or
+ * for an isolate in Japanese. A segment then never holds text of two
+ * languages. Other composed text carries none, as before.
+ */
+function spanLanguageHere(span) {
+    let lang;
+    for (let d = span.direction; d && lang === undefined; d = d.outer)
+        lang = d.lang;
+    if (lang === undefined)
+        return undefined;
+    return getMeasureRegion() === 'japan' || isJapaneseLanguage(lang) ? lang : undefined;
 }
 function styleOf(span, fonts, vertical = false) {
     const script = spanScriptFields(span, fonts.normal, fonts.bold, fonts.italic, fonts.boldItalic);
     const font = script.scriptFont ?? pickSpanFont(span.bold, span.italic, fonts.normal, fonts.bold, fonts.italic, fonts.boldItalic);
     const marks = spanMarks(span, vertical);
+    const lang = spanLanguageHere(span);
     return {
-        key: `${span.bold ? 'b' : ''}${span.italic ? 'i' : ''}${span.captionLabel ? 'c' : ''}${span.smallCaps ? 's' : ''}|${script.script ?? ''}|${font}|${script.baselineShift ?? ''}${marksKey(marks, span.inserted)}`,
+        key: `${span.bold ? 'b' : ''}${span.italic ? 'i' : ''}${span.captionLabel ? 'c' : ''}${span.smallCaps ? 's' : ''}|${script.script ?? ''}|${font}|${script.baselineShift ?? ''}${marksKey(marks, span.inserted)}${lang !== undefined ? `|lang:${lang}` : ''}`,
         bold: span.bold,
         italic: span.italic,
         ...(span.captionLabel ? { captionLabel: true } : {}),
@@ -139,6 +172,7 @@ function styleOf(span, fonts, vertical = false) {
         font,
         ...(marks ? { marks } : {}),
         ...(span.inserted ? { inserted: true } : {}),
+        ...(lang !== undefined ? { lang } : {}),
     };
 }
 /** A grapheme set as a Chinese character here: a CJK grapheme, unless it
@@ -244,6 +278,7 @@ function rubyBaseUnit(span, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical) {
     let position = ruby.position ?? (isZhuyin(ruby.text) ? 'right' : 'over');
     if (vertical && position === 'right')
         position = 'over';
+    const jis = isJisRuby(ruby, position);
     return {
         kind: 'text',
         text: span.text,
@@ -255,9 +290,198 @@ function rubyBaseUnit(span, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical) {
         lastCjk: isCjkGrapheme(lastG),
         style,
         at: 0,
-        ruby: { span: ruby, position },
+        ruby: { span: ruby, position, ...(jis ? { base: width } : {}) },
     };
 }
+/** Whether a ruby is set by the Japanese rules (#422, `rubyJis.ts`): one
+ *  over or under its base, not zhuyin, that has an alignment, an overhang
+ *  rule, a jukugo word, a `mode=mono` or full-size kana (in Japan every
+ *  reading has the first two). Others keep the clreq geometry. */
+function isJisRuby(ruby, position) {
+    if (position === 'right' || isZhuyin(ruby.text))
+        return false;
+    return !!(ruby.align || ruby.overhang || ruby.jukugo || ruby.mono || ruby.fullKana);
+}
+/** Hiragana, katakana (small kana, half-width forms and ー too): what a
+ *  reading may pass onto under `cjk.ruby.overhang: 'kana'`. */
+const KANA_RE = /^[\u3041-\u3096\u309D-\u309F\u30A1-\u30FA\u30FC-\u30FF\u31F0-\u31FF\uFF66-\uFF9F]/u;
+/** How far a Japanese reading may pass its base (or its jukugo word)
+ *  onto the unit `v` beside it (`before`: `v` precedes it), px (JLReq
+ *  §3.3.8, see `CjkRubyOverhang`); 0 at the paragraph's edge. `prev` is
+ *  the unit before `v`, whose reading may already run onto it. */
+function rubyOverhangOnto(v, before, prev, mode, rubyEm) {
+    if (!v || mode === 'none')
+        return 0;
+    if (mode === undefined) {
+        // clreq: a quarter of the ruby em onto a neighbour without a reading,
+        // as the other rubies of the paragraph (`sizeRubies`).
+        if (v.kind !== 'text' || v.note)
+            return 0;
+        if (!v.ruby)
+            return rubyEm / 4;
+        const theirs = v.ruby.geometry?.rtWidth ?? readingAdvance(v.ruby.span.text, v.ruby.span.fontString ?? v.style.font, v.ruby.position);
+        return Math.max(0, Math.min(rubyEm / 4, (v.width - theirs) / 2 - rubyEm / 4));
+    }
+    if (v.kind === 'atomic' || v.note || v.warichu)
+        return 0;
+    // A space: its width; never the space between Japanese and Latin text,
+    // whose other side is a Western letter.
+    if (v.kind === 'space')
+        return v.auto ? 0 : Math.min(mode === 'any' ? rubyEm / 2 : rubyEm, v.width);
+    if (v.ruby) {
+        // Another base: only its reading's free room, and none in kana mode.
+        if (mode !== 'any')
+            return 0;
+        const theirs = v.ruby.chars ? v.ruby.chars.reduce((w, c) => w + c.width, 0) : readingAdvance(v.ruby.span.text, v.ruby.span.fontString ?? v.style.font, v.ruby.position);
+        return Math.max(0, Math.min(rubyEm / 2, (v.width - theirs) / 2));
+    }
+    if (mode === 'any')
+        return rubyEm / 2;
+    // `kana`: two readings never share a kana from both sides; the later
+    // one keeps to its base (JLReq §3.3.8 note).
+    if (before && prev?.ruby?.geometry && prev.ruby.jis) {
+        const g = prev.ruby.geometry;
+        const reach = g.runs.reduce((hi, r) => Math.max(hi, r.dx + flowTextWidth(r.text, r.fontString)), -Infinity);
+        if (reach > g.width + 1e-6)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    const box = v.punct;
+    const cls = before ? v.last : v.first;
+    if (box) {
+        // A mark: its blank on the reading's side, never its glyph; at most
+        // half a ruby character onto an opening bracket. …… and ―― take a
+        // ruby character.
+        if (box.cls === 'opening')
+            return rubyEm / 2;
+        if (box.cls === 'dash' || box.cls === 'ellipsis')
+            return rubyEm;
+        return Math.min(rubyEm, before ? blankEnd(box) : blankStart(box));
+    }
+    if (cls === 'opening')
+        return rubyEm / 2;
+    if (cls === 'ideoSpace' || cls === 'dash' || cls === 'ellipsis')
+        return rubyEm;
+    // Kana, ー; never kanji, nor a Western run.
+    return !v.run && v.graphemes === 1 && KANA_RE.test(v.text) ? rubyEm : 0;
+}
+/** The bases of a Japanese ruby's units (see {@link JisRubyBase}). */
+function jisBases(us) {
+    return us.map((u) => ({ width: u.ruby.base, graphemes: u.graphemes, reading: u.ruby.chars }));
+}
+/** Lay out the bases of one Japanese ruby word (or one base). */
+function layoutJisWord(word, bases, allow) {
+    return word.jukugo ? layoutJukugo(bases, word.align, word.rubyEm, allow) : [layoutJisRuby(bases[0], word.align, word.rubyEm, allow)];
+}
+/** `u` with the box `box` of its Japanese ruby: its geometry and width. */
+function withJisBox(u, box, word) {
+    const ruby = u.ruby;
+    const font = ruby.span.fontString ?? withFontSize(u.style.font, emOfFont(u.style.font) / 2);
+    const dy = readingBaseline(ruby.span.text, font, ruby.position === 'under' ? 'under' : 'over', emOfFont(u.style.font));
+    const geometry = {
+        width: box.width,
+        inset: box.inset,
+        rtWidth: ruby.chars.reduce((w, c) => w + c.width, 0),
+        runs: box.pieces.map((p) => ({ text: p.text, dx: p.dx, dy, fontString: font })),
+        allowLeft: word.allow.start,
+        allowRight: word.allow.end,
+        ...(box.tracking > 0 ? { tracking: box.tracking } : {}),
+    };
+    return { ...u, width: box.width, ruby: { ...ruby, geometry } };
+}
+/**
+ * Lay out the Japanese rubies of a paragraph (#422, `rubyJis.ts`): each
+ * jukugo word, or each base, with what its neighbours let its reading pass
+ * onto, in order (a reading that runs onto a kana keeps the next one off
+ * it). Each base also learns how much wider it gets at a line edge
+ * (`rubyGrow`), for the breaker. Units are replaced in place.
+ */
+function sizeJisRubies(units) {
+    const n = units.length;
+    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+        const u = units[k];
+        if (!u.ruby || u.ruby.base === undefined || u.ruby.geometry)
+            continue;
+        const span = u.ruby.span;
+        let e = k;
+        if (span.jukugo) {
+            while (e + 1 < n) {
+                const v = units[e + 1].ruby;
+                if (!v || v.base === undefined || !v.span.jukugo || v.span.id !== span.id || v.position !== u.ruby.position)
+                    break;
+                e++;
+            }
+        }
+        const font = span.fontString ?? withFontSize(u.style.font, emOfFont(u.style.font) / 2);
+        const rubyEm = fontEm(font);
+        for (let q = k; q <= e; q++) {
+            const r = units[q].ruby;
+            const painted = r.span.fullKana ? fullSizeKana(r.span.text) : r.span.text;
+            r.chars = graphemesOf(painted).map((g) => ({ text: g, width: flowTextWidth(g, font) }));
+        }
+        const word = {
+            jukugo: e > k,
+            align: span.align ?? 'center',
+            rubyEm,
+            allow: {
+                start: rubyOverhangOnto(units[k - 1], true, units[k - 2], span.overhang, rubyEm),
+                end: rubyOverhangOnto(units[e + 1], false, undefined, span.overhang, rubyEm),
+            },
+        };
+        const members = units.slice(k, e + 1);
+        const bases = jisBases(members);
+        const boxes = layoutJisWord(word, bases, word.allow);
+        for (let q = k; q <= e; q++) {
+            units[q] = withJisBox(units[q], boxes[q - k], word);
+            units[q].ruby.jis = word;
+        }
+        // What the line gains when the word (or the base) opens it from that
+        // unit on, or closes it with that unit: the reading flush with the
+        // edge, the part of a word laid out alone.
+        for (let i = 0; i < boxes.length; i++) {
+            const head = boxesWidth(boxes.slice(0, i + 1));
+            const tail = boxesWidth(boxes.slice(i));
+            units[k + i].rubyGrow = {
+                start: boxesWidth(layoutJisWord(word, bases.slice(i), { start: 0, end: word.allow.end })) - tail,
+                end: boxesWidth(layoutJisWord(word, bases.slice(0, i + 1), { start: word.allow.start, end: 0 })) - head,
+            };
+        }
+        k = e;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * A line's Japanese rubies at its edges (#422, JLReq §3.3.8): a word or
+ * base that opens or closes the line is laid out again with nothing to
+ * pass onto on that side, so a longer reading is set flush with the edge
+ * and its base moves in; a jukugo word the line breaks inside is laid
+ * out again with the characters the line holds, each keeping its reading.
+ * The breaker counted what this adds (`rubyGrow`). Units that change are
+ * replaced by copies in `us`.
+ */
+function relayJisEdges(us) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < us.length; j++) {
+        const word = us[j].ruby?.jis;
+        if (!word)
+            continue;
+        let e = j;
+        while (e + 1 < us.length && us[e + 1].ruby?.jis === word)
+            e++;
+        // A word with kanbun marks (#430) keeps its layout: the marks were set
+        // against its readings (`sizeKunten`).
+        if (us.slice(j, e + 1).some((u) => u.kunten?.vdt)) {
+            j = e;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const atStart = j === 0;
+        const atEnd = e === us.length - 1;
+        if (atStart || atEnd) {
+            const allow = { start: atStart ? 0 : word.allow.start, end: atEnd ? 0 : word.allow.end };
+            const boxes = layoutJisWord(word, jisBases(us.slice(j, e + 1)), allow);
+            for (let q = j; q <= e; q++)
+                us[q] = withJisBox(us[q], boxes[q - j], word);
+        }
+        j = e;
+    }
+}
 /**
  * Lay out each ruby base's reading (see `cjkAnnotate.ts`): its box grows
  * to the reading less what the reading may pass it by — a quarter of the
@@ -266,6 +490,9 @@ function rubyBaseUnit(span, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical) {
  * the symbols' em). Run once the units are final.
  */
 function sizeRubies(units) {
+    // Japanese rubies first (#422): the others read their geometry.
+    if (units.some((u) => u.ruby?.base !== undefined))
+        sizeJisRubies(units);
     for (let k = 0; k < units.length; k++) {
         const u = units[k];
         if (!u.ruby || u.ruby.geometry)
@@ -395,8 +622,11 @@ function buildUnits(spans, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical = false, route = fal
     // Which units open a span and hold all of it (the candidates for stacked
     // scripts), by index.
     const wholeSpan = new Set();
+    // Where each span's units start, for the kanbun marks (#430).
+    const spanStarts = [];
     for (let si = 0; si < spans.length; si++) {
         const span = spans[si];
+        spanStarts.push(units.length);
         // A ruby base: one unit, sized with its reading once its neighbours
         // are known (`sizeRubies`).
         if (span.ruby && span.text.length > 0) {
@@ -598,6 +828,8 @@ function buildUnits(spans, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical = false, route = fal
         if (units.length === spanFirst + 1 && units[spanFirst].kind === 'text')
             wholeSpan.add(spanFirst);
     }
+    if (spans.some((s) => s.kunten))
+        attachKunten(spans, spanStarts, units);
     // A subscript and a superscript that touch are set one over the other
     // (EF-80): the first advances nothing, the second the pair's advance, and
     // the two never part.
@@ -619,10 +851,146 @@ function buildUnits(spans, fonts, letterSpacingPx, vertical = false, route = fal
             b.glueBefore = true;
         }
     }
+    if (vertical && getMeasureRegion() === 'japan')
+        combineMarkPairs(units, letterSpacingPx);
     if (route)
         routeSharedMarks(units, letterSpacingPx, vertical);
     return units;
 }
+/** Give each kanbun mark (#430) to the last unit its spans made (a space
+ *  aside): the marks go with the base's last character. `starts[i]` is
+ *  where span `i`'s units start. */
+function attachKunten(spans, starts, units) {
+    const last = new Map();
+    spans.forEach((span, i) => {
+        if (!span.kunten)
+            return;
+        const end = i + 1 < starts.length ? starts[i + 1] : units.length;
+        for (let k = end - 1; k >= starts[i]; k--) {
+            if (units[k].kind === 'space')
+                continue;
+            last.set(span.kunten, k);
+            break;
+        }
+    });
+    for (const [mark, k] of last)
+        units[k].kunten = { mark };
+}
+/**
+ * Lay out the kanbun marks of each unit that carries some (see
+ * `kuntenGeometry`): their runs, and the advance they add after the
+ * character, which joins the unit's width. Run once the units are final
+ * and the ruby readings sized (a 送り仮名 follows a reading on its side).
+ * A character inside a warichu note keeps no marks.
+ */
+function sizeKunten(units, letterSpacingPx) {
+    for (const u of units) {
+        if (!u.kunten || u.kunten.vdt || u.note || u.kind !== 'text')
+            continue;
+        const mark = u.kunten.mark;
+        if (!mark.kaeri && !mark.okuri && !mark.tate)
+            continue;
+        const em = emOfFont(u.style.font);
+        const g = u.ruby?.geometry;
+        // Where the character ends: the base inside a ruby box (a Japanese
+        // one, #422, spread by `tracking` after each character but its last),
+        // else the unit less the tracking after its last character.
+        const baseEnd = !g ? u.width - letterSpacingPx
+            : u.ruby.base !== undefined ? g.inset + u.ruby.base + (g.tracking ?? 0) * (u.graphemes - 1)
+                : u.ruby.position === 'right' ? u.width - g.rtWidth : u.width - g.inset;
+        let readingEnd;
+        if (g && u.ruby.position !== 'right') {
+            for (const r of g.runs)
+                readingEnd = Math.max(readingEnd ?? -Infinity, r.dx + flowTextWidth(r.text, r.fontString));
+        }
+        const over = u.ruby && u.ruby.position !== 'under';
+        const { extra, kunten } = kuntenGeometry({
+            ...(mark.kaeri ? { kaeri: mark.kaeri } : {}),
+            ...(mark.okuri ? { okuri: mark.okuri } : {}),
+            ...(mark.tate ? { tate: true } : {}),
+            fontString: mark.fontString ?? withFontSize(u.style.font, em / 2),
+            ...(mark.color ? { color: mark.color } : {}),
+            placement: mark.placement ?? 'inline',
+            em,
+            baseEnd,
+            width: u.width,
+            ...(readingEnd !== undefined && over ? { readingOverEnd: readingEnd } : {}),
+            ...(readingEnd !== undefined && !over ? { readingUnderEnd: readingEnd } : {}),
+        });
+        u.kunten = { mark, extra, vdt: kunten };
+        u.width += extra;
+        // Its Japanese ruby word is not laid out again at a line edge
+        // (`relayJisEdges`), so it widens no line there.
+        const word = u.ruby?.jis;
+        if (word)
+            for (const v of units)
+                if (v.ruby?.jis === word)
+                    delete v.rubyGrow;
+    }
+}
+/** A unit's characters (a mark pair's possible neighbour). */
+function isPlainTextUnit(u) {
+    return u !== undefined && u.kind === 'text' && !u.token && !u.orient && !u.ruby && !u.kunten && !u.note && !u.stacked && !u.place;
+}
+/**
+ * Japanese vertical text: each pair of exclamation and question marks
+ * (!! !? ?! ?? and ！！ ！？ ？！ ？？, JLReq §3.1.10) becomes one upright cell
+ * of one em, as an author's `:tcy[…]` (`Unit.orient`), which breaks like a
+ * single ！ and keeps a segment of its own (`VDTLineSegment.tcy`). The rule
+ * is `isUprightMarkPair`, read over what a segment would hold: a Western
+ * run that is the pair alone (`Wow!!` and `(!?)` stay one sideways run),
+ * or two full-width marks of one style and link, a mark beside them of the
+ * same style and link leaving all three as they are. The painters then
+ * read the segment as the measurer did.
+ */
+function combineMarkPairs(units, letterSpacingPx) {
+    const fullwidth = (g) => String.fromCodePoint(g.codePointAt(0) + 0xFEE0);
+    const pairUnit = (u, text, cls) => {
+        const out = {
+            ...u,
+            text,
+            width: fontEm(u.style.font) + (letterSpacingPx === 0 ? 0 : letterSpacingPx),
+            graphemes: 1,
+            first: cls,
+            last: cls,
+            firstCjk: true,
+            lastCjk: true,
+            orient: 'tcy',
+        };
+        delete out.run;
+        delete out.cellStart;
+        delete out.cellEnd;
+        delete out.url;
+        return out;
+    };
+    const sameSegment = (a, b) => isPlainTextUnit(b) && !b.run && b.style.key === a.style.key && b.link === a.link;
+    for (let k = 0; k < units.length; k++) {
+        const u = units[k];
+        if (!isPlainTextUnit(u))
+            continue;
+        if (u.run) {
+            // A Western run that is the pair alone: its own segment.
+            if (u.graphemes === 2 && /^[!?]{2}$/.test(u.text) && isUprightMarkPair([...u.text], 0, 'japan')) {
+                units[k] = pairUnit(u, u.text, cjkClassOf(fullwidth(u.text[0])));
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        const v = units[k + 1];
+        if (u.graphemes !== 1 || !sameSegment(u, v) || v.graphemes !== 1)
+            continue;
+        const prev = units[k - 1];
+        const next = units[k + 2];
+        const context = [
+            ...(sameSegment(u, prev) ? [lastGrapheme(prev.text)] : []),
+            u.text,
+            v.text,
+            ...(sameSegment(u, next) ? [graphemesOf(next.text)[0]] : []),
+        ];
+        if (!isUprightMarkPair(context, sameSegment(u, prev) ? 1 : 0, 'japan'))
+            continue;
+        units.splice(k, 2, pairUnit(u, u.text + v.text, cjkClassOf(u.text)));
+    }
+}
 /** The marks Latin text shares with Chinese (East Asian Width ambiguous):
  *  quotes, the ellipsis, the em dash and horizontal bar, interpuncts. */
 const SHARED_MARKS = new Set(['\u201C', '\u201D', '\u2018', '\u2019', '\u2026', '\u22EF', '\u2014', '\u2015', '\u00B7', '\u2027']);
@@ -807,6 +1175,17 @@ function isMarkUnit(u) {
             return false;
     }
 }
+/** Kanji numerals a 、 or ・ is set solid between (二、三日 "two or three
+ *  days", 三・一四 "3.14", JLReq §3.1.3). */
+const KANJI_DIGITS = new Set('〇一二三四五六七八九十');
+/** ？ and ！ (and their doubles) as Japanese sets them: full-width marks
+ *  with a full-width space after them inside a paragraph. */
+const QUESTION_MARKS = new Set(['？', '！', '‼', '⁇', '⁈', '⁉']);
+/** A single character unit (not a run, a ruby base, a note…) whose text is
+ *  in `set`. */
+function charUnitIn(u, set) {
+    return !!u && u.kind === 'text' && !u.run && u.graphemes === 1 && !u.ruby && !u.kunten && !u.note && !u.orient && !u.style.script && set.has(u.text);
+}
 /**
  * The punctuation widths and Han–Latin spaces of a paragraph's units, as
  * the composition sets them (see `cjkPunctuation.ts`): each full-width mark
@@ -817,7 +1196,9 @@ function isMarkUnit(u) {
  * edges (and the reduction a line makes to take one more character) are
  * the breaker's and the line's business. A plain composition changes
  * nothing but the mainland interpunct, half an em under every style
- * (`punctuationBox`), as its cell is in vertical text.
+ * (`punctuationBox`), as its cell is in vertical text. In Japan, a 、 or
+ * ・ between kanji numerals is set solid (`Unit.solid`), and with
+ * `spaceAfterQuestion` a ？ or ！ takes its one-em space (`Unit.aki`).
  */
 function prepareUnits(units, c, letterSpacingPx) {
     const plain = isPlainComposition(c);
@@ -826,7 +1207,7 @@ function prepareUnits(units, c, letterSpacingPx) {
         return units;
     const full = new Map();
     for (const u of units) {
-        if (u.kind !== 'text' || u.run || u.graphemes !== 1 || !u.firstCjk || u.style.script || u.stacked || u.orient || u.ruby || u.note)
+        if (u.kind !== 'text' || u.run || u.graphemes !== 1 || !u.firstCjk || u.style.script || u.stacked || u.orient || u.ruby || u.kunten || u.note)
             continue;
         if (plain && u.first !== 'interpunct')
             continue;
@@ -839,24 +1220,43 @@ function prepareUnits(units, c, letterSpacingPx) {
     }
     if (plain)
         return units;
+    if (c.region === 'japan') {
+        // 二、三日, 三・一四: the mark between two kanji numerals is its glyph
+        // alone (JLReq §3.1.3), and the number is not broken there.
+        for (let k = 1; k + 1 < units.length; k++) {
+            const u = units[k];
+            if (!u.punct || (u.text !== '、' && u.text !== '・'))
+                continue;
+            if (!charUnitIn(units[k - 1], KANJI_DIGITS) || !charUnitIn(units[k + 1], KANJI_DIGITS) || units[k + 1].glueBefore)
+                continue;
+            shrinkPunctuation(u.punct, u.punct.blank);
+            u.width = full.get(u) - boxCut(u.punct);
+            u.solid = true;
+        }
+    }
     // Kaiming sets a stop's blank after the closing mark that follows it (。”␣).
     const carry = c.punctuationWidth === 'kaiming';
+    const jlreq = isJlreqSpacing(c);
     if ((c.compressAdjacent || carry) && full.size > 1) {
         for (let k = 1; k < units.length; k++) {
             const a = units[k - 1];
             const b = units[k];
-            if (!a.punct || !b.punct || b.zwspBefore)
+            if (!a.punct || !b.punct || b.zwspBefore || a.solid || b.solid)
                 continue;
             if (c.compressAdjacent)
-                compressPair(a.punct, b.punct);
+                compressPair(a.punct, b.punct, jlreq);
             if (carry)
                 carryStopBlank(a.punct, b.punct);
             a.width = full.get(a) - boxCut(a.punct);
             b.width = full.get(b) - boxCut(b.punct);
         }
     }
-    if ((c.latinSpacing.px ?? c.latinSpacing.em ?? 0) <= 0)
-        return units;
+    const spaced = (c.latinSpacing.px ?? c.latinSpacing.em ?? 0) > 0 ? latinSpaces(units, c) : units;
+    return c.spaceAfterQuestion ? questionSpaces(spaced) : spaced;
+}
+/** `units` with the Han–Latin spaces of `cjk.latinSpacing` (see
+ *  {@link prepareUnits}). */
+function latinSpaces(units, c) {
     const out = [];
     const han = (u, edge) => !!u && u.kind === 'text' && !u.run && !u.note && u.firstCjk && u[edge] === 'ideograph' && !u.style.script && isLatinSpacingHan(u.text);
     // A run whose edge is a number set in one upright cell (vertical text)
@@ -899,6 +1299,62 @@ function prepareUnits(units, c, letterSpacingPx) {
     }
     return out;
 }
+/**
+ * `units` with the one-em space JLReq §3.1.6 sets after a ？ or ！ that
+ * ends a sentence inside the paragraph (`cjk.spaceAfterQuestion`,
+ * `Unit.aki`): after the mark and what keeps to it (a note marker), unless
+ * the paragraph ends there or a closing bracket or another ？！ follows. A
+ * space the author typed there (U+3000, or a run of word spaces) becomes
+ * the aki, keeping its text. A line may break after it, and it goes at the
+ * line end, as any space does.
+ */
+function questionSpaces(units) {
+    const out = [];
+    for (let k = 0; k < units.length; k++) {
+        const u = units[k];
+        out.push(u);
+        if (!charUnitIn(u, QUESTION_MARKS))
+            continue;
+        // A note marker or a superscript keeps to the mark: the space follows it.
+        while (k + 1 < units.length && units[k + 1].glueBefore)
+            out.push(units[++k]);
+        const next = units[k + 1];
+        if (!next || charUnitIn(next, QUESTION_MARKS))
+            continue;
+        if (next.kind === 'text' && next.first === 'closing')
+            continue;
+        const aki = {
+            kind: 'space',
+            text: '',
+            width: emOfFont(u.style.font),
+            graphemes: 0,
+            first: 'western',
+            last: 'western',
+            firstCjk: false,
+            lastCjk: false,
+            style: u.style,
+            at: u.at + u.text.length,
+            aki: true,
+        };
+        if (next.kind === 'space' && !next.auto) {
+            // A typed space is replaced: the aki keeps its text.
+            if (units[k + 2] === undefined)
+                continue;
+            out.push({ ...aki, text: next.text, at: next.at });
+            k++;
+        }
+        else if (next.kind === 'text' && next.first === 'ideoSpace' && next.graphemes === 1) {
+            if (units[k + 2] === undefined)
+                continue;
+            out.push({ ...aki, text: next.text, at: next.at });
+            k++;
+        }
+        else {
+            out.push(aki);
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
 const isDigitCode = (c) => (c >= 0x30 && c <= 0x39) || isFullwidthDigit(c);
 /** Whether a number keeps to the sign or unit next to it (`50 %`, `50％`,
  *  `￥５９９`, `−3 ℃`): a unit ending in a digit before a unit sign, or a
@@ -931,10 +1387,29 @@ function fullwidthGlue(units, k) {
         return true;
     return fullwidthUnit(a, isFullwidthNumberJoin) && fullwidthUnit(b, isFullwidthDigit) && fullwidthUnit(units[k - 2], isFullwidthDigit);
 }
+/** The grapheme a unit opens (`first`) or ends (`last`) with, which a
+ *  Japanese level reads the unit's class from (small kana, ー, hyphens…:
+ *  `breakClassOf`); undefined under a Chinese level, and for an inline box
+ *  (a chip, a formula, a marker), whose class stands as it is. */
+function edgeGrapheme(u, edge, level) {
+    if (u.kind !== 'text' || u.text === '' || !isJapaneseLineBreak(level))
+        return undefined;
+    return edge === 'first' ? String.fromCodePoint(u.text.codePointAt(0)) : lastGrapheme(u.text);
+}
+/** Whether unit `b` may not open a line at `level` (see
+ *  {@link edgeGrapheme}). */
+function startProhibited(b, level) {
+    return isLineStartProhibited(b.first, level, edgeGrapheme(b, 'first', level));
+}
+/** Whether unit `a` may not close a line at `level`. */
+function endProhibited(a, level) {
+    return isLineEndProhibited(a.last, level, edgeGrapheme(a, 'last', level));
+}
 /** Whether a line may break before each unit (index 0 is never a break).
  *  A word space is a break unless the unit after it may not open a line,
  *  the last one before it may not close one, or they are a number and its
- *  sign; a zero-width space is a break at every level. */
+ *  sign; a zero-width space is a break at every level. A kanji number
+ *  never breaks at the 、 or ・ set solid inside it (`Unit.solid`). */
 function breakOpportunities(units, level) {
     const out = new Uint8Array(units.length);
     // The last unit before `k` that is not a space.
@@ -955,7 +1430,7 @@ function breakOpportunities(units, level) {
         }
         if (a.kind === 'space') {
             const p = ink >= 0 ? units[ink] : undefined;
-            if (!p || (!numberGlue(p, b) && !isLineStartProhibited(b.first, level) && !isLineEndProhibited(p.last, level)))
+            if (!p || (!numberGlue(p, b) && !startProhibited(b, level) && !endProhibited(p, level)))
                 out[k] = 1;
             continue;
         }
@@ -965,15 +1440,15 @@ function breakOpportunities(units, level) {
             while (q > 0 && units[q].noteSpace)
                 q--;
             const p = units[q];
-            if (!p.noteSpace && !numberGlue(p, b) && !isLineStartProhibited(b.first, level) && !isLineEndProhibited(p.last, level))
+            if (!p.noteSpace && !numberGlue(p, b) && !startProhibited(b, level) && !endProhibited(p, level))
                 out[k] = 1;
             continue;
         }
-        if (b.glueBefore)
+        if (b.glueBefore || a.solid || b.solid)
             continue;
         if (numberGlue(a, b) || fullwidthGlue(units, k))
             continue;
-        if (cjkBreakAllowed(a.last, a.lastCjk, b.first, b.firstCjk, level))
+        if (cjkBreakAllowed(a.last, a.lastCjk, b.first, b.firstCjk, level, edgeGrapheme(a, 'last', level), edgeGrapheme(b, 'first', level)))
             out[k] = 1;
     }
     return out;
@@ -982,10 +1457,16 @@ function breakOpportunities(units, level) {
  *  line: between characters, never inside a Western run or a 2-em mark
  *  (those are single units), never between two Western runs, next to a
  *  connector or a solidus, after an atomic box, or before a mark that
- *  keeps to the text before it. Spaces take their own share. */
-function gapStretches(a, b) {
+ *  keeps to the text before it. Spaces take their own share. With `jlreq`
+ *  (Japanese full-width text) also JLReq §3.1.11's inseparable places:
+ *  never after an opening bracket or before a closing one (but before the
+ *  one and after the other), never next to 、，。．・：；？！ or U+3000. */
+function gapStretches(a, b, jlreq = false) {
     if (a.kind !== 'text' || b.kind === 'space')
         return false;
+    // Never inside a jukugo word (JLReq §3.3.7).
+    if (a.ruby?.jis && a.ruby.jis === b.ruby?.jis)
+        return false;
     if (b.glueBefore || a.stacked)
         return false;
     if (a.last === 'connector' || a.last === 'solidus' || b.first === 'connector' || b.first === 'solidus')
@@ -994,16 +1475,43 @@ function gapStretches(a, b) {
         return false;
     if (a.last === b.first && (a.last === 'dash' || a.last === 'ellipsis'))
         return false;
+    if (jlreq && (a.last === 'opening' || b.first === 'closing' || jlreqFixed(a.last) || jlreqFixed(b.first)))
+        return false;
     return true;
 }
+/** The classes JLReq never spreads next to (§3.1.11): pause and stop
+ *  marks, middle dots and the ideographic space. */
+function jlreqFixed(cls) {
+    return cls === 'pause' || cls === 'stop' || cls === 'interpunct' || cls === 'ideoSpace';
+}
+/** Whether the gap after unit `j` of a line takes tracking. A footnote
+ *  marker in the line gap (`footnotes.markerPosition: 'side'`) takes no
+ *  room in the line: the gap between the characters around it is theirs,
+ *  and is set after the marker, which stays against the character it
+ *  marks. */
+function gapAfterStretches(us, j, jlreq = false) {
+    const next = us[j + 1];
+    if (isSideMarker(next))
+        return false;
+    const u = us[j];
+    if (isSideMarker(u))
+        return j > 0 && gapStretches(us[j - 1], next, jlreq);
+    return gapStretches(u, next, jlreq);
+}
+function isSideMarker(u) {
+    return u.token?.sideRuns !== undefined;
+}
 function lineFitOf(c) {
     if (isPlainComposition(c))
         return undefined;
+    const jlreq = isJlreqSpacing(c);
     return {
         lead: (u) => (u.punct ? lineEdgeCut(u.punct, c, true, false) : 0),
         tail: (u) => (u.punct ? lineEdgeCut(u.punct, c, false, true) : 0),
         give(u, atStart, atEnd) {
             if (u.kind === 'space') {
+                if (u.aki)
+                    return 0;
                 const em = emOfFont(u.style.font);
                 return Math.max(0, u.width - (u.auto ? em / 8 : em / 4));
             }
@@ -1013,18 +1521,21 @@ function lineFitOf(c) {
                 return punctuationShrink(u.punct, c);
             const box = { ...u.punct };
             applyLineEdges(box, c, atStart, atEnd);
-            return punctuationShrink(box, c);
+            // JLReq: a mark ending the line gives up the blank after its glyph
+            // (and, a middle dot, nothing before it: §3.8.3 steps 2–3).
+            return punctuationShrink(box, c, jlreq && atEnd);
         },
         edge: (u, start, end) => (u.punct ? applyLineEdges(u.punct, c, start, end) : 0),
         hangs(units, k, unitAt) {
             const u = unitAt(k);
-            if (u.kind !== 'text' || u.run || u.graphemes !== 1 || u.note || u.ruby || !mayHang(u.text, u.first, c))
+            if (u.kind !== 'text' || u.run || u.graphemes !== 1 || u.note || u.ruby || u.kunten || !mayHang(u.text, u.first, c))
                 return false;
             if (k > 0 && isMarkUnit(unitAt(k - 1)))
                 return false;
             return k + 1 >= units.length || !isMarkUnit(units[k + 1]);
         },
         hanging: c.hangingPunctuation,
+        jlreq,
     };
 }
 /** The last unit that must share a line with unit `k` when `k` ends one:
@@ -1158,11 +1669,15 @@ function divideRun(u, room, letterSpacingPx) {
  * unit). A space never overflows: the line ends before it, when the line
  * may break after it. A unit wider
  * than the whole line is divided when it is a Western run (a web address
- * at a joint first), else set on a line of its own.
+ * at a joint first), else set on a line of its own. `pull` names a line
+ * that takes in the rest of the paragraph when the line can give up the
+ * blank for it (push-in, to save a last line of one character).
  */
 function breakUnits(units, breaks, measureOf, reserve, letterSpacingPx, fit, level = getCjkLineBreak(), 
 /** End line `line` before unit `at` (a break), whatever else fits. */
-stop) {
+stop, 
+/** Line `pull` takes every unit left when it can give up the blank. */
+pull) {
     const out = [];
     const n = units.length;
     let i = 0;
@@ -1176,15 +1691,23 @@ stop) {
     let noteBase = 0;
     const foldOf = (from, to) => {
         const widths = [];
-        const startProhibited = [];
-        const endProhibited = [];
+        const startNo = [];
+        const endNo = [];
         for (let q = from; q <= to; q++) {
             const uq = unitAt(q);
             widths.push(uq.width);
-            startProhibited.push(noteRowStartProhibited(uq, level));
-            endProhibited.push(isLineEndProhibited(uq.last, level));
+            startNo.push(noteRowStartProhibited(uq, level));
+            endNo.push(endProhibited(uq, level));
         }
-        return foldWidth(widths, splitNote(widths, startProhibited, endProhibited));
+        return foldWidth(widths, splitNote(widths, startNo, endNo));
+    };
+    // A Japanese ruby base at a line edge widens the line (`rubyGrow`): at
+    // its start, and at its end when the line may end after it.
+    const endGrow = (k) => {
+        const g = unitAt(k).rubyGrow;
+        if (!g || g.end <= 0)
+            return 0;
+        return k + 1 >= n || breaks[k + 1] || units[k + 1].kind === 'space' ? g.end : 0;
     };
     for (let li = 0;; li++) {
         while (i < n && unitAt(i).kind === 'space')
@@ -1192,7 +1715,7 @@ stop) {
         if (i >= n)
             break;
         const max = measureOf(li) - reserve;
-        let w = 0;
+        let w = Math.max(0, unitAt(i).rubyGrow?.start ?? 0);
         let lastBreak = -1;
         let end = -1;
         let head;
@@ -1226,7 +1749,7 @@ stop) {
                 // line may end with was one that folded).
             }
             const lead = fit && k === i ? fit.lead(u) : 0;
-            if (!u.note && w + u.width - lead - (fit ? fit.tail(u) : 0) <= max + FIT_EPS) {
+            if (!u.note && w + u.width - lead - (fit ? fit.tail(u) : 0) + endGrow(k) <= max + FIT_EPS) {
                 w += u.width - lead;
                 if (fit)
                     give += fit.give(u, k === i, false);
@@ -1248,13 +1771,13 @@ stop) {
                     hang = true;
                     break;
                 }
-                const m = breaks[k] ? -1 : groupEnd(units, breaks, k);
+                const m = pull === li ? n - 1 : breaks[k] ? -1 : groupEnd(units, breaks, k);
                 if (m >= k) {
                     let width = w;
                     let room = give;
                     for (let q = k; q <= m; q++) {
                         const uq = unitAt(q);
-                        const t = q === m ? fit.tail(uq) : 0;
+                        const t = q === m ? fit.tail(uq) - endGrow(q) : 0;
                         width += uq.width - t;
                         room += fit.give(uq, false, q === m);
                     }
@@ -1342,9 +1865,10 @@ stop) {
     return out;
 }
 /** Whether a note's unit may not open its lower row: a mark that may not
- *  start a line, or a word space (it ends the upper row instead). */
+ *  start a line (the small kana and the rest of the Japanese classes under
+ *  a Japanese level), or a word space (it ends the upper row instead). */
 function noteRowStartProhibited(u, level) {
-    return u.noteSpace === true || isLineStartProhibited(u.first, level);
+    return u.noteSpace === true || startProhibited(u, level);
 }
 /** Replace each run of a warichu note's characters on a line by the part
  *  folded into its two rows (see `cjkAnnotate.ts`). `us` is changed in
@@ -1372,7 +1896,7 @@ function foldNotes(us, level, em) {
 function noteFragment(part, level, em) {
     const note = part[0].note;
     const widths = part.map((u) => u.width);
-    const at = splitNote(widths, part.map((u) => noteRowStartProhibited(u, level)), part.map((u) => isLineEndProhibited(u.last, level)));
+    const at = splitNote(widths, part.map((u) => noteRowStartProhibited(u, level)), part.map((u) => endProhibited(u, level)));
     const noteFont = note.fontString ?? part[0].style.font;
     const rows = noteRowBaselines(em, fontEm(noteFont));
     const runs = [];
@@ -1435,7 +1959,9 @@ function alignEdgeRubies(us) {
     const align = (j, start) => {
         const u = us[j];
         const g = u.ruby?.geometry;
-        if (!g || u.ruby.position === 'right' || g.runs.length === 0)
+        // A base with kanbun marks keeps its reading where the marks were set
+        // against it (#430).
+        if (!g || u.ruby.position === 'right' || u.ruby.jis || g.runs.length === 0 || u.kunten)
             return;
         const base = u.width - 2 * g.inset;
         const rt = g.rtWidth;
@@ -1471,7 +1997,8 @@ function clampReadings(segments) {
     let x = 0;
     for (const s of segments) {
         const ruby = s.ruby;
-        if (ruby && ruby.position !== 'right' && ruby.runs.length > 0) {
+        // A Japanese reading (`id`) was set inside the line already (#422).
+        if (ruby && ruby.position !== 'right' && ruby.id === undefined && ruby.runs.length > 0) {
             const lo = ruby.runs[0].dx;
             const hi = lo + ruby.rtWidth;
             let shift = 0;
@@ -1508,9 +2035,16 @@ function spread(amount, caps) {
  * character that may not open a line, clreq §6.2.2.3) gives up
  * blank in clreq's order — word spaces to a quarter em, interpuncts,
  * brackets, pause marks, Han–Latin spaces to an eighth of an em, stop marks
- * last — each step shared equally, until it fits. `us` holds the line's
- * units and is changed in place; a unit that changes is replaced by a copy,
- * since the paragraph's units serve every attempt at breaking it.
+ * last — each step shared equally, until it fits. Japanese full-width text
+ * takes JLReq §3.8.3's order instead (`jlreqShrinkStep`): word spaces, the
+ * half em after the line's last mark and then a middle dot's quarter (each
+ * all or nothing: what it gives beyond the need is spread back when the
+ * line is justified), the middle dots' quarters inside the line, the half
+ * ems of brackets and 、， inside it, Han–Latin spaces; never the half em
+ * after a 。 inside the line. A mark that hangs keeps its glyph alone. `us`
+ * holds the line's units and is changed in place; a unit that changes is
+ * replaced by a copy, since the paragraph's units serve every attempt at
+ * breaking it.
  */
 function fitLine(us, units, range, lastK, isLast, measure, fit) {
     const copy = (j) => {
@@ -1527,6 +2061,9 @@ function fitLine(us, units, range, lastK, isLast, measure, fit) {
             hang = copy(us.length - 1);
             us.pop();
             hang.width -= fit.edge(hang, false, true);
+            // ぶら下げ: the hung mark is its glyph, past the measure.
+            if (fit.jlreq && hang.punct)
+                hang.width -= shrinkPunctuation(hang.punct, hang.punct.blank, true);
             while (us.length > 0 && us[us.length - 1].kind === 'space')
                 us.pop();
         }
@@ -1549,17 +2086,27 @@ function fitLine(us, units, range, lastK, isLast, measure, fit) {
     if (over <= FIT_EPS)
         return hang;
     // Steps of the reduction order: word spaces (1), interpuncts (2),
-    // brackets (3), pause marks (4), Han–Latin spaces (5), stop marks (6).
-    const stepOf = (u) => (u.kind === 'space' ? (u.auto ? 5 : 1) : u.punct ? shrinkStep(u.punct) : 0);
+    // brackets (3), pause marks (4), Han–Latin spaces (5), stop marks (6);
+    // in JLReq spacing, word spaces (1), the line end (2, 3), middle dots
+    // (4), brackets and 、， (5), Han–Latin spaces (6).
+    const last = us.length - 1;
+    const atEnd = (j) => fit.jlreq && j === last;
+    const stepOf = (u, j) => {
+        if (u.kind === 'space')
+            return u.aki ? 0 : u.auto ? (fit.jlreq ? 6 : 5) : 1;
+        if (!u.punct)
+            return 0;
+        return fit.jlreq ? jlreqShrinkStep(u.punct, atEnd(j)) : shrinkStep(u.punct);
+    };
     for (let step = 1; step <= 6 && over > FIT_EPS; step++) {
         const members = [];
         const caps = [];
         for (let j = 0; j < us.length; j++) {
             const u = us[j];
-            if (stepOf(u) !== step)
+            if (stepOf(u, j) !== step)
                 continue;
             // The marks at the edges already gave up their lead and tail.
-            const cap = fit.give(u, false, false);
+            const cap = fit.give(u, false, atEnd(j));
             if (cap <= 0)
                 continue;
             members.push(j);
@@ -1567,13 +2114,15 @@ function fitLine(us, units, range, lastK, isLast, measure, fit) {
         }
         if (members.length === 0)
             continue;
-        const takes = spread(over, caps);
+        // The blank at a JLReq line end goes whole or not at all (§3.1.9).
+        const takes = fit.jlreq && (step === 2 || step === 3) ? caps : spread(over, caps);
         for (let m = 0; m < members.length; m++) {
             const take = takes[m];
             if (take <= 0)
                 continue;
-            const c = copy(members[m]);
-            const given = c.punct ? shrinkPunctuation(c.punct, take) : take;
+            const j = members[m];
+            const c = copy(j);
+            const given = c.punct ? shrinkPunctuation(c.punct, take, atEnd(j)) : take;
             c.width -= given;
             over -= given;
         }
@@ -1609,7 +2158,10 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
     // A warichu note's characters fold into their two rows (#195).
     if (us.some((u) => u.note))
         foldNotes(us, ctx.level, ctx.em);
-    // A ruby base at either edge aligns to it with its reading (#194).
+    // A ruby base at either edge aligns to it with its reading (#194); a
+    // Japanese one is laid out again there (#422).
+    if (us.some((u) => u.ruby?.jis))
+        relayJisEdges(us);
     alignEdgeRubies(us);
     const hang = ctx.fit ? fitLine(us, units, range, lastK, isLast, measure, ctx.fit) : undefined;
     const justify = ctx.textAlign === 'justify' && !isLast;
@@ -1628,9 +2180,15 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
         // Han–Latin spaces (`cjk.latinSpacing`): they flex apart from word
         // spaces, and the renderers leave them as set.
         const autos = [];
+        const jlreq = ctx.fit?.jlreq === true;
         for (let j = 0; j < us.length; j++) {
             const u = us[j];
             content += u.width;
+            // The space after ？！ keeps its em (JLReq §3.1.6).
+            if (u.kind === 'space' && u.aki) {
+                stretches.push(false);
+                continue;
+            }
             if (u.kind === 'space' && u.auto)
                 autos.push(j);
             else if (u.kind === 'space') {
@@ -1638,7 +2196,7 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
                 natural += u.width;
                 widest = Math.max(widest, u.width);
             }
-            const s = j < us.length - 1 && gapStretches(u, us[j + 1]);
+            const s = j < us.length - 1 && gapAfterStretches(us, j, jlreq);
             stretches.push(s);
             if (s)
                 gaps++;
@@ -1727,6 +2285,7 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
             ...(s.marks ? { cjkMarks: s.marks } : {}),
             ...(s.inserted ? { inserted: true } : {}),
             ...(s.color ? { color: s.color } : {}),
+            ...(s.lang !== undefined ? { lang: s.lang } : {}),
             ...(t !== undefined ? { tracking: t } : {}),
             // Every mark that gave up blank carries its ink offset (0 when only
             // the blank after its glyph went), and so does a shared mark set in
@@ -1738,9 +2297,38 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
             ...(u.shift !== undefined ? { baselineShift: u.shift } : {}),
         };
     };
+    /** The segment of a ruby base `width` px wide, `t` its tracking. */
+    const rubySegment = (u, width, t) => {
+        const ruby = u.ruby;
+        const g = ruby.geometry;
+        // The box less the advance kanbun marks add after it (#430).
+        const box = u.width - (u.kunten?.extra ?? 0);
+        // A Japanese ruby (#422) names its annotation (`id`), so renderers
+        // can set one `<ruby>` for a word.
+        const jis = ruby.jis !== undefined;
+        return {
+            ...segmentOf(u, width, t),
+            text: u.text,
+            ...(g.inset > 1e-9 ? { inkOffset: g.inset } : {}),
+            // A base spread 1:2:1 under a longer Japanese reading.
+            ...(g.tracking ? { tracking: g.tracking } : {}),
+            ruby: {
+                text: ruby.span.text,
+                fontString: ruby.span.fontString ?? g.runs[0]?.fontString ?? u.style.font,
+                baseWidth: ruby.base ?? box - g.inset * 2 - (ruby.position === 'right' ? g.rtWidth : 0),
+                rtWidth: g.rtWidth,
+                position: ruby.position,
+                ...(ruby.span.group ? { group: true } : {}),
+                ...(ruby.span.color ? { color: ruby.span.color } : {}),
+                ...(jis ? { id: ruby.span.id } : {}),
+                ...(jis && ruby.span.jukugo ? { jukugo: true } : {}),
+                runs: g.runs,
+            },
+        };
+    };
     for (let j = 0; j < us.length; j++) {
         const u = us[j];
-        if (u.kind === 'space' && u.auto) {
+        if (u.kind === 'space' && (u.auto || u.aki)) {
             pieces.push({ seg: { kind: 'space', text: u.text, width: u.width, autospace: true }, parts: [u.text], key: undefined });
             continue;
         }
@@ -1750,6 +2338,9 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
         }
         if (u.kind === 'atomic') {
             const seg = tokenSegment(u.token);
+            // A side marker carries the gap after the character it marks.
+            if (seg.sideMarker && tracking > 0 && stretches[j])
+                seg.width += tracking;
             pieces.push({ seg, parts: [seg.text], key: undefined });
             continue;
         }
@@ -1759,6 +2350,21 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
             pieces.push({ seg: { kind: 'text', text: u.text, width: u.width + gap, warichu: u.warichu }, parts: [u.text], key: undefined });
             continue;
         }
+        if (u.kunten?.vdt) {
+            // A character with kanbun marks (#430): a segment of its own, the
+            // marks painted from its start; the room they take after it (inline
+            // 返り点, a 竪点, 送り仮名 that run past it) and the gap follow as a
+            // space of their own, so the character is painted at its natural
+            // spacing (a ruby base in it centred under its reading).
+            const extra = u.kunten.extra ?? 0;
+            const own = u.width - extra;
+            const seg = u.ruby?.geometry ? rubySegment(u, own, undefined) : { ...segmentOf(u, own, undefined), text: u.text };
+            seg.kunten = u.kunten.vdt;
+            pieces.push({ seg, parts: [u.text], key: undefined });
+            if (extra + gap > 0)
+                pieces.push({ seg: { kind: 'space', text: '', width: extra + gap, autospace: true }, parts: [''], key: undefined });
+            continue;
+        }
         if (u.ruby?.geometry) {
             // A ruby base: centred in its box, its reading placed from the box's
             // start (#194). One character takes the gap after it as tracking; a
@@ -1766,23 +2372,8 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
             // reading, and the gap follows the box as a space of its own (its
             // width final, as a Han–Latin space's is): tracking would be added
             // after each of its characters.
-            const g = u.ruby.geometry;
             const gapAfter = gap > 0 && u.graphemes > 1;
-            const seg = {
-                ...segmentOf(u, gapAfter ? u.width : u.width + gap, gap > 0 && !gapAfter ? gap : undefined),
-                text: u.text,
-                ...(g.inset > 1e-9 ? { inkOffset: g.inset } : {}),
-                ruby: {
-                    text: u.ruby.span.text,
-                    fontString: u.ruby.span.fontString ?? g.runs[0]?.fontString ?? u.style.font,
-                    baseWidth: u.width - g.inset * 2 - (u.ruby.position === 'right' ? g.rtWidth : 0),
-                    rtWidth: g.rtWidth,
-                    position: u.ruby.position,
-                    ...(u.ruby.span.group ? { group: true } : {}),
-                    ...(u.ruby.span.color ? { color: u.ruby.span.color } : {}),
-                    runs: g.runs,
-                },
-            };
+            const seg = rubySegment(u, gapAfter ? u.width : u.width + gap, gap > 0 && !gapAfter ? gap : undefined);
             pieces.push({ seg, parts: [u.text], key: undefined });
             if (gapAfter)
                 pieces.push({ seg: { kind: 'space', text: '', width: gap, autospace: true }, parts: [''], key: undefined });
@@ -1848,6 +2439,40 @@ function composeLine(units, range, li, isLast, ctx) {
         cjkComposed: true,
     };
 }
+/**
+ * The first line's indent of a paragraph that opens with an opening
+ * bracket, as `cjk.paragraphStartBracket` sets it (JLReq §3.1.5), with the
+ * bracket's blank before its glyph given up (it is `units`' own unit,
+ * replaced): pattern ① (`indent`) keeps the indent, ③ (`half`) sets the
+ * bracket's glyph inside the indent so the text after it starts where the
+ * indent ends (the bracket and its half em of blank fill a one-em indent),
+ * 天付き (`flush`) drops the indent. `indentPx` when the composition leaves
+ * the bracket to the line-start rules, the paragraph has no indent or
+ * does not open with a bracket.
+ */
+function paragraphStartIndent(units, indentPx, c) {
+    const pattern = c.paragraphStartBracket;
+    if (!pattern || indentPx <= 0)
+        return indentPx;
+    const f = units.findIndex((u) => u.kind !== 'space');
+    const u = units[f];
+    if (!u?.punct || u.first !== 'opening')
+        return indentPx;
+    // Its blank before the glyph, whatever `trimLineStart` says.
+    const box = { ...u.punct };
+    const lead = box.blank - box.cutStart;
+    const trimmed = { ...u, punct: box };
+    if (lead > 0 && box.side === 'start') {
+        box.cutStart += lead;
+        trimmed.width -= lead;
+    }
+    units[f] = trimmed;
+    if (pattern === 'flush')
+        return 0;
+    if (pattern === 'half')
+        return Math.max(0, indentPx - trimmed.width);
+    return indentPx;
+}
 /**
  * Set a Chinese, Japanese or Korean paragraph (see the module comment):
  * `options.cjkLineBreak` (else the document's level) decides where lines
@@ -1885,6 +2510,9 @@ export function composeCjkParagraph(spans, normalFont, boldFont, italicFont, bol
     // Ruby readings (#194), laid out once their neighbours are known.
     if (units.some((u) => u.ruby))
         sizeRubies(units);
+    // Kanbun marks (#430), beside the readings.
+    if (units.some((u) => u.kunten))
+        sizeKunten(units, letterSpacingPx);
     if (!units.some((u) => u.kind !== 'space'))
         return { lines: [], totalHeight: 0 };
     const fit = lineFitOf(composition);
@@ -1892,7 +2520,8 @@ export function composeCjkParagraph(spans, normalFont, boldFont, italicFont, bol
     const breaks = breakOpportunities(units, level);
     const indentPx = options?.firstLineIndentPx ?? 0;
     const hanging = options?.hangingIndent ?? false;
-    const indentOf = (li) => (indentPx > 0 ? (hanging ? (li === 0 ? 0 : indentPx) : (li === 0 ? indentPx : 0)) : 0);
+    const firstIndent = hanging ? 0 : paragraphStartIndent(units, indentPx, composition);
+    const indentOf = (li) => (indentPx > 0 ? (hanging ? (li === 0 ? 0 : indentPx) : (li === 0 ? firstIndent : 0)) : 0);
     const measureOf = (li) => lineMeasure(maxWidthPx, options?.restWidths, li) - indentOf(li);
     const sizeMatch = FONT_SIZE_RE.exec(normalFont);
     const em = sizeMatch ? parseFloat(sizeMatch[1]) : 16;
@@ -1920,7 +2549,18 @@ export function composeCjkParagraph(spans, normalFont, boldFont, italicFont, bol
     // gives it a runt penalty): a last line that holds one character, alone
     // or with its closing marks, takes the last character the line above may
     // give up (push-out), and that line is spread to the measure. When it
-    // would need more than the tracking cap, the runt stays.
+    // would need more than the tracking cap, the runt stays. Japanese text
+    // (泣き別れ) first tries the other way JLReq prefers (§3.8.2): the line
+    // above takes the character in by giving up blank (push-in), and the
+    // paragraph is a line shorter.
+    if ((options?.runtPenalty ?? 0) > 0 && endsOnOneCharacter(lines) && fit?.jlreq) {
+        const pulled = breakUnits(units, breaks, measureOf, 0, letterSpacingPx, fit, level, undefined, ranges.length - 2);
+        if (pulled.length === ranges.length - 1) {
+            const set = compose(pulled);
+            if (!set.some((l) => l.cjkLoose) && !endsOnOneCharacter(set))
+                lines = set;
+        }
+    }
     if ((options?.runtPenalty ?? 0) > 0 && endsOnOneCharacter(lines)) {
         const li = ranges.length - 2;
         const above = ranges[li];