port-nuker 1.0.0 → 1.0.3

package/.agent/skills/skills/javascript-mastery/SKILL.md

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----
-name: javascript-mastery
-description: "Comprehensive JavaScript reference covering 33+ essential concepts every developer should know. From fundamentals like primitives and closures to advanced patterns like async/await and functional programming. Use when explaining JS concepts, debugging JavaScript issues, or teaching JavaScript fundamentals."
----
-
-# 🧠 JavaScript Mastery
-
-> 33+ essential JavaScript concepts every developer should know, inspired by [33-js-concepts](https://github.com/leonardomso/33-js-concepts).
-
-## When to Use This Skill
-
-Use this skill when:
-
-- Explaining JavaScript concepts
-- Debugging tricky JS behavior
-- Teaching JavaScript fundamentals
-- Reviewing code for JS best practices
-- Understanding language quirks
-
----
-
-## 1. Fundamentals
-
-### 1.1 Primitive Types
-
-JavaScript has 7 primitive types:
-
-```javascript
-// String
-const str = "hello";
-
-// Number (integers and floats)
-const num = 42;
-const float = 3.14;
-
-// BigInt (for large integers)
-const big = 9007199254740991n;
-
-// Boolean
-const bool = true;
-
-// Undefined
-let undef; // undefined
-
-// Null
-const empty = null;
-
-// Symbol (unique identifiers)
-const sym = Symbol("description");
-```
-
-**Key points**:
-
-- Primitives are immutable
-- Passed by value
-- `typeof null === "object"` is a historical bug
-
-### 1.2 Type Coercion
-
-JavaScript implicitly converts types:
-
-```javascript
-// String coercion
-"5" + 3; // "53" (number → string)
-"5" - 3; // 2    (string → number)
-
-// Boolean coercion
-Boolean(""); // false
-Boolean("hello"); // true
-Boolean(0); // false
-Boolean([]); // true (!)
-
-// Equality coercion
-"5" == 5; // true  (coerces)
-"5" === 5; // false (strict)
-```
-
-**Falsy values** (8 total):
-`false`, `0`, `-0`, `0n`, `""`, `null`, `undefined`, `NaN`
-
-### 1.3 Equality Operators
-
-```javascript
-// == (loose equality) - coerces types
-null == undefined; // true
-"1" == 1; // true
-
-// === (strict equality) - no coercion
-null === undefined; // false
-"1" === 1; // false
-
-// Object.is() - handles edge cases
-Object.is(NaN, NaN); // true (NaN === NaN is false!)
-Object.is(-0, 0); // false (0 === -0 is true!)
-```
-
-**Rule**: Always use `===` unless you have a specific reason not to.
-
----
-
-## 2. Scope & Closures
-
-### 2.1 Scope Types
-
-```javascript
-// Global scope
-var globalVar = "global";
-
-function outer() {
-  // Function scope
-  var functionVar = "function";
-
-  if (true) {
-    // Block scope (let/const only)
-    let blockVar = "block";
-    const alsoBlock = "block";
-    var notBlock = "function"; // var ignores blocks!
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 2.2 Closures
-
-A closure is a function that remembers its lexical scope:
-
-```javascript
-function createCounter() {
-  let count = 0; // "closed over" variable
-
-  return {
-    increment() {
-      return ++count;
-    },
-    decrement() {
-      return --count;
-    },
-    getCount() {
-      return count;
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-const counter = createCounter();
-counter.increment(); // 1
-counter.increment(); // 2
-counter.getCount(); // 2
-```
-
-**Common use cases**:
-
-- Data privacy (module pattern)
-- Function factories
-- Partial application
-- Memoization
-
-### 2.3 var vs let vs const
-
-```javascript
-// var - function scoped, hoisted, can redeclare
-var x = 1;
-var x = 2; // OK
-
-// let - block scoped, hoisted (TDZ), no redeclare
-let y = 1;
-// let y = 2; // Error!
-
-// const - like let, but can't reassign
-const z = 1;
-// z = 2; // Error!
-
-// BUT: const objects are mutable
-const obj = { a: 1 };
-obj.a = 2; // OK
-obj.b = 3; // OK
-```
-
----
-
-## 3. Functions & Execution
-
-### 3.1 Call Stack
-
-```javascript
-function first() {
-  console.log("first start");
-  second();
-  console.log("first end");
-}
-
-function second() {
-  console.log("second");
-}
-
-first();
-// Output:
-// "first start"
-// "second"
-// "first end"
-```
-
-Stack overflow example:
-
-```javascript
-function infinite() {
-  infinite(); // No base case!
-}
-infinite(); // RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded
-```
-
-### 3.2 Hoisting
-
-```javascript
-// Variable hoisting
-console.log(a); // undefined (hoisted, not initialized)
-var a = 5;
-
-console.log(b); // ReferenceError (TDZ)
-let b = 5;
-
-// Function hoisting
-sayHi(); // Works!
-function sayHi() {
-  console.log("Hi!");
-}
-
-// Function expressions don't hoist
-sayBye(); // TypeError
-var sayBye = function () {
-  console.log("Bye!");
-};
-```
-
-### 3.3 this Keyword
-
-```javascript
-// Global context
-console.log(this); // window (browser) or global (Node)
-
-// Object method
-const obj = {
-  name: "Alice",
-  greet() {
-    console.log(this.name); // "Alice"
-  },
-};
-
-// Arrow functions (lexical this)
-const obj2 = {
-  name: "Bob",
-  greet: () => {
-    console.log(this.name); // undefined (inherits outer this)
-  },
-};
-
-// Explicit binding
-function greet() {
-  console.log(this.name);
-}
-greet.call({ name: "Charlie" }); // "Charlie"
-greet.apply({ name: "Diana" }); // "Diana"
-const bound = greet.bind({ name: "Eve" });
-bound(); // "Eve"
-```
-
----
-
-## 4. Event Loop & Async
-
-### 4.1 Event Loop
-
-```javascript
-console.log("1");
-
-setTimeout(() => console.log("2"), 0);
-
-Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log("3"));
-
-console.log("4");
-
-// Output: 1, 4, 3, 2
-// Why? Microtasks (Promises) run before macrotasks (setTimeout)
-```
-
-**Execution order**:
-
-1. Synchronous code (call stack)
-2. Microtasks (Promise callbacks, queueMicrotask)
-3. Macrotasks (setTimeout, setInterval, I/O)
-
-### 4.2 Callbacks
-
-```javascript
-// Callback pattern
-function fetchData(callback) {
-  setTimeout(() => {
-    callback(null, { data: "result" });
-  }, 1000);
-}
-
-// Error-first convention
-fetchData((error, result) => {
-  if (error) {
-    console.error(error);
-    return;
-  }
-  console.log(result);
-});
-
-// Callback hell (avoid this!)
-getData((data) => {
-  processData(data, (processed) => {
-    saveData(processed, (saved) => {
-      notify(saved, () => {
-        // 😱 Pyramid of doom
-      });
-    });
-  });
-});
-```
-
-### 4.3 Promises
-
-```javascript
-// Creating a Promise
-const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-  setTimeout(() => {
-    resolve("Success!");
-    // or: reject(new Error("Failed!"));
-  }, 1000);
-});
-
-// Consuming Promises
-promise
-  .then((result) => console.log(result))
-  .catch((error) => console.error(error))
-  .finally(() => console.log("Done"));
-
-// Promise combinators
-Promise.all([p1, p2, p3]); // All must succeed
-Promise.allSettled([p1, p2]); // Wait for all, get status
-Promise.race([p1, p2]); // First to settle
-Promise.any([p1, p2]); // First to succeed
-```
-
-### 4.4 async/await
-
-```javascript
-async function fetchUserData(userId) {
-  try {
-    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
-    if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Failed to fetch");
-    const user = await response.json();
-    return user;
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error("Error:", error);
-    throw error; // Re-throw for caller to handle
-  }
-}
-
-// Parallel execution
-async function fetchAll() {
-  const [users, posts] = await Promise.all([
-    fetch("/api/users"),
-    fetch("/api/posts"),
-  ]);
-  return { users, posts };
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## 5. Functional Programming
-
-### 5.1 Higher-Order Functions
-
-Functions that take or return functions:
-
-```javascript
-// Takes a function
-const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
-const doubled = numbers.map((n) => n * 2); // [2, 4, 6]
-
-// Returns a function
-function multiply(a) {
-  return function (b) {
-    return a * b;
-  };
-}
-const double = multiply(2);
-double(5); // 10
-```
-
-### 5.2 Pure Functions
-
-```javascript
-// Pure: same input → same output, no side effects
-function add(a, b) {
-  return a + b;
-}
-
-// Impure: modifies external state
-let total = 0;
-function addToTotal(value) {
-  total += value; // Side effect!
-  return total;
-}
-
-// Impure: depends on external state
-function getDiscount(price) {
-  return price * globalDiscountRate; // External dependency
-}
-```
-
-### 5.3 map, filter, reduce
-
-```javascript
-const users = [
-  { name: "Alice", age: 25 },
-  { name: "Bob", age: 30 },
-  { name: "Charlie", age: 35 },
-];
-
-// map: transform each element
-const names = users.map((u) => u.name);
-// ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
-
-// filter: keep elements matching condition
-const adults = users.filter((u) => u.age >= 30);
-// [{ name: "Bob", ... }, { name: "Charlie", ... }]
-
-// reduce: accumulate into single value
-const totalAge = users.reduce((sum, u) => sum + u.age, 0);
-// 90
-
-// Chaining
-const result = users
-  .filter((u) => u.age >= 30)
-  .map((u) => u.name)
-  .join(", ");
-// "Bob, Charlie"
-```
-
-### 5.4 Currying & Composition
-
-```javascript
-// Currying: transform f(a, b, c) into f(a)(b)(c)
-const curry = (fn) => {
-  return function curried(...args) {
-    if (args.length >= fn.length) {
-      return fn.apply(this, args);
-    }
-    return (...moreArgs) => curried(...args, ...moreArgs);
-  };
-};
-
-const add = curry((a, b, c) => a + b + c);
-add(1)(2)(3); // 6
-add(1, 2)(3); // 6
-add(1)(2, 3); // 6
-
-// Composition: combine functions
-const compose =
-  (...fns) =>
-  (x) =>
-    fns.reduceRight((acc, fn) => fn(acc), x);
-
-const pipe =
-  (...fns) =>
-  (x) =>
-    fns.reduce((acc, fn) => fn(acc), x);
-
-const addOne = (x) => x + 1;
-const double = (x) => x * 2;
-
-const addThenDouble = compose(double, addOne);
-addThenDouble(5); // 12 = (5 + 1) * 2
-
-const doubleThenAdd = pipe(double, addOne);
-doubleThenAdd(5); // 11 = (5 * 2) + 1
-```
-
----
-
-## 6. Objects & Prototypes
-
-### 6.1 Prototypal Inheritance
-
-```javascript
-// Prototype chain
-const animal = {
-  speak() {
-    console.log("Some sound");
-  },
-};
-
-const dog = Object.create(animal);
-dog.bark = function () {
-  console.log("Woof!");
-};
-
-dog.speak(); // "Some sound" (inherited)
-dog.bark(); // "Woof!" (own method)
-
-// ES6 Classes (syntactic sugar)
-class Animal {
-  speak() {
-    console.log("Some sound");
-  }
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal {
-  bark() {
-    console.log("Woof!");
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 6.2 Object Methods
-
-```javascript
-const obj = { a: 1, b: 2 };
-
-// Keys, values, entries
-Object.keys(obj); // ["a", "b"]
-Object.values(obj); // [1, 2]
-Object.entries(obj); // [["a", 1], ["b", 2]]
-
-// Shallow copy
-const copy = { ...obj };
-const copy2 = Object.assign({}, obj);
-
-// Freeze (immutable)
-const frozen = Object.freeze({ x: 1 });
-frozen.x = 2; // Silently fails (or throws in strict mode)
-
-// Seal (no add/delete, can modify)
-const sealed = Object.seal({ x: 1 });
-sealed.x = 2; // OK
-sealed.y = 3; // Fails
-delete sealed.x; // Fails
-```
-
----
-
-## 7. Modern JavaScript (ES6+)
-
-### 7.1 Destructuring
-
-```javascript
-// Array destructuring
-const [first, second, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
-// first = 1, second = 2, rest = [3, 4, 5]
-
-// Object destructuring
-const { name, age, city = "Unknown" } = { name: "Alice", age: 25 };
-// name = "Alice", age = 25, city = "Unknown"
-
-// Renaming
-const { name: userName } = { name: "Bob" };
-// userName = "Bob"
-
-// Nested
-const {
-  address: { street },
-} = { address: { street: "123 Main" } };
-```
-
-### 7.2 Spread & Rest
-
-```javascript
-// Spread: expand iterable
-const arr1 = [1, 2, 3];
-const arr2 = [...arr1, 4, 5]; // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-const obj1 = { a: 1 };
-const obj2 = { ...obj1, b: 2 }; // { a: 1, b: 2 }
-
-// Rest: collect remaining
-function sum(...numbers) {
-  return numbers.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
-}
-sum(1, 2, 3, 4); // 10
-```
-
-### 7.3 Modules
-
-```javascript
-// Named exports
-export const PI = 3.14159;
-export function square(x) {
-  return x * x;
-}
-
-// Default export
-export default class Calculator {}
-
-// Importing
-import Calculator, { PI, square } from "./math.js";
-import * as math from "./math.js";
-
-// Dynamic import
-const module = await import("./dynamic.js");
-```
-
-### 7.4 Optional Chaining & Nullish Coalescing
-
-```javascript
-// Optional chaining (?.)
-const user = { address: { city: "NYC" } };
-const city = user?.address?.city; // "NYC"
-const zip = user?.address?.zip; // undefined (no error)
-const fn = user?.getName?.(); // undefined if no method
-
-// Nullish coalescing (??)
-const value = null ?? "default"; // "default"
-const zero = 0 ?? "default"; // 0 (not nullish!)
-const empty = "" ?? "default"; // "" (not nullish!)
-
-// Compare with ||
-const value2 = 0 || "default"; // "default" (0 is falsy)
-```
-
----
-
-## Quick Reference Card
-
-| Concept        | Key Point                         |
-| :------------- | :-------------------------------- |
-| `==` vs `===`  | Always use `===`                  |
-| `var` vs `let` | Prefer `let`/`const`              |
-| Closures       | Function + lexical scope          |
-| `this`         | Depends on how function is called |
-| Event loop     | Microtasks before macrotasks      |
-| Pure functions | Same input → same output          |
-| Prototypes     | `__proto__` → prototype chain     |
-| `??` vs `\|\|` | `??` only checks null/undefined   |
-
----
-
-## Resources
-
-- [33 JS Concepts](https://github.com/leonardomso/33-js-concepts)
-- [JavaScript.info](https://javascript.info/)
-- [MDN JavaScript Guide](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide)
-- [You Don't Know JS](https://github.com/getify/You-Dont-Know-JS)