plotboilerplate 1.12.9 → 1.15.0

package/src/ts/Polygon.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * @modified 2020-03-24 Ported this class from vanilla-JS to Typescript.
  * @modified 2020-10-30 Added the `addVertex` function.
  * @modified 2020-10-31 Added the `getVertexAt` function.
- * @modified 2020-11-06 Added the `move` function.  
+ * @modified 2020-11-06 Added the `move` function.
  * @modified 2020-11-10 Added the `getBounds` function.
  * @modified 2020-11-11 Generalized `move(Vertex)` to `move(XYCoords)`.
  * @modified 2021-01-20 Added UID.
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
  * @modified 2021-01-29 Added the `isClockwise` function.
  * @modified 2021-01-29 Added the `area` function.
  * @modified 2021-01-29 Changed the param type for `containsVert` from Vertex to XYCoords.
- * @version 1.7.0
+ * @modified 2021-12-14 Added the `perimeter()` function.
+ * @modified 2021-12-16 Added the `getEvenDistributionPolygon()` function.
+ * @version 1.8.0
  *
  * @file Polygon
  * @public
@@ -31,7 +33,6 @@ import { UIDGenerator } from "./UIDGenerator";
 import { Vertex } from "./Vertex";
 import { XYCoords, SVGSerializable, UID } from "./interfaces";
 
-
 /**
  * @classdesc A polygon class. Any polygon consists of an array of vertices; polygons can be open or closed.
  *
@@ -44,465 +45,506 @@ import { XYCoords, SVGSerializable, UID } from "./interfaces";
  * @requires XYCoords
  */
 export class Polygon implements SVGSerializable {
-
-
-    /**
-     * Required to generate proper CSS classes and other class related IDs.
-     **/
-    readonly className : string = "Polygon";
-
-    
-    /**
-     * The UID of this drawable object.
-     *
-     * @member {UID}
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @instance
-     * @readonly 
-     */
-    readonly uid : UID;
-    
-    
-    /** 
-     * @member {Array<Vertex>} 
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @type {Array<Vertex>}
-     * @instance
-     */
-    vertices:Array<Vertex>;
-
-
-    /** 
-     * @member {boolean} 
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @type {boolean}
-     * @instance
-     */
-    isOpen:boolean;
-    
-    
-    /**
-     * The constructor.
-     *
-     * @constructor
-     * @name Polygon
-     * @param {Vertex[]} vertices - An array of 2d vertices that shape the polygon.
-     * @param {boolean} isOpen - Indicates if the polygon should be rendered as an open or closed shape.
-     **/
-    constructor( vertices?:Array<Vertex>, isOpen?:boolean ) {
-	this.uid = UIDGenerator.next();
-	if( typeof vertices == 'undefined' )
-	    vertices = [];
-	this.vertices = vertices;
-	this.isOpen = isOpen;
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Add a vertex to the end of the `vertices` array.
-     *
-     * @method addVert
-     * @param {Vertex} vert - The vertex to add.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    addVertex( vert:Vertex ) : void {
-	this.vertices.push( vert );
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the polygon vertex at the given position (index).
-     *
-     * The index may exceed the total vertex count, and will be wrapped around then (modulo).
-     *
-     * For k >= 0:
-     *  - getVertexAt( vertices.length )     == getVertexAt( 0 )
-     *  - getVertexAt( vertices.length + k ) == getVertexAt( k )
-     *  - getVertexAt( -k )                  == getVertexAt( vertices.length -k )
-     *
-     * @metho getVertexAt
-     * @param {number} index - The index of the desired vertex.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @return {Vertex} At the given index.
-     **/
-    getVertexAt( index:number ) : Vertex {
-	if( index < 0 ) 
-	    return this.vertices[ this.vertices.length - (Math.abs(index)%this.vertices.length) ];
-	else
-	    return this.vertices[ index % this.vertices.length ];
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Move the polygon's vertices by the given amount.
-     *
-     * @method move
-     * @param {XYCoords} amount - The amount to move.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @return {Polygon} this for chaining
-     **/
-    move( vert:XYCoords ) : Polygon {
-	for( var i in this.vertices ) {
-	    this.vertices[i].add( vert );
-	}
-	return this;
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Check if the given vertex is inside this polygon.<br>
-     * <br>
-     * Ray-casting algorithm found at<br>
-     *    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22521982/check-if-point-inside-a-polygon
-     *
-     * @method containsVert
-     * @param {XYCoords} vert - The vertex to check. The new x-component.
-     * @return {boolean} True if the passed vertex is inside this polygon. The polygon is considered closed.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    containsVert( vert:XYCoords ) : boolean {
-	// ray-casting algorithm based on
-	//    http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/Research/Short_Notes/pnpoly.html
-	var inside : boolean = false;
-	for (var i = 0, j = this.vertices.length - 1; i < this.vertices.length; j = i++) {
-            let xi : number = this.vertices[i].x, yi : number = this.vertices[i].y;
-            let xj : number = this.vertices[j].x, yj : number = this.vertices[j].y;
-    
-            var intersect : boolean = ((yi > vert.y) != (yj > vert.y))
-		&& (vert.x < (xj - xi) * (vert.y - yi) / (yj - yi) + xi);
-            if (intersect) inside = !inside;
-	}
-	return inside;
-    };
-
-
+  /**
+   * Required to generate proper CSS classes and other class related IDs.
+   **/
+  readonly className: string = "Polygon";
+
+  /**
+   * The UID of this drawable object.
+   *
+   * @member {UID}
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @instance
+   * @readonly
+   */
+  readonly uid: UID;
+
+  /**
+   * @member {Array<Vertex>}
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @type {Array<Vertex>}
+   * @instance
+   */
+  vertices: Array<Vertex>;
+
+  /**
+   * @member {boolean}
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @type {boolean}
+   * @instance
+   */
+  isOpen: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * The constructor.
+   *
+   * @constructor
+   * @name Polygon
+   * @param {Vertex[]} vertices - An array of 2d vertices that shape the polygon.
+   * @param {boolean} isOpen - Indicates if the polygon should be rendered as an open or closed shape.
+   **/
+  constructor(vertices?: Array<Vertex>, isOpen?: boolean) {
+    this.uid = UIDGenerator.next();
+    if (typeof vertices == "undefined") vertices = [];
+    this.vertices = vertices;
+    this.isOpen = isOpen;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a vertex to the end of the `vertices` array.
+   *
+   * @method addVert
+   * @param {Vertex} vert - The vertex to add.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  addVertex(vert: Vertex): void {
+    this.vertices.push(vert);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the polygon vertex at the given position (index).
+   *
+   * The index may exceed the total vertex count, and will be wrapped around then (modulo).
+   *
+   * For k >= 0:
+   *  - getVertexAt( vertices.length )     == getVertexAt( 0 )
+   *  - getVertexAt( vertices.length + k ) == getVertexAt( k )
+   *  - getVertexAt( -k )                  == getVertexAt( vertices.length -k )
+   *
+   * @metho getVertexAt
+   * @param {number} index - The index of the desired vertex.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {Vertex} At the given index.
+   **/
+  getVertexAt(index: number): Vertex {
+    if (index < 0) return this.vertices[this.vertices.length - (Math.abs(index) % this.vertices.length)];
+    else return this.vertices[index % this.vertices.length];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Move the polygon's vertices by the given amount.
+   *
+   * @method move
+   * @param {XYCoords} amount - The amount to move.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {Polygon} this for chaining
+   **/
+  move(vert: XYCoords): Polygon {
+    for (var i in this.vertices) {
+      this.vertices[i].add(vert);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the given vertex is inside this polygon.<br>
+   * <br>
+   * Ray-casting algorithm found at<br>
+   *    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22521982/check-if-point-inside-a-polygon
+   *
+   * @method containsVert
+   * @param {XYCoords} vert - The vertex to check. The new x-component.
+   * @return {boolean} True if the passed vertex is inside this polygon. The polygon is considered closed.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  containsVert(vert: XYCoords): boolean {
+    // ray-casting algorithm based on
+    //    http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/Research/Short_Notes/pnpoly.html
+    var inside: boolean = false;
+    for (var i = 0, j = this.vertices.length - 1; i < this.vertices.length; j = i++) {
+      let xi: number = this.vertices[i].x,
+        yi: number = this.vertices[i].y;
+      let xj: number = this.vertices[j].x,
+        yj: number = this.vertices[j].y;
+
+      var intersect: boolean = yi > vert.y != yj > vert.y && vert.x < ((xj - xi) * (vert.y - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi;
+      if (intersect) inside = !inside;
+    }
+    return inside;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculate the area of the given polygon (unsigned).
+   *
+   * Note that this does not work for self-intersecting polygons.
+   *
+   * @method area
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {number}
+   */
+  area(): number {
+    return Polygon.utils.area(this.vertices);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calulate the signed polyon area by interpreting the polygon as a matrix
+   * and calculating its determinant.
+   *
+   * @method signedArea
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {number}
+   */
+  signedArea(): number {
+    return Polygon.utils.signedArea(this.vertices);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the winding order of this polgon: clockwise or counterclockwise.
+   *
+   * @method isClockwise
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  isClockwise(): boolean {
+    return Polygon.utils.signedArea(this.vertices) < 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the perimeter of this polygon.
+   * The perimeter is the absolute length of the outline.
+   *
+   * If this polygon is open then the last segment (connecting the first and the
+   * last vertex) will be skipped.
+   *
+   * @method perimeter
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {number}
+   */
+  perimeter(): number {
+    let length: number = 0;
+    for (var i = 1; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
+      length += this.vertices[i - 1].distance(this.vertices[i]);
+    }
+    if (!this.isOpen && this.vertices.length > 1) {
+      length += this.vertices[0].distance(this.vertices[this.vertices.length - 1]);
+    }
+    return length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Scale the polygon relative to the given center.
+   *
+   * @method scale
+   * @param {number} factor - The scale factor.
+   * @param {Vertex} center - The center of scaling.
+   * @return {Polygon} this, for chaining.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  scale(factor: number, center: Vertex): Polygon {
+    for (var i in this.vertices) {
+      if (typeof this.vertices[i].scale == "function") this.vertices[i].scale(factor, center);
+      else console.log("There seems to be a null vertex!", this.vertices[i]);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rotate the polygon around the given center.
+   *
+   * @method rotate
+   * @param {number} angle  - The rotation angle.
+   * @param {Vertex} center - The center of rotation.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {Polygon} this, for chaining.
+   **/
+  rotate(angle: number, center: Vertex): Polygon {
+    for (var i in this.vertices) {
+      this.vertices[i].rotate(angle, center);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon into a new polygon with n evenly distributed vertices.
+   *
+   * @param {number} pointCount - Must not be negative.
+   */
+  getEvenDistributionPolygon(pointCount: number): Polygon {
+    if (pointCount <= 0) {
+      throw new Error("pointCount must be larger than zero; is " + pointCount + ".");
+    }
+    const result: Polygon = new Polygon([], this.isOpen);
+    if (this.vertices.length === 0) {
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // Fetch and add the start point from the source polygon
+    let polygonPoint: Vertex = new Vertex(this.vertices[0]);
+    result.vertices.push(polygonPoint);
+    if (this.vertices.length === 1) {
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    const perimeter: number = this.perimeter();
+    const stepSize: number = perimeter / pointCount;
+    const n: number = this.vertices.length;
+
+    let polygonIndex: number = 1;
+    let nextPolygonPoint: Vertex = new Vertex(this.vertices[1]);
+    let segmentLength: number = polygonPoint.distance(nextPolygonPoint);
+    let loopMax: number = this.isOpen ? n : n + 1;
+    let curSegmentU: number = stepSize;
+    var i = 1;
+    while (i < pointCount && polygonIndex < loopMax) {
+      // Check if next eq point is inside this segment
+      if (curSegmentU < segmentLength) {
+        let newPoint: Vertex = polygonPoint.clone().lerpAbs(nextPolygonPoint, curSegmentU);
+        result.vertices.push(newPoint);
+        curSegmentU += stepSize;
+        i++;
+      } else {
+        polygonIndex++;
+        polygonPoint = nextPolygonPoint;
+        nextPolygonPoint = new Vertex(this.vertices[polygonIndex % n]);
+        curSegmentU = curSegmentU - segmentLength;
+        segmentLength = polygonPoint.distance(nextPolygonPoint);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the bounding box (bounds) of this polygon.
+   *
+   * @method getBounds
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   * @return {Bounds} The rectangular bounds of this polygon.
+   **/
+  getBounds(): Bounds {
+    return Bounds.computeFromVertices(this.vertices);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon to a sequence of quadratic Bézier curves.<br>
+   * <br>
+   * The first vertex in the returned array is the start point.<br>
+   * The following sequence are pairs of control-point-and-end-point:
+   * <pre>startPoint, controlPoint0, pathPoint1, controlPoint1, pathPoint2, controlPoint2, ..., endPoint</pre>
+   *
+   * @method toQuadraticBezierData
+   * @return {Vertex[]}  An array of 2d vertices that shape the quadratic Bézier curve.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toQuadraticBezierData(): Array<Vertex> {
+    if (this.vertices.length < 3) return [];
+    var qbezier: Array<Vertex> = [];
+    var cc0: Vertex = this.vertices[0];
+    var cc1: Vertex = this.vertices[1];
+    var edgeCenter: Vertex = new Vertex(cc0.x + (cc1.x - cc0.x) / 2, cc0.y + (cc1.y - cc0.y) / 2);
+    qbezier.push(edgeCenter);
+    var limit = this.isOpen ? this.vertices.length : this.vertices.length + 1;
+    for (var t = 1; t < limit; t++) {
+      cc0 = this.vertices[t % this.vertices.length];
+      cc1 = this.vertices[(t + 1) % this.vertices.length];
+      var edgeCenter: Vertex = new Vertex(cc0.x + (cc1.x - cc0.x) / 2, cc0.y + (cc1.y - cc0.y) / 2);
+      qbezier.push(cc0);
+      qbezier.push(edgeCenter);
+      cc0 = cc1;
+    }
+    return qbezier;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon to a quadratic bezier curve, represented as an SVG data string.
+   *
+   * @method toQuadraticBezierSVGString
+   * @return {string} The 'd' part for an SVG 'path' element.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toQuadraticBezierSVGString(): string {
+    var qdata: Array<Vertex> = this.toQuadraticBezierData();
+    if (qdata.length == 0) return "";
+    var buffer = ["M " + qdata[0].x + " " + qdata[0].y];
+    for (var i = 1; i < qdata.length; i += 2) {
+      buffer.push("Q " + qdata[i].x + " " + qdata[i].y + ", " + qdata[i + 1].x + " " + qdata[i + 1].y);
+    }
+    return buffer.join(" ");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon to a sequence of cubic Bézier curves.<br>
+   * <br>
+   * The first vertex in the returned array is the start point.<br>
+   * The following sequence are triplets of (first-control-point, secnond-control-point, end-point):<br>
+   * <pre>startPoint, controlPoint0_0, controlPoint1_1, pathPoint1, controlPoint1_0, controlPoint1_1, ..., endPoint</pre>
+   *
+   * @method toCubicBezierData
+   * @param {number=} threshold - An optional threshold (default=1.0) how strong the curve segments
+   *                              should over-/under-drive. Should be between 0.0 and 1.0 for best
+   *                              results but other values are allowed.
+   * @return {Vertex[]}  An array of 2d vertices that shape the cubic Bézier curve.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toCubicBezierData(threshold: number | undefined): Array<Vertex> {
+    if (typeof threshold == "undefined") threshold = 1.0;
+
+    if (this.vertices.length < 3) return [];
+    var cbezier: Array<Vertex> = [];
+    var a: Vertex = this.vertices[0];
+    var b: Vertex = this.vertices[1];
+    var edgeCenter = new Vertex(a.x + (b.x - a.x) / 2, a.y + (b.y - a.y) / 2);
+    cbezier.push(edgeCenter);
+
+    var limit: number = this.isOpen ? this.vertices.length - 1 : this.vertices.length;
+    for (var t = 0; t < limit; t++) {
+      var a = this.vertices[t % this.vertices.length];
+      var b = this.vertices[(t + 1) % this.vertices.length];
+      var c = this.vertices[(t + 2) % this.vertices.length];
+
+      var aCenter: Vertex = new Vertex(a.x + (b.x - a.x) / 2, a.y + (b.y - a.y) / 2);
+      var bCenter: Vertex = new Vertex(b.x + (c.x - b.x) / 2, b.y + (c.y - b.y) / 2);
+
+      var a2: Vertex = new Vertex(aCenter.x + (b.x - aCenter.x) * threshold, aCenter.y + (b.y - aCenter.y) * threshold);
+      var b0: Vertex = new Vertex(bCenter.x + (b.x - bCenter.x) * threshold, bCenter.y + (b.y - bCenter.y) * threshold);
+
+      cbezier.push(a2);
+      cbezier.push(b0);
+      cbezier.push(bCenter);
+    }
+    return cbezier;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon to a cubic bezier curve, represented as an SVG data string.
+   *
+   * @method toCubicBezierSVGString
+   * @return {string} The 'd' part for an SVG 'path' element.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toCubicBezierSVGString(threshold: number): string {
+    var qdata: Array<Vertex> = this.toCubicBezierData(threshold);
+    if (qdata.length == 0) return "";
+    var buffer = ["M " + qdata[0].x + " " + qdata[0].y];
+    for (var i = 1; i < qdata.length; i += 3) {
+      buffer.push(
+        "C " +
+          qdata[i].x +
+          " " +
+          qdata[i].y +
+          ", " +
+          qdata[i + 1].x +
+          " " +
+          qdata[i + 1].y +
+          ", " +
+          qdata[i + 2].x +
+          " " +
+          qdata[i + 2].y
+      );
+    }
+    return buffer.join(" ");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this polygon to a cubic bezier path instance.
+   *
+   * @method toCubicBezierPath
+   * @param {number} threshold - The threshold, usually from 0.0 to 1.0.
+   * @return {BezierPath}      - A bezier path instance.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toCubicBezierPath(threshold: number): BezierPath {
+    var qdata: Array<Vertex> = this.toCubicBezierData(threshold);
+    // Conver the linear path vertices to a two-dimensional path array
+    var pathdata: Array<Array<Vertex>> = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i + 3 < qdata.length; i += 3) {
+      pathdata.push([qdata[i], qdata[i + 3], qdata[i + 1], qdata[i + 2]]);
+    }
+    return BezierPath.fromArray(pathdata);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an SVG representation of this polygon.
+   *
+   * @deprecated DEPRECATION Please use the drawutilssvg library and an XMLSerializer instead.
+   * @method toSVGString
+   * @param {object=} options - An optional set of options, like 'className'.
+   * @return {string} The SVG string.
+   * @instance
+   * @memberof Polygon
+   **/
+  toSVGString(options: { className?: string } | undefined): string {
+    options = options || {};
+    var buffer: Array<string> = [];
+    buffer.push("<path");
+    if (options.className) buffer.push(' class="' + options.className + '"');
+    buffer.push(' d="');
+    if (this.vertices.length > 0) {
+      buffer.push("M ");
+      buffer.push(this.vertices[0].x.toString());
+      buffer.push(" ");
+      buffer.push(this.vertices[0].y.toString());
+      for (var i = 1; i < this.vertices.length; i++) {
+        buffer.push(" L ");
+        buffer.push(this.vertices[i].x.toString());
+        buffer.push(" ");
+        buffer.push(this.vertices[i].y.toString());
+      }
+      if (!this.isOpen) {
+        buffer.push(" Z");
+      }
+    }
+    buffer.push('" />');
+    return buffer.join("");
+  }
+
+  static utils = {
     /**
-     * Calculate the area of the given polygon (unsigned). 
+     * Calculate the area of the given polygon (unsigned).
      *
      * Note that this does not work for self-intersecting polygons.
      *
-     * @method area
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
+     * @name area
      * @return {number}
      */
-    area() : number {
-	return Polygon.utils.area(this.vertices);
-    };
-
+    area(vertices: Array<XYCoords>): number {
+      // Found at:
+      //    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16285134/calculating-polygon-area
+      let total: number = 0.0;
+
+      for (var i = 0, l = vertices.length; i < l; i++) {
+        const addX = vertices[i].x;
+        const addY = vertices[(i + 1) % l].y;
+        const subX = vertices[(i + 1) % l].x;
+        const subY = vertices[i].y;
+
+        total += addX * addY * 0.5;
+        total -= subX * subY * 0.5;
+      }
+      return Math.abs(total);
+    },
 
     /**
      * Calulate the signed polyon area by interpreting the polygon as a matrix
      * and calculating its determinant.
      *
-     * @method signedArea
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
+     * @name signedArea
      * @return {number}
      */
-    signedArea() : number {
-	return Polygon.utils.signedArea(this.vertices)
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the winding order of this polgon: clockwise or counterclockwise.
-     *
-     * @method isClockwise
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @return {boolean}
-     */
-    isClockwise() : boolean {
-	return Polygon.utils.signedArea(this.vertices) < 0;
-    };
-    
-    
-
-    /**
-     * Scale the polygon relative to the given center.
-     *
-     * @method scale
-     * @param {number} factor - The scale factor.
-     * @param {Vertex} center - The center of scaling.
-     * @return {Polygon} this, for chaining.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    scale( factor:number, center:Vertex ) : Polygon {
-	for( var i in this.vertices ) {
-	    if( typeof this.vertices[i].scale == 'function' ) 
-		this.vertices[i].scale( factor, center );
-	    else
-		console.log( 'There seems to be a null vertex!', this.vertices[i] );
-	}
-	return this;
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Rotate the polygon around the given center.
-     *
-     * @method rotate
-     * @param {number} angle  - The rotation angle.
-     * @param {Vertex} center - The center of rotation.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @return {Polygon} this, for chaining.
-     **/
-    rotate( angle:number, center:Vertex ) : Polygon {
-	for( var i in this.vertices ) {
-	    this.vertices[i].rotate( angle, center );
-	}
-	return this;
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the bounding box (bounds) of this polygon.
-     *
-     * @method getBounds
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     * @return {Bounds} The rectangular bounds of this polygon.
-     **/
-    getBounds() : Bounds {
-	return Bounds.computeFromVertices( this.vertices );
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this polygon to a sequence of quadratic Bézier curves.<br>
-     * <br>
-     * The first vertex in the returned array is the start point.<br>
-     * The following sequence are pairs of control-point-and-end-point:
-     * <pre>startPoint, controlPoint0, pathPoint1, controlPoint1, pathPoint2, controlPoint2, ..., endPoint</pre>
-     *
-     * @method toQuadraticBezierData
-     * @return {Vertex[]}  An array of 2d vertices that shape the quadratic Bézier curve.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toQuadraticBezierData() : Array<Vertex> {
-	if( this.vertices.length < 3 )
-	    return [];
-	var qbezier : Array<Vertex> = [];
-	var cc0 : Vertex = this.vertices[0]; 
-	var cc1 : Vertex = this.vertices[1]; 
-	var edgeCenter : Vertex = new Vertex( cc0.x + (cc1.x-cc0.x)/2,
-					      cc0.y + (cc1.y-cc0.y)/2 );
-	qbezier.push( edgeCenter );
-	var limit = this.isOpen ? this.vertices.length : this.vertices.length+1;
-	for( var t = 1; t < limit; t++ ) {  
-	    cc0 = this.vertices[ t%this.vertices.length ];
-	    cc1 = this.vertices[ (t+1)%this.vertices.length ];
-	    var edgeCenter : Vertex = new Vertex( cc0.x + (cc1.x-cc0.x)/2,
-						  cc0.y + (cc1.y-cc0.y)/2 );
-	    qbezier.push( cc0 );
-	    qbezier.push( edgeCenter );
-	    cc0 = cc1;
-	}
-	return qbezier;
-    };
-
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this polygon to a quadratic bezier curve, represented as an SVG data string.
-     *
-     * @method toQuadraticBezierSVGString
-     * @return {string} The 'd' part for an SVG 'path' element.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toQuadraticBezierSVGString() : string {
-	var qdata : Array<Vertex> = this.toQuadraticBezierData();
-	if( qdata.length == 0 )
-	    return "";
-	var buffer = [ 'M ' + qdata[0].x+' '+qdata[0].y ];
-	for( var i = 1; i < qdata.length; i+=2 ) {
-	    buffer.push( 'Q ' + qdata[i].x+' '+qdata[i].y + ', ' + qdata[i+1].x+' '+qdata[i+1].y );
-	}
-	return buffer.join(' ');
-    };
-
-
-    
-    /**
-     * Convert this polygon to a sequence of cubic Bézier curves.<br>
-     * <br>
-     * The first vertex in the returned array is the start point.<br>
-     * The following sequence are triplets of (first-control-point, secnond-control-point, end-point):<br>
-     * <pre>startPoint, controlPoint0_0, controlPoint1_1, pathPoint1, controlPoint1_0, controlPoint1_1, ..., endPoint</pre>
-     *
-     * @method toCubicBezierData
-     * @param {number=} threshold - An optional threshold (default=1.0) how strong the curve segments 
-     *                              should over-/under-drive. Should be between 0.0 and 1.0 for best 
-     *                              results but other values are allowed.
-     * @return {Vertex[]}  An array of 2d vertices that shape the cubic Bézier curve.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toCubicBezierData( threshold:number|undefined ) : Array<Vertex> {
-	if( typeof threshold == 'undefined' )
-	    threshold = 1.0;
-	
-	if( this.vertices.length < 3 )
-	    return [];
-	var cbezier : Array<Vertex> = [];
-	var a : Vertex = this.vertices[0]; 
-	var b : Vertex = this.vertices[1]; 
-	var edgeCenter = new Vertex( a.x + (b.x-a.x)/2,   a.y + (b.y-a.y)/2 );
-	cbezier.push( edgeCenter );
-	
-	var limit : number = this.isOpen ? this.vertices.length-1 : this.vertices.length;
-	for( var t = 0; t < limit; t++ ) {
-	    var a = this.vertices[ t%this.vertices.length ];
-	    var b = this.vertices[ (t+1)%this.vertices.length ];
-	    var c = this.vertices[ (t+2)%this.vertices.length ];
-
-	    var aCenter : Vertex = new Vertex( a.x + (b.x-a.x)/2,   a.y + (b.y-a.y)/2 );
-	    var bCenter : Vertex = new Vertex( b.x + (c.x-b.x)/2,   b.y + (c.y-b.y)/2 );
-	    
-	    var a2 : Vertex = new Vertex( aCenter.x + (b.x-aCenter.x)*threshold, aCenter.y + (b.y-aCenter.y)*threshold );
-	    var b0 : Vertex = new Vertex( bCenter.x + (b.x-bCenter.x)*threshold, bCenter.y + (b.y-bCenter.y)*threshold );
-
-	    cbezier.push( a2 );
-	    cbezier.push( b0 );
-	    cbezier.push( bCenter );
-	    
-	}
-	return cbezier;
-	
-    };
-
-
-    
-    /**
-     * Convert this polygon to a cubic bezier curve, represented as an SVG data string.
-     *
-     * @method toCubicBezierSVGString
-     * @return {string} The 'd' part for an SVG 'path' element.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toCubicBezierSVGString( threshold:number ) : string {
-	var qdata : Array<Vertex> = this.toCubicBezierData( threshold );
-	if( qdata.length == 0 )
-	    return "";
-	var buffer = [ 'M ' + qdata[0].x+' '+qdata[0].y ];
-	for( var i = 1; i < qdata.length; i+=3 ) {
-	    buffer.push( 'C ' + qdata[i].x+' '+qdata[i].y + ', ' + qdata[i+1].x+' '+qdata[i+1].y + ', ' + qdata[i+2].x + ' ' + qdata[i+2].y );
-	}
-	return buffer.join(' ');
-    };
-
-    
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this polygon to a cubic bezier path instance.
-     *
-     * @method toCubicBezierPath
-     * @param {number} threshold - The threshold, usually from 0.0 to 1.0.
-     * @return {BezierPath}      - A bezier path instance.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toCubicBezierPath( threshold:number ) : BezierPath {
-	var qdata : Array<Vertex> = this.toCubicBezierData( threshold );
-	// Conver the linear path vertices to a two-dimensional path array
-	var pathdata : Array<Array<Vertex>> = [];
-	for( var i = 0; i+3 < qdata.length; i+=3 ) {
-	    pathdata.push( [ qdata[i], qdata[i+3], qdata[i+1], qdata[i+2] ] );
-	}
-	return BezierPath.fromArray( pathdata );
-    };
-
- 
-    /**
-     * Create an SVG representation of this polygon.
-     *
-     * @deprecated DEPRECATION Please use the drawutilssvg library and an XMLSerializer instead.
-     * @method toSVGString
-     * @param {object=} options - An optional set of options, like 'className'.
-     * @return {string} The SVG string.
-     * @instance
-     * @memberof Polygon
-     **/
-    toSVGString( options:{ className? : string }|undefined ) : string {
-	options = options || {};
-	var buffer : Array<string> = [];
-	buffer.push( '<path' );
-	if( options.className )
-	    buffer.push( ' class="' + options.className + '"' );
-	buffer.push( ' d="' );
-	if( this.vertices.length > 0 ) {
-	    buffer.push( 'M ' );
-	    buffer.push( this.vertices[0].x.toString() )
-	    buffer.push( ' ' );
-	    buffer.push( this.vertices[0].y.toString() );
-	    for( var i = 1; i < this.vertices.length; i++ ) {
-		buffer.push( ' L ' );
-		buffer.push( this.vertices[i].x.toString() )
-		buffer.push( ' ' );
-		buffer.push( this.vertices[i].y.toString() );
-	    }
-	    if( !this.isOpen ) {
-		buffer.push( ' Z' );
-	    }
-	}
-	buffer.push( '" />' );
-	return buffer.join('');
-    };
-
-    static utils = {
-
-	/**
-	 * Calculate the area of the given polygon (unsigned). 
-	 *
-	 * Note that this does not work for self-intersecting polygons.
-	 *
-	 * @name area
-	 * @return {number}
-	 */
-	area( vertices : Array<XYCoords> ) : number {
-	    // Found at:
-	    //    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16285134/calculating-polygon-area
-	    let total : number = 0.0;
-	    
-	    for (var i = 0, l = vertices.length; i < l; i++) {
-		const addX = vertices[i].x;
-		const addY = vertices[(i + 1)%l].y;
-		const subX = vertices[(i + 1)%l].x;
-		const subY = vertices[i].y;
-
-		total += (addX * addY * 0.5);
-		total -= (subX * subY * 0.5);
-	    }
-	    return Math.abs(total);
-	},
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Calulate the signed polyon area by interpreting the polygon as a matrix
-	 * and calculating its determinant.
-	 *
-	 * @name signedArea
-	 * @return {number}
-	 */
-	signedArea( vertices : Array<XYCoords> ) : number {
-	    let sum : number = 0;
-	    const n = vertices.length;
-	    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
-		const j = (i+1) % n;
-		sum += (vertices[j].x - vertices[i].x) * (vertices[i].y + vertices[j].y);
-	    }
-	    return sum;
-	}
-	
-    };
-    
+    signedArea(vertices: Array<XYCoords>): number {
+      let sum: number = 0;
+      const n = vertices.length;
+      for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        const j = (i + 1) % n;
+        sum += (vertices[j].x - vertices[i].x) * (vertices[i].y + vertices[j].y);
+      }
+      return sum;
+    }
+  };
 }