perigee-mcp 1.1.5 → 1.2.0

package/dist/perigee-mcp.js

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
-import{StdioServerTransport as e}from"@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/stdio.js";import*as t from"astronomy-engine";import{z as n}from"zod";import{json2satrec as r,propagate as i}from"satellite.js";import{mkdir as a,readFile as o,readdir as s,rename as c,rm as l,writeFile as u}from"node:fs/promises";import{homedir as d}from"node:os";import{join as f}from"node:path";import{McpServer as p}from"@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js";var m=6378.137,h=149597870.7,g=2451545,_=2440587.5,v=864e5,y=86400,b=36525,x=2*Math.PI,S=Math.PI/180,C=180/Math.PI,ee=32.184,w=[[`1972-01-01`,10],[`1972-07-01`,11],[`1973-01-01`,12],[`1974-01-01`,13],[`1975-01-01`,14],[`1976-01-01`,15],[`1977-01-01`,16],[`1978-01-01`,17],[`1979-01-01`,18],[`1980-01-01`,19],[`1981-07-01`,20],[`1982-07-01`,21],[`1983-07-01`,22],[`1985-07-01`,23],[`1988-01-01`,24],[`1990-01-01`,25],[`1991-01-01`,26],[`1992-07-01`,27],[`1993-07-01`,28],[`1994-07-01`,29],[`1996-01-01`,30],[`1997-07-01`,31],[`1999-01-01`,32],[`2006-01-01`,33],[`2009-01-01`,34],[`2012-07-01`,35],[`2015-07-01`,36],[`2017-01-01`,37]].map(([e,t])=>[Date.parse(`${e}T00:00:00Z`),t]);(()=>{let e=w[w.length-1];if(!e)throw Error(`empty leap-second table`);return{effectiveUnixMs:e[0],taiMinusUtcS:e[1]}})();var T=Date.UTC(1972,0,1);function te(e){let t;for(let[n,r]of w){if(e<n)break;t=r}return t}function E(e){let t=te(e);return t===void 0?void 0:t+ee}function ne(e){return Date.UTC(2e3,0,1,12)+e*v}t.SetDeltaTFunction(e=>{let n=ne(e);return n<T?t.DeltaT_EspenakMeeus(e):E(n)??t.DeltaT_EspenakMeeus(e)});function D(e,t){return[e[0]+t[0],e[1]+t[1],e[2]+t[2]]}function O(e,t){return[e[0]-t[0],e[1]-t[1],e[2]-t[2]]}function k(e,t){return[e[0]*t,e[1]*t,e[2]*t]}function re(e,t){return e[0]*t[0]+e[1]*t[1]+e[2]*t[2]}function ie(e,t){return[e[1]*t[2]-e[2]*t[1],e[2]*t[0]-e[0]*t[2],e[0]*t[1]-e[1]*t[0]]}function A(e){return Math.hypot(e[0],e[1],e[2])}function ae(e){let t=A(e);if(t===0)throw Error(`Cannot normalize a zero-length vector`);return k(e,1/t)}function oe(e,t){return{x:e.w*t.x+e.x*t.w+e.y*t.z-e.z*t.y,y:e.w*t.y-e.x*t.z+e.y*t.w+e.z*t.x,z:e.w*t.z+e.x*t.y-e.y*t.x+e.z*t.w,w:e.w*t.w-e.x*t.x-e.y*t.y-e.z*t.z}}function j(e,t){let n=t/2,r=Math.sin(n);return{x:e[0]*r,y:e[1]*r,z:e[2]*r,w:Math.cos(n)}}function se(e,t){let n=[e.x,e.y,e.z],r=k(ie(n,t),2);return D(D(t,k(r,e.w)),ie(n,r))}function ce(e){return{x:-e.x,y:-e.y,z:-e.z,w:e.w}}function le(e){return e.getTime()/v+_}function ue(e){let n=t.MakeTime(e).tt+g,r=(357.53+.98560028*(n-g))*S;return n+.001657*Math.sin(r)/y}function de(e){let t=(le(e)-g)/b,n=(67310.54841+3164400184.812866*t+.093104*t*t-62e-7*t*t*t)%y/y*x;return n<0?n+x:n}var fe=1737.4,pe=3389.5;function me(e,n){let r=t.RotationAxis(e,n);return he(r.ra*15*S,r.dec*S,r.spin*S)}function he(e,t,n){let r=j([0,0,1],e+Math.PI/2),i=j([1,0,0],Math.PI/2-t),a=j([0,0,1],n);return oe(oe(r,i),a)}var ge={innerKm:74e3,outerKm:140500},_e={innerKm:41500,outerKm:51500},ve={innerKm:40500,outerKm:63500},ye=695700,be=23.439279444*S,xe=[{id:`mercury`,body:t.Body.Mercury,name:{en:`Mercury`,fr:`Mercure`},radiusKm:2439.7,periodDays:87.969,gmKm3S2:22031.868551,color:`#b5a99a`},{id:`venus`,body:t.Body.Venus,name:{en:`Venus`,fr:`Vénus`},radiusKm:6051.8,periodDays:224.701,gmKm3S2:324858.592,color:`#e8cf9a`},{id:`earth`,body:t.Body.Earth,name:{en:`Earth`,fr:`Terre`},radiusKm:6371,periodDays:365.256,gmKm3S2:403503.235502,color:`#6fa8ff`},{id:`mars`,body:t.Body.Mars,name:{en:`Mars`,fr:`Mars`},radiusKm:3389.5,periodDays:686.98,gmKm3S2:42828.375214,color:`#d9774b`},{id:`jupiter`,body:t.Body.Jupiter,name:{en:`Jupiter`,fr:`Jupiter`},radiusKm:69911,radiiKm:[71492,71492,66854],periodDays:4332.59,gmKm3S2:126712764.1,color:`#d8b98f`},{id:`saturn`,body:t.Body.Saturn,name:{en:`Saturn`,fr:`Saturne`},radiusKm:58232,radiiKm:[60268,60268,54364],periodDays:10759.22,gmKm3S2:37940584.8418,color:`#e3d19c`,rings:ge},{id:`uranus`,body:t.Body.Uranus,name:{en:`Uranus`,fr:`Uranus`},radiusKm:25362,radiiKm:[25559,25559,24973],periodDays:30688.5,gmKm3S2:5794556.4,color:`#9fd8e0`,rings:_e},{id:`neptune`,body:t.Body.Neptune,name:{en:`Neptune`,fr:`Neptune`},radiusKm:24622,radiiKm:[24764,24764,24341],periodDays:60182,gmKm3S2:6836527.10058,color:`#6f8fe8`,rings:ve},{id:`pluto`,body:t.Body.Pluto,name:{en:`Pluto`,fr:`Pluton`},radiusKm:1188.3,periodDays:90560,gmKm3S2:975.5,color:`#c7b39c`,dwarf:!0}];function Se(e,n){let r=t.HelioState(e,n),i=h/y;return{posKm:[r.x*h,r.y*h,r.z*h],velKmS:[r.vx*i,r.vy*i,r.vz*i]}}var Ce=.3*h;h/Math.log(1+h/Ce);var we={"app.brand":`Perigee`,"app.title":`Perigee - objects in orbit, in real time`,"app.description":`See every active satellite around the Earth, the spacecraft orbiting the Moon and Mars, and the probes crossing the solar system, in real time and in 3D. Positions computed in your browser from public data (CelesTrak, NASA/JPL Horizons).`,"app.loading":`Loading…`,"app.webglUnavailable":`WebGL 2 is not available in this browser.`,"toolbar.recenter":`Recenter`,"toolbar.recenter.hint":`Return to the default view (R)`,"toolbar.frame":`Frame`,"toolbar.frame.fixed":`Earth-fixed`,"toolbar.frame.inertial":`Inertial`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.moon":`Moon-fixed`,"toolbar.frame.hint":`Body-fixed: the central body stays still. Inertial: it spins and orbits stay fixed.`,"toolbar.view":`View`,"toolbar.missions":`Missions`,"view.earth":`Earth`,"view.moon":`Moon`,"view.mars":`Mars`,"view.solar":`Solar system`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.solar":`Ecliptic`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.mars":`Mars-fixed`,"toolbar.language":`Language`,"toolbar.about":`About`,"toolbar.quality":`Quality`,"toolbar.quality.hint":`Rendering quality. Auto adapts to this device (detected: {tier}); the page reloads to apply a change.`,"quality.auto":`Auto`,"quality.high":`High`,"quality.medium":`Medium`,"quality.low":`Saver`,"effects.highOnly":`Available at high quality only.`,"effects.relief":`Relief`,"effects.clouds":`Earth clouds (illustrative)`,"effects.gasMotion":`Moving gas (Venus, giant planets)`,"effects.sunspots":`Sunspots (NOAA)`,"effects.modelLighting":`3D spacecraft: sunlight and shadows`,"toolbar.settings":`Settings`,"toolbar.settings.hint":`Settings: quality, effects and controls`,"controls.title":`Controls`,"controls.mouse":`Mouse`,"controls.keyboard":`Keyboard`,"controls.touch":`Touch screen`,"controls.leftButton":`Left button`,"controls.rightButton":`Right button`,"controls.wheel":`Wheel`,"controls.drag":`drag`,"controls.click":`click`,"controls.doubleClick":`double-click`,"controls.scroll":`scroll`,"controls.rotate":`Turn around the target`,"controls.pan":`Move the view`,"controls.roll":`Roll`,"controls.zoom":`Zoom in or out`,"controls.select":`Select an object`,"controls.follow":`Follow the object`,"controls.followKey":`Follow the selection, or stop`,"controls.reset":`Back to the default view`,"controls.close":`Close a panel or a window`,"controls.touchDrag":`Drag one finger`,"controls.tap":`Tap`,"controls.doubleTap":`Double tap`,"controls.pinch":`Pinch`,"controls.twist":`Turn two fingers`,"controls.threeFingerDrag":`Drag three fingers`,"toolbar.report":`Report`,"report.title":`Report a problem`,"report.intro":`Spotted a bug, wrong data or have an idea? Tell us here; it reaches the maintainer by e-mail.`,"report.type":`Type`,"report.type.bug":`Bug`,"report.type.data":`Wrong data`,"report.type.suggestion":`Suggestion`,"report.type.comment":`Comment`,"report.message":`Description`,"report.messagePlaceholder":`What happened, which object or view, what you expected…`,"report.email":`E-mail (optional)`,"report.emailNote":`Used only to reply about this report; sent through Web3Forms, never shared or published.`,"report.context":`Information attached`,"report.send":`Send`,"report.sending":`Sending…`,"report.sent":`Thank you, your report was sent.`,"report.error":`The report could not be sent. Please try again later.`,"about.privacy":`Privacy`,"about.analytics":`No account, no ads, no cookies. Page views are counted by {goatcounter}, a privacy-friendly service that stores no IP address and uses no cookies.`,"about.privacyPolicy":`Privacy policy`,"about.reports":`Reports sent with the "Report" button reach the maintainer by e-mail through Web3Forms, with your e-mail address only if you give it.`,"time.label":`Simulation time`,"time.pause":`Pause`,"time.play":`Play`,"time.now":`Now`,"time.now.hint":`Back to real time`,"time.rate":`Speed`,"time.jump":`Jump to date ({zone})`,"time.jump.apply":`Go`,"time.live":`Live`,"time.paused":`Paused`,"about.title":`About Perigee`,"about.intro":`Perigee is an open-source viewer of artificial objects in orbit. All positions are computed in your browser from public data.`,"about.disclaimer":`Educational use only. Not intended for navigation or conjunction assessment.`,"time.maxRate.earth":`Not available in the Earth view: low satellites would complete several orbits between two computations.`,"info.texture":`Surface map`,"texture.uranus":`Illustrative map: true-colour hue (Voyager 2) with the faint bands and bright north polar cap seen by Hubble and JWST (2022–2024)`,"texture.artist":`Artist's impression based on NASA imagery (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.artistVenus":`Cloud tops, artist's impression based on NASA imagery (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.handDrawn":`Hand-drawn relief map from spacecraft images (P. Stooke), not a photograph`,"texture.titanInfrared":`Surface seen through the haze in near-infrared (Cassini, 938 nm), greyscale`,"info.shape":`Shape`,"shape.pds":`Measured irregular shape (PDS shape model from spacecraft images)`,"preview.body":`Same map as in the 3D view, lit from one side; drag to turn it`,"preview.star":`Illustration: the colour of its surface at {t} K (not a photograph)`,"preview.starWithSun":`Illustration: the colour of its surface at {t} K, with the Sun at the same scale (not a photograph)`,"preview.starSunTiny":`Illustration: the colour of its surface at {t} K (not a photograph); at this scale the Sun, {n} times smaller, would not show`,"model.credit":`3D model: {credit} (attitude illustrative)`,"image.credit":`image: {credit}, {licence}`,"image.enlarge":`Click to enlarge`,"image.publicDomain":`public domain`,"image.kind.photo":`Photo`,"image.kind.observation":`Image taken by the spacecraft`,"image.kind.orbital":`Seen from orbit`,"image.kind.aerial":`Aerial view`,"image.kind.illustration":`Illustration (artist’s impression)`,"image.kind.replica":`Replica or test model`,"image.kind.similar":`Same type of craft (not this one)`,"image.kind.launch":`At launch`,"model.preview":`3D model of the selected object; drag to turn it`,"moonPhase.new":`new moon`,"moonPhase.waxingCrescent":`waxing crescent`,"moonPhase.firstQuarter":`first quarter`,"moonPhase.waxingGibbous":`waxing gibbous`,"moonPhase.full":`full moon`,"moonPhase.waningGibbous":`waning gibbous`,"moonPhase.lastQuarter":`last quarter`,"moonPhase.waningCrescent":`waning crescent`,"moonPhase.lit":`{pct} % lit`,"moonPhase.months":`{sidereal} d around the Earth · {synodic} d from one new moon to the next`,"earth.moonNotes":`The Earth’s only natural satellite, a quarter of its size. It always shows us the same face: it turns once on itself in the time it takes to go around the Earth.`,"earth.moon":`Moon`,"texture.uniform":`Never imaged in detail: uniform colour from measured albedo and spectrum`,"view.solar.short":`Solar`,"toolbar.menu":`Menu`,"time.jump.toggle":`Jump to a date`,"altimeter.altitude":`Alt`,"altimeter.distance":`Dist`,"altimeter.aria":`Altitude or distance: drag, scroll or use the arrow keys to zoom`,"altimeter.au":`AU`,"coord.north":`N`,"coord.south":`S`,"coord.east":`E`,"coord.west":`W`,"time.zone":`Time zone of the dates shown`,"tz.auto":`This computer’s time zone`,"tz.utc":`UTC — Coordinated Universal Time`,"tz.region.America":`Americas`,"tz.region.Europe":`Europe`,"tz.region.Africa":`Africa`,"tz.region.Asia":`Asia`,"tz.region.Australia":`Australia`,"tz.region.Pacific":`Pacific`,"tz.region.Atlantic":`Atlantic`,"tz.region.Indian":`Indian Ocean`,"tz.region.Antarctica":`Antarctica`,"tz.region.Arctic":`Arctic`,"toolbar.photo":`Photo`,"toolbar.photo.hint":`Photo: download the 3D view as two images (as shown, and objects only)`,"photo.title":`{brand} — {subject} — {date}`,"photo.objectsOnly":`(objects only)`,"photo.saved":`Two images downloaded: the view and the objects only`,"embed.open":`Open in Perigee ↗`,"photo.failed":`The photo could not be created`,"panel.collapse":`Collapse or expand the panel`,"solar.moonCount":`{n} moons`,"missions.showAll":`Show all`,"filters.selectAll":`Select all`,"missions.showNone":`Hide all`,"missions.toggle":`Show {name} in 3D`,"solar.moonCountOne":`1 moon`,"info.parent":`Orbits`,"info.distPlanet":`Distance to the planet`,"info.speedPlanet":`Speed relative to the planet`,"info.semiMajorAxis":`Semi-major axis`,"info.eccentricity":`Eccentricity`,"moon.plane.laplace":`to the local Laplace plane`,"moon.plane.equator":`to the planet's equator`,"moon.plane.ecliptic":`to the ecliptic`,"planet.model.vsop87":`Position computed with astronomy-engine (VSOP87 planetary theory)`,"planet.model.pluto":`Position computed with astronomy-engine (numerical integration under the giant planets’ attraction)`,"moon.model.horizons":`Position interpolated from JPL Horizons ephemerides`,"moon.model.theory":`Position computed with astronomy-engine (analytical theory)`,"moon.model.meanElements":`Approximate position from JPL mean orbital elements`,"about.author":`Created by`,"about.sourceCode":`Source code on GitHub`,"about.version":`Version`,"about.commit":`commit`,"about.dataRefreshed":`Data last refreshed:`,"about.data.satellites":`satellites`,"about.data.satcat":`catalogue`,"about.data.ephemerides":`ephemerides`,"about.dataUnavailable":`Data refresh date unavailable (offline?).`,"about.sources":`Data and imagery`,"about.software":`Software`,"about.license":`Code released under the MIT license.`,"glossary.open":`What does “{label}” mean?`,"about.close":`Close`,"toolbar.filters":`Filters`,"sat.loading":`Loading satellites…`,"sat.unavailable":`Satellite data is unavailable right now.`,"filters.title":`Filters`,"filters.search":`Search: name, NORAD or COSPAR`,"filters.clear":`Clear`,"filters.science":`Space & Earth science`,"filters.operators":`Operator`,"filters.owners":`Country / owner`,"filters.groups":`Group`,"filters.regimes":`Orbit`,"filters.types":`Object type`,"filters.launchSites":`Launch site`,"filters.showLaunchSites":`Show launch sites on the Earth`,"launch.active":`Orbital launches in 2024–2026`,"launch.inactive":`No recent orbital launch`,"launch.operator":`Operator`,"launch.first":`First orbital launch`,"launch.codes":`SATCAT codes`,"launch.satellites":`Tracked satellites launched here`,"launch.showSatellites":`Show these satellites`,"filters.none":`None / other`,"filters.results":`Matching objects`,"filters.more":`{n} more — refine the search`,"filters.empty":`No matching object.`,"stats.shown":`{shown} shown of {total}`,"stats.invalid":`{n} invalid`,"stats.stale":`{n} stale`,"stats.fetched":`Elements fetched {date}`,"regime.LEO":`LEO — low orbit`,"regime.MEO":`MEO — medium orbit`,"regime.GEO":`GEO — geosynchronous`,"regime.HEO":`HEO — highly elliptical`,"type.PAY":`Payload`,"type.R/B":`Rocket body`,"type.DEB":`Debris`,"type.UNK":`Unknown`,"status.+":`Operational`,"status.-":`Nonoperational`,"status.P":`Partially operational`,"status.B":`Backup / standby`,"status.S":`Spare`,"status.X":`Extended mission`,"status.D":`Decayed`,"status.?":`Unknown`,"info.label":`Selected object`,"info.close":`Close`,"info.follow":`Follow`,"info.unfollow":`Stop following`,"info.norad":`NORAD`,"info.cospar":`COSPAR`,"info.operator":`Operator`,"info.hostedPayload":`Hosted payload`,"info.owner":`Country / owner`,"info.launch":`Launch`,"info.status":`Status`,"info.type":`Type`,"info.altitude":`Altitude`,"info.speed":`Speed`,"info.apsides":`Perigee / apogee`,"info.period":`Period`,"info.inclination":`Inclination`,"info.epoch":`Elements epoch`,"info.groups":`Groups`,"info.fresh":`Propagated with SGP4 from recent elements`,"info.stale":`Stale elements (older than 14 days): position unreliable`,"info.invalid":`SGP4 error (decayed or invalid elements): position unavailable`,"info.ageDays":`{n} d old`,"info.inDays":`in {n} d (operator prediction)`,"info.elementsSource":`Elements from`,"info.source.gp":`US Space Force tracking (CelesTrak GP)`,"info.source.supgp":`Fit to {set} (CelesTrak SupGP)`,"info.noMetadata":`No catalogue metadata available.`,"moon.loading":`Loading lunar ephemerides…`,"moon.unavailable":`Lunar ephemerides are unavailable right now.`,"moon.panel":`Around the Moon`,"moon.missions":`Missions`,"moon.sites":`Landing and impact sites`,"moon.showSites":`Show sites on the Moon`,"moon.fetched":`Ephemerides fetched {date}`,"moon.noEphemeris":`no public ephemeris`,"mission.status.active":`Active`,"mission.status.inactive":`Inactive`,"mission.status.ended":`Ended`,"mission.status.cruise":`Cruise`,"mission.status.planned":`Not launched`,"mission.status.unknown":`Status unknown`,"mission.natural":`Natural satellite`,"ephem.interpolated":`Position interpolated from JPL Horizons ephemerides`,"ephem.extrapolated":`Extrapolated (two-body Kepler) {h} h beyond the ephemeris window: approximate`,"ephem.hidden":`Ephemeris {d} days old: position not shown, last known trajectory in grey`,"ephem.none":`No public ephemeris: listed only, not shown in 3D`,"ephem.planned":`Not launched yet`,"site.soft":`Soft landing`,"site.hard":`Crash`,"site.impact":`Impact`,"site.crewed":`Crewed landing`,"site.rover-last-known":`Rover (last known position)`,"info.agency":`Agency`,"info.country":`Country`,"info.orbit":`Orbit`,"info.horizons":`JPL Horizons ID`,"info.window":`Ephemeris window`,"info.periapsis":`Periapsis / apoapsis`,"info.inclinationEquator":`Inclination (to the equator)`,"info.mission":`Mission`,"info.date":`Date`,"info.coordinates":`Coordinates`,"info.notes":`Notes`,"info.purpose":`Mission`,"info.catalogName":`Catalogue name`,"info.missionPage":`mission page`,"info.sources":`Sources`,"info.verified":`Checked {date}`,"country.su":`Soviet Union`,"country.int":`International`,"country.eu":`Europe (ESA)`,"info.radius":`Mean radius`,"info.radiiEqPolar":`Equatorial / polar radius`,"info.semiAxes":`Semi-axes`,"info.sol":`Sol`,"info.odometry":`Distance driven`,"info.liveFeed":`Position updated daily from NASA’s rover waypoint feed`,"mars.loading":`Loading Mars ephemerides…`,"mars.unavailable":`Mars ephemerides are unavailable right now.`,"mars.panel":`Around Mars`,"mars.sites":`Landing sites`,"mars.showSites":`Show sites on Mars`,"solar.loading":`Loading spacecraft ephemerides…`,"solar.unavailable":`Spacecraft ephemerides are unavailable right now.`,"solar.panel":`Solar system`,"solar.planets":`Celestial bodies`,"solar.probes":`Spacecraft`,"solar.dwarf":`dwarf planet`,"solar.stars":`Identify the bright stars`,"star.magnitudeShort":`mag {mag}`,"star.kind":`star`,"star.designation":`Designation`,"star.constellation":`Constellation`,"star.type":`Type`,"star.spectralType":`Spectral type`,"star.magnitude":`Apparent magnitude`,"star.magnitudeValue":`{mag} (the lower, the brighter)`,"star.distance":`Distance`,"star.distanceValue":`{ly} light-years`,"star.radius":`Radius`,"star.mass":`Mass`,"star.temperature":`Surface temperature`,"star.luminosity":`Luminosity`,"star.timesSun":`{n} × the Sun`,"star.position":`Position (J2000)`,"star.positionValue":`RA {ra} · Dec {dec}`,"star.footnote":`Stars are drawn on the sky, infinitely far: no distance in this view is to their scale. Position, magnitude and spectral type from SIMBAD (CDS); for a multiple system, the physical values are those of its main star.`,"sun.name":`Sun`,"sun.kind":`star`,"sun.model":`IAU rotation model; active regions from NOAA SWPC`,"sun.noReport":`No NOAA active-region report within two weeks of this date: no sunspots drawn`,"sun.type":`Type`,"sun.typeValue":`G2V yellow dwarf`,"sun.mass":`Mass`,"sun.temperature":`Surface temperature (effective)`,"sun.luminosity":`Luminosity`,"sun.age":`Age`,"sun.ageValue":`4.6 billion years`,"sun.rotation":`Rotation`,"sun.rotationValue":`{sidereal} d sidereal (Carrington) · {synodic} d seen from the Earth`,"sun.carrington":`Carrington rotation`,"sun.carringtonValue":`CR {n} · central meridian at {lon}°`,"sun.regions":`Active regions`,"sun.regionsValue":`{spots} with sunspots ({area} MH), {plage} without`,"sun.report":`Latest NOAA report used`,"sun.notes":`Sunspots are drawn where NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center reports active regions each day: heliographic latitude, Carrington longitude, area and number of spots, seen on the Earth-facing side. Between reports they turn with the Sun’s differential rotation (faster at the equator), and they fade out 7 to 14 days after their last report, since the far side is not observed. The shapes of the spots within a group are illustrative. MH: millionths of the solar hemisphere.`,"sun.spotsOff":`Sunspots are not drawn: the effect is switched off, or the quality is below High.`,"solar.sunspots":`Sunspots: NOAA SWPC active regions, report of {date}; spot shapes illustrative.`,"solar.logScale":`Logarithmic distances (not to scale)`,"solar.logWarning":`Logarithmic distance scale: positions are not to scale.`,"info.distSun":`Distance to the Sun`,"info.distEarth":`Distance to the Earth`,"info.lightTime":`light time`,"info.speedSun":`Heliocentric speed`,"info.orbitalPeriod":`Orbital period`,"info.phase":`Phase`,"info.next":`Next event`,"unit.years":`yr`,"music.show":`Soundtrack`,"music.hide":`Hide the player`,"music.title":`Soundtrack`,"music.frameTitle":`SoundCloud player: NASA Explorers: Apollo Soundtrack`,"music.note":`Player by SoundCloud, loaded only once opened.`,"app.canvasLabel":`3D view. Drag or use the arrow keys or WASD to rotate, Alt (Option) + drag or Alt + arrows to move the view, Q/E to roll, +/− to zoom, R to reset, F to follow the selection. Objects are listed in the side panel.`,"app.offline":`Offline — showing cached data`,"app.updateReady":`A new version of Perigee is available.`,"app.dataReady":`Newer data are available.`,"app.refresh":`Refresh`,"unit.days":`d`},Te={"app.brand":`Périgée`,"app.title":`Périgée - les objets en orbite, en temps réel`,"app.description":`Voyez tous les satellites actifs autour de la Terre, les sondes en orbite autour de la Lune et de Mars, et celles qui traversent le système solaire, en temps réel et en 3D. Positions calculées dans votre navigateur à partir de données publiques (CelesTrak, NASA/JPL Horizons).`,"app.loading":`Chargement…`,"app.webglUnavailable":`WebGL 2 n’est pas disponible dans ce navigateur.`,"toolbar.recenter":`Recentrer`,"toolbar.recenter.hint":`Revenir à la vue par défaut (R)`,"toolbar.frame":`Repère`,"toolbar.frame.fixed":`Terrestre fixe`,"toolbar.frame.inertial":`Inertiel`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.moon":`Lunaire fixe`,"toolbar.frame.hint":`Repère fixe\xA0: l’astre central reste immobile. Inertiel\xA0: il tourne sur lui-même, les orbites restent fixes.`,"toolbar.view":`Vue`,"toolbar.missions":`Missions`,"view.earth":`Terre`,"view.moon":`Lune`,"view.mars":`Mars`,"view.solar":`Système solaire`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.solar":`Écliptique`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.mars":`Martien fixe`,"toolbar.language":`Langue`,"toolbar.about":`À propos`,"toolbar.quality":`Qualité`,"toolbar.quality.hint":`Qualité du rendu. Auto s’adapte à cet appareil (détectée : {tier}) ; la page se recharge pour appliquer un changement.`,"quality.auto":`Auto`,"quality.high":`Élevée`,"quality.medium":`Moyenne`,"quality.low":`Économie`,"effects.highOnly":`Disponible en qualité élevée seulement.`,"effects.relief":`Relief`,"effects.clouds":`Nuages terrestres (illustratifs)`,"effects.gasMotion":`Gaz en mouvement (Vénus, géantes)`,"effects.sunspots":`Taches solaires (NOAA)`,"effects.modelLighting":`Engins 3D : lumière du Soleil et ombres`,"toolbar.settings":`Réglages`,"toolbar.settings.hint":`Réglages\xA0: qualité, effets et commandes`,"controls.title":`Commandes`,"controls.mouse":`Souris`,"controls.keyboard":`Clavier`,"controls.touch":`Écran tactile`,"controls.leftButton":`Bouton gauche`,"controls.rightButton":`Bouton droit`,"controls.wheel":`Molette`,"controls.drag":`glisser`,"controls.click":`clic`,"controls.doubleClick":`double-clic`,"controls.scroll":`rouler`,"controls.rotate":`Tourner autour du point visé`,"controls.pan":`Déplacer la vue`,"controls.roll":`Roulis`,"controls.zoom":`Zoom avant ou arrière`,"controls.select":`Sélectionner un objet`,"controls.follow":`Suivre l’objet`,"controls.followKey":`Suivre la sélection, ou arrêter`,"controls.reset":`Revenir à la vue par défaut`,"controls.close":`Fermer un panneau ou une fenêtre`,"controls.touchDrag":`Glisser un doigt`,"controls.tap":`Toucher`,"controls.doubleTap":`Toucher deux fois`,"controls.pinch":`Pincer`,"controls.twist":`Tourner deux doigts`,"controls.threeFingerDrag":`Glisser trois doigts`,"toolbar.report":`Signaler`,"report.title":`Signaler un problème`,"report.intro":`Un bogue, une donnée erronée ou une idée? Écrivez-le ici; le message parvient au mainteneur par courriel.`,"report.type":`Type`,"report.type.bug":`Bogue`,"report.type.data":`Donnée erronée`,"report.type.suggestion":`Suggestion`,"report.type.comment":`Commentaire`,"report.message":`Description`,"report.messagePlaceholder":`Ce qui s’est passé, quel objet ou quelle vue, ce que vous attendiez…`,"report.email":`Courriel (facultatif)`,"report.emailNote":`Utilisé seulement pour vous répondre au sujet de ce signalement; transmis par Web3Forms, jamais partagé ni publié.`,"report.context":`Informations jointes`,"report.send":`Envoyer`,"report.sending":`Envoi…`,"report.sent":`Merci, votre signalement a été envoyé.`,"report.error":`Le signalement n’a pas pu être envoyé. Réessayez plus tard.`,"about.privacy":`Confidentialité`,"about.analytics":`Ni compte, ni publicité, ni témoins. Les pages vues sont comptées par {goatcounter}, un service respectueux de la vie privée qui ne conserve aucune adresse IP et n’utilise pas de témoins.`,"about.privacyPolicy":`Politique de confidentialité`,"about.reports":`Les signalements envoyés avec le bouton «\xA0Signaler\xA0» parviennent au mainteneur par courriel via Web3Forms, avec votre adresse seulement si vous la donnez.`,"time.label":`Temps de simulation`,"time.pause":`Pause`,"time.play":`Lecture`,"time.now":`Maintenant`,"time.now.hint":`Revenir au temps réel`,"time.rate":`Vitesse`,"time.jump":`Aller à la date ({zone})`,"time.jump.apply":`Aller`,"time.live":`En direct`,"time.paused":`En pause`,"about.title":`À propos de Périgée`,"about.intro":`Périgée est un visualiseur libre des objets artificiels en orbite. Toutes les positions sont calculées dans votre navigateur à partir de données publiques.`,"about.disclaimer":`Usage éducatif seulement. Non destiné à la navigation ni à l’évaluation de conjonctions.`,"time.maxRate.earth":`Indisponible dans la vue Terre : les satellites bas feraient plusieurs orbites entre deux calculs.`,"info.texture":`Carte de surface`,"texture.uranus":`Carte illustrative : teinte en couleurs réelles (Voyager 2), avec les bandes discrètes et la calotte polaire nord claire vues par Hubble et le JWST (2022–2024)`,"texture.artist":`Vue d’artiste d’après des images de la NASA (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.artistVenus":`Sommet des nuages, vue d’artiste d’après des images de la NASA (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.handDrawn":`Carte du relief dessinée à la main d’après des images de sondes (P. Stooke), pas une photographie`,"texture.titanInfrared":`Surface vue à travers la brume dans le proche infrarouge (Cassini, 938 nm), en niveaux de gris`,"info.shape":`Forme`,"shape.pds":`Forme irrégulière mesurée (modèle de forme PDS tiré d’images de sondes)`,"preview.body":`Même carte que dans la vue 3D, éclairée de côté ; glisser pour la tourner`,"preview.star":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K (pas une photographie)`,"preview.starWithSun":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K, avec le Soleil à la même échelle (pas une photographie)`,"preview.starSunTiny":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K (pas une photographie) ; à cette échelle, le Soleil, {n} fois plus petit, ne se verrait pas`,"image.credit":`image\xA0: {credit}, {licence}`,"image.enlarge":`Cliquer pour agrandir`,"image.publicDomain":`domaine public`,"image.kind.photo":`Photo`,"image.kind.observation":`Image prise par l’engin`,"image.kind.orbital":`Vu depuis l’orbite`,"image.kind.aerial":`Vue aérienne`,"image.kind.illustration":`Illustration (vue d’artiste)`,"image.kind.replica":`Réplique ou modèle d’essai`,"image.kind.similar":`Engin du même type (pas celui-ci)`,"image.kind.launch":`Au lancement`,"model.credit":`Modèle 3D : {credit} (orientation indicative)`,"model.preview":`Modèle 3D de l’objet sélectionné ; glisser pour le tourner`,"moonPhase.new":`nouvelle lune`,"moonPhase.waxingCrescent":`premier croissant`,"moonPhase.firstQuarter":`premier quartier`,"moonPhase.waxingGibbous":`gibbeuse croissante`,"moonPhase.full":`pleine lune`,"moonPhase.waningGibbous":`gibbeuse décroissante`,"moonPhase.lastQuarter":`dernier quartier`,"moonPhase.waningCrescent":`dernier croissant`,"moonPhase.lit":`{pct} % éclairée`,"moonPhase.months":`{sidereal} j autour de la Terre · {synodic} j d’une nouvelle lune à la suivante`,"earth.moonNotes":`Le seul satellite naturel de la Terre, quatre fois plus petit qu’elle. Elle nous montre toujours la même face : elle fait un tour sur elle-même dans le temps qu’elle met à faire le tour de la Terre.`,"earth.moon":`Lune`,"texture.uniform":`Jamais photographiée en détail : couleur uniforme d’après l’albédo et le spectre mesurés`,"view.solar.short":`Solaire`,"toolbar.menu":`Menu`,"time.jump.toggle":`Aller à une date`,"altimeter.altitude":`Alt`,"altimeter.distance":`Dist`,"altimeter.aria":`Altitude ou distance\xA0: glisser, faire défiler ou utiliser les flèches pour zoomer`,"altimeter.au":`ua`,"coord.north":`N`,"coord.south":`S`,"coord.east":`E`,"coord.west":`O`,"time.zone":`Fuseau horaire des dates affichées`,"tz.auto":`Fuseau de cet ordinateur`,"tz.utc":`UTC — temps universel coordonné`,"tz.region.America":`Amériques`,"tz.region.Europe":`Europe`,"tz.region.Africa":`Afrique`,"tz.region.Asia":`Asie`,"tz.region.Australia":`Australie`,"tz.region.Pacific":`Pacifique`,"tz.region.Atlantic":`Atlantique`,"tz.region.Indian":`Océan Indien`,"tz.region.Antarctica":`Antarctique`,"tz.region.Arctic":`Arctique`,"toolbar.photo":`Photo`,"toolbar.photo.hint":`Photo\xA0: télécharger la vue 3D en deux images (telle quelle, et objets seulement)`,"photo.title":`{brand} — {subject} — {date}`,"photo.objectsOnly":`(objets seulement)`,"photo.saved":`Deux images téléchargées\xA0: la vue et les objets seulement`,"embed.open":`Ouvrir dans Périgée ↗`,"photo.failed":`La photo n’a pas pu être créée`,"panel.collapse":`Replier ou déplier le panneau`,"solar.moonCount":`{n} lunes`,"missions.showAll":`Tout afficher`,"filters.selectAll":`Tout sélectionner`,"missions.showNone":`Tout masquer`,"missions.toggle":`Afficher {name} en 3D`,"solar.moonCountOne":`1 lune`,"info.parent":`Orbite autour de`,"info.distPlanet":`Distance à la planète`,"info.speedPlanet":`Vitesse par rapport à la planète`,"info.semiMajorAxis":`Demi-grand axe`,"info.eccentricity":`Excentricité`,"moon.plane.laplace":`par rapport au plan de Laplace local`,"moon.plane.equator":`par rapport à l’équateur de la planète`,"moon.plane.ecliptic":`par rapport à l’écliptique`,"planet.model.vsop87":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (théorie planétaire VSOP87)`,"planet.model.pluto":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (intégration numérique sous l’attraction des planètes géantes)`,"moon.model.horizons":`Position interpolée à partir des éphémérides JPL Horizons`,"moon.model.theory":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (théorie analytique)`,"moon.model.meanElements":`Position approximative d’après les éléments orbitaux moyens du JPL`,"about.author":`Créé par`,"about.sourceCode":`Code source sur GitHub`,"about.version":`Version`,"about.commit":`commit`,"about.dataRefreshed":`Données rafraîchies\xA0:`,"about.data.satellites":`satellites`,"about.data.satcat":`catalogue`,"about.data.ephemerides":`éphémérides`,"about.dataUnavailable":`Date de rafraîchissement des données indisponible (hors ligne?).`,"about.sources":`Données et imagerie`,"about.software":`Logiciels`,"about.license":`Code publié sous licence MIT.`,"glossary.open":`Que veut dire «\xA0{label}\xA0»?`,"about.close":`Fermer`,"toolbar.filters":`Filtres`,"sat.loading":`Chargement des satellites…`,"sat.unavailable":`Les données satellites sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"filters.title":`Filtres`,"filters.search":`Recherche\xA0: nom, NORAD ou COSPAR`,"filters.clear":`Effacer`,"filters.science":`Sciences spatiales et de la Terre`,"filters.operators":`Opérateur`,"filters.owners":`Pays / propriétaire`,"filters.groups":`Groupe`,"filters.regimes":`Orbite`,"filters.types":`Type d’objet`,"filters.launchSites":`Site de lancement`,"filters.showLaunchSites":`Afficher les sites de lancement sur la Terre`,"launch.active":`Lancements orbitaux en 2024–2026`,"launch.inactive":`Aucun lancement orbital récent`,"launch.operator":`Exploitant`,"launch.first":`Premier lancement orbital`,"launch.codes":`Codes SATCAT`,"launch.satellites":`Satellites suivis lancés d’ici`,"launch.showSatellites":`Afficher ces satellites`,"filters.none":`Aucun / autre`,"filters.results":`Objets correspondants`,"filters.more":`{n} de plus — précisez la recherche`,"filters.empty":`Aucun objet correspondant.`,"stats.shown":`{shown} affichés sur {total}`,"stats.invalid":`{n} invalides`,"stats.stale":`{n} périmés`,"stats.fetched":`Éléments récupérés le {date}`,"regime.LEO":`LEO — orbite basse`,"regime.MEO":`MEO — orbite moyenne`,"regime.GEO":`GEO — géosynchrone`,"regime.HEO":`HEO — très elliptique`,"type.PAY":`Charge utile`,"type.R/B":`Étage de fusée`,"type.DEB":`Débris`,"type.UNK":`Inconnu`,"status.+":`Opérationnel`,"status.-":`Hors service`,"status.P":`Partiellement opérationnel`,"status.B":`En réserve`,"status.S":`De rechange`,"status.X":`Mission prolongée`,"status.D":`Désintégré`,"status.?":`Inconnu`,"info.label":`Objet sélectionné`,"info.close":`Fermer`,"info.follow":`Suivre`,"info.unfollow":`Ne plus suivre`,"info.norad":`NORAD`,"info.cospar":`COSPAR`,"info.operator":`Opérateur`,"info.hostedPayload":`Charge utile hébergée`,"info.owner":`Pays / propriétaire`,"info.launch":`Lancement`,"info.status":`Statut`,"info.type":`Type`,"info.altitude":`Altitude`,"info.speed":`Vitesse`,"info.apsides":`Périgée / apogée`,"info.period":`Période`,"info.inclination":`Inclinaison`,"info.epoch":`Époque des éléments`,"info.groups":`Groupes`,"info.fresh":`Propagé par SGP4 à partir d’éléments récents`,"info.stale":`Éléments périmés (plus de 14 jours)\xA0: position peu fiable`,"info.invalid":`Erreur SGP4 (objet désintégré ou éléments invalides)\xA0: position indisponible`,"info.ageDays":`il y a {n} j`,"info.inDays":`dans {n} j (prédiction de l’opérateur)`,"info.elementsSource":`Éléments issus de`,"info.source.gp":`Suivi de l’US Space Force (CelesTrak GP)`,"info.source.supgp":`Ajustement ({set}, CelesTrak SupGP)`,"info.noMetadata":`Aucune métadonnée de catalogue disponible.`,"moon.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides lunaires…`,"moon.unavailable":`Les éphémérides lunaires sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"moon.panel":`Autour de la Lune`,"moon.missions":`Missions`,"moon.sites":`Sites d’alunissage et d’impact`,"moon.showSites":`Afficher les sites sur la Lune`,"moon.fetched":`Éphémérides récupérées le {date}`,"moon.noEphemeris":`aucune éphéméride publique`,"mission.status.active":`Active`,"mission.status.inactive":`Inactive`,"mission.status.ended":`Terminée`,"mission.status.cruise":`En croisière`,"mission.status.planned":`Pas encore lancée`,"mission.status.unknown":`Statut inconnu`,"mission.natural":`Satellite naturel`,"ephem.interpolated":`Position interpolée à partir des éphémérides JPL Horizons`,"ephem.extrapolated":`Extrapolée (Kepler à deux corps) {h} h au-delà de la fenêtre d’éphémérides\xA0: approximative`,"ephem.hidden":`Éphéméride vieille de {d} jours\xA0: position masquée, dernière trajectoire connue en gris`,"ephem.none":`Aucune éphéméride publique\xA0: listée seulement, non affichée en 3D`,"ephem.planned":`Pas encore lancée`,"site.soft":`Atterrissage en douceur`,"site.hard":`Écrasement`,"site.impact":`Impact`,"site.crewed":`Alunissage habité`,"site.rover-last-known":`Rover (dernière position connue)`,"info.agency":`Agence`,"info.country":`Pays`,"info.orbit":`Orbite`,"info.horizons":`Identifiant JPL Horizons`,"info.window":`Fenêtre d’éphémérides`,"info.periapsis":`Périapside / apoapside`,"info.inclinationEquator":`Inclinaison (sur l’équateur)`,"info.mission":`Mission`,"info.date":`Date`,"info.coordinates":`Coordonnées`,"info.notes":`Notes`,"info.purpose":`Mission`,"info.catalogName":`Nom au catalogue`,"info.missionPage":`page de la mission`,"info.sources":`Sources`,"info.verified":`Vérifié le {date}`,"country.su":`Union soviétique`,"country.int":`International`,"country.eu":`Europe (ESA)`,"info.radius":`Rayon moyen`,"info.radiiEqPolar":`Rayon équatorial / polaire`,"info.semiAxes":`Demi-axes`,"info.sol":`Sol`,"info.odometry":`Distance parcourue`,"info.liveFeed":`Position mise à jour chaque jour depuis le flux de points de passage de la NASA`,"mars.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides martiennes…`,"mars.unavailable":`Les éphémérides martiennes sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"mars.panel":`Autour de Mars`,"mars.sites":`Sites d’atterrissage`,"mars.showSites":`Afficher les sites sur Mars`,"solar.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides des sondes…`,"solar.unavailable":`Les éphémérides des sondes sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"solar.panel":`Système solaire`,"solar.planets":`Corps célestes`,"solar.probes":`Sondes`,"solar.dwarf":`planète naine`,"solar.stars":`Identifier les étoiles brillantes`,"star.magnitudeShort":`mag. {mag}`,"star.kind":`étoile`,"star.designation":`Désignation`,"star.constellation":`Constellation`,"star.type":`Type`,"star.spectralType":`Type spectral`,"star.magnitude":`Magnitude apparente`,"star.magnitudeValue":`{mag} (plus elle est faible, plus l’étoile est brillante)`,"star.distance":`Distance`,"star.distanceValue":`{ly} années-lumière`,"star.radius":`Rayon`,"star.mass":`Masse`,"star.temperature":`Température de surface`,"star.luminosity":`Luminosité`,"star.timesSun":`{n} × le Soleil`,"star.position":`Position (J2000)`,"star.positionValue":`AD {ra} · Déc. {dec}`,"star.footnote":`Les étoiles sont dessinées sur le ciel, à l’infini : aucune distance de cette vue n’est à leur échelle. Position, magnitude et type spectral tirés de SIMBAD (CDS) ; pour un système multiple, les valeurs physiques sont celles de son étoile principale.`,"sun.name":`Soleil`,"sun.kind":`étoile`,"sun.model":`Modèle de rotation de l’UAI ; régions actives de la NOAA (SWPC)`,"sun.noReport":`Aucun rapport de régions actives de la NOAA à moins de deux semaines de cette date : aucune tache dessinée`,"sun.type":`Type`,"sun.typeValue":`Naine jaune G2V`,"sun.mass":`Masse`,"sun.temperature":`Température de surface (effective)`,"sun.luminosity":`Luminosité`,"sun.age":`Âge`,"sun.ageValue":`4,6 milliards d’années`,"sun.rotation":`Rotation`,"sun.rotationValue":`{sidereal} j sidérale (Carrington) · {synodic} j vue de la Terre`,"sun.carrington":`Rotation de Carrington`,"sun.carringtonValue":`CR {n} · méridien central à {lon}°`,"sun.regions":`Régions actives`,"sun.regionsValue":`{spots} avec taches ({area} MH), {plage} sans`,"sun.report":`Dernier rapport NOAA utilisé`,"sun.notes":`Les taches sont dessinées là où le Space Weather Prediction Center de la NOAA signale chaque jour des régions actives : latitude héliographique, longitude de Carrington, aire et nombre de taches, vues sur la face tournée vers la Terre. Entre deux rapports, elles tournent avec la rotation différentielle du Soleil (plus rapide à l’équateur) et s’estompent de 7 à 14 jours après leur dernier rapport, la face cachée n’étant pas observée. La forme des taches au sein d’un groupe est illustrative. MH : millionièmes de l’hémisphère solaire.`,"sun.spotsOff":`Les taches ne sont pas dessinées : l’effet est désactivé, ou la qualité est inférieure à Élevée.`,"solar.sunspots":`Taches solaires : régions actives NOAA SWPC, rapport du {date} ; formes des taches illustratives.`,"solar.logScale":`Distances logarithmiques (pas à l’échelle)`,"solar.logWarning":`Échelle logarithmique des distances\xA0: positions pas à l’échelle.`,"info.distSun":`Distance au Soleil`,"info.distEarth":`Distance à la Terre`,"info.lightTime":`temps-lumière`,"info.speedSun":`Vitesse héliocentrique`,"info.orbitalPeriod":`Période orbitale`,"info.phase":`Phase`,"info.next":`Prochain événement`,"unit.years":`ans`,"music.show":`Bande sonore`,"music.hide":`Masquer le lecteur`,"music.title":`Bande sonore`,"music.frameTitle":`Lecteur SoundCloud\xA0: NASA Explorers: Apollo Soundtrack`,"music.note":`Lecteur fourni par SoundCloud, chargé seulement à l’ouverture.`,"app.canvasLabel":`Vue 3D. Glissez ou utilisez les flèches ou ZQSD (WASD en QWERTY) pour tourner, Alt (Option) + glisser ou Alt + flèches pour déplacer la vue, A/E (Q/E en QWERTY) pour le roulis, +/− pour zoomer, R pour réinitialiser, F pour suivre la sélection. Les objets sont listés dans le panneau latéral.`,"app.offline":`Hors ligne — données en cache`,"app.updateReady":`Une nouvelle version de Périgée est disponible.`,"app.dataReady":`Des données plus récentes sont disponibles.`,"app.refresh":`Actualiser`,"unit.days":`j`};function Ee(e){return e===`en`||e===`fr`}var De={norad:{en:`The catalogue number given to every object tracked in Earth orbit by the US Space Force (it took over this catalogue from NORAD, the North American air defence command, which started it). Numbers are handed out in order of discovery: Sputnik’s rocket is No. 1, and since July 2026 new objects get six-digit numbers (100000 and up).`,fr:`Le numéro de catalogue attribué à chaque objet suivi en orbite terrestre par la US Space Force (qui a repris ce catalogue du NORAD, le commandement de la défense aérienne nord-américaine, qui l’avait créé). Les numéros sont donnés dans l’ordre de découverte\xA0: la fusée de Spoutnik porte le n° 1, et depuis juillet 2026 les nouveaux objets ont des numéros à six chiffres (100000 et plus).`},cospar:{en:`The international designation of a launched object: the launch year, the launch’s number in that year, then a letter for each piece put in orbit by that launch. 1998-067A is the first piece (the ISS’s Zarya module) of the 67th launch of 1998.`,fr:`La désignation internationale d’un objet lancé\xA0: l’année du lancement, le numéro du lancement dans l’année, puis une lettre pour chaque objet mis en orbite par ce lancement. 1998-067A est le premier objet (le module Zarya de l’ISS) du 67e lancement de 1998.`},operator:{en:`The company or organisation that runs the satellite from the ground (SpaceX, OneWeb, a space agency…). Here it is deduced from the CelesTrak group the satellite belongs to, such as “starlink”.`,fr:`L’entreprise ou l’organisme qui pilote le satellite depuis le sol (SpaceX, OneWeb, une agence spatiale…). Ici, il est déduit du groupe CelesTrak auquel le satellite appartient, par exemple «\xA0starlink\xA0».`},hostedPayload:{en:`An instrument carried by a satellite on behalf of another organisation, like a passenger: for example a navigation or Earth-observation instrument riding on a telecommunications satellite.`,fr:`Un instrument transporté par un satellite pour le compte d’un autre organisme, comme un passager\xA0: par exemple un instrument de navigation ou d’observation de la Terre à bord d’un satellite de télécommunications.`},owner:{en:`The country or international organisation responsible for the object in the official satellite catalogue (SATCAT). It is usually a country (US, PRC for China, CIS for Russia…) or an agency (ESA), rarely a company.`,fr:`Le pays ou l’organisation internationale responsable de l’objet dans le catalogue officiel des satellites (SATCAT). C’est le plus souvent un pays (US, PRC pour la Chine, CIS pour la Russie…) ou une agence (ESA), rarement une entreprise.`},satcatCodes:{en:`The short code the official satellite catalogue (SATCAT) uses to say where each object was launched from. They are often old names: AFETR, for Cape Canaveral, stands for “Air Force Eastern Test Range”. It is how the satellites launched from this site are found in the catalogue.`,fr:`Le code court qu’utilise le catalogue officiel des satellites (SATCAT) pour indiquer d’où chaque objet a été lancé. Ce sont souvent d’anciens noms\xA0: AFETR, pour Cap Canaveral, veut dire «\xA0Air Force Eastern Test Range\xA0» (zone d’essais de l’Est de l’armée de l’air américaine). C’est grâce à lui qu’on retrouve dans le catalogue les satellites lancés de ce site.`},altitude:{en:`The height of the object above the surface of the body it orbits, measured from its average level (not from the mountains or valleys below). It changes along the orbit unless the orbit is a perfect circle.`,fr:`La hauteur de l’objet au-dessus de la surface du corps autour duquel il tourne, mesurée depuis son niveau moyen (pas depuis les montagnes ou les vallées en dessous). Elle varie le long de l’orbite, sauf si l’orbite est un cercle parfait.`},speed:{en:`How fast the object moves relative to the centre of the body it orbits, in kilometres per second. The lower the orbit, the faster: about 7.7 km/s (27 000 km/h) for the International Space Station, 3 km/s in geostationary orbit.`,fr:`La vitesse de l’objet par rapport au centre du corps autour duquel il tourne, en kilomètres par seconde. Plus l’orbite est basse, plus c’est rapide\xA0: environ 7,7 km/s (27 000 km/h) pour la Station spatiale internationale, 3 km/s en orbite géostationnaire.`},apsides:{en:`An orbit is an ellipse. Its lowest point is the periapsis (called perigee around the Earth) and its highest point the apoapsis (apogee around the Earth). Both are given here as altitudes above the surface. When they are close, the orbit is almost circular.`,fr:`Une orbite est une ellipse. Son point le plus bas est la périapside (appelée périgée autour de la Terre) et son point le plus haut l’apoapside (apogée autour de la Terre). Les deux sont données ici en altitude au-dessus de la surface. Quand elles sont proches, l’orbite est presque circulaire.`},period:{en:`The time the object takes to go once around its orbit. About 90 minutes for a low satellite, one day for a geostationary one, one year for the Earth around the Sun.`,fr:`Le temps que met l’objet pour faire un tour complet de son orbite. Environ 90 minutes pour un satellite bas, un jour pour un satellite géostationnaire, un an pour la Terre autour du Soleil.`},inclination:{en:`The tilt of the orbit relative to a reference plane, usually the equator of the central body. 0° means the object circles above the equator, 90° that it flies over the poles, and more than 90° that it goes round in the opposite direction to the body’s rotation.`,fr:`L’angle entre le plan de l’orbite et un plan de référence, en général l’équateur du corps central. 0° signifie que l’objet tourne au-dessus de l’équateur, 90° qu’il passe au-dessus des pôles, et plus de 90° qu’il tourne dans le sens inverse de la rotation du corps.`},epoch:{en:`The date and time at which the orbital elements (the numbers describing the orbit) were measured. The position is computed forward from that moment, so it becomes less accurate as the elements get older: after 14 days they are flagged as stale.`,fr:`La date et l’heure auxquelles les éléments orbitaux (les nombres qui décrivent l’orbite) ont été mesurés. La position est calculée à partir de ce moment\xA0: elle devient moins précise à mesure que les éléments vieillissent, et après 14 jours ils sont signalés comme périmés.`},elementsSource:{en:`Who measured the orbit used here. By default, the US Space Force tracks objects with radars and telescopes and publishes their orbits (through CelesTrak). Some operators publish their own, more precise data, from which CelesTrak computes better-fitting elements (“SupGP”).`,fr:`Qui a mesuré l’orbite utilisée ici. Par défaut, la US Space Force suit les objets avec des radars et des télescopes et publie leurs orbites (relayées par CelesTrak). Certains opérateurs publient leurs propres données, plus précises, dont CelesTrak tire des éléments mieux ajustés («\xA0SupGP\xA0»).`},groups:{en:`The lists CelesTrak sorts satellites into: a constellation (Starlink, OneWeb…), a navigation system (GPS, Galileo…), or a type of mission (weather, space stations, science…).`,fr:`Les listes dans lesquelles CelesTrak classe les satellites\xA0: une constellation (Starlink, OneWeb…), un système de navigation (GPS, Galileo…) ou un type de mission (météo, stations spatiales, science…).`},horizons:{en:`The number of the object in JPL Horizons, the NASA service that computes the positions of planets, moons and spacecraft. Spacecraft have negative numbers (−85 is the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter).`,fr:`Le numéro de l’objet dans JPL Horizons, le service de la NASA qui calcule les positions des planètes, des lunes et des sondes. Les sondes ont des numéros négatifs (−85 est Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter).`},ephemerisWindow:{en:`An ephemeris is a table giving the position and speed of an object at regular times. This is the period covered by the table downloaded from JPL Horizons: inside it, the position is interpolated between the table’s values and is very accurate; outside it, it is estimated from the laws of orbits and shown as approximate.`,fr:`Des éphémérides sont une table donnant la position et la vitesse d’un objet à intervalles réguliers. C’est la période couverte par la table téléchargée de JPL Horizons\xA0: à l’intérieur, la position est interpolée entre les valeurs de la table et est très précise; en dehors, elle est estimée à partir des lois des orbites et affichée comme approximative.`},radius:{en:`The distance from the centre of the body to its surface, averaged over the whole surface, since no body is a perfect sphere.`,fr:`La distance entre le centre du corps et sa surface, en moyenne sur toute la surface, car aucun corps n’est une sphère parfaite.`},flattening:{en:`A spinning planet bulges at its equator and is flattened at its poles. The equatorial radius is measured from the centre to the equator, the polar radius from the centre to a pole. Saturn, which spins fast, is about 10 % wider than it is tall.`,fr:`Une planète qui tourne sur elle-même se renfle à l’équateur et s’aplatit aux pôles. Le rayon équatorial est mesuré du centre à l’équateur, le rayon polaire du centre à un pôle. Saturne, qui tourne vite, est environ 10 % plus large que haute.`},semiAxes:{en:`The body is shaped like a stretched ball (an ellipsoid). Its three semi-axes are the distances from its centre to its surface along its longest, middle and shortest directions.`,fr:`Le corps a la forme d’une balle étirée (un ellipsoïde). Ses trois demi-axes sont les distances entre son centre et sa surface selon sa direction la plus longue, sa direction moyenne et sa direction la plus courte.`},coordinates:{en:`The position on the surface: the latitude (north or south of the equator, in degrees) and the longitude (east or west of the body’s prime meridian, the reference line chosen by astronomers, like Greenwich on the Earth).`,fr:`La position à la surface\xA0: la latitude (au nord ou au sud de l’équateur, en degrés) et la longitude (à l’est ou à l’ouest du méridien origine du corps, la ligne de référence choisie par les astronomes, comme Greenwich sur la Terre).`},sol:{en:`A day on Mars, from one noon to the next: 24 h 39 min 35 s. Missions count their sols from the landing day, sol 0.`,fr:`Un jour sur Mars, d’un midi au suivant\xA0: 24 h 39 min 35 s. Les missions comptent leurs sols à partir du jour de l’atterrissage, le sol 0.`},distSun:{en:`The distance between the object and the centre of the Sun, in astronomical units (AU). One AU is the average Sun–Earth distance, about 150 million kilometres.`,fr:`La distance entre l’objet et le centre du Soleil, en unités astronomiques (ua). Une ua est la distance moyenne Terre–Soleil, environ 150 millions de kilomètres.`},distEarth:{en:`The distance between the object and the Earth. The light time is how long light, or a radio message, takes to cover that distance at 300 000 km/s: the delay before a command sent from the Earth reaches a probe.`,fr:`La distance entre l’objet et la Terre. Le temps-lumière est la durée que met la lumière, ou un message radio, pour parcourir cette distance à 300 000 km/s\xA0: le délai avant qu’une commande envoyée de la Terre atteigne une sonde.`},speedSun:{en:`The speed of the object relative to the Sun (“helio” means Sun). The Earth itself travels around the Sun at about 30 km/s; the closer to the Sun, the faster objects move.`,fr:`La vitesse de l’objet par rapport au Soleil («\xA0hélio\xA0» veut dire Soleil). La Terre elle-même tourne autour du Soleil à environ 30 km/s; plus un objet est proche du Soleil, plus il va vite.`},speedPlanet:{en:`How fast the moon moves around its planet, measured from the planet’s centre.`,fr:`La vitesse à laquelle la lune tourne autour de sa planète, mesurée depuis le centre de la planète.`},semiMajorAxis:{en:`Half of the longest diameter of the orbit’s ellipse: the average of the closest and farthest distances from the central body. It sets the orbit’s size and its period.`,fr:`La moitié du plus grand diamètre de l’ellipse de l’orbite\xA0: la moyenne des distances la plus courte et la plus grande au corps central. Il fixe la taille de l’orbite et sa période.`},eccentricity:{en:`A number describing how stretched the orbit is: 0 is a perfect circle, values close to 1 are very elongated ellipses. The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is 0.055.`,fr:`Un nombre qui indique à quel point l’orbite est étirée\xA0: 0 est un cercle parfait, les valeurs proches de 1 sont des ellipses très allongées. L’orbite de la Lune autour de la Terre est de 0,055.`},moonPhase:{en:`The part of the Moon lit by the Sun that we see from the Earth. It changes as the Moon goes around the Earth: new moon (dark), first quarter, full moon, last quarter, then new moon again.`,fr:`La partie de la Lune éclairée par le Soleil que l’on voit depuis la Terre. Elle change à mesure que la Lune tourne autour de la Terre\xA0: nouvelle lune (sombre), premier quartier, pleine lune, dernier quartier, puis de nouveau nouvelle lune.`},designation:{en:`The star’s name in Bayer’s system (1603): a Greek letter, usually given in order of brightness, followed by the name of its constellation. α Orionis (Betelgeuse) is the “alpha” of Orion.`,fr:`Le nom de l’étoile dans le système de Bayer (1603)\xA0: une lettre grecque, donnée en général par ordre d’éclat, suivie du nom de sa constellation. α Orionis (Bételgeuse) est l’«\xA0alpha\xA0» d’Orion.`},constellation:{en:`One of the 88 regions of the sky defined by the International Astronomical Union, named after a figure drawn by ancient sky-watchers. Stars of a constellation look close together but can be at very different distances.`,fr:`L’une des 88 régions du ciel définies par l’Union astronomique internationale, nommées d’après une figure tracée par les observateurs de l’Antiquité. Les étoiles d’une constellation semblent proches les unes des autres mais peuvent être à des distances très différentes.`},spectralType:{en:`A code sorting stars by the light they give off, which depends on their surface temperature. The letters go from the hottest (O, blue) to the coolest (M, red): O, B, A, F, G, K, M; a digit refines the class. The Roman numeral gives the size: V for a main-sequence star like the Sun (G2V), III for a giant, I for a supergiant.`,fr:`Un code qui classe les étoiles selon la lumière qu’elles émettent, qui dépend de la température de leur surface. Les lettres vont de la plus chaude (O, bleue) à la plus froide (M, rouge)\xA0: O, B, A, F, G, K, M; un chiffre affine la classe. Le chiffre romain indique la taille\xA0: V pour une étoile de la séquence principale comme le Soleil (G2V), III pour une géante, I pour une supergéante.`},magnitude:{en:`How bright the star looks from the Earth. The scale runs backwards: the lower the number, the brighter the star. Each step of 1 means about 2.5 times brighter. Sirius, the brightest star at night, is −1.5; the faintest stars seen with the naked eye are about 6.`,fr:`L’éclat de l’étoile vue depuis la Terre. L’échelle va à l’envers\xA0: plus le nombre est petit, plus l’étoile est brillante. Chaque écart de 1 correspond à un éclat environ 2,5 fois plus grand. Sirius, l’étoile la plus brillante de la nuit, est à −1,5; les plus faibles visibles à l’œil nu sont vers 6.`},lightYear:{en:`Stars are so far away that their distance is given in light-years: the distance light travels in one year, about 9 460 billion kilometres. The light we see from a star 100 light-years away left it 100 years ago.`,fr:`Les étoiles sont si loin qu’on donne leur distance en années-lumière\xA0: la distance que parcourt la lumière en un an, environ 9 460 milliards de kilomètres. La lumière que l’on voit d’une étoile à 100 années-lumière l’a quittée il y a 100 ans.`},starRadius:{en:`The size of the star compared with the Sun’s radius (696 000 km, 109 times the Earth’s). Giant stars can be hundreds of times larger than the Sun.`,fr:`La taille de l’étoile comparée au rayon du Soleil (696 000 km, 109 fois celui de la Terre). Les étoiles géantes peuvent être des centaines de fois plus grandes que le Soleil.`},mass:{en:`The amount of matter in the star. It decides almost everything about it: how hot and bright it shines, how long it lives and how it ends. Stars heavier than the Sun burn their fuel much faster.`,fr:`La quantité de matière de l’étoile. Elle décide de presque tout\xA0: sa température, son éclat, sa durée de vie et sa fin. Les étoiles plus massives que le Soleil brûlent leur combustible bien plus vite.`},temperature:{en:`The temperature of the star’s visible surface, in kelvins (0 K is absolute zero, −273 °C). It sets the star’s colour: red stars are about 3 000 K, the Sun 5 800 K, blue stars over 10 000 K. “Effective” means the temperature a perfect radiator would need to give off the same light.`,fr:`La température de la surface visible de l’étoile, en kelvins (0 K est le zéro absolu, −273 °C). Elle fixe la couleur de l’étoile\xA0: environ 3 000 K pour une étoile rouge, 5 800 K pour le Soleil, plus de 10 000 K pour une étoile bleue. «\xA0Effective\xA0» désigne la température qu’aurait un émetteur parfait donnant la même lumière.`},luminosity:{en:`The total energy the star gives off every second, as light and other radiation, whatever its distance from us. A star can look faint because it is far away while being far more luminous than the Sun.`,fr:`L’énergie totale émise par l’étoile chaque seconde, sous forme de lumière et d’autres rayonnements, quelle que soit sa distance à nous. Une étoile peut paraître faible parce qu’elle est loin tout en étant bien plus lumineuse que le Soleil.`},skyPosition:{en:`The star’s place on the sky, like a longitude and latitude projected onto the sky: right ascension (RA, in hours, minutes and seconds) along the celestial equator and declination (Dec, in degrees) north or south of it. J2000 means the coordinates as of the year 2000, since the Earth’s axis slowly wobbles.`,fr:`La place de l’étoile sur le ciel, comme une longitude et une latitude projetées sur le ciel\xA0: l’ascension droite (AD, en heures, minutes et secondes) le long de l’équateur céleste et la déclinaison (Déc, en degrés) au nord ou au sud de celui-ci. J2000 indique les coordonnées de l’an 2000, car l’axe de la Terre oscille lentement.`},solarRotation:{en:`The Sun turns on itself in about 25 days at its equator, and more slowly near its poles, since it is not solid. Seen from the Earth, which moves around it in the same direction, a turn seems to take two days longer.`,fr:`Le Soleil tourne sur lui-même en environ 25 jours à l’équateur, et plus lentement près des pôles, car il n’est pas solide. Vu de la Terre, qui tourne autour de lui dans le même sens, un tour semble durer deux jours de plus.`},carrington:{en:`Astronomers have numbered the Sun’s rotations since 9 November 1853, following Richard Carrington. The central meridian is the solar longitude facing the Earth right now, which tells which side of the Sun we see.`,fr:`Les astronomes numérotent les rotations du Soleil depuis le 9 novembre 1853, à la suite de Richard Carrington. Le méridien central est la longitude solaire tournée vers la Terre en ce moment, ce qui indique quelle face du Soleil on voit.`},activeRegions:{en:`Areas of the Sun where strong magnetic fields come through the surface. They often hold sunspots, darker because they are cooler, and they are where solar flares are born. NOAA numbers them each day.`,fr:`Des zones du Soleil où de forts champs magnétiques traversent la surface. Elles contiennent souvent des taches solaires, plus sombres car plus froides, et c’est là que naissent les éruptions solaires. La NOAA les numérote chaque 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Re=n.enum([`earth.gp`,`earth.satcat`,`earth.groups`,`mars.rovers`,`sun.regions`]),ze=n.object({path:n.string(),source:n.string(),fetchedAt:n.string(),count:n.number().int().nonnegative(),bytes:n.number().int().nonnegative(),sha256:n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/),shards:n.object({count:n.number().int().positive(),path:n.string(),index:n.string().optional(),indexSha256:n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/).optional()}).optional(),names:n.string().optional(),namesSha256:n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/).optional()}),Be=n.object({parent:n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/),sha256:n.array(n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/))}),Ve=n.enum([`moon`,`mars`,`sun`]),He=ze.extend({horizonsId:n.string(),center:n.string(),centralBody:Ve,startTdbJd:n.number(),endTdbJd:n.number(),stepMin:n.number().positive(),coverageEnd:n.string().optional()}),Ue=ze.extend({horizonsId:n.string(),center:n.string(),planet:n.string(),startTdbJd:n.number(),endTdbJd:n.number(),stepMin:n.number().positive()}),We=n.object({version:n.literal(1),generatedAt:n.string(),datasets:n.partialRecord(Re,ze),ephemerides:n.record(n.string(),He).default({}),moons:n.record(n.string(),Ue).default({}),stats:n.object({path:n.string(),bytes:n.number().int().nonnegative(),sha256:n.string().regex(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/),generatedAt:n.string(),gpFetchedAt:n.string().optional(),satcatFetchedAt:n.string().optional()}).optional(),supplemental:n.record(n.string(),n.object({fetchedAt:n.string(),count:n.number().int().nonnegative(),used:n.number().int().nonnegative()})).optional()}),Ge=n.string().regex(/^#[0-9a-f]{6}$/i),N=n.object({en:n.string(),fr:n.string()}),Ke=n.object({url:n.url().startsWith(`https://`),lang:n.string().regex(/^[a-z]{2}$/).refine(e=>e!==`en`&&e!==`fr`,`omit lang for English or French pages`).optional()}),qe=n.string().regex(/^[a-z]{2}$/),P=n.string().regex(/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/),Je=n.string().regex(/^\d{4}(-\d{2}(-\d{2})?)?$/),Ye=n.enum([`active`,`inactive`,`ended`,`cruise`,`planned`,`unknown`]),Xe=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),name:N,objectType:n.enum([`spacecraft`,`natural`]).default(`spacecraft`),radiusKm:n.number().positive().optional(),radiiKm:n.tuple([n.number().positive(),n.number().positive(),n.number().positive()]).optional(),agency:n.string().optional(),country:qe.optional(),launchDate:P.optional(),centralBody:Ve,status:Ye,orbit:N.optional(),phase:N.optional(),nextEvent:N.extend({date:Je.optional()}).optional(),ephemeris:n.enum([`horizons`,`kepler`,`none`]),horizonsId:n.string().optional(),norad:n.number().int().positive().optional(),sampling:n.object({stepMin:n.number().positive(),pastDays:n.number().nonnegative(),futureDays:n.number().nonnegative()}).optional(),lowOrbit:n.boolean().default(!0),color:Ge.optional(),goals:N.optional(),notes:N.optional(),website:Ke.optional(),verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}),Ze=n.object({verified:P,missions:n.array(Xe)}).refine(e=>e.missions.every(e=>e.ephemeris!==`horizons`||e.horizonsId&&e.sampling),{message:`Missions with ephemeris "horizons" need horizonsId and sampling`}),Qe=n.enum([`soft`,`hard`,`impact`,`crewed`,`rover-last-known`]),$e=n.enum([`earth`,`mars`,`jupiter`,`saturn`,`uranus`,`neptune`,`pluto`]),et=n.object({epochJdTdb:n.number(),aKm:n.number().positive(),e:n.number().min(0).max(1),wDeg:n.number(),MDeg:n.number(),iDeg:n.number(),nodeDeg:n.number(),nDegPerDay:n.number().positive(),periodDays:n.number().positive(),apsidalPeriodYears:n.number().optional(),nodalPeriodYears:n.number().optional(),referencePlane:n.enum([`laplace`,`equator`,`ecliptic`,`icrf`]),laplacePoleRaDeg:n.number().optional(),laplacePoleDecDeg:n.number().optional()}),tt=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),name:N,planet:$e,spkid:n.number().int().positive(),radiusKm:n.number().positive(),radiiKm:n.tuple([n.number().positive(),n.number().positive(),n.number().positive()]).optional(),color:Ge,model:n.enum([`astronomy-engine`,`mean-elements`]),elements:et.optional(),shape:n.literal(`grid`).optional(),notes:N.optional(),verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}),nt=n.object({verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),moons:n.array(tt)}).refine(e=>e.moons.every(e=>e.model===`astronomy-engine`||e.elements),{message:`mean-elements moons need elements`}),rt=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),name:N,designation:n.string(),constellation:N,raDeg:n.number().min(0).max(360),decDeg:n.number().min(-90).max(90),magnitude:n.number(),distanceLy:n.number().positive(),spectralType:n.string(),kind:N,radiusSun:n.number().positive().optional(),massSun:n.number().positive().optional(),temperatureK:n.number().positive().optional(),luminositySun:n.number().positive().optional(),notes:N,verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}),it=n.object({verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),stars:n.array(rt).min(1)}),at=n.enum([`+x`,`-x`,`+y`,`-y`,`+z`,`-z`]),ot=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),url:n.url(),targets:n.array(n.string().regex(/^(mission:[a-z0-9-]+|moon:[a-z0-9-]+|site:[a-z0-9-]+|norad:\d+)$/)).min(1),sizeM:n.number().positive(),credit:n.string().min(1),body:n.object({alignGridUrl:n.url()}).optional(),high:n.object({minPx:n.number().positive()}).optional(),earthAxis:at.optional(),sunAxis:at.optional(),forwardAxis:at.optional(),nadirAxis:at.optional(),verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)});n.object({verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),models:n.array(ot)});var st=n.enum([`public-domain`,`cc0`,`cc-by-2.0`,`cc-by-3.0`,`cc-by-3.0-de`,`cc-by-4.0`,`cc-by-sa-3.0`,`cc-by-sa-3.0-igo`,`cc-by-sa-4.0`,`godl-india`,`kogl-1`]),ct=n.enum([`photo`,`observation`,`orbital`,`aerial`,`illustration`,`replica`,`similar`,`launch`]),lt=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),target:n.string().regex(/^(mission|site|launch):[a-z0-9-]+$|^norad:\d+$/),kind:ct,file:n.url(),credit:n.string().min(1),licence:st,verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}),ut=n.object({verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),images:n.array(lt)}),dt=n.object({verified:P,sites:n.array(n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),name:N,mission:n.string().optional(),agency:n.string(),country:qe.optional(),date:P,type:Qe,latDeg:n.number().min(-90).max(90),lonDeg:n.number().min(-180).max(180),note:N.optional(),feed:n.object({url:n.url(),solZeroDate:P}).optional(),sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}))});n.record(n.string(),n.object({latDeg:n.number().min(-90).max(90),lonDeg:n.number().min(-180).max(180),sol:n.number().int().nonnegative(),distanceTotalM:n.number().nonnegative().optional(),source:n.url()})),n.array(n.object({region:n.number().int().positive(),date:P,latDeg:n.number().min(-90).max(90),carringtonLonDeg:n.number().min(0).max(360),areaMh:n.number().nonnegative().nullable(),spots:n.number().int().nonnegative().nullable()}));var ft=n.object({verified:P,sites:n.array(n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),name:N,operator:n.string(),country:qe.optional(),satcatCodes:n.array(n.string()),latDeg:n.number().min(-90).max(90),lonDeg:n.number().min(-180).max(180),firstOrbitalLaunch:P.optional(),active:n.boolean(),note:N.optional(),sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)})),unplacedSatcatCodes:n.array(n.object({code:n.string(),reason:n.string()})).default([])}),pt=n.object({verified:n.string().regex(/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/),sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),owners:n.record(n.string(),N.extend({country:qe.optional()})),operators:n.record(n.string(),n.object({name:n.string(),country:qe.optional(),color:Ge,url:n.url().optional()})),groups:n.record(n.string(),N.extend({operator:n.string().optional()})),ignoredGroups:n.array(n.object({group:n.string(),reason:n.string()})).default([]),supplemental:n.record(n.string(),N.extend({sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)})).default({}),ignoredSupplemental:n.array(n.object({file:n.string(),reason:n.string()})).default([]),nameRules:n.array(n.object({operator:n.string(),pattern:n.string(),sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)})).default([]),hostedPayloads:n.array(n.object({norad:n.number().int().positive(),operator:n.string(),name:n.string(),sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)})).default([])}),mt=n.object({id:n.string().regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),norad:n.number().int().positive(),name:N,agency:n.string().min(1),country:n.string().regex(/^[a-z]{2,3}$/),launchDate:P.optional(),status:Ye,purpose:N,goals:N.optional(),notes:N.optional(),website:Ke.optional(),verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1)}),ht=n.object({verified:P,sources:n.array(n.url()).min(1),satellites:n.array(mt)}).refine(e=>new Set(e.satellites.map(e=>e.norad)).size===e.satellites.length,{message:`duplicate NORAD number`});async function gt(e){if(e[0]!==31||e[1]!==139)return JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(e));let t=new Blob([e]).stream().pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream(`gzip`));return JSON.parse(await new Response(t).text())}var _t=(e,t)=>e%t,vt=(e,t)=>e.replace(`{shard}`,String(t)),yt=e=>e[0]===31&&e[1]===139;async function bt(e){if(!yt(e))return new TextDecoder().decode(e);let t=new Blob([e]).stream().pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream(`gzip`));return new Response(t).text()}async function xt(e){let t=new Uint8Array(await crypto.subtle.digest(`SHA-256`,e));return Array.from(t,e=>e.toString(16).padStart(2,`0`)).join(``)}var F=class extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name=`DataError`}};function St(e,t,n){for(let r of e.keys())r.startsWith(`${t}@`)&&!r.startsWith(`${t}@${n}`)&&e.delete(r)}var Ct=class{baseUrl;fetchFn;cache;manifestTtlMs;manifestValue;tables=new Map;gp;satcat;shardLists=new Map;shardIndexes=new Map;statsValue;namesValue;constructor(e={}){let t=e.baseUrl??`https://perigee.info/`;this.baseUrl=t.endsWith(`/`)?t:`${t}/`,this.fetchFn=e.fetch??(e=>fetch(e)),this.cache=e.cache,this.manifestTtlMs=e.manifestTtlMs??6e5}url(e){return`${this.baseUrl}data/${e}`}manifest(){let e=Date.now();if(!this.manifestValue||e-this.manifestValue.at>this.manifestTtlMs){let t=this.download(this.url(`manifest.json`)).then(async e=>We.parse(JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(e))));t.catch(()=>{this.manifestValue?.manifest===t&&(this.manifestValue=void 0)}),this.manifestValue={at:e,manifest:t}}return this.manifestValue.manifest}memoryEntries(){return{shards:this.shardLists.size,tables:this.tables.size,shardIndexes:this.shardIndexes.size}}async download(e){let t=await this.fetchFn(e);if(!t.ok)throw new F(`HTTP ${t.status} for ${e}`);return t.arrayBuffer()}async bytes(e){let t=`${e.path}@${e.version.slice(0,16)}`,n=await this.cache?.get(t);if(n){if(!e.sha256||await xt(n)===e.sha256)return n;await this.cache?.delete?.(t)}let r=await this.download(`${this.url(e.path)}?v=${e.version.slice(0,12)}`);if(e.path.endsWith(`.gz`)&&!yt(new Uint8Array(r)))return r;if(e.sha256&&await xt(r)!==e.sha256)throw this.manifestValue=void 0,new F(`${e.path} does not match the published manifest: Perigee's data are being updated, try again in a few minutes`);return await this.cache?.set(t,r),r}entryFile(e){return{path:e.path,sha256:e.sha256,version:e.sha256}}async gpElements(){let e=(await this.manifest()).datasets[`earth.gp`];if(!e)throw new F(`The satellite elements are not published`);if(this.gp?.hash!==e.sha256){let t=this.bytes(this.entryFile(e)).then(async e=>Ne.parse(await gt(new Uint8Array(e))));t.catch(()=>this.gp=void 0),this.gp={hash:e.sha256,data:t}}return{entry:e,omm:await this.gp.data}}async satcatRecords(){let e=(await this.manifest()).datasets[`earth.satcat`];if(e){if(this.satcat?.hash!==e.sha256){let t=this.bytes(this.entryFile(e)).then(async e=>Le.parse(await gt(new Uint8Array(e))));t.catch(()=>this.satcat=void 0),this.satcat={hash:e.sha256,data:t}}return{entry:e,records:await this.satcat.data}}}async shardIndex(e,t){if(!t.index)return;let n=t.index;St(this.shardIndexes,n,e.sha256);let r=`${n}@${e.sha256}`,i=this.shardIndexes.get(r);return i||(i=this.bytes({path:n,sha256:t.indexSha256,version:e.sha256}).then(async r=>{let i=Be.parse(await gt(new Uint8Array(r)));if(i.parent!==e.sha256||i.sha256.length!==t.count)throw this.manifestValue=void 0,new F(`${n} belongs to another data version: Perigee's data are being updated, try again in a few minutes`);return i}),i.catch(()=>this.shardIndexes.delete(r)),this.shardIndexes.set(r,i)),i}async shard(e,t,n,r){let i=_t(n,t.count),a=vt(t.path,i);St(this.shardLists,t.path,e.sha256);let o=`${t.path}@${e.sha256}#${i}`,s=this.shardLists.get(o);return s||(s=this.shardIndex(e,t).then(t=>this.bytes({path:a,sha256:t?.sha256[i],version:t?.sha256[i]??e.sha256})).then(async e=>r(await gt(new 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now.`,"solar.panel":`Solar system`,"solar.planets":`Celestial bodies`,"solar.probes":`Spacecraft`,"solar.dwarf":`dwarf planet`,"solar.stars":`Identify the bright stars`,"solar.nearbyStars":`Identify the stars within {ly} light-years`,"star.magnitudeShort":`mag {mag}`,"star.distanceShort":`{ly} ly`,"star.kind":`star`,"star.designation":`Designation`,"star.constellation":`Constellation`,"star.type":`Type`,"star.spectralType":`Spectral type`,"star.magnitude":`Apparent magnitude`,"star.magnitudeValue":`{mag} (the lower, the brighter)`,"star.distance":`Distance`,"star.distanceValue":`{ly} light-years`,"star.radius":`Radius`,"star.mass":`Mass`,"star.temperature":`Surface temperature`,"star.luminosity":`Luminosity`,"star.timesSun":`{n} × the Sun`,"star.position":`Position (J2000)`,"star.positionValue":`RA {ra} · Dec {dec}`,"star.footnote":`Stars are drawn on the sky, infinitely far: no distance in this view is to their scale. Position, magnitude and spectral type from SIMBAD (CDS); for a multiple system, the physical values are those of its main star.`,"sun.name":`Sun`,"sun.kind":`star`,"sun.model":`IAU rotation model; active regions from NOAA SWPC`,"sun.noReport":`No NOAA active-region report within two weeks of this date: no sunspots drawn`,"sun.type":`Type`,"sun.typeValue":`G2V yellow dwarf`,"sun.mass":`Mass`,"sun.temperature":`Surface temperature (effective)`,"sun.luminosity":`Luminosity`,"sun.age":`Age`,"sun.ageValue":`4.6 billion years`,"sun.rotation":`Rotation`,"sun.rotationValue":`{sidereal} d sidereal (Carrington) · {synodic} d seen from the Earth`,"sun.carrington":`Carrington rotation`,"sun.carringtonValue":`CR {n} · central meridian at {lon}°`,"sun.regions":`Active regions`,"sun.regionsValue":`{spots} with sunspots ({area} MH), {plage} without`,"sun.report":`Latest NOAA report used`,"sun.notes":`Sunspots are drawn where NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center reports active regions each day: heliographic latitude, Carrington longitude, area and number of spots, seen on the Earth-facing side. Between reports they turn with the Sun’s differential rotation (faster at the equator), and they fade out 7 to 14 days after their last report, since the far side is not observed. The shapes of the spots within a group are illustrative. MH: millionths of the solar hemisphere.`,"sun.spotsOff":`Sunspots are not drawn: the effect is switched off, or the quality is below High.`,"solar.sunspots":`Sunspots: NOAA SWPC active regions, report of {date}; spot shapes illustrative.`,"solar.logScale":`Logarithmic distances (not to scale)`,"solar.logWarning":`Logarithmic distance scale: positions are not to scale.`,"info.distSun":`Distance to the Sun`,"info.distEarth":`Distance to the Earth`,"info.lightTime":`light time`,"info.speedSun":`Heliocentric speed`,"info.orbitalPeriod":`Orbital period`,"info.phase":`Phase`,"info.next":`Next event`,"unit.years":`yr`,"music.show":`Soundtrack`,"music.hide":`Hide the player`,"music.title":`Soundtrack`,"music.frameTitle":`SoundCloud player: NASA Explorers: Apollo Soundtrack`,"music.note":`Player by SoundCloud, loaded only once opened.`,"app.canvasLabel":`3D view. Drag or use the arrow keys or WASD to rotate, Alt (Option) + drag or Alt + arrows to move the view, Q/E to roll, +/− to zoom, R to reset, F to follow the selection. Objects are listed in the side panel.`,"app.offline":`Offline — showing cached data`,"app.updateReady":`A new version of Perigee is available.`,"app.dataReady":`Newer data are available.`,"app.refresh":`Refresh`,"unit.days":`d`},Te={"app.brand":`Périgée`,"app.title":`Périgée - les objets en orbite, en temps réel`,"app.description":`Voyez tous les satellites actifs autour de la Terre, les sondes en orbite autour de la Lune et de Mars, et celles qui traversent le système solaire, en temps réel et en 3D. Positions calculées dans votre navigateur à partir de données publiques (CelesTrak, NASA/JPL Horizons).`,"app.loading":`Chargement…`,"app.webglUnavailable":`WebGL 2 n’est pas disponible dans ce navigateur.`,"toolbar.recenter":`Recentrer`,"toolbar.recenter.hint":`Revenir à la vue par défaut (R)`,"toolbar.frame":`Repère`,"toolbar.frame.fixed":`Terrestre fixe`,"toolbar.frame.inertial":`Inertiel`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.moon":`Lunaire fixe`,"toolbar.frame.hint":`Repère fixe\xA0: l’astre central reste immobile. Inertiel\xA0: il tourne sur lui-même, les orbites restent fixes.`,"toolbar.view":`Vue`,"toolbar.missions":`Missions`,"view.earth":`Terre`,"view.moon":`Lune`,"view.mars":`Mars`,"view.solar":`Système solaire`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.solar":`Écliptique`,"toolbar.frame.fixed.mars":`Martien fixe`,"toolbar.language":`Langue`,"toolbar.about":`À propos`,"toolbar.quality":`Qualité`,"toolbar.quality.hint":`Qualité du rendu. Auto s’adapte à cet appareil (détectée : {tier}) ; la page se recharge pour appliquer un changement.`,"quality.auto":`Auto`,"quality.high":`Élevée`,"quality.medium":`Moyenne`,"quality.low":`Économie`,"effects.highOnly":`Disponible en qualité élevée seulement.`,"effects.relief":`Relief`,"effects.clouds":`Nuages terrestres (illustratifs)`,"effects.gasMotion":`Gaz en mouvement (Vénus, géantes)`,"effects.sunspots":`Taches solaires (NOAA)`,"effects.modelLighting":`Engins 3D : lumière du Soleil et ombres`,"toolbar.settings":`Réglages`,"toolbar.settings.hint":`Réglages\xA0: qualité, effets et commandes`,"controls.title":`Commandes`,"controls.mouse":`Souris`,"controls.keyboard":`Clavier`,"controls.touch":`Écran tactile`,"controls.leftButton":`Bouton gauche`,"controls.rightButton":`Bouton droit`,"controls.wheel":`Molette`,"controls.drag":`glisser`,"controls.click":`clic`,"controls.doubleClick":`double-clic`,"controls.scroll":`rouler`,"controls.rotate":`Tourner autour du point visé`,"controls.pan":`Déplacer la vue`,"controls.roll":`Roulis`,"controls.zoom":`Zoom avant ou arrière`,"controls.select":`Sélectionner un objet`,"controls.follow":`Suivre l’objet`,"controls.followKey":`Suivre la sélection, ou arrêter`,"controls.reset":`Revenir à la vue par défaut`,"controls.close":`Fermer un panneau ou une fenêtre`,"controls.touchDrag":`Glisser un doigt`,"controls.tap":`Toucher`,"controls.doubleTap":`Toucher deux fois`,"controls.pinch":`Pincer`,"controls.twist":`Tourner deux doigts`,"controls.threeFingerDrag":`Glisser trois doigts`,"toolbar.report":`Signaler`,"report.title":`Signaler un problème`,"report.intro":`Un bogue, une donnée erronée ou une idée? Écrivez-le ici; le message parvient au mainteneur par courriel.`,"report.type":`Type`,"report.type.bug":`Bogue`,"report.type.data":`Donnée erronée`,"report.type.suggestion":`Suggestion`,"report.type.comment":`Commentaire`,"report.message":`Description`,"report.messagePlaceholder":`Ce qui s’est passé, quel objet ou quelle vue, ce que vous attendiez…`,"report.email":`Courriel (facultatif)`,"report.emailNote":`Utilisé seulement pour vous répondre au sujet de ce signalement; transmis par Web3Forms, jamais partagé ni publié.`,"report.context":`Informations jointes`,"report.send":`Envoyer`,"report.sending":`Envoi…`,"report.sent":`Merci, votre signalement a été envoyé.`,"report.error":`Le signalement n’a pas pu être envoyé. Réessayez plus tard.`,"about.privacy":`Confidentialité`,"about.analytics":`Ni compte, ni publicité, ni témoins. Les pages vues sont comptées par {goatcounter}, un service respectueux de la vie privée qui ne conserve aucune adresse IP et n’utilise pas de témoins.`,"about.privacyPolicy":`Politique de confidentialité`,"about.reports":`Les signalements envoyés avec le bouton «\xA0Signaler\xA0» parviennent au mainteneur par courriel via Web3Forms, avec votre adresse seulement si vous la donnez.`,"time.label":`Temps de simulation`,"time.pause":`Pause`,"time.play":`Lecture`,"time.now":`Maintenant`,"time.now.hint":`Revenir au temps réel`,"time.rate":`Vitesse`,"time.jump":`Aller à la date ({zone})`,"time.jump.apply":`Aller`,"time.live":`En direct`,"time.paused":`En pause`,"about.title":`À propos de Périgée`,"about.intro":`Périgée est un visualiseur libre des objets artificiels en orbite. Toutes les positions sont calculées dans votre navigateur à partir de données publiques.`,"about.disclaimer":`Usage éducatif seulement. Non destiné à la navigation ni à l’évaluation de conjonctions.`,"time.maxRate.earth":`Indisponible dans la vue Terre : les satellites bas feraient plusieurs orbites entre deux calculs.`,"info.texture":`Carte de surface`,"texture.uranus":`Carte illustrative : teinte en couleurs réelles (Voyager 2), avec les bandes discrètes et la calotte polaire nord claire vues par Hubble et le JWST (2022–2024)`,"texture.artist":`Vue d’artiste d’après des images de la NASA (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.artistVenus":`Sommet des nuages, vue d’artiste d’après des images de la NASA (Solar System Scope, CC BY 4.0)`,"texture.handDrawn":`Carte du relief dessinée à la main d’après des images de sondes (P. Stooke), pas une photographie`,"texture.titanInfrared":`Surface vue à travers la brume dans le proche infrarouge (Cassini, 938 nm), en niveaux de gris`,"info.shape":`Forme`,"shape.pds":`Forme irrégulière mesurée (modèle de forme PDS tiré d’images de sondes)`,"preview.body":`Même carte que dans la vue 3D, éclairée de côté ; glisser pour la tourner`,"preview.star":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K (pas une photographie)`,"preview.starWithSun":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K, avec le Soleil à la même échelle (pas une photographie)`,"preview.starSunTiny":`Illustration : la couleur de sa surface à {t} K (pas une photographie) ; à cette échelle, le Soleil, {n} fois plus petit, ne se verrait pas`,"image.credit":`image\xA0: {credit}, {licence}`,"image.enlarge":`Cliquer pour agrandir`,"image.publicDomain":`domaine public`,"image.kind.photo":`Photo`,"image.kind.observation":`Image prise par l’engin`,"image.kind.orbital":`Vu depuis l’orbite`,"image.kind.aerial":`Vue aérienne`,"image.kind.illustration":`Illustration (vue d’artiste)`,"image.kind.replica":`Réplique ou modèle d’essai`,"image.kind.similar":`Engin du même type (pas celui-ci)`,"image.kind.launch":`Au lancement`,"model.credit":`Modèle 3D : {credit} (orientation indicative)`,"model.preview":`Modèle 3D de l’objet sélectionné ; glisser pour le tourner`,"moonPhase.new":`nouvelle lune`,"moonPhase.waxingCrescent":`premier croissant`,"moonPhase.firstQuarter":`premier quartier`,"moonPhase.waxingGibbous":`gibbeuse croissante`,"moonPhase.full":`pleine lune`,"moonPhase.waningGibbous":`gibbeuse décroissante`,"moonPhase.lastQuarter":`dernier quartier`,"moonPhase.waningCrescent":`dernier croissant`,"moonPhase.lit":`{pct} % éclairée`,"moonPhase.months":`{sidereal} j autour de la Terre · {synodic} j d’une nouvelle lune à la suivante`,"earth.moonNotes":`Le seul satellite naturel de la Terre, quatre fois plus petit qu’elle. Elle nous montre toujours la même face : elle fait un tour sur elle-même dans le temps qu’elle met à faire le tour de la Terre.`,"earth.moon":`Lune`,"texture.uniform":`Jamais photographiée en détail : couleur uniforme d’après l’albédo et le spectre mesurés`,"view.solar.short":`Solaire`,"toolbar.menu":`Menu`,"time.jump.toggle":`Aller à une date`,"altimeter.altitude":`Alt`,"altimeter.distance":`Dist`,"altimeter.aria":`Altitude ou distance\xA0: glisser, faire défiler ou utiliser les flèches pour zoomer`,"altimeter.au":`ua`,"coord.north":`N`,"coord.south":`S`,"coord.east":`E`,"coord.west":`O`,"time.zone":`Fuseau horaire des dates affichées`,"tz.auto":`Fuseau de cet ordinateur`,"tz.utc":`UTC — temps universel coordonné`,"tz.region.America":`Amériques`,"tz.region.Europe":`Europe`,"tz.region.Africa":`Afrique`,"tz.region.Asia":`Asie`,"tz.region.Australia":`Australie`,"tz.region.Pacific":`Pacifique`,"tz.region.Atlantic":`Atlantique`,"tz.region.Indian":`Océan Indien`,"tz.region.Antarctica":`Antarctique`,"tz.region.Arctic":`Arctique`,"toolbar.photo":`Photo`,"toolbar.photo.hint":`Photo\xA0: télécharger la vue 3D en deux images (telle quelle, et objets seulement)`,"photo.title":`{brand} — {subject} — {date}`,"photo.objectsOnly":`(objets seulement)`,"photo.saved":`Deux images téléchargées\xA0: la vue et les objets seulement`,"embed.open":`Ouvrir dans Périgée ↗`,"photo.failed":`La photo n’a pas pu être créée`,"panel.collapse":`Replier ou déplier le panneau`,"solar.moonCount":`{n} lunes`,"missions.showAll":`Tout afficher`,"filters.selectAll":`Tout sélectionner`,"missions.showNone":`Tout masquer`,"missions.toggle":`Afficher {name} en 3D`,"solar.moonCountOne":`1 lune`,"info.parent":`Orbite autour de`,"info.distPlanet":`Distance à la planète`,"info.speedPlanet":`Vitesse par rapport à la planète`,"info.semiMajorAxis":`Demi-grand axe`,"info.eccentricity":`Excentricité`,"moon.plane.laplace":`par rapport au plan de Laplace local`,"moon.plane.equator":`par rapport à l’équateur de la planète`,"moon.plane.ecliptic":`par rapport à l’écliptique`,"planet.model.vsop87":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (théorie planétaire VSOP87)`,"planet.model.pluto":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (intégration numérique sous l’attraction des planètes géantes)`,"moon.model.horizons":`Position interpolée à partir des éphémérides JPL Horizons`,"moon.model.theory":`Position calculée avec astronomy-engine (théorie analytique)`,"moon.model.meanElements":`Position approximative d’après les éléments orbitaux moyens du JPL`,"about.author":`Créé par`,"about.sourceCode":`Code source sur GitHub`,"about.version":`Version`,"about.commit":`commit`,"about.dataRefreshed":`Données rafraîchies\xA0:`,"about.data.satellites":`satellites`,"about.data.satcat":`catalogue`,"about.data.ephemerides":`éphémérides`,"about.dataUnavailable":`Date de rafraîchissement des données indisponible (hors ligne?).`,"about.sources":`Données et imagerie`,"about.software":`Logiciels`,"about.license":`Code publié sous licence MIT.`,"glossary.open":`Que veut dire «\xA0{label}\xA0»?`,"about.close":`Fermer`,"toolbar.filters":`Filtres`,"sat.loading":`Chargement des satellites…`,"sat.unavailable":`Les données satellites sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"filters.title":`Filtres`,"filters.search":`Recherche\xA0: nom, NORAD ou COSPAR`,"filters.clear":`Effacer`,"filters.science":`Sciences spatiales et de la Terre`,"filters.operators":`Opérateur`,"filters.owners":`Pays / propriétaire`,"filters.groups":`Groupe`,"filters.regimes":`Orbite`,"filters.types":`Type d’objet`,"filters.launchSites":`Site de lancement`,"filters.showLaunchSites":`Afficher les sites de lancement sur la Terre`,"launch.active":`Lancements orbitaux en 2024–2026`,"launch.inactive":`Aucun lancement orbital récent`,"launch.operator":`Exploitant`,"launch.first":`Premier lancement orbital`,"launch.codes":`Codes SATCAT`,"launch.satellites":`Satellites suivis lancés d’ici`,"launch.showSatellites":`Afficher ces satellites`,"filters.none":`Aucun / autre`,"filters.results":`Objets correspondants`,"filters.more":`{n} de plus — précisez la recherche`,"filters.empty":`Aucun objet correspondant.`,"stats.shown":`{shown} affichés sur {total}`,"stats.invalid":`{n} invalides`,"stats.stale":`{n} périmés`,"stats.fetched":`Éléments récupérés le {date}`,"regime.LEO":`LEO — orbite basse`,"regime.MEO":`MEO — orbite moyenne`,"regime.GEO":`GEO — géosynchrone`,"regime.HEO":`HEO — très elliptique`,"type.PAY":`Charge utile`,"type.R/B":`Étage de fusée`,"type.DEB":`Débris`,"type.UNK":`Inconnu`,"status.+":`Opérationnel`,"status.-":`Hors service`,"status.P":`Partiellement opérationnel`,"status.B":`En réserve`,"status.S":`De rechange`,"status.X":`Mission prolongée`,"status.D":`Désintégré`,"status.?":`Inconnu`,"info.label":`Objet sélectionné`,"info.close":`Fermer`,"info.follow":`Suivre`,"info.unfollow":`Ne plus suivre`,"info.norad":`NORAD`,"info.cospar":`COSPAR`,"info.operator":`Opérateur`,"info.hostedPayload":`Charge utile hébergée`,"info.owner":`Pays / propriétaire`,"info.launch":`Lancement`,"info.status":`Statut`,"info.type":`Type`,"info.altitude":`Altitude`,"info.speed":`Vitesse`,"info.apsides":`Périgée / apogée`,"info.period":`Période`,"info.inclination":`Inclinaison`,"info.epoch":`Époque des éléments`,"info.groups":`Groupes`,"info.fresh":`Propagé par SGP4 à partir d’éléments récents`,"info.stale":`Éléments périmés (plus de 14 jours)\xA0: position peu fiable`,"info.invalid":`Erreur SGP4 (objet désintégré ou éléments invalides)\xA0: position indisponible`,"info.ageDays":`il y a {n} j`,"info.inDays":`dans {n} j (prédiction de l’opérateur)`,"info.elementsSource":`Éléments issus de`,"info.source.gp":`Suivi de l’US Space Force (CelesTrak GP)`,"info.source.supgp":`Ajustement ({set}, CelesTrak SupGP)`,"info.noMetadata":`Aucune métadonnée de catalogue disponible.`,"moon.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides lunaires…`,"moon.unavailable":`Les éphémérides lunaires sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"moon.panel":`Autour de la Lune`,"moon.missions":`Missions`,"moon.sites":`Sites d’alunissage et d’impact`,"moon.showSites":`Afficher les sites sur la Lune`,"moon.fetched":`Éphémérides récupérées le {date}`,"moon.noEphemeris":`aucune éphéméride publique`,"mission.status.active":`Active`,"mission.status.inactive":`Inactive`,"mission.status.ended":`Terminée`,"mission.status.cruise":`En croisière`,"mission.status.planned":`Pas encore lancée`,"mission.status.unknown":`Statut inconnu`,"mission.natural":`Satellite naturel`,"ephem.interpolated":`Position interpolée à partir des éphémérides JPL Horizons`,"ephem.extrapolated":`Extrapolée (Kepler à deux corps) {h} h au-delà de la fenêtre d’éphémérides\xA0: approximative`,"ephem.hidden":`Éphéméride vieille de {d} jours\xA0: position masquée, dernière trajectoire connue en gris`,"ephem.none":`Aucune éphéméride publique\xA0: listée seulement, non affichée en 3D`,"ephem.planned":`Pas encore lancée`,"site.soft":`Atterrissage en douceur`,"site.hard":`Écrasement`,"site.impact":`Impact`,"site.crewed":`Alunissage habité`,"site.rover-last-known":`Rover (dernière position connue)`,"info.agency":`Agence`,"info.country":`Pays`,"info.orbit":`Orbite`,"info.horizons":`Identifiant JPL Horizons`,"info.window":`Fenêtre d’éphémérides`,"info.periapsis":`Périapside / apoapside`,"info.inclinationEquator":`Inclinaison (sur l’équateur)`,"info.mission":`Mission`,"info.date":`Date`,"info.coordinates":`Coordonnées`,"info.notes":`Notes`,"info.purpose":`Mission`,"info.catalogName":`Nom au catalogue`,"info.missionPage":`page de la mission`,"info.model3d":`modèle 3D`,"info.sources":`Sources`,"info.verified":`Vérifié le {date}`,"country.su":`Union soviétique`,"country.int":`International`,"country.eu":`Europe (ESA)`,"info.radius":`Rayon moyen`,"info.radiiEqPolar":`Rayon équatorial / polaire`,"info.semiAxes":`Demi-axes`,"info.sol":`Sol`,"info.odometry":`Distance parcourue`,"info.liveFeed":`Position mise à jour chaque jour depuis le flux de points de passage de la NASA`,"mars.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides martiennes…`,"mars.unavailable":`Les éphémérides martiennes sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"mars.panel":`Autour de Mars`,"mars.sites":`Sites d’atterrissage`,"mars.showSites":`Afficher les sites sur Mars`,"solar.loading":`Chargement des éphémérides des sondes…`,"solar.unavailable":`Les éphémérides des sondes sont indisponibles pour le moment.`,"solar.panel":`Système solaire`,"solar.planets":`Corps célestes`,"solar.probes":`Sondes`,"solar.dwarf":`planète naine`,"solar.stars":`Identifier les étoiles brillantes`,"solar.nearbyStars":`Identifier les étoiles à moins de {ly} années-lumière`,"star.magnitudeShort":`mag. {mag}`,"star.distanceShort":`{ly} al`,"star.kind":`étoile`,"star.designation":`Désignation`,"star.constellation":`Constellation`,"star.type":`Type`,"star.spectralType":`Type spectral`,"star.magnitude":`Magnitude apparente`,"star.magnitudeValue":`{mag} (plus elle est faible, plus l’étoile est brillante)`,"star.distance":`Distance`,"star.distanceValue":`{ly} années-lumière`,"star.radius":`Rayon`,"star.mass":`Masse`,"star.temperature":`Température de surface`,"star.luminosity":`Luminosité`,"star.timesSun":`{n} × le Soleil`,"star.position":`Position (J2000)`,"star.positionValue":`AD {ra} · Déc. {dec}`,"star.footnote":`Les étoiles sont dessinées sur le ciel, à l’infini : aucune distance de cette vue n’est à leur échelle. Position, magnitude et type spectral tirés de SIMBAD (CDS) ; pour un système multiple, les valeurs physiques sont celles de son étoile principale.`,"sun.name":`Soleil`,"sun.kind":`étoile`,"sun.model":`Modèle de rotation de l’UAI ; régions actives de la NOAA (SWPC)`,"sun.noReport":`Aucun rapport de régions actives de la NOAA à moins de deux semaines de cette date : aucune tache dessinée`,"sun.type":`Type`,"sun.typeValue":`Naine jaune G2V`,"sun.mass":`Masse`,"sun.temperature":`Température de surface (effective)`,"sun.luminosity":`Luminosité`,"sun.age":`Âge`,"sun.ageValue":`4,6 milliards d’années`,"sun.rotation":`Rotation`,"sun.rotationValue":`{sidereal} j sidérale (Carrington) · {synodic} j vue de la Terre`,"sun.carrington":`Rotation de Carrington`,"sun.carringtonValue":`CR {n} · méridien central à {lon}°`,"sun.regions":`Régions actives`,"sun.regionsValue":`{spots} avec taches ({area} MH), {plage} sans`,"sun.report":`Dernier rapport NOAA utilisé`,"sun.notes":`Les taches sont dessinées là où le Space Weather Prediction Center de la NOAA signale chaque jour des régions actives : latitude héliographique, longitude de Carrington, aire et nombre de taches, vues sur la face tournée vers la Terre. Entre deux rapports, elles tournent avec la rotation différentielle du Soleil (plus rapide à l’équateur) et s’estompent de 7 à 14 jours après leur dernier rapport, la face cachée n’étant pas observée. La forme des taches au sein d’un groupe est illustrative. MH : millionièmes de l’hémisphère solaire.`,"sun.spotsOff":`Les taches ne sont pas dessinées : l’effet est désactivé, ou la qualité est inférieure à Élevée.`,"solar.sunspots":`Taches solaires : régions actives NOAA SWPC, rapport du {date} ; formes des taches illustratives.`,"solar.logScale":`Distances logarithmiques (pas à l’échelle)`,"solar.logWarning":`Échelle logarithmique des distances\xA0: positions pas à l’échelle.`,"info.distSun":`Distance au Soleil`,"info.distEarth":`Distance à la Terre`,"info.lightTime":`temps-lumière`,"info.speedSun":`Vitesse héliocentrique`,"info.orbitalPeriod":`Période orbitale`,"info.phase":`Phase`,"info.next":`Prochain événement`,"unit.years":`ans`,"music.show":`Bande sonore`,"music.hide":`Masquer le lecteur`,"music.title":`Bande sonore`,"music.frameTitle":`Lecteur SoundCloud\xA0: NASA Explorers: Apollo Soundtrack`,"music.note":`Lecteur fourni par SoundCloud, chargé seulement à l’ouverture.`,"app.canvasLabel":`Vue 3D. Glissez ou utilisez les flèches ou ZQSD (WASD en QWERTY) pour tourner, Alt (Option) + glisser ou Alt + flèches pour déplacer la vue, A/E (Q/E en QWERTY) pour le roulis, +/− pour zoomer, R pour réinitialiser, F pour suivre la sélection. Les objets sont listés dans le panneau latéral.`,"app.offline":`Hors ligne — données en cache`,"app.updateReady":`Une nouvelle version de Périgée est disponible.`,"app.dataReady":`Des données plus récentes sont disponibles.`,"app.refresh":`Actualiser`,"unit.days":`j`};function Ee(e){return e===`en`||e===`fr`}var De={norad:{en:`The catalogue number given to every object tracked in Earth orbit by the US Space Force (it took over this catalogue from NORAD, the North American air defence command, which started it). Numbers are handed out in order of discovery: Sputnik’s rocket is No. 1, and since July 2026 new objects get six-digit numbers (100000 and up).`,fr:`Le numéro de catalogue attribué à chaque objet suivi en orbite terrestre par la US Space Force (qui a repris ce catalogue du NORAD, le commandement de la défense aérienne nord-américaine, qui l’avait créé). Les numéros sont donnés dans l’ordre de découverte\xA0: la fusée de Spoutnik porte le n° 1, et depuis juillet 2026 les nouveaux objets ont des numéros à six chiffres (100000 et plus).`},cospar:{en:`The international designation of a launched object: the launch year, the launch’s number in that year, then a letter for each piece put in orbit by that launch. 1998-067A is the first piece (the ISS’s Zarya module) of the 67th launch of 1998.`,fr:`La désignation internationale d’un objet lancé\xA0: l’année du lancement, le numéro du lancement dans l’année, puis une lettre pour chaque objet mis en orbite par ce lancement. 1998-067A est le premier objet (le module Zarya de l’ISS) du 67e lancement de 1998.`},operator:{en:`The company or organisation that runs the satellite from the ground (SpaceX, OneWeb, a space agency…). Here it is deduced from the CelesTrak group the satellite belongs to, such as “starlink”.`,fr:`L’entreprise ou l’organisme qui pilote le satellite depuis le sol (SpaceX, OneWeb, une agence spatiale…). Ici, il est déduit du groupe CelesTrak auquel le satellite appartient, par exemple «\xA0starlink\xA0».`},hostedPayload:{en:`An instrument carried by a satellite on behalf of another organisation, like a passenger: for example a navigation or Earth-observation instrument riding on a telecommunications satellite.`,fr:`Un instrument transporté par un satellite pour le compte d’un autre organisme, comme un passager\xA0: par exemple un instrument de navigation ou d’observation de la Terre à bord d’un satellite de télécommunications.`},owner:{en:`The country or international organisation responsible for the object in the official satellite catalogue (SATCAT). It is usually a country (US, PRC for China, CIS for Russia…) or an agency (ESA), rarely a company.`,fr:`Le pays ou l’organisation internationale responsable de l’objet dans le catalogue officiel des satellites (SATCAT). C’est le plus souvent un pays (US, PRC pour la Chine, CIS pour la Russie…) ou une agence (ESA), rarement une entreprise.`},satcatCodes:{en:`The short code the official satellite catalogue (SATCAT) uses to say where each object was launched from. They are often old names: AFETR, for Cape Canaveral, stands for “Air Force Eastern Test Range”. It is how the satellites launched from this site are found in the catalogue.`,fr:`Le code court qu’utilise le catalogue officiel des satellites (SATCAT) pour indiquer d’où chaque objet a été lancé. Ce sont souvent d’anciens noms\xA0: AFETR, pour Cap Canaveral, veut dire «\xA0Air Force Eastern Test Range\xA0» (zone d’essais de l’Est de l’armée de l’air américaine). C’est grâce à lui qu’on retrouve dans le catalogue les satellites lancés de ce site.`},altitude:{en:`The height of the object above the surface of the body it orbits, measured from its average level (not from the mountains or valleys below). It changes along the orbit unless the orbit is a perfect circle.`,fr:`La hauteur de l’objet au-dessus de la surface du corps autour duquel il tourne, mesurée depuis son niveau moyen (pas depuis les montagnes ou les vallées en dessous). Elle varie le long de l’orbite, sauf si l’orbite est un cercle parfait.`},speed:{en:`How fast the object moves relative to the centre of the body it orbits, in kilometres per second. The lower the orbit, the faster: about 7.7 km/s (27 000 km/h) for the International Space Station, 3 km/s in geostationary orbit.`,fr:`La vitesse de l’objet par rapport au centre du corps autour duquel il tourne, en kilomètres par seconde. Plus l’orbite est basse, plus c’est rapide\xA0: environ 7,7 km/s (27 000 km/h) pour la Station spatiale internationale, 3 km/s en orbite géostationnaire.`},apsides:{en:`An orbit is an ellipse. Its lowest point is the periapsis (called perigee around the Earth) and its highest point the apoapsis (apogee around the Earth). Both are given here as altitudes above the surface. When they are close, the orbit is almost circular.`,fr:`Une orbite est une ellipse. Son point le plus bas est la périapside (appelée périgée autour de la Terre) et son point le plus haut l’apoapside (apogée autour de la Terre). Les deux sont données ici en altitude au-dessus de la surface. Quand elles sont proches, l’orbite est presque circulaire.`},period:{en:`The time the object takes to go once around its orbit. About 90 minutes for a low satellite, one day for a geostationary one, one year for the Earth around the Sun.`,fr:`Le temps que met l’objet pour faire un tour complet de son orbite. Environ 90 minutes pour un satellite bas, un jour pour un satellite géostationnaire, un an pour la Terre autour du Soleil.`},inclination:{en:`The tilt of the orbit relative to a reference plane, usually the equator of the central body. 0° means the object circles above the equator, 90° that it flies over the poles, and more than 90° that it goes round in the opposite direction to the body’s rotation.`,fr:`L’angle entre le plan de l’orbite et un plan de référence, en général l’équateur du corps central. 0° signifie que l’objet tourne au-dessus de l’équateur, 90° qu’il passe au-dessus des pôles, et plus de 90° qu’il tourne dans le sens inverse de la rotation du corps.`},epoch:{en:`The date and time at which the orbital elements (the numbers describing the orbit) were measured. The position is computed forward from that moment, so it becomes less accurate as the elements get older: after 14 days they are flagged as stale.`,fr:`La date et l’heure auxquelles les éléments orbitaux (les nombres qui décrivent l’orbite) ont été mesurés. La position est calculée à partir de ce moment\xA0: elle devient moins précise à mesure que les éléments vieillissent, et après 14 jours ils sont signalés comme périmés.`},elementsSource:{en:`Who measured the orbit used here. By default, the US Space Force tracks objects with radars and telescopes and publishes their orbits (through CelesTrak). Some operators publish their own, more precise data, from which CelesTrak computes better-fitting elements (“SupGP”).`,fr:`Qui a mesuré l’orbite utilisée ici. Par défaut, la US Space Force suit les objets avec des radars et des télescopes et publie leurs orbites (relayées par CelesTrak). Certains opérateurs publient leurs propres données, plus précises, dont CelesTrak tire des éléments mieux ajustés («\xA0SupGP\xA0»).`},groups:{en:`The lists CelesTrak sorts satellites into: a constellation (Starlink, OneWeb…), a navigation system (GPS, Galileo…), or a type of mission (weather, space stations, science…).`,fr:`Les listes dans lesquelles CelesTrak classe les satellites\xA0: une constellation (Starlink, OneWeb…), un système de navigation (GPS, Galileo…) ou un type de mission (météo, stations spatiales, science…).`},horizons:{en:`The number of the object in JPL Horizons, the NASA service that computes the positions of planets, moons and spacecraft. Spacecraft have negative numbers (−85 is the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter).`,fr:`Le numéro de l’objet dans JPL Horizons, le service de la NASA qui calcule les positions des planètes, des lunes et des sondes. Les sondes ont des numéros négatifs (−85 est Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter).`},ephemerisWindow:{en:`An ephemeris is a table giving the position and speed of an object at regular times. This is the period covered by the table downloaded from JPL Horizons: inside it, the position is interpolated between the table’s values and is very accurate; outside it, it is estimated from the laws of orbits and shown as approximate.`,fr:`Des éphémérides sont une table donnant la position et la vitesse d’un objet à intervalles réguliers. C’est la période couverte par la table téléchargée de JPL Horizons\xA0: à l’intérieur, la position est interpolée entre les valeurs de la table et est très précise; en dehors, elle est estimée à partir des lois des orbites et affichée comme approximative.`},radius:{en:`The distance from the centre of the body to its surface, averaged over the whole surface, since no body is a perfect sphere.`,fr:`La distance entre le centre du corps et sa surface, en moyenne sur toute la surface, car aucun corps n’est une sphère parfaite.`},flattening:{en:`A spinning planet bulges at its equator and is flattened at its poles. The equatorial radius is measured from the centre to the equator, the polar radius from the centre to a pole. Saturn, which spins fast, is about 10 % wider than it is tall.`,fr:`Une planète qui tourne sur elle-même se renfle à l’équateur et s’aplatit aux pôles. Le rayon équatorial est mesuré du centre à l’équateur, le rayon polaire du centre à un pôle. Saturne, qui tourne vite, est environ 10 % plus large que haute.`},semiAxes:{en:`The body is shaped like a stretched ball (an ellipsoid). Its three semi-axes are the distances from its centre to its surface along its longest, middle and shortest directions.`,fr:`Le corps a la forme d’une balle étirée (un ellipsoïde). Ses trois demi-axes sont les distances entre son centre et sa surface selon sa direction la plus longue, sa direction moyenne et sa direction la plus courte.`},coordinates:{en:`The position on the surface: the latitude (north or south of the equator, in degrees) and the longitude (east or west of the body’s prime meridian, the reference line chosen by astronomers, like Greenwich on the Earth).`,fr:`La position à la surface\xA0: la latitude (au nord ou au sud de l’équateur, en degrés) et la longitude (à l’est ou à l’ouest du méridien origine du corps, la ligne de référence choisie par les astronomes, comme Greenwich sur la Terre).`},sol:{en:`A day on Mars, from one noon to the next: 24 h 39 min 35 s. Missions count their sols from the landing day, sol 0.`,fr:`Un jour sur Mars, d’un midi au suivant\xA0: 24 h 39 min 35 s. Les missions comptent leurs sols à partir du jour de l’atterrissage, le sol 0.`},distSun:{en:`The distance between the object and the centre of the Sun, in astronomical units (AU). One AU is the average Sun–Earth distance, about 150 million kilometres.`,fr:`La distance entre l’objet et le centre du Soleil, en unités astronomiques (ua). Une ua est la distance moyenne Terre–Soleil, environ 150 millions de kilomètres.`},distEarth:{en:`The distance between the object and the Earth. The light time is how long light, or a radio message, takes to cover that distance at 300 000 km/s: the delay before a command sent from the Earth reaches a probe.`,fr:`La distance entre l’objet et la Terre. Le temps-lumière est la durée que met la lumière, ou un message radio, pour parcourir cette distance à 300 000 km/s\xA0: le délai avant qu’une commande envoyée de la Terre atteigne une sonde.`},speedSun:{en:`The speed of the object relative to the Sun (“helio” means Sun). The Earth itself travels around the Sun at about 30 km/s; the closer to the Sun, the faster objects move.`,fr:`La vitesse de l’objet par rapport au Soleil («\xA0hélio\xA0» veut dire Soleil). La Terre elle-même tourne autour du Soleil à environ 30 km/s; plus un objet est proche du Soleil, plus il va vite.`},speedPlanet:{en:`How fast the moon moves around its planet, measured from the planet’s centre.`,fr:`La vitesse à laquelle la lune tourne autour de sa planète, mesurée depuis le centre de la planète.`},semiMajorAxis:{en:`Half of the longest diameter of the orbit’s ellipse: the average of the closest and farthest distances from the central body. It sets the orbit’s size and its period.`,fr:`La moitié du plus grand diamètre de l’ellipse de l’orbite\xA0: la moyenne des distances la plus courte et la plus grande au corps central. Il fixe la taille de l’orbite et sa période.`},eccentricity:{en:`A number describing how stretched the orbit is: 0 is a perfect circle, values close to 1 are very elongated ellipses. The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is 0.055.`,fr:`Un nombre qui indique à quel point l’orbite est étirée\xA0: 0 est un cercle parfait, les valeurs proches de 1 sont des ellipses très allongées. L’orbite de la Lune autour de la Terre est de 0,055.`},moonPhase:{en:`The part of the Moon lit by the Sun that we see from the Earth. It changes as the Moon goes around the Earth: new moon (dark), first quarter, full moon, last quarter, then new moon again.`,fr:`La partie de la Lune éclairée par le Soleil que l’on voit depuis la Terre. Elle change à mesure que la Lune tourne autour de la Terre\xA0: nouvelle lune (sombre), premier quartier, pleine lune, dernier quartier, puis de nouveau nouvelle lune.`},designation:{en:`The star’s name in Bayer’s system (1603): a Greek letter, usually given in order of brightness, followed by the name of its constellation. α Orionis (Betelgeuse) is the “alpha” of Orion.`,fr:`Le nom de l’étoile dans le système de Bayer (1603)\xA0: une lettre grecque, donnée en général par ordre d’éclat, suivie du nom de sa constellation. α Orionis (Bételgeuse) est l’«\xA0alpha\xA0» d’Orion.`},constellation:{en:`One of the 88 regions of the sky defined by the International Astronomical Union, named after a figure drawn by ancient sky-watchers. Stars of a constellation look close together but can be at very different distances.`,fr:`L’une des 88 régions du ciel définies par l’Union astronomique internationale, nommées d’après une figure tracée par les observateurs de l’Antiquité. Les étoiles d’une constellation semblent proches les unes des autres mais peuvent être à des distances très différentes.`},spectralType:{en:`A code sorting stars by the light they give off, which depends on their surface temperature. The letters go from the hottest (O, blue) to the coolest (M, red): O, B, A, F, G, K, M; a digit refines the class. The Roman numeral gives the size: V for a main-sequence star like the Sun (G2V), III for a giant, I for a supergiant.`,fr:`Un code qui classe les étoiles selon la lumière qu’elles émettent, qui dépend de la température de leur surface. Les lettres vont de la plus chaude (O, bleue) à la plus froide (M, rouge)\xA0: O, B, A, F, G, K, M; un chiffre affine la classe. Le chiffre romain indique la taille\xA0: V pour une étoile de la séquence principale comme le Soleil (G2V), III pour une géante, I pour une supergéante.`},magnitude:{en:`How bright the star looks from the Earth. The scale runs backwards: the lower the number, the brighter the star. Each step of 1 means about 2.5 times brighter. Sirius, the brightest star at night, is −1.5; the faintest stars seen with the naked eye are about 6.`,fr:`L’éclat de l’étoile vue depuis la Terre. L’échelle va à l’envers\xA0: plus le nombre est petit, plus l’étoile est brillante. Chaque écart de 1 correspond à un éclat environ 2,5 fois plus grand. Sirius, l’étoile la plus brillante de la nuit, est à −1,5; les plus faibles visibles à l’œil nu sont vers 6.`},lightYear:{en:`Stars are so far away that their distance is given in light-years: the distance light travels in one year, about 9 460 billion kilometres. The light we see from a star 100 light-years away left it 100 years ago.`,fr:`Les étoiles sont si loin qu’on donne leur distance en années-lumière\xA0: la distance que parcourt la lumière en un an, environ 9 460 milliards de kilomètres. La lumière que l’on voit d’une étoile à 100 années-lumière l’a quittée il y a 100 ans.`},starRadius:{en:`The size of the star compared with the Sun’s radius (696 000 km, 109 times the Earth’s). Giant stars can be hundreds of times larger than the Sun.`,fr:`La taille de l’étoile comparée au rayon du Soleil (696 000 km, 109 fois celui de la Terre). Les étoiles géantes peuvent être des centaines de fois plus grandes que le Soleil.`},mass:{en:`The amount of matter in the star. It decides almost everything about it: how hot and bright it shines, how long it lives and how it ends. Stars heavier than the Sun burn their fuel much faster.`,fr:`La quantité de matière de l’étoile. Elle décide de presque tout\xA0: sa température, son éclat, sa durée de vie et sa fin. Les étoiles plus massives que le Soleil brûlent leur combustible bien plus vite.`},temperature:{en:`The temperature of the star’s visible surface, in kelvins (0 K is absolute zero, −273 °C). It sets the star’s colour: red stars are about 3 000 K, the Sun 5 800 K, blue stars over 10 000 K. “Effective” means the temperature a perfect radiator would need to give off the same light.`,fr:`La température de la surface visible de l’étoile, en kelvins (0 K est le zéro absolu, −273 °C). Elle fixe la couleur de l’étoile\xA0: environ 3 000 K pour une étoile rouge, 5 800 K pour le Soleil, plus de 10 000 K pour une étoile bleue. «\xA0Effective\xA0» désigne la température qu’aurait un émetteur parfait donnant la même lumière.`},luminosity:{en:`The total energy the star gives off every second, as light and other radiation, whatever its distance from us. A star can look faint because it is far away while being far more luminous than the Sun.`,fr:`L’énergie totale émise par l’étoile chaque seconde, sous forme de lumière et d’autres rayonnements, quelle que soit sa distance à nous. Une étoile peut paraître faible parce qu’elle est loin tout en étant bien plus lumineuse que le Soleil.`},skyPosition:{en:`The star’s place on the sky, like a longitude and latitude projected onto the sky: right ascension (RA, in hours, minutes and seconds) along the celestial equator and declination (Dec, in degrees) north or south of it. J2000 means the coordinates as of the year 2000, since the Earth’s axis slowly wobbles.`,fr:`La place de l’étoile sur le ciel, comme une longitude et une latitude projetées sur le ciel\xA0: l’ascension droite (AD, en heures, minutes et secondes) le long de l’équateur céleste et la déclinaison (Déc, en degrés) au nord ou au sud de celui-ci. J2000 indique les coordonnées de l’an 2000, car l’axe de la Terre oscille lentement.`},solarRotation:{en:`The Sun turns on itself in about 25 days at its equator, and more slowly near its poles, since it is not solid. Seen from the Earth, which moves around it in the same direction, a turn seems to take two days longer.`,fr:`Le Soleil tourne sur lui-même en environ 25 jours à l’équateur, et plus lentement près des pôles, car il n’est pas solide. Vu de la Terre, qui tourne autour de lui dans le même sens, un tour semble durer deux jours de plus.`},carrington:{en:`Astronomers have numbered the Sun’s rotations since 9 November 1853, following Richard Carrington. The central meridian is the solar longitude facing the Earth right now, which tells which side of the Sun we see.`,fr:`Les astronomes numérotent les rotations du Soleil depuis le 9 novembre 1853, à la suite de Richard Carrington. Le méridien central est la longitude solaire tournée vers la Terre en ce moment, ce qui indique quelle face du Soleil on voit.`},activeRegions:{en:`Areas of the Sun where strong magnetic fields come through the surface. They often hold sunspots, darker because they are cooler, and they are where solar flares are born. NOAA numbers them each day.`,fr:`Des zones du Soleil où de forts champs magnétiques traversent la surface. Elles contiennent souvent des taches solaires, plus sombres car plus froides, et c’est là que naissent les éruptions solaires. La NOAA les numérote chaque jour.`}},Oe={"info.norad":`norad`,"info.cospar":`cospar`,"info.operator":`operator`,"info.hostedPayload":`hostedPayload`,"info.owner":`owner`,"launch.codes":`satcatCodes`,"info.altitude":`altitude`,"info.speed":`speed`,"info.apsides":`apsides`,"info.periapsis":`apsides`,"info.period":`period`,"info.orbitalPeriod":`period`,"info.inclination":`inclination`,"info.inclinationEquator":`inclination`,"info.epoch":`epoch`,"info.elementsSource":`elementsSource`,"info.groups":`groups`,"info.horizons":`horizons`,"info.window":`ephemerisWindow`,"info.radius":`radius`,"info.radiiEqPolar":`flattening`,"info.semiAxes":`semiAxes`,"info.coordinates":`coordinates`,"info.sol":`sol`,"info.distSun":`distSun`,"info.distEarth":`distEarth`,"info.speedSun":`speedSun`,"info.speedPlanet":`speedPlanet`,"info.semiMajorAxis":`semiMajorAxis`,"info.eccentricity":`eccentricity`,"star.designation":`designation`,"star.constellation":`constellation`,"star.spectralType":`spectralType`,"star.magnitude":`magnitude`,"star.distance":`lightYear`,"star.radius":`starRadius`,"star.mass":`mass`,"sun.mass":`mass`,"star.temperature":`temperature`,"sun.temperature":`temperature`,"star.luminosity":`luminosity`,"sun.luminosity":`luminosity`,"star.position":`skyPosition`,"sun.rotation":`solarRotation`,"sun.carrington":`carrington`,"sun.regions":`activeRegions`},ke={"public-domain":{name:`public 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Its instruments measure the surface’s shape, temperature, composition and radiation environment, which helps choose safe landing sites. It also searches the polar regions for resources such as water ice and for places that get almost constant sunlight.`,fr:`LRO a été conçu pour cartographier la Lune avec une grande précision afin de préparer les futures missions habitées et robotiques. Ses instruments mesurent le relief, la température, la composition et les radiations à la surface, ce qui aide à choisir des sites d’atterrissage sûrs. Il cherche aussi, près des pôles, des ressources comme la glace d’eau et des zones éclairées presque en permanence.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lro/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lro/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=LRO&group=sct`]},{id:`chandrayaan-2`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter`,fr:`Chandrayaan-2 (orbiteur)`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2019-07-22`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`100 km circular polar orbit`,fr:`Orbite polaire circulaire de 100 km`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-152`,norad:44441,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ffb74d`,goals:{en:`The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter studies the Moon from a low polar orbit with eight scientific instruments. It maps the minerals and chemical elements of the surface, looks for water molecules and ice in the polar regions, and studies the very thin lunar atmosphere. These data help scientists understand how the Moon formed and evolved.`,fr:`L’orbiteur de Chandrayaan-2 étudie la Lune depuis une orbite polaire basse grâce à huit instruments scientifiques. Il cartographie les minéraux et les éléments chimiques de la surface, recherche des molécules d’eau et de la glace dans les régions polaires et analyse la très ténue atmosphère lunaire. Ces données aident à comprendre comment la Lune s’est formée et a évolué.`},notes:{en:`Planned 7-year life reached around mid-2026; no end-of-mission announcement found as of 2026-09-26.`,fr:`Durée de vie prévue de 7 ans atteinte vers la mi-2026 ; aucune annonce de fin de mission au 2026-09-26.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html`,`https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/chandrayaan-2`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Chandrayaan-2&group=sct`]},{id:`danuri`,name:{en:`Danuri (KPLO)`,fr:`Danuri (KPLO)`},agency:`KASA / KARI`,country:`kr`,launchDate:`2022-08-04`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Frozen elliptical polar orbit, about 60 × 200 km`,fr:`Orbite polaire elliptique gelée, environ 60 × 200 km`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-155`,norad:53365,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#81c784`,goals:{en:`Danuri is South Korea’s first lunar mission, designed to develop and test the technologies needed to explore the Moon. Its cameras and instruments map the surface to help choose future landing sites, study the Moon’s magnetic field and geology, and look for resources such as water ice. NASA’s ShadowCam on board images permanently shadowed polar craters.`,fr:`Danuri est la première mission lunaire de la Corée du Sud, conçue pour mettre au point et tester les technologies nécessaires à l’exploration de la Lune. Ses caméras et instruments cartographient la surface pour aider à choisir de futurs sites d’atterrissage, étudient le champ magnétique et la géologie lunaires et recherchent des ressources comme la glace d’eau. La caméra ShadowCam de la NASA photographie les cratères polaires plongés dans l’ombre permanente.`},notes:{en:`Extended through 2027; controlled impact planned in early 2028.`,fr:`Prolongée jusqu’en 2027 ; impact contrôlé prévu début 2028.`},website:{url:`https://www.kari.re.kr/eng/contents/193`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10416318`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuri`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=KPLO&group=sct`]},{id:`artemis-p1`,name:{en:`ARTEMIS P1 (THEMIS-B)`,fr:`ARTEMIS P1 (THEMIS-B)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2007-02-17`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High-eccentricity lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très excentrique`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-192`,norad:30581,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#ce93d8`,goals:{en:`ARTEMIS P1 is one of two THEMIS probes that were moved from Earth orbit to the Moon to give them a second mission. With its twin P2, it measures the solar wind, the Earth’s magnetic tail and the “wake” the Moon leaves in the solar wind from two points at once. P1 was also the first spacecraft to fly around the Earth–Moon L1 and L2 points.`,fr:`ARTEMIS P1 est l’une des deux sondes THEMIS déplacées de l’orbite terrestre vers la Lune pour une seconde mission. Avec sa jumelle P2, elle mesure simultanément en deux points le vent solaire, la queue magnétique de la Terre et le «\xA0sillage\xA0» que la Lune laisse dans le vent solaire. P1 a aussi été le premier engin à se placer en orbite autour des points L1 et L2 du système Terre–Lune.`},website:{url:`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=THEMIS-B&group=sct`]},{id:`artemis-p2`,name:{en:`ARTEMIS P2 (THEMIS-C)`,fr:`ARTEMIS P2 (THEMIS-C)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2007-02-17`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High-eccentricity lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très excentrique`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-193`,norad:30582,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#f48fb1`,goals:{en:`ARTEMIS P2 is the second of two THEMIS probes sent to orbit the Moon. Flying with P1, it allows two-point measurements of the solar wind, the Earth’s magnetic tail and the Moon’s wake, revealing how particles are accelerated and how magnetic fields reconnect. The pair also studies the Moon itself: its tenuous exosphere, surface charging and the interior through magnetic induction.`,fr:`ARTEMIS P2 est la seconde des deux sondes THEMIS envoyées en orbite autour de la Lune. Volant avec P1, elle permet des mesures en deux points du vent solaire, de la queue magnétique terrestre et du sillage lunaire, pour comprendre comment les particules sont accélérées et comment les champs magnétiques se reconnectent. Le duo étudie aussi la Lune elle-même\xA0: son exosphère ténue, la charge électrique de sa surface et son intérieur, par induction magnétique.`},website:{url:`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=THEMIS-C&group=sct`]},{id:`capstone`,name:{en:`CAPSTONE`,fr:`CAPSTONE`},agency:`Advanced Space (NASA mission complete)`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2022-06-28`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO), about 6.5-day period`,fr:`Orbite de halo quasi rectiligne (NRHO), période d’environ 6,5 jours`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-1176`,norad:52914,sampling:{stepMin:30,pastDays:4,futureDays:4},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#4dd0e1`,goals:{en:`CAPSTONE is a microwave-oven-sized CubeSat built to test the near-rectilinear halo orbit planned for NASA’s lunar Gateway station: how to enter it and stay in it with little fuel. It also demonstrates a navigation system in which spacecraft locate themselves by exchanging signals with each other (here with LRO) instead of relying only on tracking from Earth.`,fr:`CAPSTONE est un CubeSat de la taille d’un four à micro-ondes conçu pour tester l’orbite de halo quasi rectiligne prévue pour la station lunaire Gateway de la NASA\xA0: comment s’y insérer et s’y maintenir avec peu de carburant. Il démontre aussi un système de navigation où les engins se localisent en échangeant des signaux entre eux (ici avec LRO) plutôt qu’en dépendant uniquement du suivi depuis la Terre.`},notes:{en:`NASA’s mission ended June 2026 (declared complete 2026-07-06); Advanced Space continues flying the spacecraft commercially, station-keeping in the NRHO roughly weekly as of mid-2026. The public Horizons ephemeris stops on 2026-08-14 and has not resumed, likely because orbit-determination data is no longer submitted to JPL now that NASA's DSN-tracked mission has ended; shown as extrapolated/hidden per CLAUDE.md §5.2 beyond the public window.`,fr:`La mission de la NASA s’est terminée en juin 2026 (déclarée achevée le 2026-07-06) ; Advanced Space continue d’exploiter l’engin commercialement, avec un maintien d’orbite hebdomadaire dans la NRHO à la mi-2026. L’éphéméride publique Horizons s’arrête le 2026-08-14 et n’a pas repris, probablement parce que les données d’orbitographie ne sont plus soumises au JPL maintenant que la mission suivie par le DSN de la NASA est terminée ; affichée comme extrapolée/masquée selon le §5.2 du CLAUDE.md au-delà de la fenêtre publique.`},website:{url:`https://www.nasa.gov/smallspacecraft/capstone/`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/technology/space-comms/nasas-capstone-completes-extended-mission-testing-lunar-technologies/`,`https://advancedspace.com/advanced-spaces-resilient-capstone-mission-for-nasa-is-operating-at-the-moon-for-445-days-continues-to-transform-exploration-with-cutting-edge-technology/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=CAPSTONE&group=sct`]},{id:`swc-1`,name:{en:`SWC-1 (Shams)`,fr:`SWC-1 (Shams)`},agency:`Saudi Space Agency (SSA)`,country:`sa`,launchDate:`2026-04-01`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Highly elliptical Earth orbit (~500 × 70,000 km) in the Earth–Moon system`,fr:`Orbite terrestre très excentrique (~500 × 70 000 km) dans le système Terre–Lune`},ephemeris:`none`,horizonsId:`-168540`,norad:68540,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#fff176`,goals:{en:`Shams (Space Weather CubeSat-1) is a small Saudi satellite built to study space weather far from Earth, where the planet’s magnetic field no longer protects spacecraft. It measures space radiation, solar X-rays, high-energy solar particles and the Earth’s magnetic field, to better understand how solar activity affects communications and navigation.`,fr:`Shams (Space Weather CubeSat-1) est un petit satellite saoudien conçu pour étudier la météo spatiale loin de la Terre, là où le champ magnétique terrestre ne protège plus les engins. Il mesure les radiations spatiales, les rayons X solaires, les particules solaires très énergétiques et le champ magnétique terrestre, afin de mieux comprendre l’effet de l’activité solaire sur les communications et la navigation.`},notes:{en:`12U CubeSat deployed from the Artemis II SLS adapter (2026-04-01) to study space weather beyond Earth's magnetosphere; first Saudi/Arab spacecraft flown under the Artemis Accords. Still tracked in high Earth orbit in October 2026 (NORAD 68540, Space-Track elements, e.g. on N2YO), but its public JPL Horizons ephemeris ended on 2026-04-07: listed here without a 3D position.`,fr:`CubeSat 12U déployé depuis l'adaptateur du SLS d'Artemis II (2026-04-01) pour étudier la météo spatiale au-delà de la magnétosphère terrestre ; premier engin saoudien/arabe volant dans le cadre des Accords Artemis. Toujours suivi en orbite terrestre haute en octobre 2026 (NORAD 68540, éléments Space-Track, p. ex. sur N2YO), mais son éphéméride publique JPL Horizons s'arrête le 2026-04-07 : listé ici sans position 3D.`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis-ii-science/`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/swc-1.htm`,`https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=68540`]},{id:`queqiao-2`,name:{en:`Queqiao-2 relay satellite`,fr:`Queqiao-2 (satellite relais)`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Highly elliptical lunar orbit, about 24 h period`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très elliptique, période d’environ 24 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59276,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Queqiao-2 is a relay satellite that passes messages between Earth and spacecraft on the far side and south pole of the Moon, which cannot talk to Earth directly. It serves China’s Chang’e-6, Chang’e-7 and Chang’e-8 missions and the planned International Lunar Research Station. With its large antenna it also carries scientific instruments, including an extreme-ultraviolet camera and a neutral-atom imager that observe the Earth’s magnetosphere.`,fr:`Queqiao-2 est un satellite relais qui transmet les messages entre la Terre et les engins posés sur la face cachée et au pôle Sud de la Lune, qui ne peuvent pas communiquer directement avec la Terre. Il sert les missions chinoises Chang’e-6, Chang’e-7 et Chang’e-8 ainsi que la future Station internationale de recherche lunaire. Doté d’une grande antenne, il emporte aussi des instruments scientifiques, dont une caméra ultraviolette et un imageur d’atomes neutres qui observent la magnétosphère terrestre.`},notes:{en:`No public ephemeris (not in JPL Horizons); orbit figures come from independent tracking only.`,fr:`Aucune éphéméride publique (absent de JPL Horizons) ; les paramètres d’orbite proviennent seulement de suivis indépendants.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10489434/content.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao-2`]},{id:`tiandu-2`,name:{en:`Tiandu-2`,fr:`Tiandu-2`},agency:`Deep Space Exploration Laboratory`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`unknown`,orbit:{en:`Large elliptical lunar orbit (2024)`,fr:`Grande orbite lunaire elliptique (2024)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59279,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tiandu-2 is a small experimental satellite launched with Queqiao-2 to test technologies for a future Chinese navigation and communication constellation around the Moon. Flying in formation with Tiandu-1, it carries a communication payload and navigation devices to test links between the two craft and with Earth.`,fr:`Tiandu-2 est un petit satellite expérimental lancé avec Queqiao-2 pour tester les technologies d’une future constellation chinoise de navigation et de communication autour de la Lune. Volant en formation avec Tiandu-1, il emporte une charge de communication et des équipements de navigation pour tester les liaisons entre les deux engins et avec la Terre.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tiandu-1.htm`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu`]},{id:`tiandu-1`,name:{en:`Tiandu-1`,fr:`Tiandu-1`},agency:`Deep Space Exploration Laboratory`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`3:1 Earth–Moon resonant orbit since 2025-05-22 (no longer a lunar orbiter)`,fr:`Orbite résonante Terre–Lune 3:1 depuis le 2025-05-22 (n’est plus en orbite lunaire)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59278,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tiandu-1 is an experimental satellite from China’s Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, a pathfinder for a future navigation and communication constellation around the Moon. It tests high-speed radio links, an in-space data router and laser ranging from Earth using a reflector on board, together with its smaller companion Tiandu-2.`,fr:`Tiandu-1 est un satellite expérimental du Laboratoire chinois d’exploration de l’espace lointain, précurseur d’une future constellation de navigation et de communication autour de la Lune. Avec son petit compagnon Tiandu-2, il teste des liaisons radio à haut débit, un routeur de données spatial et la télémétrie laser depuis la Terre grâce à un réflecteur embarqué.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://news.cgtn.com/news/2025-05-28/China-s-Tiandu-1-satellite-enters-historic-Earth-moon-resonant-orbit-1DKj9SqRaSc/p.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu`]},{id:`queqiao-1`,name:{en:`Queqiao relay satellite`,fr:`Queqiao (satellite relais)`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2018-05-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Earth–Moon L2 halo orbit`,fr:`Orbite de halo autour du point L2 Terre–Lune`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:43470,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Queqiao was the first relay satellite placed beyond the Moon, near the Earth–Moon L2 point. It was built so that China’s Chang’e-4 lander and Yutu-2 rover, the first to land on the far side of the Moon, could communicate with Earth, which never sees that side. It also carried a Dutch–Chinese low-frequency radio instrument for astronomy.`,fr:`Queqiao a été le premier satellite relais placé au-delà de la Lune, près du point L2 Terre–Lune. Il a été conçu pour que l’atterrisseur chinois Chang’e-4 et le rover Yutu-2, premiers à se poser sur la face cachée de la Lune, puissent communiquer avec la Terre, qui ne voit jamais cette face. Il emportait aussi un instrument sino-néerlandais de radioastronomie à basse fréquence.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite`]},{id:`dro-a`,name:{en:`DRO-A`,fr:`DRO-A`},agency:`CAS (CSU)`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-13`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Distant retrograde orbit (DRO)`,fr:`Orbite rétrograde distante (DRO)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59228,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DRO-A is an experimental satellite of the Chinese Academy of Sciences sent to a distant retrograde orbit, a very stable orbit around the Moon. With DRO-B and the DRO-L satellite in Earth orbit, it forms a three-satellite test network that tests precise navigation and radio links between spacecraft across Earth–Moon distances.`,fr:`DRO-A est un satellite expérimental de l’Académie chinoise des sciences placé sur une orbite rétrograde distante, une orbite très stable autour de la Lune. Avec DRO-B et le satellite DRO-L en orbite terrestre, il forme un réseau d’essai de trois satellites qui teste la navigation de précision et les liaisons radio entre engins à l’échelle des distances Terre–Lune.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dro-a.htm`,`https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202504/16/WS67ff8351a3104d9fd381fbbb.html`]},{id:`dro-b`,name:{en:`DRO-B`,fr:`DRO-B`},agency:`CAS (CSU)`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-13`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`3:2 Earth–Moon resonant orbit (moved from DRO in 2025)`,fr:`Orbite résonante Terre–Lune 3:2 (quitte la DRO en 2025)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:60058,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DRO-B is the twin of DRO-A, launched together to test spacecraft operations in the space between the Earth and the Moon. With DRO-A and DRO-L, it forms a three-satellite network that tests high-precision relative navigation and microwave links between spacecraft.`,fr:`DRO-B est le jumeau de DRO-A, lancé avec lui pour tester l’exploitation d’engins dans l’espace entre la Terre et la Lune. Avec DRO-A et DRO-L, il forme un réseau de trois satellites qui teste la navigation relative de haute précision et les liaisons micro-ondes entre engins.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dro-a.htm`]},{id:`icube-q`,name:{en:`ICUBE-Q`,fr:`ICUBE-Q`},agency:`IST / SUPARCO`,country:`pk`,launchDate:`2024-05-03`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`inactive`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire elliptique`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59629,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ICUBE-Q was Pakistan’s first lunar satellite, built by the Institute of Space Technology with SUPARCO and Shanghai Jiao Tong University and carried to the Moon by China’s Chang’e-6. Its goals were to prove that a small satellite could be released into lunar orbit and work there, to photograph the Moon’s surface with two cameras, and to collect magnetic-field data.`,fr:`ICUBE-Q était le premier satellite lunaire du Pakistan, construit par l’Institute of Space Technology avec la SUPARCO et l’université Jiao Tong de Shanghai, et emporté vers la Lune par la mission chinoise Chang’e-6. Il devait prouver qu’un petit satellite pouvait être largué en orbite lunaire et y fonctionner, photographier la surface de la Lune avec deux caméras et recueillir des données sur le champ magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Contact lost around July 2024; a published study predicted lunar impact by about April 2025.`,fr:`Contact perdu vers juillet 2024 ; une étude publiée prévoyait un impact lunaire vers avril 2025.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICUBE-Q`,`https://journal.hep.com.cn/jdse/EN/10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2025.20240054`]},{id:`change-7`,name:{en:`Chang'e-7`,fr:`Chang'e-7`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`planned`,ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!0,goals:{en:`Chang'e-7 is a Chinese robotic mission to the Moon's south pole, made of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a small hopping probe. Its main goal is to look for water ice and other volatiles in permanently shadowed craters, and to study the region's soil composition, environment and terrain. These findings will help prepare a future lunar research station.`,fr:`Chang'e-7 est une mission robotique chinoise vers le pôle Sud de la Lune, composée d'un orbiteur, d'un atterrisseur, d'un rover et d'une petite sonde sauteuse. Elle doit surtout rechercher de la glace d'eau et d'autres substances volatiles dans les cratères plongés dans une ombre permanente, et étudier la composition du sol, l'environnement et le relief de la région. Ces résultats aideront à préparer une future station de recherche lunaire.`},notes:{en:`Not launched: the August 2026 window was lost to Typhoon Narra; launch postponed to 2027.`,fr:`Pas lancée : la fenêtre d’août 2026 a été perdue à cause du typhon Narra ; lancement reporté à 2027.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_7`,`https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-delays-ambitious-change-7-moon-mission-until-2027/`]},{id:`mars-odyssey`,name:{en:`2001 Mars Odyssey`,fr:`2001 Mars Odyssey`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2001-04-07`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular sun-synchronous polar orbit, ~400 km, 93.06° inclination, ~2 h period`,fr:`Orbite polaire héliosynchrone quasi circulaire, ~400 km, inclinaison 93,06°, période ~2 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-53`,norad:26734,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ffb74d`,goals:{en:`2001 Mars Odyssey was sent to map the chemical elements and minerals of the Martian surface and to look for signs of water, as part of NASA's "follow the water" strategy. It found large amounts of ice hidden just below the surface at high latitudes. It also studies clouds, fog and frost, helps choose safe landing sites and relays data from rovers to Earth.`,fr:`2001 Mars Odyssey devait cartographier les éléments chimiques et les minéraux de la surface martienne et y chercher des traces d'eau, selon la stratégie de la NASA «\xA0suivre l'eau\xA0». Elle a découvert de grandes quantités de glace cachées juste sous la surface aux hautes latitudes. Elle étudie aussi les nuages, le brouillard et le givre, aide à choisir des sites d'atterrissage sûrs et relaie vers la Terre les données des rovers.`},notes:{en:`Longest continually active spacecraft at another planet (Mars orbit since 2001-10-24). NASA lists the mission as ongoing; propellant is low (earlier estimates: enough to end of 2025), so an end-of-mission announcement is plausible soon. Re-verify before each release.`,fr:`Plus longue mission active en continu autour d'une autre planète (en orbite martienne depuis le 2001-10-24). La NASA la considère toujours en cours ; ergols presque épuisés (estimations antérieures : jusqu'à fin 2025), une fin de mission pourrait être annoncée prochainement. À revérifier avant chaque version.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Mars%20Odyssey`]},{id:`mars-express`,name:{en:`Mars Express`,fr:`Mars Express`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2003-06-02`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical near-polar orbit, ~298 × 10,107 km, 86.3° inclination, ~7.5 h period`,fr:`Orbite elliptique quasi polaire, ~298 × 10 107 km, inclinaison 86,3°, période ~7,5 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-41`,norad:27816,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#64b5f6`,goals:{en:`Mars Express, ESA's first mission to another planet, studies Mars from below its surface to its upper atmosphere, as well as its two moons, Phobos and Deimos. Its camera produces 3D views of the landscape, its radar probes beneath the surface and its spectrometers analyse the air and the minerals. A central goal is to trace the history of water and whether early Mars could have hosted life.`,fr:`Mars Express, première mission de l'ESA vers une autre planète, étudie Mars de son sous-sol jusqu'à sa haute atmosphère, ainsi que ses deux lunes, Phobos et Deimos. Sa caméra livre des vues en relief des paysages, son radar sonde le sous-sol et ses spectromètres analysent l'air et les minéraux. Elle cherche notamment à retracer l'histoire de l'eau et à savoir si la jeune planète a pu abriter la vie.`},notes:{en:`In Mars orbit since 2003-12-25. ESA's Science Programme Committee endorsed a further extension in June 2026 (previously confirmed to 2026-12-31). ESA image releases continue in September 2026.`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2003-12-25. Le comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA a approuvé une nouvelle prolongation en juin 2026 (auparavant confirmée jusqu'au 2026-12-31). Publications d'images par l'ESA en septembre 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Mars%20Express`]},{id:`mro`,name:{en:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter`,fr:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2005-08-12`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular sun-synchronous polar orbit, ~250–316 km, 93° inclination, ~112 min period`,fr:`Orbite polaire héliosynchrone quasi circulaire, ~250–316 km, inclinaison 93°, période ~112 min`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-74`,norad:28788,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#81c784`,goals:{en:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was built to understand where water has been on Mars and how that changed over time. Its HiRISE camera, the most powerful ever sent to another planet, can spot objects the size of a kitchen table, while other instruments map minerals formed in water, probe underground ice and monitor the daily weather. It is also a key relay for rovers on the surface.`,fr:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter a été conçue pour comprendre où l'eau s'est trouvée sur Mars et comment sa répartition a évolué. Sa caméra HiRISE, la plus puissante jamais envoyée vers une autre planète, distingue des objets de la taille d'une table de cuisine, tandis que d'autres instruments cartographient les minéraux formés dans l'eau, sondent la glace du sous-sol et suivent la météo au jour le jour. C'est aussi un relais essentiel pour les rovers.`},notes:{en:`In Mars orbit since 2006-03-10; key relay for Curiosity and Perseverance. CRISM retired 2023; HiRISE has partial CCD degradation. Fuel reported sufficient to ~2035 (Jan 2024 estimate).`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2006-03-10 ; relais essentiel pour Curiosity et Perseverance. CRISM retiré en 2023 ; HiRISE partiellement dégradé. Ergols suffisants jusqu'à ~2035 (estimation de janvier 2024).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=MRO`]},{id:`exomars-tgo`,name:{en:`ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter`,fr:`ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2016-03-14`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular ~400 km, 74° inclination, ~2 h period`,fr:`Orbite quasi circulaire ~400 km, inclinaison 74°, période ~2 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-143`,norad:41388,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ce93d8`,goals:{en:`The Trace Gas Orbiter, the first part of ESA's ExoMars programme, measures tiny amounts of gases such as methane in the Martian atmosphere, which could come from geological activity or even from living organisms. It also photographs surface features that might be linked to these gases and maps hydrogen, a sign of water ice, in the top metre of the ground. It serves as a data relay for rovers too.`,fr:`Le Trace Gas Orbiter, premier volet du programme ExoMars de l'ESA, mesure d'infimes quantités de gaz comme le méthane dans l'atmosphère martienne\xA0: ils pourraient provenir d'une activité géologique, voire d'organismes vivants. Il photographie aussi les reliefs susceptibles d'être liés à ces gaz et cartographie l'hydrogène, signe de glace d'eau, dans le premier mètre du sol. Il sert également de relais aux rovers.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit insertion 2016-10-19; science since April 2018; relay for NASA rovers and the future Rosalind Franklin rover. Recent 2025–2026 science activity reported; formal extension beyond 2026 not found (TGO is not in the June 2026 SPC list, as it belongs to ESA's exploration programme).`,fr:`Insertion en orbite le 2016-10-19 ; science depuis avril 2018 ; relais pour les rovers de la NASA et le futur rover Rosalind Franklin. Activité scientifique signalée en 2025–2026 ; prolongation officielle au-delà de 2026 non trouvée (TGO relève du programme d'exploration, absent de la liste SPC de juin 2026).`},website:{url:`https://explorationscience.esa.int/project/exomars-trace-gas-orbiter-tgo/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ExoMars_TGO_operations`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=TGO`]},{id:`emm-hope`,name:{en:`Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)`,fr:`Mission émiratie vers Mars (Hope / Al-Amal)`},agency:`UAE Space Agency / MBRSC`,country:`ae`,launchDate:`2020-07-19`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High elliptical orbit ~20,000 × 43,000 km, 25° inclination, ~55 h period (adjusted in early 2023 from ~22,000 × 44,000 km to enable Deimos flybys)`,fr:`Orbite elliptique haute ~20 000 × 43 000 km, inclinaison 25°, période ~55 h (ajustée début 2023 depuis ~22 000 × 44 000 km pour survoler Deimos)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-62`,norad:45918,sampling:{stepMin:30,pastDays:3,futureDays:5},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#f48fb1`,goals:{en:`The Hope probe, the Arab world's first mission to another planet, is building the first complete picture of Martian weather through the day and across the seasons. From a high orbit, its three instruments observe dust storms and temperature changes in the lower atmosphere, and track how hydrogen and oxygen escape from the upper atmosphere into space. This helps explain how Mars lost much of its air and water.`,fr:`La sonde Hope (Al-Amal), première mission du monde arabe vers une autre planète, dresse le premier portrait complet de la météo martienne au fil de la journée et des saisons. Depuis une orbite haute, ses trois instruments observent les tempêtes de poussière et les variations de température de la basse atmosphère, et suivent la fuite de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène de la haute atmosphère vers l'espace. Elle aide ainsi à comprendre comment Mars a perdu une grande partie de son air et de son eau.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit since 2021-02-09. Mission extended to 2028 (announced February 2026).`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2021-02-09. Mission prolongée jusqu'en 2028 (annonce de février 2026).`},website:{url:`https://space.gov.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/space-exploration/emirates-mars-mission`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/02/17/uae-extends-hope-probes-mars-mission-to-2028/`,`https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2023/02/09/uaes-hope-probe-moves-to-new-orbit-to-study-mars-tiny-moon-deimos/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/emm-hope`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=EMM`]},{id:`tianwen-1`,name:{en:`Tianwen-1 orbiter`,fr:`Orbiteur Tianwen-1`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2020-07-23`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical near-polar remote-sensing orbit, ~275 × 10,749 km, 86.3° inclination, ~7.08 h period`,fr:`Orbite elliptique quasi polaire de télédétection, ~275 × 10 749 km, inclinaison 86,3°, période ~7,08 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:45935,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tianwen-1 was China's first independent mission to Mars, combining an orbiter, a lander and the Zhurong rover in a single flight. The orbiter maps the planet's landforms and geology, studies the soil, the distribution of water ice and the surface composition, and measures the ionosphere, the climate and the planet's magnetic and gravity fields. It also served as the relay between the rover and Earth.`,fr:`Tianwen-1 est la première mission martienne menée par la Chine seule, réunissant en un seul vol un orbiteur, un atterrisseur et le rover Zhurong. L'orbiteur cartographie les reliefs et la géologie de la planète, étudie le sol, la répartition de la glace d'eau et la composition de la surface, et mesure l'ionosphère, le climat ainsi que les champs magnétique et gravitationnel de Mars. Il a aussi servi de relais entre le rover et la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit since 2021-02-10. Latest official confirmation opened: Xinhua (2025-11-06), operating stably for over 4 years in good condition (observed interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS). No public ephemerides; orbit parameters from Wikipedia and may be outdated.`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2021-02-10. Dernière confirmation officielle consultée : Xinhua (2025-11-06), fonctionnement stable depuis plus de 4 ans, bon état (observation de la comète interstellaire 3I/ATLAS). Pas d'éphémérides publiques ; paramètres orbitaux issus de Wikipédia, possiblement périmés.`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`http://www.news.cn/politics/20251106/227d8d9752fc4079b2bb4990bd5e252f/c.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1`]},{id:`maven`,name:{en:`MAVEN`,fr:`MAVEN`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2013-11-18`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`ended`,orbit:{en:`Last known: elliptical ~180 × 4,500 km, 75° inclination, ~3.6 h period (spacecraft tumbling since loss of signal; actual current orbit unknown)`,fr:`Dernière connue : elliptique ~180 × 4 500 km, inclinaison 75°, période ~3,6 h (engin en rotation incontrôlée depuis la perte de signal ; orbite actuelle inconnue)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-202`,norad:39378,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:2,futureDays:2},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#4dd0e1`,goals:{en:`MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) was the first mission devoted to Mars's upper atmosphere. It measured how the Sun and the solar wind strip gas from the top of the atmosphere into space, to find out how Mars lost its once-thick atmosphere and changed from a world that may have had liquid water to today's cold desert. It also relayed data from rovers.`,fr:`MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) a été la première mission consacrée à la haute atmosphère de Mars. Elle mesurait comment le Soleil et le vent solaire arrachent des gaz au sommet de l'atmosphère, afin de comprendre comment Mars a perdu son épaisse atmosphère d'autrefois et est passée d'un monde où l'eau liquide a pu couler au désert froid d'aujourd'hui. Elle relayait aussi les données des rovers.`},notes:{en:`Loss of signal 2025-12-06 after passing behind Mars; spacecraft found tumbling, batteries drained. Review board (Feb 2026) judged it unrecoverable; NASA declared end of mission 2026-06-03.`,fr:`Perte de signal le 2025-12-06 après un passage derrière Mars ; engin en rotation, batteries épuisées. Le comité d'examen (fév. 2026) l'a jugé irrécupérable ; fin de mission déclarée par la NASA le 2026-06-03.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAVEN`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=MAVEN`]},{id:`mom`,name:{en:`Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)`,fr:`Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2013-11-05`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`ended`,orbit:{en:`Last known: highly elliptical ~421.7 × 76,993.6 km, 150° inclination, ~72.9 h period`,fr:`Dernière connue : très elliptique ~421,7 × 76 993,6 km, inclinaison 150°, période ~72,9 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:39370,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) was India's first interplanetary mission. Its main goal was technological: to show that India could design, build and fly a spacecraft able to reach Mars largely on its own and enter orbit around it. Its five small instruments also studied the planet's surface features, minerals and atmosphere, including a search for methane.`,fr:`La Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) a été la première mission interplanétaire de l'Inde. Son objectif principal était technologique\xA0: prouver que le pays savait concevoir, construire et piloter une sonde capable de rejoindre Mars de façon largement autonome et de se placer en orbite. Ses cinq petits instruments étudiaient aussi le relief, les minéraux et l'atmosphère de la planète, notamment à la recherche de méthane.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit 2014-09-24. Contact lost after a long eclipse in April 2022; ISRO declared the mission over in October 2022.`,fr:`En orbite martienne le 2014-09-24. Contact perdu après une longue éclipse en avril 2022 ; l'ISRO a déclaré la fin de mission en octobre 2022.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/MarsOrbiterMissionSpacecraft.html`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission`]},{id:`escapade-blue`,name:{en:`ESCAPADE Blue`,fr:`ESCAPADE Blue`},agency:`NASA / UC Berkeley SSL / Rocket Lab`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-11-13`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`cruise`,orbit:{en:`Currently on an Earth-proximity loiter trajectory near Sun–Earth L2; Earth flyby and trans-Mars injection planned November 2026, Mars arrival September 2027; science orbit ~170 × 8,400 km, 65° inclination (from mid-2028)`,fr:`Actuellement en trajectoire d'attente près du point de Lagrange Soleil–Terre L2 ; survol de la Terre et injection vers Mars prévus en novembre 2026, arrivée à Mars en septembre 2027 ; orbite scientifique ~170 × 8 400 km, inclinaison 65° (à partir de mi-2028)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:66451,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ESCAPADE Blue is one of two identical small spacecraft, with its twin Gold, that will orbit Mars together to study how the solar wind interacts with the planet's patchy magnetic field. By measuring from two places at once, they can see how this space environment changes from minute to minute and how it strips away the atmosphere. This helps explain how Mars turned from a warmer, wetter world into today's cold one.`,fr:`ESCAPADE Blue est l'une des deux petites sondes identiques, avec sa jumelle Gold, qui tourneront ensemble autour de Mars pour étudier l'action du vent solaire sur le champ magnétique morcelé de la planète. En mesurant en deux points à la fois, elles verront comment cet environnement spatial change d'une minute à l'autre et comment il arrache l'atmosphère. De quoi comprendre comment Mars, autrefois plus chaude et humide, est devenue froide.`},notes:{en:`Twin smallsats launched on the second New Glenn flight (NG-2). Not yet en route to Mars: TMI burns near Earth planned 2026-11-07 and 2026-11-09. A low-thrust TCM on one spacecraft in Dec 2025 was completed in Jan 2026.`,fr:`Deux petits satellites lancés par le 2e vol de New Glenn (NG-2). Pas encore en route vers Mars : injections prévues les 7 et 9 novembre 2026. Une manœuvre à poussée insuffisante sur l'un des engins en déc. 2025 a été complétée en janv. 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/escapade/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCAPADE`]},{id:`escapade-gold`,name:{en:`ESCAPADE Gold`,fr:`ESCAPADE Gold`},agency:`NASA / UC Berkeley SSL / Rocket Lab`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-11-13`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`cruise`,orbit:{en:`Same as Blue: loiter near Sun–Earth L2, TMI November 2026, Mars arrival September 2027; science orbit ~170 × 8,400 km, 65° inclination`,fr:`Identique à Blue : attente près de L2 Soleil–Terre, injection vers Mars en novembre 2026, arrivée en septembre 2027 ; orbite scientifique ~170 × 8 400 km, inclinaison 65°`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:66452,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ESCAPADE Gold is one of two identical small spacecraft, with its twin Blue, that will orbit Mars together to study how the solar wind interacts with the planet's patchy magnetic field. By measuring from two places at once, they can see how this space environment changes from minute to minute and how it strips away the atmosphere. This helps explain how Mars turned from a warmer, wetter world into today's cold one.`,fr:`ESCAPADE Gold est l'une des deux petites sondes identiques, avec sa jumelle Blue, qui tourneront ensemble autour de Mars pour étudier l'action du vent solaire sur le champ magnétique morcelé de la planète. En mesurant en deux points à la fois, elles verront comment cet environnement spatial change d'une minute à l'autre et comment il arrache l'atmosphère. De quoi comprendre comment Mars, autrefois plus chaude et humide, est devenue froide.`},notes:{en:`Twin of Blue. In science campaign B their apoapses diverge (Blue ~7,000 km, Gold ~10,000 km).`,fr:`Jumeau de Blue. En campagne scientifique B, apoapsides différentes (Blue ~7 000 km, Gold ~10 000 km).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCAPADE`]},{id:`mmx`,name:{en:`Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)`,fr:`Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2026-10-19`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`planned`,orbit:{en:`Planned: arrival in the Mars system in 2027 (~1-year cruise), Phobos observation and sampling 2027–2030, departure 2030, Earth return FY2031`,fr:`Prévu : arrivée dans le système martien en 2027 (~1 an de croisière), observation et prélèvement sur Phobos 2027–2030, départ en 2030, retour sur Terre en AF 2031`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) is a Japanese mission to Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars. It will study both moons from close up, land on Phobos to collect at least 10 grams of its surface and bring them back to Earth, to find out whether these moons are captured asteroids or debris from a giant impact on Mars. It carries IDEFIX, a small French–German rover.`,fr:`MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) est une mission japonaise vers Phobos et Deimos, les deux lunes de Mars. Elle étudiera de près les deux lunes, se posera sur Phobos pour y prélever au moins 10 grammes de sol et les rapporter sur Terre, afin de savoir si ces lunes sont des astéroïdes capturés ou des débris d'un impact géant sur Mars. Elle emporte IDEFIX, un petit rover franco-allemand.`},notes:{en:`Launch scheduled 2026-10-20 04:41:03 JST (= 2026-10-19 19:41:03 UTC) on H3 F10 from Tanegashima; reserve period 2026-10-21 to 2026-11-07. Carries the CNES/DLR IDEFIX rover and NASA MEGANE.`,fr:`Lancement prévu le 2026-10-20 à 04:41:03 JST (= 2026-10-19 19:41:03 UTC) sur H3 F10 depuis Tanegashima ; période de réserve du 2026-10-21 au 2026-11-07. Emporte le rover IDEFIX (CNES/DLR) et MEGANE (NASA).`},website:{url:`https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2026/08/20260820-1_e.html`,`https://mmx-news.isas.jaxa.jp/?p=2753`,`https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/`]},{id:`phobos`,name:{en:`Phobos`,fr:`Phobos`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:11.08,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular, 9 376 km from the centre of Mars, 7.65 h`,fr:`Quasi circulaire, à 9 376 km du centre de Mars, 7,65 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`401`,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:2,futureDays:14},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#c9b8a6`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Phobos`]},{id:`deimos`,name:{en:`Deimos`,fr:`Déimos`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:6.2,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular, 23 459 km from the centre of Mars, 30.3 h`,fr:`Quasi circulaire, à 23 459 km du centre de Mars, 30,3 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`402`,sampling:{stepMin:20,pastDays:2,futureDays:14},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#b8ab9c`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Deimos`]},{id:`voyager-1`,name:{en:`Voyager 1`,fr:`Voyager 1`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1977-09-05`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Interstellar mission, power-saving operations`,fr:`Mission interstellaire, exploitation en mode économie d'énergie`},nextEvent:{en:`'Big Bang' power-management reconfiguration (under way, completion expected in the coming months)`,fr:`Reconfiguration énergétique « Big Bang » (en cours, achèvement prévu dans les prochains mois)`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-31`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Voyager 1 was launched to explore Jupiter and Saturn up close, studying their atmospheres, rings, magnetic fields and moons, including a close flyby of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Now the most distant human-made object, it measures particles, magnetic fields and plasma waves in interstellar space, outside the bubble created by the Sun. It also carries the Golden Record, a message from Earth.`,fr:`Voyager 1 a été lancée pour explorer de près Jupiter et Saturne\xA0: leur atmosphère, leurs anneaux, leur champ magnétique et leurs lunes, dont Titan, la plus grande lune de Saturne, survolée de près. Devenue l'objet le plus lointain fabriqué par l'humanité, elle mesure désormais les particules, les champs magnétiques et les ondes de plasma de l'espace interstellaire, au-delà de la bulle créée par le Soleil. Elle emporte aussi le Disque d'or, un message de la Terre.`},notes:{en:`LECP instrument switched off on 2026-04-17; only the plasma wave instrument and magnetometer remain on. The same 'Big Bang' procedure tested on Voyager 2 is being applied; if it succeeds, LECP could be switched back on.`,fr:`Instrument LECP éteint le 2026-04-17 ; seuls l'instrument d'ondes de plasma et le magnétomètre restent allumés. La procédure « Big Bang » testée sur Voyager 2 est en cours d'application ; en cas de succès, le LECP pourrait être rallumé.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-1/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/04/17/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/08/04/nasa-engineers-help-prolong-voyager-2s-science-mission/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Voyager%201`]},{id:`voyager-2`,name:{en:`Voyager 2`,fr:`Voyager 2`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1977-08-20`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Interstellar mission, three instruments operating`,fr:`Mission interstellaire, trois instruments en service`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-32`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited all four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, studying their atmospheres, rings, magnetic fields and moons up close. It remains the only probe to have explored Uranus and Neptune. Now in interstellar space, outside the bubble created by the Sun, it measures the particles and magnetic fields found between the stars.`,fr:`Voyager 2 est la seule sonde à avoir visité les quatre planètes géantes, Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus et Neptune, en étudiant de près leur atmosphère, leurs anneaux, leur champ magnétique et leurs lunes. Elle reste la seule à avoir exploré Uranus et Neptune. Désormais dans l'espace interstellaire, au-delà de la bulle créée par le Soleil, elle mesure les particules et les champs magnétiques qui règnent entre les étoiles.`},notes:{en:`LECP switched off in March 2025. The 'Big Bang' power reconfiguration (tests May-June, executed July 2026, announced 2026-08-04) keeps three science instruments on (magnetometer, plasma wave, cosmic ray) for at least one more year.`,fr:`LECP éteint en mars 2025. La reconfiguration énergétique « Big Bang » (essais mai-juin, exécutée en juillet 2026, annoncée le 2026-08-04) garde trois instruments scientifiques allumés (magnétomètre, ondes de plasma, rayons cosmiques) pour au moins un an de plus.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-2/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/08/04/nasa-engineers-help-prolong-voyager-2s-science-mission/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/04/17/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Voyager%202`]},{id:`new-horizons`,name:{en:`New Horizons`,fr:`New Horizons`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2006-01-19`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Kuiper Belt extended mission (heliophysics focus)`,fr:`Mission étendue dans la ceinture de Kuiper (orientée héliophysique)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-98`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`New Horizons was built to make the first close-up study of Pluto and its moons, mapping their surfaces, geology and atmospheres. It then explores the Kuiper Belt, a distant ring of icy bodies left over from the formation of the planets, and flew past Arrokoth, the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. It also measures the Sun's influence on the outer Solar System.`,fr:`New Horizons a été conçue pour étudier de près, pour la première fois, Pluton et ses lunes\xA0: leur surface, leur géologie et leur atmosphère. Elle explore ensuite la ceinture de Kuiper, un anneau lointain de corps glacés restés de la formation des planètes, et a survolé Arrokoth, l'objet le plus lointain jamais visité par une sonde. Elle mesure aussi l'influence du Soleil aux confins du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Beyond 60 AU. Woke from its longest hibernation in good health (July 2026). Extended until it exits the Kuiper Belt (~2028-2029); a further KBO flyby remains possible if a target is found. No end date announced.`,fr:`Au-delà de 60 UA. Sorti en bonne santé de sa plus longue hibernation (juillet 2026). Mission prolongée jusqu'à la sortie de la ceinture de Kuiper (~2028-2029) ; un nouveau survol d'objet de Kuiper reste possible si une cible est trouvée. Aucune date de fin annoncée.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=New%20Horizons`]},{id:`juno`,name:{en:`Juno`,fr:`Juno`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2011-08-05`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Jupiter orbit, second extended mission (rings and inner moons)`,fr:`Orbite jovienne, deuxième mission étendue (anneaux et lunes internes)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-61`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Juno studies Jupiter to understand how the largest planet formed and evolved, since it kept much of the material of the early Solar System. From a polar orbit it measures Jupiter's gravity and magnetic field to probe its deep interior and core, and studies the water and ammonia of its atmosphere, its polar cyclones and its auroras. Its extended mission also observes the moons Ganymede, Europa and Io and the faint rings.`,fr:`Juno étudie Jupiter pour comprendre comment la plus grande planète s'est formée et a évolué, car elle a conservé une grande partie de la matière des débuts du Système solaire. Depuis une orbite polaire, elle mesure sa gravité et son champ magnétique pour sonder son intérieur et son noyau, et étudie l'eau et l'ammoniac de son atmosphère, ses cyclones polaires et ses aurores. Sa mission étendue observe aussi Ganymède, Europe, Io et les anneaux ténus.`},notes:{en:`Still operating in 2026: imaged the inner moon Thebe on 2026-05-01. Mission status was uncertain in late 2025 (FY2026 budget request zeroed it; first extension ended 2025-09-30). Wikipedia states a 3-year second extended mission began October 2025 (to ~September 2028) and that no deorbit is planned; NASA's mission page still shows the old 'through September 2025' text. No deliberate plunge into Jupiter is announced.`,fr:`Toujours en service en 2026 : image de la lune interne Thébé le 2026-05-01. Statut incertain fin 2025 (financement supprimé dans la demande budgétaire FY2026 ; première extension terminée le 2025-09-30). Wikipédia indique une deuxième mission étendue de 3 ans depuis octobre 2025 (jusqu'à ~septembre 2028) sans désorbitation prévue ; la page NASA affiche encore « jusqu'en septembre 2025 ». Aucune plongée volontaire dans Jupiter n'est annoncée.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/photojournal/nasas-juno-misson-captures-jupiter-moon-thebe/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Juno`]},{id:`parker-solar-probe`,name:{en:`Parker Solar Probe`,fr:`Sonde solaire Parker`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2018-08-12`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Extended mission, closest-approach orbit (~6.1 million km)`,fr:`Mission étendue, orbite de passage au plus près (~6,1 millions de km)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-96`,sampling:{stepMin:360,pastDays:30,futureDays:120},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Parker Solar Probe flies through the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, closer than any spacecraft before it. It aims to find out why the corona is far hotter than the Sun's visible surface, what accelerates the solar wind and where the Sun's most energetic particles come from. These answers help forecast space weather, which can disturb satellites and their electronics.`,fr:`La sonde solaire Parker traverse l'atmosphère externe du Soleil, la couronne, de plus près qu'aucun engin avant elle. Elle cherche à comprendre pourquoi la couronne est bien plus chaude que la surface visible du Soleil, ce qui accélère le vent solaire et d'où viennent ses particules les plus énergétiques. Ces réponses aident à prévoir la météo spatiale, qui peut perturber les satellites et leur électronique.`},notes:{en:`29th perihelion on 2026-09-04 (3.8 million miles, 430,000 mph), healthy beacon 2026-09-07. Extended into 2029 by the 2026 Heliophysics Senior Review. Perihelia recur roughly every 88 days (next date not confirmed by an opened source).`,fr:`29e périhélie le 2026-09-04 (6,1 millions de km, 692 000 km/h), signal de bonne santé le 2026-09-07. Prolongée jusqu'en 2029 par la revue héliophysique de 2026. Périhélies environ tous les 88 jours (prochaine date non confirmée par une source consultée).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/parker-solar-probe/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/parker-solar-probe/2026/09/10/after-latest-swing-past-sun-nasas-parker-solar-probe-checks-in/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Parker%20Solar%20Probe`]},{id:`solar-orbiter`,name:{en:`Solar Orbiter`,fr:`Solar Orbiter`},agency:`ESA / NASA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2020-02-10`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science phase, raising orbital inclination`,fr:`Phase scientifique, relèvement de l'inclinaison orbitale`},nextEvent:{en:`Venus gravity assist: inclination to 24°, start of high-latitude mission`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de Vénus : inclinaison portée à 24°, début de la mission à haute latitude`,date:`2026-12-24`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-144`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Solar Orbiter combines close-up images of the Sun with measurements of the solar wind around the spacecraft, linking the particles to the regions of the Sun they came from. It seeks to explain the 11-year cycle of solar activity, the heating of the corona to millions of degrees and the origin of the solar wind. Its tilted orbit gives the first views of the Sun's poles, key to understanding its magnetic field.`,fr:`Solar Orbiter associe des images rapprochées du Soleil à des mesures du vent solaire autour de la sonde, afin de relier les particules aux régions du Soleil d'où elles viennent. Elle cherche à expliquer le cycle d'activité solaire de 11 ans, le chauffage de la couronne à des millions de degrés et l'origine du vent solaire. Son orbite inclinée offre les premières vues des pôles du Soleil, essentielles pour comprendre son champ magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Mission extension approved by ESA's Science Programme Committee (June 2026). Further Venus flybys 2028-03-18, 2029-06-10, 2030-09-02 raise inclination to 33°. Next perihelion 2027-02-06 (0.28 AU).`,fr:`Prolongation approuvée par le Comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA (juin 2026). Survols de Vénus suivants 2028-03-18, 2029-06-10, 2030-09-02 pour atteindre 33° d'inclinaison. Prochain périhélie 2027-02-06 (0,28 UA).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Solar_Orbiter_perihelia_and_flybys`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Solar%20Orbiter`]},{id:`bepicolombo`,name:{en:`BepiColombo`,fr:`BepiColombo`},agency:`ESA / JAXA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2018-10-20`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Mercury arrival phase (transfer module jettisoned)`,fr:`Phase d'arrivée à Mercure (module de transfert largué)`},nextEvent:{en:`Mercury orbit insertion`,fr:`Insertion en orbite de Mercure`,date:`2026-11-21`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-121`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`BepiColombo sends two orbiters to Mercury, the smallest planet and the closest to the Sun, still the least explored of the inner planets. Europe's MPO maps its surface, composition and interior, while Japan's Mio studies its magnetic field and its surroundings. Scientists want to know why Mercury has a magnetic field, how ice survives in its polar craters and what its strange 'hollows' are, shedding light on the history of the Solar System.`,fr:`BepiColombo envoie deux orbiteurs autour de Mercure, la plus petite planète et la plus proche du Soleil, encore la moins explorée des planètes intérieures. Le MPO européen cartographie sa surface, sa composition et son intérieur, tandis que le Mio japonais étudie son champ magnétique et son environnement. Les scientifiques veulent comprendre pourquoi Mercure a un champ magnétique, comment de la glace subsiste dans ses cratères polaires et ce que sont ses mystérieux «\xA0creux\xA0», pour éclairer l'histoire du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Mercury Transfer Module separated 2026-09-03, all systems nominal. MPO (ESA) and Mio (JAXA) separate 2026-12-09/10; science phase from April 2027. Arrival had been delayed from 2025 by a 2024 thruster power anomaly.`,fr:`Module de transfert séparé le 2026-09-03, systèmes nominaux. Séparation de MPO (ESA) et Mio (JAXA) les 2026-12-09/10 ; phase scientifique à partir d'avril 2027. Arrivée retardée de 2025 par une anomalie d'alimentation des propulseurs en 2024.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Latest_updates_BepiColombo_s_arrival_at_Mercury`,`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/BepiColombo_begins_Mercury_arrival_with_MTM_separation_success`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=BepiColombo`]},{id:`juice`,name:{en:`JUICE`,fr:`JUICE`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2023-04-14`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Jupiter, arrival July 2031`,fr:`Croisière vers Jupiter, arrivée en juillet 2031`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth gravity assist at 8,640 km (11:45 UTC)`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre à 8 640 km (11 h 45 UTC)`,date:`2026-09-28`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-28`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`JUICE explores Jupiter and three of its large icy moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, which are thought to hide oceans of liquid water beneath their crust. It will study these moons as possible habitats for life, explore Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetic environment, and finally orbit Ganymede. The Jupiter system also serves as a model for the giant planets found around other stars.`,fr:`JUICE explore Jupiter et trois de ses grandes lunes glacées, Ganymède, Callisto et Europe, qui cacheraient des océans d'eau liquide sous leur croûte. Elle étudiera ces lunes comme habitats possibles pour la vie, explorera l'atmosphère et l'environnement magnétique de Jupiter, puis se placera en orbite autour de Ganymède. Le système jovien sert aussi de modèle pour les planètes géantes découvertes autour d'autres étoiles.`},notes:{en:`Third gravity assist; instruments on from 23 Sept to 3 Oct for Earth/Moon calibration; eclipse in Earth's shadow night of 27-28 Sept. Final Earth flyby January 2029, Ganymede orbit 2034.`,fr:`Troisième assistance gravitationnelle ; instruments allumés du 23 sept. au 3 oct. pour calibration sur la Terre et la Lune ; passage dans l'ombre de la Terre la nuit du 27 au 28 sept. Dernier survol de la Terre en janvier 2029, orbite de Ganymède en 2034.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_to_fly_past_Earth_for_third_gravity_assist`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=JUICE`]},{id:`europa-clipper`,name:{en:`Europa Clipper`,fr:`Europa Clipper`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2024-10-14`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Jupiter, arrival April 2030`,fr:`Croisière vers Jupiter, arrivée en avril 2030`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth gravity assist`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre`,date:`2026-12-03`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-159`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Europa Clipper is designed to find out whether Jupiter's moon Europa has conditions suitable for life. Beneath its icy shell lies a salty ocean that may hold more than twice as much water as all of Earth's oceans. During 49 close flybys, its nine instruments and a gravity experiment will study the ice shell, the ocean, the moon's composition and its geology.`,fr:`Europa Clipper doit déterminer si Europe, une lune de Jupiter, réunit des conditions favorables à la vie. Sous sa carapace de glace se trouve un océan salé qui pourrait contenir plus de deux fois plus d'eau que tous les océans terrestres. Au fil de 49 survols rapprochés, ses neuf instruments et une expérience de gravité étudieront la glace, l'océan, la composition et la géologie de cette lune.`},notes:{en:`Mars flyby 2025-03-01. The Earth flyby (~3,200 km) also allows the only post-launch absolute magnetometer calibration. 49 Europa flybys planned.`,fr:`Survol de Mars le 2025-03-01. Le survol de la Terre (~3 200 km) permet aussi la seule calibration absolue du magnétomètre après le lancement. 49 survols d'Europe prévus.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Europa%20Clipper`]},{id:`psyche`,name:{en:`Psyche`,fr:`Psyché`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2023-10-13`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to asteroid Psyche, arrival summer 2029`,fr:`Croisière vers l'astéroïde Psyché, arrivée à l'été 2029`},nextEvent:{en:`Resume sustained solar-electric thrusting`,fr:`Reprise de la poussée électrique solaire continue`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-255`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Psyche is the first mission to an asteroid whose surface contains a large amount of metal. Orbiting it for about two years, the spacecraft will image and map the asteroid and work out what it is made of. Scientists think Psyche may be part of the iron core of an early planetary building block, which would give an indirect look at cores like Earth's, which can never be reached.`,fr:`Psyché est la première mission vers un astéroïde dont la surface contient beaucoup de métal. En orbite pendant environ deux ans, la sonde photographiera et cartographiera l'astéroïde et déterminera sa composition. Les scientifiques pensent que Psyché pourrait être une partie du noyau de fer d'une ancienne «\xA0brique\xA0» de planète, ce qui offrirait un regard indirect sur des noyaux comme celui de la Terre, impossibles à atteindre.`},notes:{en:`Mars gravity assist 2026-05-15 at 4,609 km; all three instruments tested successfully. Thrusting resumes 'later this fall' (2026).`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de Mars le 2026-05-15 à 4 609 km ; les trois instruments testés avec succès. Reprise de la poussée « plus tard cet automne » (2026).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/psyche/2026/07/17/nasas-psyche-mission-delivers-mars-flyby-data-time-lapse-video/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Psyche`]},{id:`lucy`,name:{en:`Lucy`,fr:`Lucy`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-10-16`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to the L4 Jupiter Trojans`,fr:`Croisière vers les Troyens de Jupiter (L4)`},nextEvent:{en:`Flyby of Trojan (3548) Eurybates and its moon Queta`,fr:`Survol du Troyen (3548) Eurybates et de sa lune Queta`,date:`2027-08-12`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-49`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Lucy is the first mission to the Trojan asteroids, two swarms that share Jupiter's orbit around the Sun, one ahead of the planet and one behind it. These bodies are thought to be leftovers of the material that built the outer planets, time capsules from the birth of the Solar System over four billion years ago. By flying past eleven asteroids of different types, Lucy tests models of how the planets formed.`,fr:`Lucy est la première mission vers les astéroïdes troyens, deux essaims qui partagent l'orbite de Jupiter autour du Soleil, l'un en avant de la planète, l'autre en arrière. Ces corps seraient des restes de la matière qui a formé les planètes externes, de véritables capsules temporelles de la naissance du Système solaire, il y a plus de quatre milliards d'années. En survolant onze astéroïdes de types variés, Lucy met à l'épreuve les modèles de formation des planètes.`},notes:{en:`Camera tests on future targets in spring 2026. Then Polymele 2027-09-15, Leucus 2028-04-18, Orus 2028-11-11, Patroclus-Menoetius 2033-03-03. Past: Dinkinesh 2023-11-01, Donaldjohanson 2025-04-20.`,fr:`Essais de caméra sur les futures cibles au printemps 2026. Ensuite Polymèle 2027-09-15, Leucos 2028-04-18, Orus 2028-11-11, Patrocle-Ménoetios 2033-03-03. Déjà survolés : Dinkinesh 2023-11-01, Donaldjohanson 2025-04-20.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lucy/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/lucy/2026/08/06/nasas-lucy-begins-camera-tests-ahead-of-2027-trojan-flybys/`,`https://lucy.swri.edu/mission/Tour.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Lucy`]},{id:`osiris-apex`,name:{en:`OSIRIS-APEX`,fr:`OSIRIS-APEX`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2016-09-08`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to asteroid Apophis, arrival April 2029`,fr:`Croisière vers l'astéroïde Apophis, arrivée en avril 2029`},nextEvent:{en:`Apophis close Earth approach; rendezvous about a week later`,fr:`Passage rapproché d'Apophis près de la Terre ; rendez-vous environ une semaine après`,date:`2029-04-13`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-64`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`OSIRIS-APEX reuses the spacecraft that brought back samples of asteroid Bennu to study Apophis, a stony asteroid that passes about 32,000 km from Earth's surface in April 2029. It will observe how Earth's gravity changes the asteroid's orbit, spin and surface, then fly low and fire its thrusters to stir up dust and rocks and reveal the material beneath. This helps understand asteroids that come close to Earth.`,fr:`OSIRIS-APEX réutilise la sonde qui a rapporté des échantillons de l'astéroïde Bénou pour étudier Apophis, un astéroïde rocheux qui passera à environ 32 000 km de la surface de la Terre en avril 2029. Elle observera comment la gravité terrestre modifie son orbite, sa rotation et sa surface, puis descendra près de lui et allumera ses propulseurs pour soulever poussière et cailloux et révéler la matière en dessous. Cela aide à comprendre les astéroïdes qui frôlent la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Former OSIRIS-REx (Bennu samples returned 2023). Earth gravity assist 2025-09-23 at 3,438 km, first of three. Planned 1.5-year stay at Apophis.`,fr:`Ex-OSIRIS-REx (échantillons de Bénou rapportés en 2023). Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre le 2025-09-23 à 3 438 km, la première de trois. Séjour prévu de 18 mois auprès d'Apophis.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-apex/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/osiris-apex`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=OSIRIS-REx`]},{id:`hera`,name:{en:`Hera`,fr:`Hera`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2024-10-07`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Final approach to Didymos-Dimorphos`,fr:`Approche finale de Didymos-Dimorphos`},nextEvent:{en:`Arrival at the Didymos binary asteroid`,fr:`Arrivée à l'astéroïde double Didymos`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-91`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Hera is Europe's planetary defence mission. It surveys the binary asteroid Didymos and its small moon Dimorphos, which NASA's DART spacecraft deliberately struck to change its orbit, measuring the result of the impact in detail. This turns the DART experiment into a well-understood, repeatable technique for deflecting a dangerous asteroid. Hera is also the first probe to visit a binary asteroid and tests autonomous navigation close to asteroids.`,fr:`Hera est la mission européenne de défense planétaire. Elle étudie l'astéroïde double Didymos et sa petite lune Dimorphos, que la sonde DART de la NASA a percutée volontairement pour modifier son orbite, afin de mesurer en détail les effets de l'impact. L'expérience de DART devient ainsi une technique bien comprise et reproductible pour dévier un astéroïde dangereux. Hera est aussi la première sonde à visiter un astéroïde double et teste la navigation autonome près des astéroïdes.`},notes:{en:`ESA targets arrival in November 2026, a month earlier than planned (an older ESA ops page mentions an 'impulsive rendezvous' in October 2026). Second deep-space manoeuvre March 2026 (367 m/s). Six-month survey of DART's impact aftermath; releases CubeSats Milani and Juventas.`,fr:`L'ESA vise une arrivée en novembre 2026, un mois plus tôt que prévu (une page ESA plus ancienne mentionne un « rendez-vous impulsif » en octobre 2026). Deuxième manœuvre en espace lointain en mars 2026 (367 m/s). Étude de six mois des suites de l'impact de DART ; largage des CubeSats Milani et Juventas.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera/ESA_s_Hera_targets_early_arrival_at_Didymos_asteroids`,`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Hera_operations`,`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera/Hera_on_course_for_asteroid_rendezvous`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Hera`]},{id:`tianwen-2`,name:{en:`Tianwen-2`,fr:`Tianwen-2`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2025-05-28`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Proximity operations at asteroid Kamoʻoalewa`,fr:`Opérations de proximité à l'astéroïde Kamoʻoalewa`},nextEvent:{en:`Sampling, then departure from Kamoʻoalewa`,fr:`Échantillonnage, puis départ de Kamoʻoalewa`,date:`2027-04`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tianwen-2 is China's first mission to bring back samples from an asteroid. It studies Kamoʻoalewa, a small near-Earth asteroid that travels alongside Earth as a quasi-satellite and may be a fragment of the Moon, and returns material collected by touch-and-go and anchoring methods. It then goes on to study the main-belt comet 311P, to help understand how small bodies formed and what the early Solar System was like.`,fr:`Tianwen-2 est la première mission chinoise de retour d'échantillons d'un astéroïde. Elle étudie Kamoʻoalewa, un petit astéroïde géocroiseur qui accompagne la Terre comme quasi-satellite et pourrait être un fragment de la Lune, et rapporte de la matière prélevée par contact bref et par ancrage. Elle part ensuite étudier la comète 311P de la ceinture principale, pour mieux comprendre la formation des petits corps et les débuts du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Rendezvous 2026-06-07 (announced by CNSA 2026-07-06). Mapping and site selection July 2026-April 2027; sample (200-1000 g) by end of April 2027, departure ~2027-04-24. Earth flyby with capsule release November 2027, then cruise to main-belt comet 311P (~2035). Launch: 2025-05-29 Beijing time (17:31 UTC on 05-28).`,fr:`Rendez-vous le 2026-06-07 (annoncé par la CNSA le 2026-07-06). Cartographie et choix du site juillet 2026-avril 2027 ; échantillon (200-1000 g) d'ici fin avril 2027, départ vers le 2027-04-24. Survol de la Terre avec largage de la capsule en novembre 2027, puis croisière vers la comète 311P (~2035). Lancement : 2025-05-29 heure de Pékin (17 h 31 UTC le 05-28).`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.planetary.org/articles/chinas-tianwen-2-mission-has-probably-arrived-at-a-quasi-moon-of-earth`,`https://spacenews.com/tianwen-2-arrives-at-asteroid-kamooalewa-first-image-revealed/`]},{id:`hayabusa2`,name:{en:`Hayabusa2 (Hayabusa2#)`,fr:`Hayabusa2 (Hayabusa2#)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2014-12-03`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Extended mission, cruise to 1998 KY26 (arrival 2031)`,fr:`Mission étendue, croisière vers 1998 KY26 (arrivée en 2031)`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth swing-by`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre`,date:`2027`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-37`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Hayabusa2 explored the carbon-rich asteroid Ryugu and brought samples back to Earth, to learn how the Solar System formed and where Earth's water and the organic matter linked to life came from. Its extended mission, Hayabusa2#, uses its remaining fuel to fly past asteroid Torifune, a planetary defence rehearsal, and then reach 1998 KY26, a tiny asteroid about 11 m wide that spins in about 5 minutes.`,fr:`Hayabusa2 a exploré l'astéroïde carboné Ryugu et en a rapporté des échantillons sur Terre, pour comprendre la formation du Système solaire et l'origine de l'eau terrestre et des molécules organiques liées à la vie. Sa mission étendue, Hayabusa2#, utilise le carburant restant pour survoler l'astéroïde Torifune, une répétition de défense planétaire, puis rejoindre 1998 KY26, un minuscule astéroïde d'environ 11 m qui tourne sur lui-même en 5 minutes environ.`},notes:{en:`Flew past asteroid Torifune (2001 CC21) on 2026-07-05 at ~400 m, the closest flyby of any Solar System body; first laser ranging during an asteroid flyby. Earth swing-bys 2027 and 2028.`,fr:`Survol de l'astéroïde Torifune (2001 CC21) le 2026-07-05 à ~400 m, le survol le plus rapproché d'un corps du Système solaire ; première télémétrie laser lors d'un survol d'astéroïde. Assistances gravitationnelles de la Terre en 2027 et 2028.`},website:{url:`https://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2026/07/20260730-1_e.html`,`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hayabusa2.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Hayabusa%202`]},{id:`aditya-l1`,name:{en:`Aditya-L1`,fr:`Aditya-L1`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2023-09-02`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Solar observatory in halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Observatoire solaire en orbite de halo autour de L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-156`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Aditya-L1 is India's first space observatory dedicated to the Sun, watching it without interruption from the L1 point, 1.5 million km from Earth towards the Sun. It studies the Sun's upper layers, the chromosphere and corona: what heats them, what triggers solar flares and coronal mass ejections, and how the solar wind forms. It also samples the particles reaching L1, to better understand space weather.`,fr:`Aditya-L1 est le premier observatoire spatial indien consacré au Soleil, qu'il observe sans interruption depuis le point L1, à 1,5 million de km de la Terre en direction du Soleil. Il étudie les couches supérieures du Soleil, la chromosphère et la couronne\xA0: ce qui les chauffe, ce qui déclenche les éruptions solaires et les éjections de masse coronale, et comment se forme le vent solaire. Il analyse aussi les particules qui atteignent L1, pour mieux comprendre la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Halo orbit insertion 2024-01-06. Operating: ISRO science release dated 2026-08-28; first guest-observer (AO) cycle April-June 2026. No end date published.`,fr:`Insertion en orbite de halo le 2024-01-06. En service : communiqué scientifique de l'ISRO daté du 2026-08-28 ; premier cycle d'appel à propositions avril-juin 2026. Aucune date de fin publiée.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1_Catches_the_Suns_Early_Warning_Signs.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Aditya-L1`]},{id:`soho`,name:{en:`SOHO`,fr:`SOHO`},agency:`ESA / NASA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`1995-12-02`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Extended mission at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Mission étendue au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-21`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`SOHO, a joint ESA–NASA observatory, watches the Sun without interruption from about 1.5 million km sunward of Earth. It studies the Sun from its deep interior, probed through surface vibrations, to its hot outer atmosphere (the corona) and the solar wind that flows out into space. Its images of solar storms also help forecast space weather.`,fr:`SOHO, un observatoire commun de l'ESA et de la NASA, surveille le Soleil sans interruption depuis un point situé à environ 1,5 million de km de la Terre. Il étudie l'astre de son cœur, sondé grâce aux vibrations de sa surface, jusqu'à sa haute atmosphère brûlante (la couronne) et au vent solaire qui s'échappe dans l'espace. Ses images des tempêtes solaires aident aussi à prévoir la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Extension endorsed by ESA's Science Programme Committee on 10-11 June 2026 (13 missions). End date of the new extension not stated in the opened source.`,fr:`Prolongation approuvée par le Comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA les 10-11 juin 2026 (13 missions). Date de fin de la nouvelle extension non précisée dans la source consultée.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SOHO`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SOHO/SOHO_overview`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=SOHO`]},{id:`jwst`,name:{en:`James Webb Space Telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial James-Webb`},agency:`NASA / ESA / CSA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-12-25`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science operations at Sun-Earth L2 (Cycle 5)`,fr:`Opérations scientifiques au point L2 Soleil-Terre (cycle 5)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-170`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Webb is the largest infrared space telescope ever built, designed to look back to the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. It studies how galaxies, stars and planetary systems are born, and analyses the atmospheres of planets around other stars, including worlds that might have conditions suitable for life. It builds on the discoveries of Hubble.`,fr:`Webb est le plus grand télescope spatial infrarouge jamais construit, conçu pour remonter jusqu'aux premières étoiles et galaxies apparues après le Big Bang. Il étudie la naissance des galaxies, des étoiles et des systèmes planétaires, et analyse l'atmosphère de planètes tournant autour d'autres étoiles, y compris des mondes peut-être propices à la vie. Il prolonge les découvertes de Hubble.`},notes:{en:`Arrived at L2 2022-01-24; science since July 2022. Cycle 5 began July 2026 (STScI). ESA extended its Webb participation in June 2026.`,fr:`Arrivé en L2 le 2022-01-24 ; science depuis juillet 2022. Cycle 5 commencé en juillet 2026 (STScI). L'ESA a prolongé sa participation à Webb en juin 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=JWST`]},{id:`gaia`,name:{en:`Gaia`,fr:`Gaia`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-12-19`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`ended`,phase:{en:`Retired, passivated in heliocentric orbit`,fr:`Retiré, passivé en orbite héliocentrique`},nextEvent:{en:`Gaia Data Release 4 (data only; spacecraft silent)`,fr:`Publication des données Gaia DR4 (données seulement ; satellite muet)`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-139479`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Gaia was built to make the most precise three-dimensional map of our galaxy, the Milky Way. By repeatedly measuring the positions, distances, motions, brightness and colours of nearly two billion stars and other objects, it helps astronomers understand how the Milky Way formed and evolved. Its catalogue is a reference used across almost all of astronomy.`,fr:`Gaia a été conçu pour dresser la carte en trois dimensions la plus précise de notre galaxie, la Voie lactée. En mesurant à de nombreuses reprises la position, la distance, le mouvement, l'éclat et la couleur de près de deux milliards d'étoiles et d'autres objets, il aide à comprendre comment la Voie lactée s'est formée et a évolué. Son catalogue sert de référence à presque toute l'astronomie.`},notes:{en:`Confirmed: passivated and switched off 2025-03-27 after being moved from L2 to a heliocentric retirement orbit keeping it >10 million km from Earth for at least a century. Final legacy catalogue not before end of 2030. Not trackable (no ephemeris updates).`,fr:`Confirmé : passivé et éteint le 2025-03-27 après avoir quitté L2 pour une orbite héliocentrique de retraite qui le maintient à plus de 10 millions de km de la Terre pendant au moins un siècle. Catalogue final pas avant fin 2030. Plus suivi (pas de mise à jour d'éphémérides).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Farewell_Gaia!_Spacecraft_operations_come_to_an_end`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Gaia`]},{id:`euclid`,name:{en:`Euclid`,fr:`Euclid`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2023-07-01`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Wide Survey at Sun-Earth L2`,fr:`Relevé grand champ au point L2 Soleil-Terre`},nextEvent:{en:`Data Release 1 - Foundation (~1,900 deg²)`,fr:`Publication DR1-Foundation (~1 900 deg²)`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-680`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Euclid is investigating dark energy and dark matter, the mysterious components that make up most of the Universe. It is mapping billions of galaxies over more than a third of the sky, looking back about 10 billion years, to see how cosmic structures grew and how the expansion of the Universe has changed over time. This tests how gravity behaves on the largest scales.`,fr:`Euclid enquête sur l'énergie noire et la matière noire, les composantes mystérieuses qui forment l'essentiel de l'Univers. Il cartographie des milliards de galaxies sur plus d'un tiers du ciel, en remontant environ 10 milliards d'années dans le passé, pour suivre la croissance des grandes structures et l'évolution de l'expansion de l'Univers. Il teste ainsi le comportement de la gravité aux plus grandes échelles.`},notes:{en:`Quick release Q2 (Galactic Bulge) on 2026-06-24; complete DR1 mid-2027. Still in its prime science phase (not part of the June 2026 extension round).`,fr:`Publication rapide Q2 (bulbe galactique) le 2026-06-24 ; DR1 complète mi-2027. Toujours en phase scientifique nominale (hors du cycle d'extension de juin 2026).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/euclid/dr1-timeline`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Euclid`]},{id:`roman`,name:{en:`Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial Nancy-Grace-Roman`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2026-08-30`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Sun-Earth L2 after launch`,fr:`Croisière vers le point L2 Soleil-Terre après le lancement`},nextEvent:{en:`Arrival at L2 and start of commissioning`,fr:`Arrivée en L2 et début de la mise en service`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:100532,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Roman is an infrared space telescope with a field of view more than 100 times larger than Hubble's. It will survey light from about a billion galaxies to study dark energy, carry out a census of planets across the Milky Way, and test a coronagraph that blocks starlight to photograph planets and the dusty discs where planets form.`,fr:`Roman est un télescope spatial infrarouge dont le champ de vision est plus de 100 fois plus large que celui de Hubble. Il observera la lumière d'environ un milliard de galaxies pour étudier l'énergie noire, recensera les planètes de la Voie lactée et testera un coronographe qui masque la lumière des étoiles pour photographier des planètes et les disques de poussière où elles se forment.`},notes:{en:`Launched 2026-08-30 on a Falcon Heavy; three-month, ~1.6 million km cruise to an orbit around Sun-Earth L2. The Wide Field Instrument (300-megapixel infrared camera) was activated during commissioning; the Coronagraph Instrument took its first light on 2026-09-22 and its guidance system was checked on 2026-09-30. Science operations expected to begin in early 2027. No Horizons match found yet (deep-space-candidate audit); add horizonsId once one appears.`,fr:`Lancé le 2026-08-30 sur une Falcon Heavy ; croisière de trois mois (~1,6 million de km) vers une orbite autour du point L2 Soleil-Terre. L'instrument à grand champ (caméra infrarouge de 300 mégapixels) a été activé pendant la mise en service ; le coronographe a pris sa première lumière le 2026-09-22 et son système de guidage a été vérifié le 2026-09-30. Opérations scientifiques prévues au début de 2027. Aucune correspondance Horizons trouvée pour l'instant (audit deep-space-candidate) ; ajouter horizonsId dès qu'elle apparaîtra.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/roman-launch/`,`https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-dark-universe-seeking-nancy-grace-roman-space-telescope-launches/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/roman/2026/09/30/nasa-checks-roman-guidance-system-takes-first-coronagraph-observation/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/roman/2026/09/15/nasa-activates-romans-primary-instrument-checks-out-coronagraph/`]},{id:`dart`,name:{en:`DART`,fr:`DART`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-11-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`ended`,phase:{en:`Ended by design: impacted Dimorphos`,fr:`Terminée comme prévu : impact sur Dimorphos`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DART was the first test of planetary defence: could a spacecraft deliberately crashing into an asteroid change its path? It targeted Dimorphos, a small moon about 160 m wide orbiting the larger asteroid Didymos, which posed no threat to Earth. Measuring how much the impact changed Dimorphos's orbit shows how a dangerous asteroid could one day be deflected.`,fr:`DART a été le premier essai de défense planétaire, pour vérifier si un engin spatial projeté volontairement contre un astéroïde peut modifier sa trajectoire. Sa cible était Dimorphos, une petite lune d'environ 160 m qui tourne autour de l'astéroïde Didymos, sans aucun danger pour la Terre. Mesurer la modification de son orbite montre comment on pourrait un jour dévier un astéroïde menaçant.`},notes:{en:`Kinetic impact on Dimorphos 2022-09-26 (launch 2021-11-23 PST). Aftermath to be surveyed by ESA's Hera from late 2026. Show only as a historical marker, no trajectory after impact.`,fr:`Impact cinétique sur Dimorphos le 2022-09-26 (lancement le 2021-11-23 heure du Pacifique). Suites étudiées par Hera (ESA) à partir de fin 2026. À afficher seulement comme repère historique, sans trajectoire après l'impact.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dart/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dart/`]},{id:`imap`,name:{en:`IMAP`,fr:`IMAP`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science operations at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Opérations scientifiques au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-43`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`IMAP maps the heliosphere, the giant bubble blown by the solar wind around the solar system, and its boundary with interstellar space, by catching neutral atoms that fly in from that frontier. It also studies how the Sun accelerates particles and measures interstellar dust. From its post near Sun–Earth L1 it sends real-time solar wind data that improve space-weather forecasts.`,fr:`IMAP cartographie l'héliosphère, l'immense bulle que le vent solaire gonfle autour du système solaire, et sa frontière avec l'espace interstellaire, en captant des atomes neutres venus de cette limite. Il étudie aussi comment le Soleil accélère les particules et mesure la poussière interstellaire. Depuis le point L1 Soleil-Terre, il transmet en temps réel des données sur le vent solaire qui améliorent les prévisions de météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Entered final L1 orbit 2026-01-10; science mission began 2026-02-01. Maps the heliosphere boundary. All 10 instruments collecting data; as of August 2026, science data from 7 of them has been released. Launched with Carruthers and SWFO-L1.`,fr:`Orbite finale en L1 atteinte le 2026-01-10 ; mission scientifique depuis le 2026-02-01. Cartographie la frontière de l'héliosphère. Les 10 instruments collectent des données ; en août 2026, les données scientifiques de 7 d'entre eux ont été publiées. Lancé avec Carruthers et SWFO-L1.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/imap/`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/imap/2026/01/12/nasas-imap-mission-reaches-its-destination/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/imap/2026/08`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=IMAP`]},{id:`carruthers`,name:{en:`Carruthers Geocorona Observatory`,fr:`Observatoire de la géocouronne Carruthers`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Primary science mission at Sun-Earth L1 (24 months)`,fr:`Mission scientifique principale au point L1 Soleil-Terre (24 mois)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-171`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Carruthers studies the exosphere, the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere, made of hydrogen that glows faintly in ultraviolet light (the geocorona). Watching the whole Earth from far away, it measures the shape, size and density of this layer, how solar storms reshape it, and how hydrogen from water vapour low in the atmosphere reaches such extreme altitudes.`,fr:`Carruthers étudie l'exosphère, la couche la plus externe de l'atmosphère terrestre, faite d'hydrogène qui brille faiblement en ultraviolet (la géocouronne). En observant toute la Terre de loin, il mesure la forme, la taille et la densité de cette couche, la façon dont les tempêtes solaires la modifient, et comment l'hydrogène issu de la vapeur d'eau des basses couches monte jusqu'à des altitudes extrêmes.`},notes:{en:`Reached L1 orbit 2026-01-08; 24-month primary mission started 2026-03-01 (to ~March 2028). Images Earth's hydrogen exosphere in ultraviolet.`,fr:`Orbite en L1 atteinte le 2026-01-08 ; mission principale de 24 mois depuis le 2026-03-01 (jusqu'à ~mars 2028). Image l'exosphère d'hydrogène de la Terre en ultraviolet.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/carruthers-geocorona-observatory/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/carruthers-geocorona-observatory/2026/03/02/nasas-carruthers-geocorona-observatory-begins-primary-science-mission/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Carruthers`]},{id:`solar-1`,name:{en:`SOLAR-1 (ex-SWFO-L1)`,fr:`SOLAR-1 (ex-SWFO-L1)`},agency:`NOAA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Operational space-weather monitoring at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Surveillance opérationnelle de la météo spatiale au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`SOLAR-1 is NOAA's first satellite dedicated full-time to operational space-weather monitoring. From Sun–Earth L1 it watches the Sun with a coronagraph for eruptions heading towards Earth and measures the solar wind and its magnetic field, sending data to forecasters within minutes. Early warnings help protect power grids, communication and navigation systems, satellites and astronauts.`,fr:`SOLAR-1 est le premier satellite de la NOAA entièrement consacré à la surveillance opérationnelle de la météo spatiale. Depuis le point L1 Soleil-Terre, il guette avec un coronographe les éruptions dirigées vers la Terre et mesure le vent solaire et son champ magnétique, en transmettant ses données aux prévisionnistes en quelques minutes. Ces alertes précoces aident à protéger les réseaux électriques, les télécommunications, la navigation, les satellites et les astronautes.`},notes:{en:`Final L1 burn 2026-01-23, renamed SOLAR-1. NOAA said operational service would begin in spring 2026; a secondary search result reports full operations from 2026-06-10 (not confirmed on an opened NOAA page).`,fr:`Dernière manœuvre en L1 le 2026-01-23, renommé SOLAR-1. La NOAA annonçait un service opérationnel au printemps 2026 ; un résultat secondaire indique un fonctionnement complet depuis le 2026-06-10 (non confirmé sur une page NOAA consultée).`},website:{url:`https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/OPPA/swfo-L1.php`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/swfo-l1-renamed-solar-1-reaches-final-destination-one-million-miles-earth`]},{id:`stereo-a`,name:{en:`STEREO-A`,fr:`STEREO-A`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2006-10-26`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Heliocentric solar observatory, extended mission`,fr:`Observatoire solaire héliocentrique, mission étendue`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-234`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`STEREO used two nearly identical spacecraft, one ahead of Earth and one behind it in orbit around the Sun, to give the first stereoscopic views of the Sun. It was built to understand what triggers coronal mass ejections (huge solar eruptions), how they are structured and how they travel through the solar system, where energetic particles are accelerated, and how the solar wind is organised.`,fr:`STEREO reposait sur deux engins presque identiques, l'un en avance et l'autre en retard sur la Terre autour du Soleil, pour obtenir les premières vues en relief du Soleil. La mission vise à comprendre ce qui déclenche les éjections de masse coronale (d'énormes éruptions solaires), leur structure et leur trajet dans le système solaire, l'origine des particules énergétiques et l'organisation du vent solaire.`},notes:{en:`STEREO-A remains active; STEREO-B lost in 2014. Earth-trailing/leading heliocentric orbit, useful for side views of the Sun.`,fr:`STEREO-A reste actif ; STEREO-B perdu en 2014. Orbite héliocentrique proche de celle de la Terre, utile pour voir le Soleil de côté.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/stereo/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/stereo/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=STEREO-A`]},{id:`neo-surveyor`,name:{en:`NEO Surveyor`,fr:`NEO Surveyor`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In development; infrared survey telescope bound for Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`En développement ; télescope infrarouge de relevé destiné à L1 Soleil-Terre`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on Falcon 9 (no earlier than)`,fr:`Lancement sur Falcon 9 (au plus tôt)`,date:`2027-09`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`NEO Surveyor will be NASA's first space telescope built for planetary defence. Its infrared detectors will find dark asteroids and comets that are hard to see in visible light but glow as the Sun warms them, including those coming from the Sun's direction where ground telescopes cannot look. Its data will also help scientists learn how the solar system evolved.`,fr:`NEO Surveyor sera le premier télescope spatial de la NASA conçu pour la défense planétaire. Ses détecteurs infrarouges repéreront des astéroïdes et des comètes sombres, difficiles à voir en lumière visible mais qui rayonnent quand le Soleil les chauffe, y compris ceux qui arrivent depuis la direction du Soleil, inobservable depuis le sol. Ses données aideront aussi à comprendre l'évolution du système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Launch NET September 2027. Not displayed in 3D until launched.`,fr:`Lancement au plus tôt en septembre 2027. Pas d'affichage 3D avant le lancement.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/`]},{id:`ema-mbr-explorer`,name:{en:`Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (MBR Explorer)`,fr:`Mission émiratie vers la ceinture d'astéroïdes (MBR Explorer)`},agency:`UAE Space Agency / MBRSC`,country:`ae`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`Assembly, integration and test`,fr:`Assemblage, intégration et essais`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on H3 (first quarter)`,fr:`Lancement sur H3 (premier trimestre)`,date:`2028`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt plans to send the MBR Explorer spacecraft past seven asteroids of the main belt between Mars and Jupiter, then land on the last one, Justitia. It will study their surface composition, geology, density and temperatures to learn about the origin and evolution of water-rich asteroids, and whether asteroids could one day supply resources for future missions.`,fr:`La mission émiratie vers la ceinture d'astéroïdes prévoit d'envoyer la sonde MBR Explorer survoler sept astéroïdes de la ceinture principale, entre Mars et Jupiter, puis se poser sur le dernier, Justitia. Elle étudiera leur composition, leur géologie, leur densité et leur température pour comprendre l'origine et l'évolution des astéroïdes riches en eau, et savoir s'ils pourraient un jour fournir des ressources aux missions futures.`},notes:{en:`Six main-belt asteroid flybys and a lander at a seventh ~2034; gravity assists at Venus, Earth, Mars. Other sources give March 2028.`,fr:`Six survols d'astéroïdes de la ceinture principale et un atterrisseur sur un septième vers 2034 ; assistances de Vénus, de la Terre et de Mars. D'autres sources indiquent mars 2028.`},website:{url:`https://space.gov.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/space-exploration/emirates-mission-to-the-asteroid-belt`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/04/27/uaes-mbr-explorer-mission-to-asteroid-belt-on-track-for-2028-launch-as-tests-begin/`]},{id:`destiny-plus`,name:{en:`DESTINY+`,fr:`DESTINY+`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In development; Phaethon flyby mission`,fr:`En développement ; mission de survol de Phaéton`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on H3 (Japanese fiscal year 2028)`,fr:`Lancement sur H3 (exercice japonais 2028)`,date:`2028`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DESTINY+ is a JAXA technology and science mission. It will demonstrate electric propulsion and high-speed flyby techniques that could make deep-space exploration cheaper and more frequent, then fly past the asteroid Phaethon, the source of the Geminid meteor shower, to image it. Its German-built dust analyser will study interplanetary dust, which brings carbon and organic matter to Earth.`,fr:`DESTINY+ est une mission technologique et scientifique de la JAXA. Elle doit démontrer la propulsion électrique et des techniques de survol à grande vitesse capables de rendre l'exploration lointaine moins coûteuse et plus fréquente, puis survoler l'astéroïde Phaéton, à l'origine des étoiles filantes des Géminides, pour le photographier. Son analyseur de poussières, fourni par l'Allemagne, étudiera la poussière interplanétaire qui apporte carbone et matière organique sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`Moved from Epsilon S (2025) to H3 (FY2028) after the 2023 Epsilon S motor test failure. Phaethon flyby FY2030; Apophis observation 2029 also planned.`,fr:`Passée d'Epsilon S (2025) à H3 (exercice 2028) après l'échec d'essai moteur d'Epsilon S en 2023. Survol de Phaéton en exercice 2030 ; observation d'Apophis en 2029 aussi prévue.`},website:{url:`https://destiny.isas.jaxa.jp/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://destiny.isas.jaxa.jp/2024-10-15-15-26`]},{id:`comet-interceptor`,name:{en:`Comet Interceptor`,fr:`Comet Interceptor`},agency:`ESA / JAXA`,country:`eu`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In construction; will wait at Sun-Earth L2 for a pristine comet`,fr:`En construction ; attendra en L2 Soleil-Terre une comète vierge`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch (late 2028 or early 2029, with Ariel)`,fr:`Lancement (fin 2028 ou début 2029, avec Ariel)`,date:`2029`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Comet Interceptor aims to be the first mission to visit a pristine comet, one arriving for the first time from the far edge of the solar system and still carrying material unchanged since the planets formed. The spacecraft will wait in space until a suitable target is found, then split into three craft to observe the comet from several directions at once and build a 3D picture of it.`,fr:`Comet Interceptor veut être la première mission à visiter une comète vierge, qui arrive pour la première fois des confins du système solaire et conserve une matière inchangée depuis la formation des planètes. L'engin attendra dans l'espace qu'une cible adaptée soit découverte, puis se séparera en trois sondes pour observer la comète sous plusieurs angles à la fois et en reconstituer une image en 3D.`},notes:{en:`Three spacecraft (main + two probes, one from JAXA). Target not yet selected by design.`,fr:`Trois engins (principal + deux sondes, dont une de la JAXA). Cible volontairement non choisie à l'avance.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Comet_Interceptor`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Comet_Interceptor`]},{id:`ceres`,name:{en:`Ceres`,fr:`Cérès`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:469.7,radiiKm:[482.2,482.1,445.9],centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Main asteroid belt, ~2.8 AU, 4.6-year period`,fr:`Ceinture principale d’astéroïdes, ~2,8 AU, période de 4,6 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`1;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#8f8b86`,verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/ceres/`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18955`,`https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.06086`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Ceres`]},{id:`haumea`,name:{en:`Haumea`,fr:`Hauméa`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:798,radiiKm:[1161,852,513],centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Kuiper Belt, ~43 AU, 284-year period`,fr:`Ceinture de Kuiper, ~43 AU, période de 284 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136108;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#d9d6d0`,notes:{en:`Elongated ellipsoid measured during the 21 January 2017 stellar occultation; spins in 3.9 hours about the pole of its ring. The direction of its long axis at a given moment is illustrative (rotation phase not published).`,fr:`Ellipsoïde allongé mesuré lors de l’occultation stellaire du 21 janvier 2017 ; tourne en 3,9 heures autour du pôle de son anneau. L’orientation de son grand axe à un instant donné est indicative (phase de rotation non publiée).`},verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/haumea/`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24051`,`https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.03113`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Haumea`]},{id:`makemake`,name:{en:`Makemake`,fr:`Makémaké`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:715,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Kuiper Belt, ~45 AU, 305-year period`,fr:`Ceinture de Kuiper, ~45 AU, période de 305 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136472;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#c69a7a`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/makemake/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Makemake`]},{id:`eris`,name:{en:`Eris`,fr:`Éris`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:1163,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Scattered disc, ~68 AU, 559-year period`,fr:`Disque des objets épars, ~68 AU, période de 559 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136199;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#e8e6e3`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/eris/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Eris`]}]}).missions,science:ht.parse({verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://celestrak.org/NORAD/elements/gp.php?GROUP=science&FORMAT=JSON`],satellites:[{id:`iss`,norad:25544,name:{en:`International Space Station (ISS)`,fr:`Station spatiale internationale (ISS)`},agency:`NASA / Roscosmos / ESA / JAXA / CSA`,country:`int`,launchDate:`1998-11-20`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Crewed orbital laboratory`,fr:`Laboratoire orbital habité`},goals:{en:`The station exists to let people live and work in space continuously, so that scientists can run experiments impossible on the ground, where weightlessness changes how bodies, fluids, flames and materials behave. It also tests the technologies and studies the health effects needed for long journeys to the Moon and Mars, and shows that many nations can build and run a complex project together.`,fr:`La station permet à des équipages de vivre et de travailler dans l'espace sans interruption, pour mener des expériences impossibles au sol\xA0: en apesanteur, le corps humain, les liquides, les flammes et les matériaux se comportent autrement. Elle sert aussi à tester les technologies et à étudier les effets sur la santé des longs voyages vers la Lune et Mars, tout en montrant que de nombreux pays peuvent bâtir et exploiter ensemble un projet complexe.`},notes:{en:`Permanently crewed since November 2000, the station hosts research in biology, physics, materials and Earth observation. Its first module, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998.`,fr:`Occupée en permanence depuis novembre 2000, la station accueille des recherches en biologie, en physique, sur les matériaux et en observation de la Terre. Son premier module, Zarya, a été lancé le 20 novembre 1998.`},website:{url:`https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/`]},{id:`tiangong`,norad:48274,name:{en:`Tiangong space station (CSS)`,fr:`Station spatiale Tiangong (CSS)`},agency:`CMSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2021-04-29`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Crewed orbital laboratory`,fr:`Laboratoire orbital habité`},goals:{en:`China's space station lets crews live and work in orbit for months at a time, to run experiments in weightlessness in life sciences, physics, materials and astronomy, and to test the technologies and study the health effects of long stays in space. It is also a step towards China's crewed missions to the Moon.`,fr:`La station spatiale chinoise permet à des équipages de vivre et de travailler en orbite pendant des mois, pour mener des expériences en apesanteur en sciences de la vie, en physique, sur les matériaux et en astronomie, et pour tester les technologies et étudier les effets sur la santé des longs séjours dans l'espace. C'est aussi une étape vers les missions habitées chinoises vers la Lune.`},notes:{en:`Tiangong (“heavenly palace”) is called CSS (TIANHE) in the satellite catalogue, after its core module Tianhe, launched on 29 April 2021. The laboratory modules Wentian and Mengtian joined it in July and October 2022. Crews of three, flown on Shenzhou spacecraft, take turns about every six months.`,fr:`Tiangong (« palais céleste ») s'appelle CSS (TIANHE) dans le catalogue des satellites, d'après son module central Tianhe, lancé le 29 avril 2021. Les modules laboratoires Wentian et Mengtian l'ont rejoint en juillet et en octobre 2022. Des équipages de trois, transportés par des vaisseaux Shenzhou, se relaient environ tous les six mois.`},website:{url:`https://en.cmse.gov.cn/`},verified:`2026-10-19`,sources:[`https://en.cmse.gov.cn/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_space_station`]},{id:`hubble`,norad:20580,name:{en:`Hubble Space Telescope (HST)`,fr:`Télescope spatial Hubble (HST)`},agency:`NASA / ESA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1990-04-24`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Optical/UV/near-IR space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial optique, UV et proche IR`},goals:{en:`Hubble was built to see the Universe above the blurring of Earth's atmosphere, with sharp images in visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared light. One of its founding goals was to measure how fast the Universe is expanding; it also studies how galaxies, stars and planets form and evolve, black holes, and the atmospheres of planets around other stars, and its observations contributed to the discovery of dark energy.`,fr:`Hubble a été conçu pour observer l'Univers au-dessus de l'atmosphère terrestre, qui brouille les images, en lumière visible, ultraviolette et proche infrarouge. L'un de ses objectifs fondateurs était de mesurer la vitesse d'expansion de l'Univers; il étudie aussi la formation et l'évolution des galaxies, des étoiles et des planètes, les trous noirs et l'atmosphère de planètes d'autres étoiles, et ses observations ont contribué à la découverte de l'énergie sombre.`},notes:{en:`Launched by Space Shuttle Discovery and serviced five times by astronauts. Since June 2024 it observes in one-gyro mode to save its remaining gyroscopes, which limits some targets but keeps science going.`,fr:`Lancé par la navette Discovery et réparé cinq fois par des astronautes. Depuis juin 2024, il observe avec un seul gyroscope pour ménager les autres, ce qui limite certaines cibles sans arrêter la science.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-pauses-science-due-to-gyro-issue/`]},{id:`polar`,norad:23802,name:{en:`Polar`,fr:`Polar`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1996-02-24`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Polar magnetosphere and aurora observatory`,fr:`Étude de la magnétosphère polaire et des aurores`},goals:{en:`Polar was meant to understand how energy and charged particles from the solar wind enter Earth's magnetic shield and pour down over the polar regions. By watching the whole auroral oval from above while sampling the plasma it crossed, it helped explain what powers aurorae and magnetic storms, which can disturb satellites, radio links and power grids.`,fr:`Polar devait comprendre comment l'énergie et les particules chargées du vent solaire pénètrent dans le bouclier magnétique de la Terre et se déversent au-dessus des régions polaires. En observant d'en haut l'ovale auroral entier tout en analysant le plasma traversé, il a aidé à expliquer ce qui alimente les aurores et les orages magnétiques, capables de perturber satellites, liaisons radio et réseaux électriques.`},notes:{en:`Part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics programme, Polar imaged aurorae and measured particles and fields over the poles. The mission ended in April 2008 and the spacecraft was switched off; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Membre du programme International Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Polar a photographié les aurores et mesuré particules et champs au-dessus des pôles. La mission a pris fin en avril 2008 et l'engin a été éteint\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/polar/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-013A`]},{id:`swas`,norad:25560,name:{en:`Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)`,fr:`Satellite d'astronomie submillimétrique (SWAS)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1998-12-06`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Submillimetre telescope (water, oxygen in clouds)`,fr:`Télescope submillimétrique (eau, oxygène des nuages)`},goals:{en:`SWAS set out to understand how giant clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy cool down enough to collapse and form new stars. Water, molecular oxygen and carbon were expected to be the main coolants, but their signals are absorbed by water vapour in Earth's atmosphere, so they had to be measured from space to test models of interstellar chemistry and star birth.`,fr:`SWAS devait comprendre comment les immenses nuages de gaz et de poussière de notre galaxie se refroidissent assez pour s'effondrer et former de nouvelles étoiles. L'eau, l'oxygène moléculaire et le carbone devaient être les principaux agents de ce refroidissement, mais la vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère terrestre absorbe leurs signaux\xA0: il fallait donc les mesurer depuis l'espace pour mettre à l'épreuve les modèles de chimie interstellaire et de naissance des étoiles.`},notes:{en:`A Small Explorer that studied water, molecular oxygen and carbon in interstellar clouds. Science ended in 2004; it was briefly reactivated in 2005 to watch the Deep Impact comet collision, then put back into hibernation.`,fr:`Petit satellite Explorer qui a étudié l'eau, l'oxygène moléculaire et le carbone des nuages interstellaires. Sa mission scientifique a pris fin en 2004\xA0; il a été brièvement réactivé en 2005 pour observer l'impact de Deep Impact sur une comète, puis remis en hibernation.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swas/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-071A`]},{id:`chandra`,norad:25867,name:{en:`Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)`,fr:`Observatoire de rayons X Chandra (CXO)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1999-07-23`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`Chandra was built to study the hottest and most violent places in the Universe, which shine in X-rays that Earth's atmosphere blocks. Its very sharp X-ray images let astronomers study black holes, exploded stars, neutron stars and the hot gas filling clusters of galaxies, helping to trace the structure and evolution of the Universe.`,fr:`Chandra a été conçu pour étudier les régions les plus chaudes et les plus violentes de l'Univers, qui brillent en rayons X, arrêtés par l'atmosphère terrestre. Ses images X très fines permettent d'étudier les trous noirs, les étoiles qui ont explosé, les étoiles à neutrons et le gaz brûlant des amas de galaxies, afin de retracer la structure et l'évolution de l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`NASA's flagship X-ray observatory, on a highly elliptical orbit reaching about a third of the way to the Moon. Proposed for cancellation, it was funded again by Congress in the FY2026 budget (January 2026) and keeps observing.`,fr:`Grand observatoire de rayons X de la NASA, sur une orbite très elliptique qui s'éloigne jusqu'au tiers environ de la distance de la Lune. Menacé d'annulation, il a été refinancé par le Congrès dans le budget 2026 (janvier 2026) et poursuit ses observations.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/chandra/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/chandra/`,`https://aas.org/posts/news/2026/01/congress-passes-fiscal-year-2026-spending-bills-nsf-nasa-and-doe`]},{id:`xmm-newton`,norad:25989,name:{en:`XMM-Newton`,fr:`XMM-Newton`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`1999-12-10`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`XMM-Newton was designed to collect as much X-ray light as possible from faint, distant sources, in order to understand the hot and energetic Universe. It probes the hearts of galaxies and the surroundings of black holes, follows stars through every stage of their lives, catches sudden events such as gamma-ray bursts, and studies how matter behaves in extreme conditions.`,fr:`XMM-Newton a été conçu pour recueillir le plus possible de rayons X provenant de sources faibles et lointaines, afin de comprendre l'Univers chaud et énergétique. Il sonde le cœur des galaxies et les abords des trous noirs, suit les étoiles à toutes les étapes de leur vie, capte des événements soudains comme les sursauts gamma et étudie le comportement de la matière dans des conditions extrêmes.`},notes:{en:`ESA's X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, with three X-ray telescopes and an optical/UV monitor, on a 48-hour elliptical orbit. Still observing more than 25 years after launch.`,fr:`Mission X-ray Multi-Mirror de l'ESA, dotée de trois télescopes à rayons X et d'un moniteur optique et UV, sur une orbite elliptique de 48 heures. Toujours en service plus de 25 ans après son lancement.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton`]},{id:`terra`,norad:25994,name:{en:`Terra (EOS AM-1)`,fr:`Terra (EOS AM-1)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1999-12-18`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth observation (land, oceans, atmosphere)`,fr:`Observation de la Terre (sols, océans, atmosphère)`},goals:{en:`Terra was built to understand how Earth is changing and what those changes mean for life, by observing together how the atmosphere, land, ice, oceans and the planet's energy balance interact to shape the climate. Its long, consistent records also serve practical needs: tracking wildfires, volcanic eruptions and air pollution, monitoring crops and food security, and improving climate models.`,fr:`Terra a été conçu pour comprendre comment la Terre change et ce que ces changements signifient pour la vie, en observant ensemble l'atmosphère, les terres, les glaces, les océans et le bilan énergétique de la planète, qui façonnent le climat. Ses longues séries de mesures cohérentes servent aussi à des besoins concrets\xA0: suivre les feux de forêt, les éruptions volcaniques et la pollution de l'air, surveiller les cultures et la sécurité alimentaire, et améliorer les modèles climatiques.`},notes:{en:`Flagship of NASA's Earth Observing System, with Japanese and Canadian instruments. Drifting to an earlier overpass time with less power, it switched off MOPITT in April 2025, but MODIS, MISR, CERES and ASTER's visible camera still operate.`,fr:`Satellite phare du système d'observation de la Terre de la NASA, avec des instruments japonais et canadiens. Son heure de passage dérive et sa puissance diminue\xA0: MOPITT a été éteint en avril 2025, mais MODIS, MISR, CERES et la caméra visible d'ASTER fonctionnent toujours.`},website:{url:`https://terra.nasa.gov/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://terra.nasa.gov/`]},{id:`timed`,norad:26998,name:{en:`TIMED`,fr:`TIMED`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2001-12-07`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Upper atmosphere (mesosphere, thermosphere)`,fr:`Haute atmosphère (mésosphère, thermosphère)`},goals:{en:`TIMED was the first mission to survey in depth the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, a layer too high for balloons and too low for most satellites, where the Sun's energy first enters Earth's environment. It aims to measure how this energy moves through the region and how it changes over the solar cycle, because this layer affects satellite drag, radio communications and our understanding of long-term climate change.`,fr:`TIMED a été la première mission à étudier en détail la mésosphère et la basse thermosphère, une couche trop haute pour les ballons et trop basse pour la plupart des satellites, où l'énergie du Soleil pénètre d'abord dans l'environnement terrestre. Elle vise à mesurer comment cette énergie y circule et comment elle varie au fil du cycle solaire, car cette couche influe sur le freinage des satellites, les communications radio et la compréhension de l'évolution du climat.`},notes:{en:`Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics. Still listed as an active NASA mission after more than 20 years.`,fr:`Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics. Toujours une mission active de la NASA après plus de 20\xA0ans.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/timed/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/timed/`]},{id:`coriolis`,norad:27640,name:{en:`Coriolis (WindSat)`,fr:`Coriolis (WindSat)`},agency:`US Navy / USAF`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2003-01-06`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Ocean wind radiometer and solar CME imager`,fr:`Radiomètre des vents marins et imageur d'éjections solaires`},goals:{en:`Coriolis was a US military experiment meant to prove that a passive microwave radiometer can measure from space not only the speed but also the direction of winds over the sea, a technique planned for future weather satellites and useful for naval forecasts. Its second instrument, SMEI, aimed to track clouds of solar material travelling towards Earth to improve warnings of solar storms.`,fr:`Coriolis était une expérience militaire américaine destinée à prouver qu'un radiomètre micro-ondes passif peut mesurer depuis l'espace non seulement la vitesse, mais aussi la direction du vent au-dessus de la mer, une technique prévue pour de futurs satellites météo et utile aux prévisions de la marine. Son second instrument, SMEI, devait suivre les nuages de matière solaire se dirigeant vers la Terre pour mieux prévoir les tempêtes solaires.`},notes:{en:`Carried WindSat, a polarimetric radiometer measuring ocean-surface wind speed and direction, and the SMEI solar imager (off since 2011). WindSat data production stopped in October 2020; the satellite is listed as inactive since December 2020.`,fr:`Portait WindSat, radiomètre polarimétrique mesurant la vitesse et la direction du vent à la surface des océans, et l'imageur solaire SMEI (éteint depuis 2011). La production des données WindSat a cessé en octobre 2020\xA0; le satellite est considéré inactif depuis décembre 2020.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://space.oscar.wmo.int/satellites/view/coriolis`,`https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/data/messages/2020/10/MSG_20201020_1304.html`]},{id:`sorce`,norad:27651,name:{en:`SORCE`,fr:`SORCE`},agency:`NASA / LASP`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2003-01-25`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Solar irradiance measurement`,fr:`Mesure de l'éclairement solaire`},goals:{en:`SORCE was designed to measure precisely how much energy the Sun sends to Earth, both in total and wavelength by wavelength from X-rays to infrared. Because sunlight drives Earth's climate, these measurements help separate natural solar variations from human-caused change, extend a record begun in 1979, and show how solar ultraviolet light affects the ozone layer.`,fr:`SORCE a été conçu pour mesurer avec précision l'énergie que le Soleil envoie à la Terre, au total et longueur d'onde par longueur d'onde, des rayons X à l'infrarouge. Comme la lumière solaire gouverne le climat terrestre, ces mesures aident à distinguer les variations naturelles du Soleil des changements dus aux humains, à prolonger une série commencée en 1979 et à comprendre l'effet des ultraviolets solaires sur la couche d'ozone.`},notes:{en:`Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment: measured the Sun's total and spectral irradiance, a key input for climate studies. Science ended in February 2020 and the spacecraft was decommissioned; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment\xA0: a mesuré l'éclairement solaire total et spectral, une donnée clé pour l'étude du climat. La mission scientifique a pris fin en février 2020 et le satellite a été désactivé\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-004A`]},{id:`most`,norad:27843,name:{en:`MOST space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial MOST`},agency:`CSA`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2003-06-30`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Stellar oscillation photometry`,fr:`Photométrie des oscillations stellaires`},goals:{en:`MOST was built to measure the ages of stars in our galaxy by detecting tiny, regular flickers in their brightness. These vibrations work like seismic waves: they reveal what a star is made of and how it is built inside, which tells how old it is. The mission also showed that a very small, low-cost satellite could do front-line astronomy.`,fr:`MOST a été conçu pour mesurer l'âge des étoiles de notre galaxie en détectant d'infimes variations régulières de leur éclat. Ces vibrations agissent comme des ondes sismiques\xA0: elles révèlent la composition et la structure interne d'une étoile, et donc son âge. La mission a aussi montré qu'un très petit satellite peu coûteux pouvait faire de l'astronomie de pointe.`},notes:{en:`Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars, Canada's first space telescope (53 kg, nicknamed the 'Humble Space Telescope'). CSA funding ended in 2014; operated afterwards by Microsatellite Systems Canada until a failure ended it in 2019.`,fr:`Microvariabilité et oscillations stellaires, premier télescope spatial canadien (53 kg). Le financement de l'ASC a pris fin en 2014\xA0; exploité ensuite par Microsatellite Systems Canada jusqu'à une panne qui y a mis fin en 2019.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/most/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/most/`]},{id:`scisat`,norad:27858,name:{en:`SCISAT (ACE)`,fr:`SCISAT (ACE)`},agency:`CSA`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2003-08-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Ozone-layer and atmospheric chemistry`,fr:`Couche d'ozone et chimie atmosphérique`},goals:{en:`SCISAT was launched to help scientists understand why the ozone layer, which shields life from the Sun's ultraviolet rays, thins over Canada and the Arctic, by tracking the chemical processes that control it. Its measurements help check that the Montreal Protocol is working and follow the replacement chemicals; the mission has since widened to climate change, air quality and pollution.`,fr:`SCISAT a été lancé pour aider les scientifiques à comprendre pourquoi la couche d'ozone, qui protège la vie des rayons ultraviolets du Soleil, s'amincit au-dessus du Canada et de l'Arctique, en suivant les processus chimiques qui la gouvernent. Ses mesures aident à vérifier l'efficacité du Protocole de Montréal et à suivre les produits de remplacement; la mission s'est depuis élargie au changement climatique, à la qualité de l'air et à la pollution.`},notes:{en:`Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment: measures ozone and dozens of trace gases by watching sunrises and sunsets through the atmosphere. Designed for 2 years, it has operated for more than 20; the science team still released new data products in 2026.`,fr:`Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\xA0: mesure l'ozone et des dizaines de gaz traces en observant les levers et couchers de Soleil à travers l'atmosphère. Conçu pour 2 ans, il fonctionne depuis plus de 20 ans\xA0; l'équipe scientifique publiait encore de nouveaux produits en 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/about.asp`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/about.asp`,`https://databace.scisat.ca/`]},{id:`swift`,norad:28485,name:{en:`Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory`,fr:`Observatoire Neil Gehrels Swift`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2004-11-20`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Gamma-ray burst observatory (gamma, X, UV)`,fr:`Observatoire des sursauts gamma (gamma, X, UV)`},goals:{en:`Swift was built to catch gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the Universe, born when massive stars collapse or neutron stars merge, and to study their fading glow before it disappears. Understanding these bursts sheds light on how black holes form and, because they are visible from very far away, on the young Universe; Swift also watches many other sudden events in the sky.`,fr:`Swift a été conçu pour capter les sursauts gamma, les explosions les plus puissantes de l'Univers, nées de l'effondrement d'étoiles massives ou de la fusion d'étoiles à neutrons, et pour étudier leur lueur avant qu'elle ne s'éteigne. Comprendre ces sursauts éclaire la formation des trous noirs et, comme ils sont visibles de très loin, l'Univers jeune; Swift surveille aussi bien d'autres phénomènes soudains du ciel.`},notes:{en:`Detects gamma-ray bursts and swings within minutes to observe them in X-rays and UV. A commercial reboost attempt (Katalyst LINK) was called off in August 2026; Swift resumed full science in September 2026 and is expected to re-enter in late 2026.`,fr:`Détecte les sursauts gamma et pivote en quelques minutes pour les observer en rayons X et en UV. Une tentative commerciale de rehaussement d'orbite (Katalyst LINK) a été abandonnée en août 2026\xA0; Swift a repris toute sa science en septembre 2026 et devrait rentrer dans l'atmosphère d'ici la fin de 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swift/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/swift/2026/09/25/nasas-swift-powers-on-third-instrument-restarts-automated-slewing/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swift/`]},{id:`hinode`,norad:29479,name:{en:`Hinode (Solar-B)`,fr:`Hinode (Solar-B)`},agency:`JAXA / NAOJ / NASA / UKSA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2006-09-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar observatory (magnetic fields, corona)`,fr:`Observatoire solaire (champs magnétiques, couronne)`},goals:{en:`Hinode was built to understand how the Sun's magnetic fields are created and move, and how they carry energy up from the visible surface to heat the outer atmosphere, the corona, to millions of degrees. It also aims to find what triggers solar flares and coronal mass ejections, the eruptions behind the space weather that can affect satellites and power grids on Earth.`,fr:`Hinode a été conçu pour comprendre comment les champs magnétiques du Soleil naissent et se déplacent, et comment ils transportent l'énergie de la surface visible jusqu'à l'atmosphère extérieure, la couronne, chauffée à des millions de degrés. Il cherche aussi ce qui déclenche les éruptions solaires et les éjections de masse coronale, à l'origine de la météo spatiale qui peut perturber satellites et réseaux électriques sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`Japanese solar observatory with optical, X-ray and EUV telescopes built with US and UK partners, studying the Sun's magnetic fields and the heating of the corona. Still operating after nearly 20 years.`,fr:`Observatoire solaire japonais doté de télescopes optique, X et UV extrême construits avec des partenaires américains et britanniques\xA0; il étudie les champs magnétiques du Soleil et le chauffage de la couronne. Toujours en service après près de 20 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hinode.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hinode.html`,`https://hinode.nao.ac.jp/en/`]},{id:`shijian-6-02a`,norad:29505,name:{en:`Shijian-6 02A (SJ-6C)`,fr:`Shijian-6 02A (SJ-6C)`},agency:`CAST / SAST`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2006-10-23`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Space environment research (officially)`,fr:`Étude de l'environnement spatial (officiellement)`},goals:{en:`According to official Chinese descriptions, the Shijian-6 pairs were built to probe the space environment around Earth, measure radiation and its effects on spacecraft, and record the physical conditions of near-Earth space, knowledge needed to design more reliable satellites. Their full purpose is not publicly documented, and some analysts believe they also test electronic-intelligence technology.`,fr:`Selon les descriptions officielles chinoises, les paires Shijian-6 ont été conçues pour sonder l'environnement spatial autour de la Terre, mesurer les radiations et leurs effets sur les engins spatiaux et enregistrer les conditions physiques de l'espace proche, des connaissances utiles pour concevoir des satellites plus fiables. Leur rôle exact n'est pas documenté publiquement, et certains analystes pensent qu'elles testent aussi des technologies de renseignement électronique.`},notes:{en:`Second pair of the Shijian-6 series. No official statement on its current status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Deuxième paire de la série Shijian-6. Aucune information officielle sur son état actuel\xA0: statut inconnu.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-046A`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sj-6.htm`]},{id:`shijian-6-02b`,norad:29506,name:{en:`Shijian-6 02B (SJ-6D)`,fr:`Shijian-6 02B (SJ-6D)`},agency:`CAST / DFH`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2006-10-23`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Space environment research (officially)`,fr:`Étude de l'environnement spatial (officiellement)`},goals:{en:`According to official Chinese descriptions, the Shijian-6 pairs were built to probe the space environment around Earth, measure radiation and its effects on spacecraft, and record the physical conditions of near-Earth space, knowledge needed to design more reliable satellites. Their full purpose is not publicly documented, and some analysts believe they also test electronic-intelligence technology.`,fr:`Selon les descriptions officielles chinoises, les paires Shijian-6 ont été conçues pour sonder l'environnement spatial autour de la Terre, mesurer les radiations et leurs effets sur les engins spatiaux et enregistrer les conditions physiques de l'espace proche, des connaissances utiles pour concevoir des satellites plus fiables. Leur rôle exact n'est pas documenté publiquement, et certains analystes pensent qu'elles testent aussi des technologies de renseignement électronique.`},notes:{en:`Companion of Shijian-6 02A, launched on the same rocket. No official statement on its current status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Compagnon de Shijian-6 02A, lancé par la même fusée. Aucune information officielle sur son état actuel\xA0: statut inconnu.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-046B`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sj-6.htm`]},{id:`fermi`,norad:33053,name:{en:`Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (GLAST)`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons gamma Fermi (GLAST)`},agency:`NASA / DOE`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2008-06-11`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Gamma-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons gamma`},goals:{en:`Fermi was built to explore the most extreme and energetic places in the universe, such as black holes that launch powerful jets, pulsars and the explosions behind gamma-ray bursts. Scientists also use it to find out where cosmic rays come from, to test theories of gravity and to search for signs of dark matter.`,fr:`Fermi a été conçu pour explorer les lieux les plus extrêmes et les plus énergétiques de l'Univers, comme les trous noirs qui projettent de puissants jets, les pulsars et les explosions à l'origine des sursauts gamma. Les scientifiques s'en servent aussi pour découvrir d'où viennent les rayons cosmiques, mettre à l'épreuve les théories de la gravitation et chercher des traces de matière noire.`},notes:{en:`Launched as GLAST and renamed after physicist Enrico Fermi; its Large Area Telescope maps the whole gamma-ray sky every three hours, and its burst monitor catches gamma-ray bursts. Still operating.`,fr:`Lancé sous le nom de GLAST puis renommé en l'honneur du physicien Enrico Fermi\xA0; son grand télescope cartographie tout le ciel gamma toutes les trois heures et son moniteur détecte les sursauts gamma. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/fermi/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/fermi/`]},{id:`sdo`,norad:36395,name:{en:`Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)`,fr:`Observatoire de la dynamique solaire (SDO)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2010-02-11`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar observatory (continuous full-disc imaging)`,fr:`Observatoire solaire (images continues du disque)`},goals:{en:`SDO was built to understand where solar activity comes from: how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and how it releases energy in flares and coronal mass ejections. By watching the Sun's interior, atmosphere and energy output at the same time, it helps scientists learn to predict the space weather that can disturb satellites, radio links and power grids on Earth.`,fr:`SDO a été conçu pour comprendre l'origine de l'activité solaire, c'est-à-dire comment naît le champ magnétique du Soleil et comment il libère son énergie lors des éruptions et des éjections de masse coronale. En observant à la fois l'intérieur du Soleil, son atmosphère et l'énergie qu'il émet, il aide les scientifiques à prévoir la météo spatiale, qui peut perturber les satellites, les liaisons radio et les réseaux électriques sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`From an inclined geosynchronous orbit, SDO images the full Sun in many wavelengths every few seconds and maps its magnetic field, feeding space-weather forecasts. Still operating.`,fr:`Depuis une orbite géosynchrone inclinée, SDO photographie le Soleil entier dans plusieurs longueurs d'onde toutes les quelques secondes et cartographie son champ magnétique, au service de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/sdo/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/sdo/`]},{id:`cryosat-2`,norad:36508,name:{en:`CryoSat-2`,fr:`CryoSat-2`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2010-04-08`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Radar altimetry of ice sheets and sea ice`,fr:`Altimétrie radar des calottes et de la banquise`},goals:{en:`CryoSat was designed to find out how fast polar ice is thinning or thickening, a key sign of climate change. Precise measurements of floating sea ice and of the edges of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets show how much ice is being lost, how much this adds to sea-level rise, and how melting may change ocean circulation and climate.`,fr:`CryoSat a été conçu pour mesurer à quelle vitesse les glaces polaires s'amincissent ou s'épaississent, un indicateur essentiel du changement climatique. Des mesures précises de la banquise et des bords des calottes du Groenland et de l'Antarctique révèlent la quantité de glace perdue, sa part dans la hausse du niveau des mers et l'effet possible de la fonte sur la circulation océanique et le climat.`},notes:{en:`ESA Earth Explorer carrying a radar altimeter. Still operating, well beyond its planned 3.5-year mission.`,fr:`Satellite Earth Explorer de l’ESA équipé d’un altimètre radar. Toujours en service, bien au-delà de sa mission prévue de 3\xA0ans et demi.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/CryoSat`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/CryoSat`]},{id:`x-sat`,norad:37389,name:{en:`X-SAT`,fr:`X-SAT`},agency:`NTU / DSO`,country:`sg`,launchDate:`2011-04-20`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Earth-imaging technology demonstrator`,fr:`Démonstrateur technologique d'imagerie terrestre`},goals:{en:`X-SAT was a technology project to show that Singapore could design, build and operate a satellite of its own. It aimed to develop a low-cost microsatellite able to take Earth images and process them on board in near real time, to build up the country's skills and facilities in satellite engineering, and to encourage university research in the field.`,fr:`X-SAT était un projet technologique destiné à montrer que Singapour pouvait concevoir, construire et exploiter son propre satellite. Il visait à mettre au point un microsatellite peu coûteux, capable de photographier la Terre et de traiter ses images à bord presque en temps réel, à développer les compétences et les installations du pays en ingénierie spatiale, et à stimuler la recherche universitaire dans ce domaine.`},notes:{en:`Singapore's first locally built satellite (106 kg), from Nanyang Technological University with DSO National Laboratories. Last reported operational well past its 3-year design life; no recent official status, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Premier satellite construit à Singapour (106 kg), par l'Université technologique Nanyang avec DSO National Laboratories. Signalé en fonctionnement bien au-delà de sa durée de vie prévue de 3 ans\xA0; faute d'état officiel récent, statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.ntu.edu.sg/sarc/research-capabilities/satellites/x-sat-micro-satellite`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/xsat`,`https://spacenews.com/singapores-first-locally-made-satellite-launched-into-space/`]},{id:`gcom-w`,norad:38337,name:{en:`GCOM-W "Shizuku"`,fr:`GCOM-W « Shizuku »`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2012-05-17`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Water-cycle microwave radiometer (AMSR2)`,fr:`Radiomètre micro-ondes du cycle de l'eau (AMSR2)`},goals:{en:`GCOM-W belongs to a Japanese programme that watches, over many years, how water moves between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land, and how this cycle is changing as the climate warms. Its long, continuous records are fed into weather and climate models to improve forecasts and to predict how global warming will affect rain, snow and sea ice.`,fr:`GCOM-W fait partie d'un programme japonais qui suit, sur de longues années, la circulation de l'eau entre les océans, l'atmosphère et les terres, et la façon dont ce cycle évolue avec le réchauffement. Ses mesures continues alimentent les modèles météorologiques et climatiques afin d'améliorer les prévisions et d'anticiper les effets du réchauffement sur la pluie, la neige et la banquise.`},notes:{en:`Global Change Observation Mission – Water: its AMSR2 radiometer measures rainfall, water vapour, sea-surface temperature, sea ice and soil moisture day and night. Still operating in good health past its 5-year design life.`,fr:`Global Change Observation Mission – Water\xA0: son radiomètre AMSR2 mesure jour et nuit les précipitations, la vapeur d'eau, la température de la mer, la banquise et l'humidité des sols. Toujours en service et en bon état, au-delà de sa durée de vie prévue de 5 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/satellite/gcom-w_en.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/satellite/gcom-w_en.html`]},{id:`nustar`,norad:38358,name:{en:`NuSTAR`,fr:`NuSTAR`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2012-06-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`High-energy X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X durs`},goals:{en:`NuSTAR was built to observe the universe in high-energy X-rays, the light given off by matter heated to extreme temperatures near black holes and in exploding stars. Its goals include finding black holes hidden behind dust and gas, measuring how fast black holes spin, and learning how massive stars explode by mapping the radioactive elements they leave behind.`,fr:`NuSTAR a été conçu pour observer l'Univers en rayons X de haute énergie, la lumière émise par la matière chauffée à des températures extrêmes près des trous noirs et dans les étoiles qui explosent. Il cherche notamment à repérer des trous noirs cachés derrière la poussière et le gaz, à mesurer la vitesse de rotation des trous noirs et à comprendre comment explosent les étoiles massives en cartographiant les éléments radioactifs qu'elles laissent derrière elles.`},notes:{en:`Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, the first telescope to focus high-energy X-rays, using optics on a 10-metre deployable mast. Studies black holes, neutron stars and supernova remnants; still operating.`,fr:`Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, premier télescope à focaliser les rayons X de haute énergie, grâce à un mât déployable de 10 mètres. Étudie les trous noirs, les étoiles à neutrons et les restes de supernova\xA0; toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nustar/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nustar/`]},{id:`neossat`,norad:39089,name:{en:`NEOSSat`,fr:`NEOSSat`},agency:`CSA / DRDC`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2013-02-25`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Asteroid and space-object surveillance`,fr:`Surveillance des astéroïdes et des objets spatiaux`},goals:{en:`NEOSSat was built to find and follow asteroids and comets that could one day pass close to Earth, looking near the Sun where ground telescopes cannot search. It also helps Canada keep watch on satellites and space debris to reduce the risk of collisions, and lets astronomers confirm exoplanets by catching the slight dimming of a star when a planet passes in front of it.`,fr:`NEOSSat a été conçu pour repérer et suivre les astéroïdes et les comètes qui pourraient un jour passer près de la Terre, en scrutant les abords du Soleil, inaccessibles aux télescopes au sol. Il aide aussi le Canada à surveiller satellites et débris spatiaux pour réduire les risques de collision, et permet aux astronomes de confirmer des exoplanètes en détectant la légère baisse d'éclat d'une étoile quand une planète passe devant elle.`},notes:{en:`Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite, a suitcase-sized Canadian space telescope. Its guest-observer programme ran into 2026.`,fr:`Satellite de surveillance des objets géocroiseurs, petit télescope spatial canadien de la taille d’une valise. Son programme d’observateurs invités se poursuivait en 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/neossat/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/neossat/`,`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/funding-programs/funding-opportunities/ao/2025-neossat-science-guest-observation-program-cycle-10.asp`]},{id:`brite-austria`,norad:39091,name:{en:`BRITE-Austria (TUGSAT-1)`,fr:`BRITE-Austria (TUGSAT-1)`},agency:`TU Graz`,country:`at`,launchDate:`2013-02-25`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`Built by TU Graz, BRITE-Austria set out to prove that Austria could develop, launch and operate a satellite of its own. Scientifically, it serves the goal of the BRITE-Constellation: measuring tiny changes in the brightness of the sky's brightest stars, whose vibrations reveal their hidden interiors and show how massive stars evolve and enrich the galaxy with chemical elements.`,fr:`Construit par l'Université technique de Graz, BRITE-Austria devait prouver que l'Autriche pouvait développer, lancer et exploiter son propre satellite. Sur le plan scientifique, il sert l'objectif de la constellation BRITE, qui mesure d'infimes variations d'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes du ciel. Ces vibrations révèlent l'intérieur caché des étoiles massives et montrent comment elles évoluent et enrichissent la Galaxie en éléments chimiques.`},notes:{en:`Austria's first satellite and one of the six 7-kg BRITE-Constellation nanosatellites that monitor the brightness of the brightest stars (blue filter). Last reported as one of the three still operating; no recent official update, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Premier satellite autrichien et l'un des six nanosatellites de 7 kg de la constellation BRITE, qui suivent l'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes (filtre bleu). Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, sans mise à jour officielle récente\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.tugraz.at/en/institute/iks/space-missions/brite-austria-tugsat-1`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://brite-constellation.at/constellation/basic_information/`,`https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00502-022-00987-5`]},{id:`iris`,norad:39197,name:{en:`IRIS`,fr:`IRIS`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2013-06-28`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar UV imaging spectrograph`,fr:`Spectrographe imageur solaire UV`},goals:{en:`IRIS was built to tackle a long-standing puzzle: why the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, is millions of degrees hotter than its visible surface. By following how matter and energy travel through the thin layers in between, it helps explain how the Sun heats its atmosphere, feeds the solar wind and sets off the flares and eruptions that drive space weather.`,fr:`IRIS a été conçu pour résoudre une vieille énigme\xA0: pourquoi la couronne, l'atmosphère externe du Soleil, est-elle des millions de degrés plus chaude que sa surface visible? En suivant le trajet de la matière et de l'énergie à travers les fines couches intermédiaires, il aide à comprendre comment le Soleil chauffe son atmosphère, alimente le vent solaire et déclenche les éruptions à l'origine de la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph: observes the chromosphere and transition region, the layers where energy flows from the Sun's surface into its hot corona. Still operating.`,fr:`Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph\xA0: observe la chromosphère et la région de transition, les couches où l'énergie passe de la surface du Soleil à sa couronne brûlante. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/iris/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/iris/`]},{id:`hisaki`,norad:39253,name:{en:`Hisaki (SPRINT-A)`,fr:`Hisaki (SPRINT-A)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2013-09-14`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Planetary EUV space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial UV extrême planétaire`},goals:{en:`Hisaki was designed to study how planets lose their atmospheres to space and how the solar wind strips gas away, to help explain why Venus, Earth and Mars turned out so differently. It also watched the ring of plasma that Jupiter's volcanic moon Io feeds around the planet, to understand how energy moves through Jupiter's vast magnetic environment.`,fr:`Hisaki a été conçu pour étudier comment les planètes perdent leur atmosphère dans l'espace et comment le vent solaire arrache leurs gaz, afin de comprendre pourquoi Vénus, la Terre et Mars ont évolué si différemment. Il a aussi observé l'anneau de plasma qu'alimente Io, la lune volcanique de Jupiter, pour comprendre comment l'énergie circule dans l'immense environnement magnétique de la planète.`},notes:{en:`The first space telescope dedicated to observing planets (Venus, Mars, Jupiter's Io torus) in extreme ultraviolet, launched on the first Epsilon rocket. JAXA ended operations in December 2023 after ten years; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Premier télescope spatial consacré à l'observation des planètes (Vénus, Mars, tore d'Io autour de Jupiter) en ultraviolet extrême, lancé par la première fusée Epsilon. La JAXA a mis fin à son exploitation en décembre 2023, après dix ans\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/sprint-a/index_en.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/sprint-a/index_en.html`,`https://www.shimadzu.com/today/20250605-1.html`]},{id:`cassiope`,norad:39265,name:{en:`CASSIOPE (e-POP / Swarm-Echo)`,fr:`CASSIOPE (e-POP / Swarm-Echo)`},agency:`CSA / University of Calgary`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2013-09-29`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Ionosphere and space-weather research`,fr:`Étude de l'ionosphère et de la météo spatiale`},goals:{en:`The e-POP instruments were designed to study space storms in fine detail, along with the charged particles that escape from the upper atmosphere into space. The aim is to understand space weather and how it disrupts radio communications, GPS navigation and other technologies. CASSIOPE also served to demonstrate Canada's first multi-purpose small-satellite platform.`,fr:`Les instruments e-POP ont été conçus pour étudier en détail les tempêtes spatiales et les particules chargées qui s'échappent de la haute atmosphère vers l'espace. Le but est de mieux comprendre la météo spatiale et ses effets sur les radiocommunications, la navigation GPS et d'autres technologies. CASSIOPE a aussi servi à démontrer la première plateforme canadienne de petit satellite polyvalent.`},notes:{en:`Canadian satellite carrying the e-POP plasma instruments, which joined ESA's Swarm mission as Swarm-Echo in 2018. Routine science ended after a reaction-wheel failure in December 2021; limited data collection continued, with an end of life planned for December 2025, unconfirmed.`,fr:`Satellite canadien portant les instruments de plasma e-POP, intégré en 2018 à la mission Swarm de l'ESA sous le nom de Swarm-Echo. Les opérations scientifiques régulières ont cessé après une panne de roue de réaction en décembre 2021\xA0; une collecte limitée s'est poursuivie, avec une fin de vie prévue en décembre 2025, non confirmée.`},website:{url:`https://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/routine-cassiope-swarm-echo-science-operations-come-to-an-end/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cassiope`]},{id:`stsat-3`,norad:39422,name:{en:`STSAT-3`,fr:`STSAT-3`},agency:`KAIST / MSIP`,country:`kr`,launchDate:`2013-11-21`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Infrared astronomy and Earth-observation tech`,fr:`Astronomie infrarouge et technologies d'observation`},goals:{en:`STSAT-3 aimed to give Korea its own infrared view of space and to test technologies for its future satellites. Its infrared camera was meant to map the glowing hydrogen gas along the plane of our galaxy and to measure the faint infrared background, the combined glow of distant galaxies, while its spectrometer was to monitor changes in Earth's environment.`,fr:`STSAT-3 devait offrir à la Corée son propre regard infrarouge sur l'espace et tester des technologies pour ses futurs satellites. Sa caméra infrarouge visait à cartographier l'hydrogène lumineux le long du plan de notre galaxie et à mesurer le faible fond infrarouge, la lueur cumulée des galaxies lointaines, tandis que son spectromètre devait suivre l'évolution de l'environnement terrestre.`},notes:{en:`Korean Science and Technology Satellite 3, carrying an infrared space telescope and a compact imaging spectrometer. Korea declared its observation mission complete in December 2015; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Satellite coréen de science et technologie no 3, doté d'un télescope spatial infrarouge et d'un spectromètre imageur compact. La Corée a déclaré sa mission d'observation terminée en décembre 2015\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://satrec.kaist.ac.kr/e_02_07.php`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/stsat-3`]},{id:`swarm-b`,norad:39451,name:{en:`Swarm B`,fr:`Swarm B`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`Swarm B and its two twins set out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`Swarm B et ses deux jumeaux cherchent à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field from the core, crust and oceans to the ionosphere. Swarm B flies alone in a higher orbit than the A/C pair. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau, de la croûte et des océans jusqu'à l'ionosphère. Swarm B vole seul, sur une orbite plus haute que la paire A/C. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`swarm-a`,norad:39452,name:{en:`Swarm A`,fr:`Swarm A`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`The Swarm mission sets out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`La mission Swarm cherche à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere. Swarm A flies side by side with Swarm C to measure field gradients. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre et l'ionosphère. Swarm A vole côte à côte avec Swarm C pour mesurer les gradients du champ. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`swarm-c`,norad:39453,name:{en:`Swarm C`,fr:`Swarm C`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`The Swarm mission sets out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`La mission Swarm cherche à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere. Swarm C flies side by side with Swarm A to measure field gradients. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre et l'ionosphère. Swarm C vole côte à côte avec Swarm A pour mesurer les gradients du champ. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`brite-toronto`,norad:40020,name:{en:`BRITE-Toronto (BRITE-CA1)`,fr:`BRITE-Toronto (BRITE-CA1)`},agency:`CSA / University of Toronto`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2014-06-19`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`BRITE-Toronto shares the goal of the BRITE-Constellation: measuring tiny brightness variations of the sky's brightest and most luminous stars, which are hard to monitor precisely through Earth's turbulent atmosphere. These vibrations reveal the hidden interiors of massive stars, the ancestors of supernovae that forged many of the elements found in planets like Earth.`,fr:`BRITE-Toronto partage l'objectif de la constellation BRITE\xA0: mesurer d'infimes variations d'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes et les plus lumineuses du ciel, difficiles à suivre avec précision à travers l'atmosphère turbulente de la Terre. Ces vibrations révèlent l'intérieur caché des étoiles massives, ancêtres des supernovas qui ont forgé une grande partie des éléments dont sont faites des planètes comme la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Canadian member of the BRITE-Constellation (red filter), built by the University of Toronto's Space Flight Laboratory. Last reported as one of the three still operating; its builder now lists it as a legacy mission and no recent official update exists, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Membre canadien de la constellation BRITE (filtre rouge), construit par le Space Flight Laboratory de l'Université de Toronto. Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, mais son constructeur le classe parmi ses missions passées et aucune mise à jour officielle récente n'existe\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/brite/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/brite/`,`https://sflmissions.com/brite-toronto-brite-montreal/`]},{id:`oco-2`,norad:40059,name:{en:`Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)`,fr:`Observatoire orbital du carbone 2 (OCO-2)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2014-07-02`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Atmospheric CO₂ measurement`,fr:`Mesure du CO₂ atmosphérique`},goals:{en:`OCO-2 was built to find out where carbon dioxide, the main gas behind human-caused climate change, enters and leaves the atmosphere: which regions release it, which forests, oceans or soils absorb it, and how this changes with the seasons. The faint glow of photosynthesis it also measures helps track plant health, droughts and crop yields.`,fr:`OCO-2 doit établir où le dioxyde de carbone, principal gaz responsable du réchauffement climatique d'origine humaine, entre dans l'atmosphère et où il en sort\xA0: quelles régions en émettent, quelles forêts, quels océans ou sols l'absorbent, et comment cela varie au fil des saisons. La faible lueur de la photosynthèse qu'il mesure aussi aide à suivre la santé des plantes, les sécheresses et les récoltes.`},notes:{en:`Maps carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and plant fluorescence from space. Threatened with termination in 2025, it kept operating; in August 2026 NASA selected Caltech to run OCO-2 and OCO-3 for up to five years.`,fr:`Cartographie depuis l'espace le dioxyde de carbone de l'atmosphère et la fluorescence des plantes. Menacé d'arrêt en 2025, il a continué de fonctionner\xA0; en août 2026, la NASA a confié à Caltech l'exploitation d'OCO-2 et d'OCO-3 pour un maximum de cinq ans.`},website:{url:`https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/`,`https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/alerts-outages/oco-2-instrument-anomaly-from-july-28-august-13-2026`]},{id:`brite-heweliusz`,norad:40119,name:{en:`BRITE-Heweliusz (BRITE-PL2)`,fr:`BRITE-Heweliusz (BRITE-PL2)`},agency:`Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK PAN)`,country:`pl`,launchDate:`2014-08-19`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`BRITE-Heweliusz and its sister nanosatellites watch the brightest stars in the sky, mostly hot and massive ones, measuring tiny changes in their brightness over long periods. These changes reveal how the stars vibrate, rotate and blow off winds, telling astronomers about their interiors and evolution; massive stars matter because they forge many chemical elements and scatter them into space.`,fr:`BRITE-Heweliusz et ses nanosatellites jumeaux observent les étoiles les plus brillantes du ciel, surtout des étoiles chaudes et massives, en mesurant d'infimes variations de leur éclat sur de longues durées. Ces variations révèlent comment les étoiles vibrent, tournent et perdent de la matière par leurs vents, ce qui renseigne sur leur intérieur et leur évolution; les étoiles massives comptent, car elles fabriquent de nombreux éléments chimiques et les dispersent dans l'espace.`},notes:{en:`Polish member of the BRITE-Constellation (red filter), named after astronomer Johannes Hevelius. Last reported as one of the three still operating; no recent official update, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Membre polonais de la constellation BRITE (filtre rouge), nommé en l'honneur de l'astronome Johannes Hevelius. Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, sans mise à jour officielle récente\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://brite-constellation.at/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://brite-constellation.at/constellation/basic_information/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/brite-poland`]},{id:`mms-1`,norad:40482,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS 1)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS 1)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-2`,norad:40483,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 2 (MMS 2)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 2 (MMS 2)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-3`,norad:40484,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 3 (MMS 3)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 3 (MMS 3)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-4`,norad:40485,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 4 (MMS 4)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 4 (MMS 4)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`astrosat`,norad:40930,name:{en:`AstroSat`,fr:`AstroSat`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2015-09-28`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Multi-wavelength space observatory (UV to X)`,fr:`Observatoire spatial multilongueur d'onde (UV à X)`},goals:{en:`AstroSat was designed to study the most energetic objects in the universe in several kinds of light at once: neutron stars and black holes paired with ordinary stars, the magnetic fields of neutron stars, star-forming regions in other galaxies and X-ray sources that flare up briefly. It was also meant to carry out a limited deep survey of the sky in ultraviolet light.`,fr:`AstroSat a été conçu pour étudier les objets les plus énergétiques de l'Univers dans plusieurs types de lumière à la fois\xA0: étoiles à neutrons et trous noirs associés à des étoiles ordinaires, champs magnétiques des étoiles à neutrons, régions de formation d'étoiles dans d'autres galaxies et sources X qui s'allument brièvement. Il devait aussi réaliser un relevé profond, mais limité, du ciel en ultraviolet.`},notes:{en:`India's first dedicated space observatory, observing simultaneously in ultraviolet, optical and X-rays. Designed for 5 years, it completed 10 years of operations in September 2025 and is still delivering data.`,fr:`Premier observatoire spatial indien, qui observe simultanément en ultraviolet, en visible et en rayons X. Conçu pour 5 ans, il a franchi le cap des 10 ans d'exploitation en septembre 2025 et fournit toujours des données.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/AstroSat.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Celebrating_Ten_years_of_AstroSat.html`]},{id:`dampe`,norad:41173,name:{en:`DAMPE "Wukong"`,fr:`DAMPE « Wukong »`},agency:`CAS`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2015-12-17`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Cosmic-ray and dark-matter detector`,fr:`Détecteur de rayons cosmiques et de matière noire`},goals:{en:`DAMPE hunts for signs of dark matter, the invisible material that makes up most of the mass in the universe, by looking for unexpected features in the energies of cosmic electrons and gamma rays. It also aims to learn where the most energetic cosmic rays come from and how they travel through our galaxy, and to open new discoveries in high-energy gamma-ray astronomy.`,fr:`DAMPE traque des indices de la matière noire, cette matière invisible qui représente l'essentiel de la masse de l'Univers, en cherchant des anomalies dans l'énergie des électrons et des rayons gamma cosmiques. Il vise aussi à comprendre d'où viennent les rayons cosmiques les plus énergétiques et comment ils voyagent dans notre galaxie, et à ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles découvertes en astronomie gamma de haute énergie.`},notes:{en:`Dark Matter Particle Explorer, nicknamed Wukong after the Monkey King: measures high-energy cosmic-ray electrons, protons and gamma rays in search of dark-matter signatures. Designed for 3 years, still operating after 10.`,fr:`Dark Matter Particle Explorer, surnommé Wukong d'après le Roi des singes\xA0: mesure les électrons, protons et rayons gamma cosmiques de haute énergie à la recherche de signatures de matière noire. Conçu pour 3 ans, toujours en service après 10 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.nssdc.ac.cn/mobile/nssdc_en/html/task/wukong.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.nssdc.ac.cn/mobile/nssdc_en/html/task/wukong.html`]},{id:`pisat`,norad:41784,name:{en:`PISAT`,fr:`PISAT`},agency:`PES University / ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2016-09-26`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Student Earth-imaging nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite étudiant d'imagerie terrestre`},goals:{en:`PISAT's main goal was educational: to give engineering students and teachers hands-on experience of designing, building and testing a real satellite to space-industry standards, with ISRO's guidance. Its camera was meant to show that a small university-built nanosatellite can take pictures of the Earth for remote-sensing applications.`,fr:`PISAT avait d'abord un but pédagogique\xA0: permettre à des étudiants et à des enseignants en ingénierie de concevoir, construire et tester un vrai satellite selon les normes de l'industrie spatiale, avec l'accompagnement de l'ISRO. Sa caméra devait montrer qu'un petit nanosatellite universitaire peut photographier la Terre pour des applications de télédétection.`},notes:{en:`5-kg imaging nanosatellite (80 m resolution) built by students of PES University, Bengaluru, with ISRO support, launched on PSLV-C35. No recent official status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Nanosatellite d'imagerie de 5 kg (résolution de 80 m) construit par des étudiants de l'Université PES de Bengaluru avec l'appui de l'ISRO, lancé par PSLV-C35. Aucun état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Stud_pisat.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://news.pes.edu/10125/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/pisat`]},{id:`insight-hxmt`,norad:42758,name:{en:`Insight-HXMT (Huiyan)`,fr:`Insight-HXMT (Huiyan)`},agency:`CAS / CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2017-06-15`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`Insight-HXMT was built to study how matter behaves in the extreme gravity and magnetic fields around black holes and neutron stars, by observing X-rays from binary star systems. It also scans the plane of the Milky Way to discover new sources that suddenly brighten and to monitor known variable ones, and it watches for gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe.`,fr:`Insight-HXMT a été construit pour étudier le comportement de la matière dans la gravité et les champs magnétiques extrêmes qui entourent trous noirs et étoiles à neutrons, en observant les rayons X des systèmes d'étoiles doubles. Il balaie aussi le plan de la Voie lactée pour découvrir de nouvelles sources qui s'illuminent soudain et suivre les sources variables connues, et il guette les sursauts gamma, les explosions les plus puissantes de l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope, China's first X-ray astronomy satellite, studying black holes, neutron stars and gamma-ray bursts. Still operating: its Cycle 9 call for observations was issued in May 2026.`,fr:`Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope, premier satellite chinois d'astronomie X, qui étudie trous noirs, étoiles à neutrons et sursauts gamma. Toujours en service\xA0: son 9e appel à observations a été publié en mai 2026.`},website:{url:`https://hxmt.nssdc.ac.cn/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://hxmt.nssdc.ac.cn/`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2017-034A`]},{id:`flying-laptop`,norad:42831,name:{en:`Flying Laptop`,fr:`Flying Laptop`},agency:`University of Stuttgart (IRS)`,country:`de`,launchDate:`2017-07-14`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`University technology and Earth-imaging satellite`,fr:`Satellite universitaire technologique et d'imagerie`},goals:{en:`Flying Laptop was built mainly to test new small-satellite technologies, developed by doctoral students with industry partners, in real space conditions, and to train students in building and operating a spacecraft. Its cameras study how the Earth's surface reflects sunlight when seen from different angles, and the mission also tested whether ships can be tracked from space by combining images with their radio position signals.`,fr:`Flying Laptop devait surtout tester en conditions réelles de nouvelles technologies pour petits satellites, mises au point par des doctorants avec des industriels, et former des étudiants à la construction et à l'exploitation d'un engin spatial. Ses caméras étudient comment la surface terrestre renvoie la lumière du Soleil selon l'angle de vue, et la mission a aussi évalué le suivi des navires depuis l'espace en combinant images et signaux radio de position.`},notes:{en:`110-kg small satellite of the University of Stuttgart; its demonstrations include a laser downlink and on-board computing. Last reported working well years after launch; no recent official status, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Petit satellite de 110\xA0kg de l’Université de Stuttgart, qui a notamment démontré une liaison laser et le calcul à bord. Signalé en bon état des années après son lancement, sans état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/en/research/satellitetechnology-and-instruments/smallsatelliteprogram/flying-laptop/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/en/research/satellitetechnology-and-instruments/smallsatelliteprogram/flying-laptop/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/flying-laptop`]},{id:`cses-1`,norad:43194,name:{en:`Zhangheng-1 (CSES-1)`,fr:`Zhangheng-1 (CSES-1)`},agency:`CNSA / CEA / ASI`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2018-02-02`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Ionosphere and seismo-electromagnetic research`,fr:`Étude de l'ionosphère et électromagnétisme sismique`},goals:{en:`CSES-1 aims to find out whether earthquakes are preceded or accompanied by measurable disturbances in the ionosphere, the electrically charged upper layer of the atmosphere, and in the particles of Earth's radiation belts. Understanding such links could improve knowledge of how the solid Earth, the atmosphere and the ionosphere are coupled; its data also serve to study space weather and the Sun's influence on near-Earth space.`,fr:`CSES-1 cherche à savoir si les séismes sont précédés ou accompagnés de perturbations mesurables dans l'ionosphère, couche haute et électriquement chargée de l'atmosphère, et dans les particules des ceintures de radiation terrestres. Comprendre ces liens éclairerait le couplage entre la Terre solide, l'atmosphère et l'ionosphère; ses données servent aussi à étudier la météo spatiale et l'influence du Soleil sur l'environnement proche de la Terre.`},notes:{en:`China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, built with Italian instruments, monitors electromagnetic fields and particles in the ionosphere, including possible links with earthquakes. Since June 2025 it flies with its successor CSES-2 as a pair.`,fr:`China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, doté d'instruments italiens, surveille les champs électromagnétiques et les particules de l'ionosphère, y compris leurs liens possibles avec les séismes. Depuis juin 2025, il vole en tandem avec son successeur CSES-2.`},website:{url:`https://www.cseslimadou.it/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cses`,`https://spacenews.com/china-launches-new-seismo-electromagnetic-satellite-with-european-partners/`]},{id:`salsat`,norad:46495,name:{en:`SALSAT`,fr:`SALSAT`},agency:`TU Berlin`,country:`de`,launchDate:`2020-09-28`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Radio-spectrum monitoring nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de surveillance du spectre radio`},goals:{en:`SALSAT was built to find out how the radio frequencies used by satellites and radio amateurs are actually occupied around the world, and where interference occurs, so that this limited resource can be shared more efficiently and sustainably. It also tested on-board processing of its measurements with a small neural network and a wear-free attitude control system based on a magnetic fluid.`,fr:`SALSAT doit montrer comment les fréquences radio utilisées par les satellites et les radioamateurs sont réellement occupées dans le monde, et où surviennent les interférences, afin de partager plus efficacement et plus durablement cette ressource limitée. Il a aussi testé le traitement à bord de ses mesures par un petit réseau de neurones et un système de contrôle d'attitude sans usure, fondé sur un fluide magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Spectrum Analysis Satellite of TU Berlin: maps the use of VHF, UHF and S-band frequencies around the world to detect interference; its data fed an open-access world map published in 2024. No recent official status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Spectrum Analysis Satellite de la TU Berlin\xA0: cartographie l'utilisation des fréquences VHF, UHF et bande S dans le monde pour repérer les interférences\xA0; ses données ont alimenté une carte mondiale en libre accès publiée en 2024. Aucun état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.tu.berlin/en/raumfahrttechnik/research/current-projects/salsat`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.tu.berlin/en/news/reports/salsat-mission`,`https://www.tu.berlin/en/news/press-release/combating-interference-in-orbit`]},{id:`ixpe`,norad:49954,name:{en:`Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)`,fr:`Explorateur de polarimétrie X par imagerie (IXPE)`},agency:`NASA / ASI`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-12-09`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray polarimetry space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial de polarimétrie X`},goals:{en:`IXPE was built to measure, for the first time across many kinds of cosmic objects, the polarisation of X-rays, that is the direction in which their light vibrates. This reveals the shape and magnetic fields of places too small or too distant to be imaged, such as the surroundings of black holes, pulsars, the jets of active galaxies and the remains of exploded stars, and shows how their X-rays are produced.`,fr:`IXPE a été construit pour mesurer, pour la première fois sur de nombreux types d'objets cosmiques, la polarisation des rayons X, c'est-à-dire la direction dans laquelle vibre leur lumière. Elle révèle la forme et les champs magnétiques de régions trop petites ou trop lointaines pour être photographiées, comme les abords des trous noirs, les pulsars, les jets des galaxies actives et les restes d'étoiles explosées, et indique comment leurs rayons X sont produits.`},notes:{en:`Built with the Italian Space Agency. Still operating.`,fr:`Construit avec l’Agence spatiale italienne. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ixpe/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ixpe/`]},{id:`smile`,norad:69123,name:{en:`SMILE`,fr:`SMILE`},agency:`ESA / CAS`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2026-05-19`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar wind–magnetosphere interaction imaging`,fr:`Imagerie de l'interaction vent solaire-magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`SMILE aims to understand how Earth's magnetic shield reacts to the solar wind, the stream of particles blowing from the Sun. It will study what happens where the solar wind strikes that shield, what triggers the sudden disturbances called substorms on Earth's night side, and how magnetic storms grow and fade, with the hope of one day warning of dangerous space weather days, rather than about an hour, in advance.`,fr:`SMILE veut comprendre comment le bouclier magnétique de la Terre réagit au vent solaire, le flot de particules soufflé par le Soleil. La mission étudiera ce qui se passe là où le vent solaire frappe ce bouclier, ce qui déclenche les brusques perturbations appelées sous-orages du côté nuit, et comment les orages magnétiques naissent et s'éteignent, dans l'espoir de prévoir un jour les tempêtes spatiales dangereuses plusieurs jours à l'avance, au lieu d'environ une heure.`},notes:{en:`Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, a joint ESA–Chinese Academy of Sciences mission taking the first global X-ray images of Earth's magnetosphere. Reached its 121,000 km-apogee orbit on 20 June 2026; science was to begin in September 2026 after commissioning.`,fr:`Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, mission conjointe de l'ESA et de l'Académie chinoise des sciences qui prend les premières images X globales de la magnétosphère terrestre. Arrivé sur son orbite (apogée de 121\xA0000 km) le 20 juin 2026\xA0; la science devait commencer en septembre 2026, après la mise en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile`,`https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2026/06/Smile_reaches_science_orbit`]}]}).satellites,moons:nt.parse({verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`],moons:[{id:`moon`,name:{en:`Moon`,fr:`Lune`},planet:`earth`,spkid:301,radiusKm:1737.4,color:`#c9c5bd`,model:`astronomy-engine`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`]},{id:`phobos`,name:{en:`Phobos`,fr:`Phobos`},planet:`mars`,spkid:401,radiusKm:11.08,color:`#8c7f72`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:9375,e:.01681,wDeg:80.322,MDeg:171.858,iDeg:1.0903,nodeDeg:235.042,nDegPerDay:1128.840122282,periodDays:.318911414,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.1,nodalPeriodYears:2.3,laplacePoleRaDeg:317.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:52.9},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='401'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@499'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`deimos`,name:{en:`Deimos`,fr:`Déimos`},planet:`mars`,spkid:402,radiusKm:6.2,color:`#a2968a`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:23457,e:23e-5,wDeg:194.914,MDeg:185.724,iDeg:1.7796,nodeDeg:237.578,nDegPerDay:285.161962041,periodDays:1.262440465,referencePlane:`laplace`,nodalPeriodYears:56.2,laplacePoleRaDeg:316.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:53.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='402'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@499'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`amalthea`,name:{en:`Amalthea`,fr:`Amalthée`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:505,radiusKm:83.5,color:`#b5654a`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:181400,e:.01077,wDeg:255.404,MDeg:7.594,iDeg:.3934,nodeDeg:295.881,nDegPerDay:722.635889837,periodDays:.498176198,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.196,nodalPeriodYears:.393,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='505'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@599'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.shape-models/data/j5amalthea.tab`]},{id:`io`,name:{en:`Io`,fr:`Io`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:501,radiusKm:1821.49,color:`#e8d36a`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:421800,e:.004,wDeg:49.1,MDeg:330.9,iDeg:0,nodeDeg:0,nDegPerDay:204.228436314,periodDays:1.762732,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.333,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`]},{id:`europa`,name:{en:`Europa`,fr:`Europe`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:502,radiusKm:1560.8,color:`#d9c9a8`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:671100,e:.009,wDeg:45,MDeg:345.4,iDeg:.5,nodeDeg:184,nDegPerDay:102.114247122,periodDays:3.525463,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.394,nodalPeriodYears:30.202,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`]},{id:`ganymede`,name:{en:`Ganymede`,fr:`Ganymède`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:503,radiusKm:2631.2,color:`#a89f92`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:1070400,e:.001,wDeg:198.3,MDeg:324.8,iDeg:.2,nodeDeg:58.5,nDegPerDay:50.310330891,periodDays:7.155588,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:68.301,nodalPeriodYears:137.812,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.2,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.6},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`]},{id:`callisto`,name:{en:`Callisto`,fr:`Callisto`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:504,radiusKm:2410.3,color:`#7d7468`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:1882700,e:.007,wDeg:43.8,MDeg:87.4,iDeg:.3,nodeDeg:309.1,nDegPerDay:21.569233645,periodDays:16.69044,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:277.921,nodalPeriodYears:577.264,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.8},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`]},{id:`mimas`,name:{en:`Mimas`,fr:`Mimas`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:601,radiusKm:198.2,radiiKm:[207.8,196.7,190.6],color:`#cfcfcf`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:186e3,e:.01227,wDeg:65.231,MDeg:12.219,iDeg:1.5963,nodeDeg:131.719,nDegPerDay:381.997231368,periodDays:.942415207,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.493,nodalPeriodYears:.986,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2011/12/aa17558-11/T1.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='601'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`enceladus`,name:{en:`Enceladus`,fr:`Encelade`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:602,radiusKm:252.1,color:`#f2f2f0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:238400,e:.00727,wDeg:6.076,MDeg:141.591,iDeg:.0445,nodeDeg:188.029,nDegPerDay:262.733329673,periodDays:1.370210626,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:2.916,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='602'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`tethys`,name:{en:`Tethys`,fr:`Téthys`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:603,radiusKm:531.1,color:`#e4e1da`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:295e3,e:.00336,wDeg:245.773,MDeg:177.517,iDeg:1.1116,nodeDeg:128.984,nDegPerDay:190.698284506,periodDays:1.887798839,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.005,nodalPeriodYears:4.982,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='603'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`dione`,name:{en:`Dione`,fr:`Dioné`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:604,radiusKm:561.4,color:`#d6d3cc`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:377700,e:.00435,wDeg:109.506,MDeg:165.335,iDeg:.0647,nodeDeg:189.528,nDegPerDay:131.535585795,periodDays:2.73690194,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:11.698,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='604'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`rhea`,name:{en:`Rhea`,fr:`Rhéa`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:605,radiusKm:763.5,color:`#cfcac2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:527200,e:.00143,wDeg:155.829,MDeg:218.231,iDeg:.3011,nodeDeg:90.628,nDegPerDay:79.689775825,periodDays:4.517518041,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:33.939,nodalPeriodYears:35.775,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='605'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`titan`,name:{en:`Titan`,fr:`Titan`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:606,radiusKm:2574.76,color:`#d9a441`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:1221900,e:.02865,wDeg:208.914,MDeg:350.196,iDeg:.3507,nodeDeg:13.232,nDegPerDay:22.577023486,periodDays:15.94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tumbles chaotically: its drawn orientation is only indicative.`,fr:`Hypérion tourne de façon chaotique : son orientation affichée n’est qu’indicative.`}},{id:`iapetus`,name:{en:`Iapetus`,fr:`Japet`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:608,radiusKm:734.3,color:`#b0a890`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:3561700,e:.02922,wDeg:282.797,MDeg:250.019,iDeg:7.5409,nodeDeg:71.91,nDegPerDay:4.53774512,periodDays:79.334557255,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1662.9,nodalPeriodYears:3130.302,laplacePoleRaDeg:288.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:78.9},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='608'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`phoebe`,name:{en:`Phoebe`,fr:`Phœbé`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:609,radiusKm:106.5,color:`#6f6a64`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:12929400,e:.16392,wDeg:1.062,MDeg:317.772,iDeg:175.0815,nodeDeg:254.289,nDegPerDay:.65911223,periodDays:546.189227645,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:468.321,nodalPeriodYears:741.483,laplacePoleRaDeg:276,laplacePoleDecDeg:67.5},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='609'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/phoebeshape.html`]},{id:`miranda`,name:{en:`Miranda`,fr:`Miranda`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:705,radiusKm:235.8,color:`#c8c8c8`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:129846,e:.00148,wDeg:154.909,MDeg:345.324,iDeg:4.4265,nodeDeg:279.645,nDegPerDay:254.692898813,periodDays:1.41346697,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:8.939,nodalPeriodYears:17.787,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='705'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`ariel`,name:{en:`Ariel`,fr:`Ariel`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:701,radiusKm:578.9,color:`#d5d5d2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:190929,e:57e-5,wDeg:155.732,MDeg:87.914,iDeg:.0194,nodeDeg:106.669,nDegPerDay:142.835508446,periodDays:2.520381689,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:28.901,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='701'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`umbriel`,name:{en:`Umbriel`,fr:`Umbriel`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:702,radiusKm:584.7,color:`#8f8f8c`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:265986,e:.00372,wDeg:321.929,MDeg:160.508,iDeg:.0782,nodeDeg:100.553,nDegPerDay:86.869021471,periodDays:4.144170084,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:64.126,nodalPeriodYears:129.745,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='702'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`titania`,name:{en:`Titania`,fr:`Titania`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:703,radiusKm:788.9,color:`#c3bdb4`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:436298,e:.00195,wDeg:284.491,MDeg:336.183,iDeg:.0405,nodeDeg:.813,nDegPerDay:41.351843657,periodDays:8.705778707,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:579.928,nodalPeriodYears:1644.649,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='703'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`oberon`,name:{en:`Oberon`,fr:`Obéron`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:704,radiusKm:761.4,color:`#aba49b`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:583511,e:.00209,wDeg:159.585,MDeg:347.458,iDeg:.1938,nodeDeg:23.418,nDegPerDay:26.739132851,periodDays:13.463413418,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:158.604,nodalPeriodYears:192.798,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='704'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`proteus`,name:{en:`Proteus`,fr:`Protée`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:808,radiusKm:208,color:`#8a8784`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:117600,e:9e-4,wDeg:330.132,MDeg:338.429,iDeg:.2131,nodeDeg:323.586,nDegPerDay:320.765232727,periodDays:1.122316147,referencePlane:`laplace`,laplacePoleRaDeg:299.8,laplacePoleDecDeg:42.6},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='808'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.shape-models/data/n8proteus.tab`]},{id:`triton`,name:{en:`Triton`,fr:`Triton`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:801,radiusKm:1352.6,color:`#d8c8c0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:354800,e:42e-5,wDeg:256.617,MDeg:185.66,iDeg:157.2399,nodeDeg:191.002,nDegPerDay:61.263309697,periodDays:5.876274099,referencePlane:`laplace`,nodalPeriodYears:340.379,laplacePoleRaDeg:299.8,laplacePoleDecDeg:43.1},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='801'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`nereid`,name:{en:`Nereid`,fr:`Néréide`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:802,radiusKm:170,color:`#b9b6b0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:5513900,e:.74647,wDeg:296.857,MDeg:260.895,iDeg:5.0512,nodeDeg:319.277,nDegPerDay:.999963526,periodDays:360.013131085,referencePlane:`ecliptic`,apsidalPeriodYears:7990.433,nodalPeriodYears:9426.334},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='802'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`charon`,name:{en:`Charon`,fr:`Charon`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:901,radiusKm:606,color:`#b8b1a8`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:19600,e:77e-5,wDeg:184.734,MDeg:189.215,iDeg:.082,nodeDeg:11.189,nDegPerDay:56.362691738,periodDays:6.38720382,referencePlane:`equator`,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='901'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@999'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`nix`,name:{en:`Nix`,fr:`Nix`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:902,radiusKm:18,color:`#d2d0cc`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:49300,e:.03143,wDeg:266.045,MDeg:165.656,iDeg:.0607,nodeDeg:13.556,nDegPerDay:14.489937352,periodDays:24.844827914,referencePlane:`equator`,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='902'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@9'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`],notes:{en:`Elements refer to the Pluto–Charon barycentre, drawn around Pluto (offset about 2,100 km).`,fr:`Éléments rapportés au barycentre Pluton–Charon, dessinés autour de Pluton (écart d’environ 2 100 km).`}},{id:`hydra`,name:{en:`Hydra`,fr:`Hydre`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:903,radiusKm:18.5,color:`#d8d6d2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:65200,e:.02098,wDeg:153.538,MDeg:194.06,iDeg:.2298,nodeDeg:130.197,nDegPerDay:9.41932424,periodDays:38.219302237,referencePlane:`equator`,nodalPeriodYears:14,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='903'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@9'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`],notes:{en:`Elements refer to the Pluto–Charon barycentre, drawn around Pluto (offset about 2,100 km).`,fr:`Éléments rapportés au barycentre Pluton–Charon, dessinés autour de Pluton (écart d’environ 2 100 km).`}}]}).moons,stars:it.parse({verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/`,`https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/`],stars:[{id:`sirius`,name:{en:`Sirius`,fr:`Sirius`},designation:`α Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:101.28716,decDeg:-16.71612,magnitude:-1.46,distanceLy:8.6,spectralType:`A0mA1Va`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:1.71,massSun:2.06,temperatureK:9850,luminositySun:24.7,notes:{en:`The brightest star in the night sky, and one of the closest at 8.6 light-years. Its name comes from the Greek for “scorching”. The values given are for Sirius A: it has a tiny companion, Sirius B, a white dwarf about the size of the Earth but as massive as the Sun.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du ciel nocturne, et l’une des plus proches, à 8,6 années-lumière. Son nom vient du grec « brûlant ». Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Sirius A : elle a un minuscule compagnon, Sirius B, une naine blanche de la taille de la Terre mais aussi massive que le Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6af8`]},{id:`canopus`,name:{en:`Canopus`,fr:`Canopus`},designation:`α Carinae`,constellation:{en:`Carina`,fr:`Carène`},raDeg:95.98796,decDeg:-52.69566,magnitude:-.74,distanceLy:310,spectralType:`A9II`,kind:{en:`white bright giant`,fr:`géante lumineuse blanche`},radiusSun:71,temperatureK:7400,luminositySun:16600,notes:{en:`The second-brightest star in the night sky, about 71 times wider than the Sun. Too far south to be seen from Canada or France. Many spacecraft have used it as a reference star to keep their orientation.`,fr:`La deuxième étoile la plus brillante du ciel nocturne, environ 71 fois plus large que le Soleil. Trop au sud pour être vue du Québec ou de la France. De nombreuses sondes spatiales s’en sont servies comme étoile de référence pour garder leur orientation.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Car`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140478`]},{id:`arcturus`,name:{en:`Arcturus`,fr:`Arcturus`},designation:`α Boötis`,constellation:{en:`Boötes`,fr:`Bouvier`},raDeg:213.9153,decDeg:19.18241,magnitude:-.05,distanceLy:36.7,spectralType:`K1.5IIIFe-0.5`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:25.4,massSun:1.08,temperatureK:4290,luminositySun:170,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the northern celestial hemisphere. To find it, follow the curve of the Big Dipper’s handle: “arc to Arcturus”. An old star, it has already swollen into a giant about 25 times wider than the Sun.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de l’hémisphère céleste nord. Pour la trouver, prolongez la courbe du manche de la Grande Casserole. Étoile âgée, elle a déjà gonflé en une géante environ 25 fois plus large que le Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Boo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135`]},{id:`alpha-centauri`,name:{en:`Alpha Centauri (Rigil Kentaurus)`,fr:`Alpha du Centaure (Rigil Kentaurus)`},designation:`α Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:219.90208,decDeg:-60.83397,magnitude:-.1,distanceLy:4.37,spectralType:`G2V+K1V`,kind:{en:`triple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles triple`},radiusSun:1.22,massSun:1.08,temperatureK:5750,luminositySun:1.51,notes:{en:`The nearest star system to the Sun. To the naked eye it is a single point, but it holds two Sun-like stars, A and B, that orbit each other every 80 years, plus the faint red dwarf Proxima Centauri. The values given are for Alpha Centauri A, the brighter star.`,fr:`Le système stellaire le plus proche du Soleil. À l’œil nu, c’est un seul point, mais il réunit deux étoiles semblables au Soleil, A et B, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 80 ans, ainsi que la faible naine rouge Proxima du Centaure. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alpha du Centaure A, la plus brillante.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff`]},{id:`vega`,name:{en:`Vega`,fr:`Véga`},designation:`α Lyrae`,constellation:{en:`Lyra`,fr:`Lyre`},raDeg:279.23473,decDeg:38.78369,magnitude:.03,distanceLy:25,spectralType:`A0V`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:2.73,massSun:2.15,luminositySun:47.2,notes:{en:`One of the three stars of the Summer Triangle, with Deneb and Altair. It spins so fast that it is flattened: its poles (about 10,000 K) are hotter than its equator, and the radius given is the equatorial one. Because of the slow wobble of the Earth’s axis, it was the pole star 14,000 years ago and will be again around the year 13,700.`,fr:`L’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été, avec Deneb et Altaïr. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est aplatie : ses pôles (environ 10 000 K) sont plus chauds que son équateur, et le rayon indiqué est le rayon équatorial. À cause du lent balancement de l’axe de la Terre, elle était l’étoile polaire il y a 14 000 ans et le redeviendra vers l’an 13 700.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Lyr`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3`]},{id:`capella`,name:{en:`Capella`,fr:`Capella`},designation:`α Aurigae`,constellation:{en:`Auriga`,fr:`Cocher`},raDeg:79.17233,decDeg:45.99799,magnitude:.08,distanceLy:42.9,spectralType:`G3III`,kind:{en:`pair of yellow giants`,fr:`couple de géantes jaunes`},radiusSun:12,massSun:2.57,temperatureK:4970,luminositySun:78.7,notes:{en:`What looks like one star is in fact two yellow giants orbiting each other every 104 days, with a pair of red dwarfs much farther out. Its name means “little she-goat” in Latin. The values given are for the larger giant, Capella Aa.`,fr:`Ce qui ressemble à une seule étoile est en fait deux géantes jaunes qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 104 jours, avec un couple de naines rouges beaucoup plus loin. Son nom signifie « petite chèvre » en latin. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la plus grosse géante, Capella Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Aur`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/26`]},{id:`rigel`,name:{en:`Rigel`,fr:`Rigel`},designation:`β Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:78.63447,decDeg:-8.20164,magnitude:.13,distanceLy:850,spectralType:`B8Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:74,massSun:21,temperatureK:12100,luminositySun:12e4,notes:{en:`The bright blue star at Orion’s foot; its name comes from the Arabic for “foot”. This supergiant shines about 120,000 times more than the Sun. The values given are for Rigel A, which has fainter companions.`,fr:`L’étoile bleue brillante au pied d’Orion ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le pied ». Cette supergéante brille environ 120 000 fois plus que le Soleil. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Rigel A, qui a des compagnons plus faibles.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014164`]},{id:`procyon`,name:{en:`Procyon`,fr:`Procyon`},designation:`α Canis Minoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Minor`,fr:`Petit Chien`},raDeg:114.8255,decDeg:5.22499,magnitude:.37,distanceLy:11.5,spectralType:`F5IV-V+DQZ`,kind:{en:`yellow-white star`,fr:`étoile blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:2.04,massSun:1.48,temperatureK:6580,luminositySun:7.05,notes:{en:`Forms the Winter Triangle with Sirius and Betelgeuse. Its name means “before the dog” in Greek, because it rises just before Sirius, the Dog Star. Like Sirius, it has a white dwarf companion, Procyon B; the values given are for Procyon A.`,fr:`Forme le Triangle d’hiver avec Sirius et Bételgeuse. Son nom signifie « avant le chien » en grec, car elle se lève juste avant Sirius, l’étoile du Chien. Comme Sirius, elle a une naine blanche pour compagne, Procyon B ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Procyon A.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+CMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/813/2/106`]},{id:`betelgeuse`,name:{en:`Betelgeuse`,fr:`Bételgeuse`},designation:`α Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:88.79294,decDeg:7.40706,magnitude:.42,distanceLy:550,spectralType:`M1-M2Ia-Iab`,kind:{en:`red supergiant`,fr:`supergéante rouge`},radiusSun:760,temperatureK:3780,luminositySun:87e3,notes:{en:`The red shoulder of Orion, a supergiant so large that, in place of the Sun, it would reach beyond the orbit of Mars. Its brightness varies (magnitude roughly 0 to 1.6); in 2019–2020 a dust cloud made it fade spectacularly (the “Great Dimming”). It will end as a supernova, probably within the next 100,000 years.`,fr:`L’épaule rouge d’Orion, une supergéante si grosse qu’à la place du Soleil, elle dépasserait l’orbite de Mars. Son éclat varie (magnitude d’environ 0 à 1,6) ; en 2019-2020, un nuage de poussière l’a fait pâlir de façon spectaculaire (la « Grande Baisse d’éclat »). Elle finira en supernova, probablement d’ici 100 000 ans.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db`]},{id:`achernar`,name:{en:`Achernar`,fr:`Achernar`},designation:`α Eridani`,constellation:{en:`Eridanus`,fr:`Éridan`},raDeg:24.42852,decDeg:-57.23675,magnitude:.46,distanceLy:139,spectralType:`B6Vpe`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:9.2,massSun:6,temperatureK:15e3,luminositySun:3500,notes:{en:`Its name means “end of the river” in Arabic: it marks the southern end of Eridanus. It spins so fast that it is one of the flattest stars known, about 35 % wider at the equator (radius given) than from pole to pole. The values given are for Achernar A, which has a smaller companion.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « la fin du fleuve » en arabe : elle marque l’extrémité sud de l’Éridan. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est l’une des étoiles les plus aplaties connues, environ 35 % plus large à l’équateur (rayon indiqué) que d’un pôle à l’autre. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Achernar A, qui a un compagnon plus petit.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Eri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achernar`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244009`]},{id:`polaris`,name:{en:`Polaris (North Star)`,fr:`Polaris (étoile Polaire)`},designation:`α Ursae Minoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Minor`,fr:`Petite Ourse`},raDeg:37.95456,decDeg:89.26411,magnitude:2.02,distanceLy:446,spectralType:`F8Ib`,kind:{en:`yellow supergiant (Cepheid)`,fr:`supergéante jaune (céphéide)`},radiusSun:46,massSun:5.1,temperatureK:6e3,luminositySun:1260,notes:{en:`Less than 1° from the north celestial pole, it barely moves while the whole sky turns around it, which is why it has guided travellers for centuries. Contrary to a common belief, it is far from the brightest star in the sky. It is a Cepheid, a pulsating star; the values given are for Polaris Aa, the main star of a triple system.`,fr:`À moins de 1° du pôle Nord céleste, elle bouge à peine pendant que tout le ciel tourne autour d’elle ; c’est pourquoi elle guide les voyageurs depuis des siècles. Contrairement à une idée répandue, elle est loin d’être l’étoile la plus brillante du ciel. C’est une céphéide, une étoile qui pulse ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Polaris Aa, l’étoile principale d’un système triple.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+UMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7a`]},{id:`aldebaran`,name:{en:`Aldebaran`,fr:`Aldébaran`},designation:`α Tauri`,constellation:{en:`Taurus`,fr:`Taureau`},raDeg:68.98016,decDeg:16.5093,magnitude:.86,distanceLy:65,spectralType:`K5+III`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:45,massSun:1.03,temperatureK:3900,luminositySun:439,notes:{en:`The red eye of the Bull. It seems to belong to the Hyades cluster but is in fact less than half as far away. Its name means “the follower” in Arabic, because it follows the Pleiades across the sky; the Pioneer 10 probe is drifting in its direction.`,fr:`L’œil rouge du Taureau. Elle semble faire partie de l’amas des Hyades, mais elle est en réalité plus de deux fois plus proche. Son nom signifie « la suivante » en arabe, car elle suit les Pléiades dans le ciel ; la sonde Pioneer 10 dérive dans sa direction.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Tau`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526319`]},{id:`antares`,name:{en:`Antares`,fr:`Antarès`},designation:`α Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:247.35192,decDeg:-26.432,magnitude:.91,distanceLy:550,spectralType:`M1.5Iab+B2Vn`,kind:{en:`red supergiant`,fr:`supergéante rouge`},radiusSun:680,temperatureK:3660,luminositySun:76e3,notes:{en:`The red heart of the Scorpion. Its name means “rival of Mars” (Ares), because of its colour. This supergiant, which would swallow the orbit of Mars in place of the Sun, will explode as a supernova; the values given are for Antares A, which has a hot blue companion.`,fr:`Le cœur rouge du Scorpion. Son nom signifie « rival de Mars » (Arès), à cause de sa couleur. Cette supergéante, qui engloutirait l’orbite de Mars à la place du Soleil, explosera en supernova ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Antarès A, qui a une compagne bleue très chaude.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321063`]},{id:`deneb`,name:{en:`Deneb`,fr:`Deneb`},designation:`α Cygni`,constellation:{en:`Cygnus`,fr:`Cygne`},raDeg:310.35798,decDeg:45.28034,magnitude:1.25,distanceLy:2600,spectralType:`A2Ia`,kind:{en:`white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanche`},radiusSun:203,massSun:19,temperatureK:8500,luminositySun:196e3,notes:{en:`The tail of the Swan (its name means “tail” in Arabic) and one of the three stars of the Summer Triangle. Though it looks only a little fainter than Vega, it is about 100 times farther away, which makes it one of the most luminous stars visible to the naked eye. Its distance is uncertain (1,400 to 2,600 light-years); the values given assume the larger one.`,fr:`La queue du Cygne (son nom signifie « queue » en arabe) et l’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été. Elle paraît à peine plus faible que Véga, mais elle est environ 100 fois plus loin, ce qui en fait l’une des étoiles les plus lumineuses visibles à l’œil nu. Sa distance est incertaine (1 400 à 2 600 années-lumière) ; les valeurs indiquées supposent la plus grande.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cyg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneb`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0040`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078590`]},{id:`alnilam`,name:{en:`Alnilam`,fr:`Alnilam`},designation:`ε Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:84.05339,decDeg:-1.20192,magnitude:1.69,distanceLy:1250,spectralType:`B0Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:34,massSun:28,temperatureK:25e3,luminositySun:271e3,notes:{en:`The middle star of Orion’s Belt; its name comes from the Arabic for “string of pearls”. This blue supergiant shines over 250,000 times more than the Sun and will probably end as a supernova.`,fr:`L’étoile du milieu de la ceinture d’Orion ; son nom vient de l’arabe « collier de perles ». Cette supergéante bleue brille plus de 250 000 fois plus que le Soleil et finira probablement en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnilam`]},{id:`altair`,name:{en:`Altair`,fr:`Altaïr`},designation:`α Aquilae`,constellation:{en:`Aquila`,fr:`Aigle`},raDeg:297.69583,decDeg:8.86832,magnitude:.76,distanceLy:16.7,spectralType:`A7Vn`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:2.01,massSun:1.86,luminositySun:10.6,notes:{en:`One of the three stars of the Summer Triangle, only 16.7 light-years away. It turns on itself in less than 8 hours (the Sun takes about 25 days), so fast that it is flattened; the radius given is the equatorial one. In 2007 it was one of the first stars, after the Sun, whose surface was imaged.`,fr:`L’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été, à seulement 16,7 années-lumière. Elle tourne sur elle-même en moins de 8 heures (le Soleil en met environ 25 jours), si vite qu’elle est aplatie ; le rayon indiqué est le rayon équatorial. En 2007, elle a été l’une des premières étoiles, après le Soleil, dont on a photographié la surface.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Aql`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936830`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/497981`]},{id:`spica`,name:{en:`Spica`,fr:`Spica (l’Épi)`},designation:`α Virginis`,constellation:{en:`Virgo`,fr:`Vierge`},raDeg:201.29825,decDeg:-11.16132,magnitude:.97,distanceLy:250,spectralType:`B1V`,kind:{en:`blue binary star`,fr:`étoile double bleue`},radiusSun:7.5,massSun:10,temperatureK:25300,luminositySun:20500,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Virgo; its name means “ear of wheat”. It is two hot blue stars so close that they orbit each other in 4 days and stretch each other into egg shapes. The values given are for the main star; around 130 BC, Hipparchus used Spica to discover the slow wobble of the Earth’s axis (precession).`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Vierge ; son nom signifie « épi de blé ». Ce sont deux étoiles bleues très chaudes si proches qu’elles tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 4 jours et se déforment mutuellement en forme d’œuf. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de l’étoile principale ; vers 130 av. J.-C., Hipparque a découvert grâce à Spica le lent balancement de l’axe de la Terre (la précession).`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Vir`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526507`]},{id:`pollux`,name:{en:`Pollux`,fr:`Pollux`},designation:`β Geminorum`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:116.32896,decDeg:28.0262,magnitude:1.14,distanceLy:34,spectralType:`K0IIIb`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:8.97,massSun:1.91,temperatureK:4810,luminositySun:38.4,notes:{en:`One of the heads of the Twins, brighter than Castor even though Castor is “alpha”. At 34 light-years, it is the closest giant star to the Sun. A giant planet, Thestias, has been reported around it.`,fr:`L’une des têtes des Gémeaux, plus brillante que Castor même si c’est Castor qui porte la lettre « alpha ». À 34 années-lumière, c’est l’étoile géante la plus proche du Soleil. Une planète géante, Thestias, a été signalée autour d’elle.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Gem`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollux_(star)`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219332`]},{id:`castor`,name:{en:`Castor`,fr:`Castor`},designation:`α Geminorum`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:113.64947,decDeg:31.88828,magnitude:1.58,distanceLy:49,spectralType:`A1V+A2Vm`,kind:{en:`six-star system`,fr:`système de six étoiles`},radiusSun:2.09,massSun:2.37,temperatureK:10300,notes:{en:`The other head of the Twins. A small telescope splits it into two stars, and each of them, like a fainter third companion, is itself a close pair: six stars in all. The values given are for the brightest one, Castor Aa.`,fr:`L’autre tête des Gémeaux. Un petit télescope la sépare en deux étoiles, et chacune d’elles, comme un troisième compagnon plus faible, est elle-même un couple serré : six étoiles en tout. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la plus brillante, Castor Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Gem`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_(star)`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d8d`]},{id:`fomalhaut`,name:{en:`Fomalhaut`,fr:`Fomalhaut`},designation:`α Piscis Austrini`,constellation:{en:`Piscis Austrinus`,fr:`Poisson austral`},raDeg:344.41269,decDeg:-29.62224,magnitude:1.16,distanceLy:25.1,spectralType:`A4V`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:1.84,massSun:1.92,temperatureK:8590,luminositySun:16.6,notes:{en:`Its name means “mouth of the fish” in Arabic. It is surrounded by a wide ring of dust and ice, photographed by Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope. An object first announced as a planet there, “Fomalhaut b”, turned out to be an expanding cloud of dust, probably left by a collision.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « la bouche du poisson » en arabe. Elle est entourée d’un large anneau de poussière et de glace, photographié par Hubble et le télescope spatial James-Webb. Un objet d’abord annoncé comme une planète, « Fomalhaut b », s’est révélé être un nuage de poussière en expansion, sans doute laissé par une collision.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+PsA`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L20`]},{id:`regulus`,name:{en:`Regulus`,fr:`Régulus`},designation:`α Leonis`,constellation:{en:`Leo`,fr:`Lion`},raDeg:152.09296,decDeg:11.96721,magnitude:1.4,distanceLy:79,spectralType:`B8IVn`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:4.2,massSun:4.15,luminositySun:341,notes:{en:`The heart of the Lion; its name means “little king” in Latin. It lies almost on the path of the Sun, the Moon and the planets, so the Moon often passes in front of it. It turns so fast that it is flattened (radius given at the equator); the values given are for Regulus A, the main star of a system of four.`,fr:`Le cœur du Lion ; son nom signifie « petit roi » en latin. Elle se trouve presque sur le chemin du Soleil, de la Lune et des planètes, si bien que la Lune passe souvent devant elle. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est aplatie (rayon indiqué à l’équateur) ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Régulus A, l’étoile principale d’un système de quatre.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Leo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/732/2/68`]},{id:`alnitak`,name:{en:`Alnitak`,fr:`Alnitak`},designation:`ζ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:85.18969,decDeg:-1.94257,magnitude:1.77,distanceLy:1260,spectralType:`O9.7Ib+B0III`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:20,massSun:33,temperatureK:29500,luminositySun:25e4,notes:{en:`The eastern star of Orion’s Belt, next to the Flame Nebula and the famous Horsehead Nebula. Its name means “the girdle” in Arabic. The values given are for Alnitak Aa, one of the hottest stars visible to the naked eye, in a system of three stars.`,fr:`L’étoile est de la ceinture d’Orion, voisine de la nébuleuse de la Flamme et de la célèbre nébuleuse de la Tête de Cheval. Son nom signifie « la ceinture » en arabe. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alnitak Aa, l’une des étoiles les plus chaudes visibles à l’œil nu, dans un système de trois étoiles.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+zet+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnitak`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321434`]},{id:`mintaka`,name:{en:`Mintaka`,fr:`Mintaka`},designation:`δ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:83.00167,decDeg:-.2991,magnitude:2.41,distanceLy:1250,spectralType:`O9.5II`,kind:{en:`blue giant (multiple system)`,fr:`géante bleue (système multiple)`},radiusSun:13,massSun:17.8,temperatureK:31400,luminositySun:19e4,notes:{en:`The western star of Orion’s Belt. It sits almost exactly on the celestial equator, so it rises due east and sets due west everywhere on Earth. It is a family of several stars, two of which eclipse each other every 5.7 days; the values given are for the main one, Mintaka Aa1.`,fr:`L’étoile ouest de la ceinture d’Orion. Elle se trouve presque exactement sur l’équateur céleste : partout sur Terre, elle se lève plein est et se couche plein ouest. C’est une famille de plusieurs étoiles, dont deux s’éclipsent mutuellement tous les 5,7 jours ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la principale, Mintaka Aa1.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintaka`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245272`]},{id:`proxima-centauri`,name:{en:`Proxima Centauri`,fr:`Proxima du Centaure`},designation:`α Centauri C`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:217.42894,decDeg:-62.67949,magnitude:11.13,distanceLy:4.25,spectralType:`M5.5Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.154,massSun:.122,temperatureK:2990,luminositySun:.00157,notes:{en:`The closest star to the Sun, at 4.25 light-years, yet far too faint to be seen with the naked eye. This small red dwarf belongs to the Alpha Centauri system and has at least two planets: Proxima b, in the zone where liquid water could exist, and the tiny Proxima d. It often throws out powerful flares.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche du Soleil, à 4,25 années-lumière, et pourtant beaucoup trop faible pour être vue à l’œil nu. Cette petite naine rouge fait partie du système d’Alpha du Centaure et possède au moins deux planètes : Proxima b, dans la zone où de l’eau liquide pourrait exister, et la minuscule Proxima d. Elle lance souvent de violentes éruptions.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME+Proxima+Centauri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629930`]},{id:`dubhe`,name:{en:`Dubhe`,fr:`Dubhe`},designation:`α Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:165.93196,decDeg:61.75103,magnitude:1.79,distanceLy:123,spectralType:`G9III+A7.5`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:27,massSun:3.7,temperatureK:4810,luminositySun:339,notes:{en:`With Merak, one of the two “pointers” at the end of the Big Dipper’s bowl: draw a line from Merak through Dubhe and extend it about five times to reach Polaris. The values given are for Dubhe A, an orange giant with a closer companion.`,fr:`Avec Merak, l’une des deux « gardes » au bout de la casserole de la Grande Ourse : tracez une ligne de Merak vers Dubhe et prolongez-la environ cinq fois pour atteindre l’étoile Polaire. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Dubhe A, une géante orange avec un compagnon proche.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubhe`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`]},{id:`merak`,name:{en:`Merak`,fr:`Merak`},designation:`β Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:165.46033,decDeg:56.38243,magnitude:2.37,distanceLy:80,spectralType:`A1IV`,kind:{en:`white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante blanche`},radiusSun:2.81,massSun:2.56,temperatureK:9700,luminositySun:63.5,notes:{en:`The other “pointer” of the Big Dipper: the line from Merak to Dubhe leads to Polaris. Like most stars of the Dipper, it belongs to the same family of stars born together, the Ursa Major moving group. It is surrounded by a disc of dust, like Fomalhaut.`,fr:`L’autre « garde » de la Grande Ourse : la ligne de Merak vers Dubhe mène à l’étoile Polaire. Comme la plupart des étoiles de la casserole, elle appartient à une même famille d’étoiles nées ensemble, le groupe mobile de la Grande Ourse. Elle est entourée d’un disque de poussière, comme Fomalhaut.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak_(star)`]},{id:`algol`,name:{en:`Algol`,fr:`Algol`},designation:`β Persei`,constellation:{en:`Perseus`,fr:`Persée`},raDeg:47.04222,decDeg:40.95565,magnitude:2.12,distanceLy:90,spectralType:`B8V`,kind:{en:`eclipsing binary`,fr:`binaire à éclipses`},radiusSun:2.73,massSun:3.17,temperatureK:13e3,luminositySun:182,notes:{en:`The “Demon Star” (from the Arabic for “head of the ghoul”), the eye of Medusa held by Perseus. Every 2.87 days a dimmer companion passes in front of the main star and Algol fades from magnitude 2.1 to 3.4 for about ten hours, a change you can follow with the naked eye. The values given are for Algol A.`,fr:`L’« étoile du Démon » (de l’arabe « la tête de l’ogre »), l’œil de Méduse tenu par Persée. Tous les 2,87 jours, une compagne moins brillante passe devant l’étoile principale et Algol baisse de la magnitude 2,1 à 3,4 pendant une dizaine d’heures, un changement visible à l’œil nu. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Algol A.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Per`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20`]}]}).stars,moonSites:dt.parse({verified:`2026-09-26`,sites:[{id:`apollo-11`,name:{en:`Apollo 11`,fr:`Apollo 11`},mission:`apollo-11`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1969-07-20`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:.67416,lonDeg:23.47314,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-12`,name:{en:`Apollo 12`,fr:`Apollo 12`},mission:`apollo-12`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1969-11-19`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-3.0128,lonDeg:-23.4219,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-14`,name:{en:`Apollo 14`,fr:`Apollo 14`},mission:`apollo-14`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-02-05`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-3.64589,lonDeg:-17.47194,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-15`,name:{en:`Apollo 15`,fr:`Apollo 15`},mission:`apollo-15`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-07-30`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:26.13239,lonDeg:3.6333,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-16`,name:{en:`Apollo 16`,fr:`Apollo 16`},mission:`apollo-16`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-04-21`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-8.9734,lonDeg:15.5011,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-17`,name:{en:`Apollo 17`,fr:`Apollo 17`},mission:`apollo-17`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-12-11`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:20.1911,lonDeg:30.7723,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-9`,name:{en:`Luna 9`,fr:`Luna 9`},mission:`luna-9`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1966-02-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:7.08,lonDeg:-64.37,note:{en:`Historical tracking estimate (Oceanus Procellarum); lander never positively identified in LROC images, uncertainty up to tens of km`,fr:`Estimation historique d’après la poursuite (Oceanus Procellarum); atterrisseur jamais formellement identifié sur les images LROC, incertitude pouvant atteindre des dizaines de km`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-13`,name:{en:`Luna 13`,fr:`Luna 13`},mission:`luna-13`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1966-12-24`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.87,lonDeg:-62.05,note:{en:`Historical tracking estimate; lander never positively identified in LROC images`,fr:`Estimation historique d’après la poursuite; atterrisseur jamais formellement identifié sur les images LROC`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-16`,name:{en:`Luna 16`,fr:`Luna 16`},mission:`luna-16`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1970-09-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-.5137,lonDeg:56.3638,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-17`,name:{en:`Luna 17`,fr:`Luna 17`},mission:`luna-17`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1970-11-17`,type:`soft`,latDeg:38.23764,lonDeg:-35.00163,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`lunokhod-1`,name:{en:`Lunokhod 1`,fr:`Lunokhod 1`},mission:`luna-17`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1971-09-14`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:38.315,lonDeg:-35.0081,note:{en:`Final rover position; date is last contact`,fr:`Dernière position du rover; la date est celle du dernier contact`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-20`,name:{en:`Luna 20`,fr:`Luna 20`},mission:`luna-20`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1972-02-21`,type:`soft`,latDeg:3.7863,lonDeg:56.6242,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-21`,name:{en:`Luna 21`,fr:`Luna 21`},mission:`luna-21`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1973-01-15`,type:`soft`,latDeg:25.9994,lonDeg:30.4076,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`lunokhod-2`,name:{en:`Lunokhod 2`,fr:`Lunokhod 2`},mission:`luna-21`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1973-05-11`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:25.8323,lonDeg:30.9222,note:{en:`Final rover position; date is end of operations`,fr:`Dernière position du rover; la date est celle de la fin des opérations`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-23`,name:{en:`Luna 23`,fr:`Luna 23`},mission:`luna-23`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1974-11-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:12.6667,lonDeg:62.1511,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-24`,name:{en:`Luna 24`,fr:`Luna 24`},mission:`luna-24`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1976-08-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:12.7142,lonDeg:62.2129,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`surveyor-1`,name:{en:`Surveyor 1`,fr:`Surveyor 1`},mission:`surveyor-1`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1966-06-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-2.4745,lonDeg:-43.3398,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-3`,name:{en:`Surveyor 3`,fr:`Surveyor 3`},mission:`surveyor-3`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-04-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-3.0162,lonDeg:-23.418,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-5`,name:{en:`Surveyor 5`,fr:`Surveyor 5`},mission:`surveyor-5`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-09-11`,type:`soft`,latDeg:1.4551,lonDeg:23.1943,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-6`,name:{en:`Surveyor 6`,fr:`Surveyor 6`},mission:`surveyor-6`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-11-10`,type:`soft`,latDeg:.4742,lonDeg:-1.4275,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-7`,name:{en:`Surveyor 7`,fr:`Surveyor 7`},mission:`surveyor-7`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1968-01-10`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-40.9812,lonDeg:-11.5127,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`change-3`,name:{en:`Chang'e 3`,fr:`Chang'e 3`},mission:`change-3`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2013-12-14`,type:`soft`,latDeg:44.1214,lonDeg:-19.5117,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`yutu`,name:{en:`Yutu`,fr:`Yutu`},mission:`change-3`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2016-08-03`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:44.1208,lonDeg:-19.5122,note:{en:`Rover immobile since early 2014; date is end of mission`,fr:`Rover immobile depuis le début de 2014; la date est celle de la fin de mission`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`change-4`,name:{en:`Chang'e 4 (Statio Tianhe)`,fr:`Chang'e 4 (Statio Tianhe)`},mission:`change-4`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2019-01-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-45.4562,lonDeg:177.5885,note:{en:`LROC refined value (Dec 2020, +/-13 m); LROC Jan 2019 gave 45.457S 177.589E`,fr:`Valeur affinée par LROC (déc. 2020, ±13 m); LROC donnait en janv. 2019 45,457° S 177,589° E`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1168`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1087`]},{id:`change-5`,name:{en:`Chang'e 5`,fr:`Chang'e 5`},mission:`change-5`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2020-12-01`,type:`soft`,latDeg:43.0576,lonDeg:-51.9161,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1172`]},{id:`change-6`,name:{en:`Chang'e 6`,fr:`Chang'e 6`},mission:`change-6`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2024-06-01`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-41.6385,lonDeg:-153.9852,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1374`]},{id:`chandrayaan-3-vikram`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-3 Vikram (Shiv Shakti Point)`,fr:`Chandrayaan-3 Vikram (point Shiv Shakti)`},mission:`chandrayaan-3`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2023-08-23`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-69.3741,lonDeg:32.32,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1314`]},{id:`chandrayaan-2-vikram`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-2 Vikram`,fr:`Chandrayaan-2 Vikram`},mission:`chandrayaan-2`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2019-09-06`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-70.881,lonDeg:22.784,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1131`]},{id:`chandrayaan-1-mip`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe (Jawahar Point)`,fr:`Sonde d'impact lunaire de Chandrayaan-1 (point Jawahar)`},mission:`chandrayaan-1`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2008-11-14`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-89.55,lonDeg:-122.93,note:{en:`Refined estimate (Stooke et al., LPSC 2021); crater not identified; earlier published estimates 89.76S 39.40W and 89.54S 44.71W`,fr:`Estimation affinée (Stooke et al., LPSC 2021); cratère non identifié; estimations publiées auparavant\xA0: 89,76° S 39,40° O et 89,54° S 44,71° O`},sources:[`https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf`]},{id:`slim`,name:{en:`SLIM`,fr:`SLIM`},mission:`slim`,agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,date:`2024-01-19`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-13.316,lonDeg:25.251,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1358`]},{id:`im-1-odysseus`,name:{en:`IM-1 Odysseus`,fr:`IM-1 Odysseus`},mission:`im-1`,agency:`Intuitive Machines`,country:`us`,date:`2024-02-22`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-80.13,lonDeg:1.44,note:{en:`Came to rest tipped over`,fr:`Immobilisé renversé`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1360`]},{id:`im-2-athena`,name:{en:`IM-2 Athena`,fr:`IM-2 Athena`},mission:`im-2`,agency:`Intuitive Machines`,country:`us`,date:`2025-03-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-84.7906,lonDeg:29.1957,note:{en:`Came to rest on its side in a crater near Mons Mouton`,fr:`Immobilisé sur le flanc dans un cratère près de Mons Mouton`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1408`]},{id:`blue-ghost-m1`,name:{en:`Blue Ghost Mission 1`,fr:`Blue Ghost mission 1`},mission:`blue-ghost-m1`,agency:`Firefly Aerospace`,country:`us`,date:`2025-03-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.5623,lonDeg:61.8103,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1407`]},{id:`beresheet`,name:{en:`Beresheet`,fr:`Beresheet`},mission:`beresheet`,agency:`SpaceIL / IAI`,country:`il`,date:`2019-04-11`,type:`hard`,latDeg:32.5956,lonDeg:19.3496,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1101`]},{id:`hakuto-r-m1`,name:{en:`HAKUTO-R Mission 1`,fr:`HAKUTO-R mission 1`},mission:`hakuto-r-m1`,agency:`ispace`,country:`jp`,date:`2023-04-25`,type:`hard`,latDeg:47.581,lonDeg:44.094,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1302`]},{id:`luna-25`,name:{en:`Luna 25`,fr:`Luna 25`},mission:`luna-25`,agency:`Roscosmos`,country:`ru`,date:`2023-08-19`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-57.865,lonDeg:61.36,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1311`]},{id:`ispace-m2-resilience`,name:{en:`ispace Mission 2 Resilience`,fr:`ispace mission 2 Resilience`},mission:`ispace-m2`,agency:`ispace`,country:`jp`,date:`2025-06-05`,type:`hard`,latDeg:60.4445,lonDeg:-4.588,note:{en:`Impact 2025-06-05 18:13 UTC (2025-06-06 JST)`,fr:`Impact le 2025-06-05 à 18 h 13 UTC (2025-06-06 heure du Japon)`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1456`]},{id:`lcross-centaur`,name:{en:`LCROSS Centaur upper stage`,fr:`Étage Centaur de LCROSS`},mission:`lcross`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2009-10-09`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-84.678,lonDeg:-48.725,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031B`]},{id:`lcross-ssc`,name:{en:`LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft`,fr:`Vaisseau berger de LCROSS`},mission:`lcross`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2009-10-09`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-84.72,lonDeg:-49.62,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031B`]},{id:`grail-a-ebb`,name:{en:`GRAIL-A (Ebb)`,fr:`GRAIL-A (Ebb)`},mission:`grail`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-12-17`,type:`impact`,latDeg:75.6088,lonDeg:-26.594,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`grail-b-flow`,name:{en:`GRAIL-B (Flow)`,fr:`GRAIL-B (Flow)`},mission:`grail`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-12-17`,type:`impact`,latDeg:75.6508,lonDeg:-26.8341,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ladee`,name:{en:`LADEE`,fr:`LADEE`},mission:`ladee`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2014-04-18`,type:`impact`,latDeg:11.8494,lonDeg:-93.2494,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`smart-1`,name:{en:`SMART-1`,fr:`SMART-1`},mission:`smart-1`,agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,date:`2006-09-03`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-34.4,lonDeg:-46.2,note:{en:`Approximate impact point published by ESA`,fr:`Point d’impact approximatif publié par l’ESA`},sources:[`https://sci.esa.int/web/smart-1-lunar-impact/`]},{id:`ranger-6`,name:{en:`Ranger 6`,fr:`Ranger 6`},mission:`ranger-6`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1964-02-02`,type:`impact`,latDeg:9.3864,lonDeg:21.4806,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-7`,name:{en:`Ranger 7`,fr:`Ranger 7`},mission:`ranger-7`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1964-07-31`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-10.634,lonDeg:-20.677,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-8`,name:{en:`Ranger 8`,fr:`Ranger 8`},mission:`ranger-8`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1965-02-20`,type:`impact`,latDeg:2.6376,lonDeg:24.7881,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-9`,name:{en:`Ranger 9`,fr:`Ranger 9`},mission:`ranger-9`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1965-03-24`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-12.8281,lonDeg:-2.3884,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-13-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 13 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 13`},mission:`apollo-13`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1970-04-15`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-2.555,lonDeg:-27.8875,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-14-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 14 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 14`},mission:`apollo-14`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-02-04`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-8.181,lonDeg:-26.0305,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-15-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 15 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 15`},mission:`apollo-15`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-07-29`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-1.2897,lonDeg:-11.8245,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-16-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 16 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 16`},mission:`apollo-16`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-04-19`,type:`impact`,latDeg:1.921,lonDeg:-24.623,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-17-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 17 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 17`},mission:`apollo-17`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-12-10`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-4.1681,lonDeg:-12.3307,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]}]}).sites,marsSites:dt.parse({verified:`2026-09-27`,sites:[{id:`viking-1`,name:{en:`Viking 1 Lander (Thomas Mutch Memorial Station)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Viking 1 (station Thomas Mutch)`},mission:`viking-1`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1976-07-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:22.27,lonDeg:-47.95,note:{en:`NSSDCA explicitly: 22.27 N, 312.05 E planetocentric; 312.05 E -> -47.95. VL1 longitude is the IAU prime-meridian tie (47.95137 W, Kuchynka et al. 2014).`,fr:`NSSDCA explicitement\xA0: 22,27° N, 312,05° E planétocentrique; 312,05° E → −47,95. La longitude de VL1 est le point de rattachement du méridien origine de l’UAI (47,95137° O, Kuchynka et al. 2014).`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`viking-2`,name:{en:`Viking 2 Lander (Gerald Soffen Memorial Station)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Viking 2 (station Gerald Soffen)`},mission:`viking-2`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1976-09-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:47.6673,lonDeg:134.2809,note:{en:`NSSDCA value (frame not stated); corroborated by HiRISE PSP_001501_2280 (lander located in image; image centre 47.673 N, 134.300 E planetocentric). Mars24 gives 48.27 N, 134.28 E, inconsistent with both, not used.`,fr:`Valeur NSSDCA (repère non précisé); corroborée par HiRISE PSP_001501_2280 (atterrisseur repéré sur l’image; centre de l’image 47,673° N, 134,300° E planétocentrique). Mars24 donne 48,27° N, 134,28° E, incompatible avec les deux, non retenu.`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C`,`https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001501_2280`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-pathfinder`,name:{en:`Mars Pathfinder (Carl Sagan Memorial Station) and Sojourner`,fr:`Mars Pathfinder (station Carl Sagan) et Sojourner`},mission:`mars-pathfinder`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1997-07-04`,type:`soft`,latDeg:19.0972,lonDeg:-33.2539,note:{en:`Wikipedia 19.09722 N, 33.25389 W (citation unclear); corroborated by HiRISE PSP_001890_1995 image centre 19.086 N, 326.763 E (planetocentric) and PIA09105 (19.1 N, 326.8 E). NSSDCA 19.33 N 33.55 W and Mars24 19.47 N 326.75 E are older/inconsistent. Sojourner stayed within ~10 m of the lander.`,fr:`Wikipédia 19,09722° N, 33,25389° O (référence peu claire); corroboré par le centre de l’image HiRISE PSP_001890_1995, 19,086° N, 326,763° E (planétocentrique), et par PIA09105 (19,1° N, 326,8° E). NSSDCA 19,33° N 33,55° O et Mars24 19,47° N 326,75° E sont plus anciens ou incohérents. Sojourner est resté à moins de ~10 m de l’atterrisseur.`},sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder`,`https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001890_1995`,`https://pds-rings.seti.org/press_releases/pages/PIA09xxx/PIA09105.html`]},{id:`spirit-landing`,name:{en:`Spirit landing site (Columbia Memorial Station)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Spirit (station Columbia)`},mission:`mer-spirit`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2004-01-04`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-14.572,lonDeg:175.478,note:{en:`NSSDCA 14.572 S, 175.478 E; Mars24 175.48 E, -14.57 (from Li et al.).`,fr:`NSSDCA 14,572° S, 175,478° E; Mars24 175,48° E, −14,57 (d’après Li et al.).`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-027A`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`spirit-last`,name:{en:`Spirit last position (Troy)`,fr:`Dernière position de Spirit (Troy)`},mission:`mer-spirit`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2010-03-22`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:-14.6,lonDeg:175.5,note:{en:`Rounded to 0.1 deg (~6 km) in JPL caption of HiRISE image of 2009-06-13; Spirit was stuck at Troy from May 2009. Date = last communication (Mars24).`,fr:`Arrondi à 0,1° (~6 km) dans la légende JPL de l’image HiRISE du 2009-06-13; Spirit était enlisé à Troy depuis mai 2009. Date = dernière communication (Mars24).`},sources:[`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia12205-orbital-view-of-spirit-at-troy/`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`opportunity-landing`,name:{en:`Opportunity landing site (Challenger Memorial Station)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage d'Opportunity (station Challenger)`},mission:`mer-opportunity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2004-01-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-1.946,lonDeg:-5.527,note:{en:`NSSDCA 1.946 S, 354.473 E (IAU 2000 body-centred); 354.473 E -> -5.527. Last position (Perseverance Valley) unverified, see unverified list.`,fr:`NSSDCA 1,946° S, 354,473° E (UAI 2000, centré sur le corps); 354,473° E → −5,527. Dernière position (Perseverance Valley) non vérifiée, voir la liste des non vérifiés.`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-032A`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`phoenix`,name:{en:`Phoenix`,fr:`Phoenix`},mission:`phoenix`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2008-05-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:68.22,lonDeg:-125.75,note:{en:`Mars24 234.25 E, 68.22 N (provided by D. Bass); 234.25 E -> -125.75. NSSDCA 'nominally 68.15 N, 125.9 W' is a pre-landing/older value.`,fr:`Mars24 234,25° E, 68,22° N (fourni par D. Bass); 234,25° E → −125,75. La valeur NSSDCA « nominally 68.15 N, 125.9 W » est antérieure à l’atterrissage ou plus ancienne.`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-034A`]},{id:`curiosity-landing`,name:{en:`Curiosity landing site (Bradbury Landing)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Curiosity (Bradbury Landing)`},mission:`msl-curiosity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-08-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-4.5895,lonDeg:137.4416,note:{en:`First localized waypoint in NASA MMGIS feed (sol 3, before first drive): 137.441633 E, -4.589467. Mars24: 137.44 E, 4.59 S.`,fr:`Premier point de passage localisé dans le flux NASA MMGIS (sol 3, avant le premier déplacement)\xA0: 137,441633° E, −4,589467. Mars24\xA0: 137,44° E, 4,59° S.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints.json`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`curiosity-current`,name:{en:`Curiosity (recent position)`,fr:`Curiosity (position récente)`},mission:`msl-curiosity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2026-09-21`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:-4.82514,lonDeg:137.38885,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS current waypoint fetched 2026-09-27: sol 5021, site 125 drive 558, 137.3888471 E, -4.82513971. Date computed from sol number (approx +/-1 d). Changes as the rover drives; refresh from feed.`,fr:`Point de passage actuel NASA MMGIS récupéré le 2026-09-27\xA0: sol 5021, site 125, trajet 558, 137,3888471° E, −4,82513971. Date calculée à partir du numéro de sol (±1 j environ). Change à mesure que le rover se déplace; mise à jour depuis le flux.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints_current.json`],feed:{url:`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints_current.json`,solZeroDate:`2012-08-06`}},{id:`insight`,name:{en:`InSight`,fr:`InSight`},mission:`insight`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2018-11-26`,type:`soft`,latDeg:4.5,lonDeg:135.62,note:{en:`Mars24 135.62 E, 4.50 N (planetocentric). Golombek et al. 2020 (Earth Space Sci., doi:10.1029/2020EA001248) reports 4.502384 N, 135.623447 E, but that page could not be opened (HTTP 403).`,fr:`Mars24 135,62° E, 4,50° N (planétocentrique). Golombek et al. 2020 (Earth Space Sci., doi:10.1029/2020EA001248) donnent 4,502384° N, 135,623447° E, mais cette page n’a pas pu être ouverte (HTTP 403).`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`perseverance-landing`,name:{en:`Perseverance landing site (Octavia E. Butler Landing)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Perseverance (Octavia E. Butler Landing)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2021-02-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.4446,lonDeg:77.4509,note:{en:`First MMGIS waypoint (sol 13, before first drive): 77.45088572 E, 18.44462715 N. Mars24: 77.45 E, 18.44 N.`,fr:`Premier point de passage MMGIS (sol 13, avant le premier déplacement)\xA0: 77,45088572° E, 18,44462715° N. Mars24\xA0: 77,45° E, 18,44° N.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`perseverance-current`,name:{en:`Perseverance (recent position)`,fr:`Perseverance (position récente)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2026-09-15`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:18.43687,lonDeg:77.23205,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS current waypoint fetched 2026-09-27: sol 1980, end-of-drive localization, 77.23205444 E, 18.43687407 N. Date computed from sol number (approx +/-1 d); refresh from feed.`,fr:`Point de passage actuel NASA MMGIS récupéré le 2026-09-27\xA0: sol 1980, localisation en fin de trajet, 77,23205444° E, 18,43687407° N. Date calculée à partir du numéro de sol (±1 j environ); mise à jour depuis le flux.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints_current.json`],feed:{url:`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints_current.json`,solZeroDate:`2021-02-18`}},{id:`ingenuity-final`,name:{en:`Ingenuity final resting place (Valinor Hills)`,fr:`Emplacement final d'Ingenuity (Valinor Hills)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2024-01-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.49727,lonDeg:77.32253,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS helicopter waypoint for flight 72 (sol 1036, 'Jan. 18, 2024'): 77.32253449 E, 18.49726866 N. Name 'Valinor Hills' per JPL PIA26237. Rotor blades damaged on this landing; final position.`,fr:`Point de passage NASA MMGIS de l’hélicoptère pour le vol 72 (sol 1036, « Jan. 18, 2024 »)\xA0: 77,32253449° E, 18,49726866° N. Nom « Valinor Hills » selon le JPL, PIA26237. Pales du rotor endommagées à cet atterrissage; position finale.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/m20_heli_waypoints.json`,`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia26237-ingenuity-at-valinor-hills/`]},{id:`tianwen-1-lander`,name:{en:`Tianwen-1 lander / Zhurong landing site`,fr:`Atterrisseur Tianwen-1 / site d'atterrissage de Zhurong`},mission:`tianwen-1`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2021-05-14`,type:`soft`,latDeg:25.066,lonDeg:109.925,note:{en:`109.925 E, 25.066 N per EurekAlert (CAS) release / Liu et al. 2022; Mars24 109.93 E, 25.07 N. Touchdown late 14 May UTC (15 May Beijing time). Zhurong last-known position (~1.9 km south) unverified.`,fr:`109,925° E, 25,066° N selon le communiqué EurekAlert (CAS) et Liu et al. 2022; Mars24 109,93° E, 25,07° N. Contact avec le sol tard le 14 mai UTC (15 mai heure de Pékin). Dernière position connue de Zhurong (~1,9 km au sud) non vérifiée.`},sources:[`https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/987713`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-3`,name:{en:`Mars 3 lander`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 3`},mission:`mars-3`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1971-12-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-45,lonDeg:-158,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: predicted landing site 45 S, 202 E (-> -158). Candidate hardware identified in HiRISE ESP_031036_1345 (2013) but no coordinates published in sources opened. Soft landing, silent after ~20 s.`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: site d’atterrissage prévu 45° S, 202° E (→ −158). Matériel candidat repéré sur HiRISE ESP_031036_1345 (2013), mais aucune coordonnée publiée dans les sources consultées. Atterrissage en douceur, silence après ~20 s.`},sources:[`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia16920-could-this-be-the-mars-soviet-3-lander/`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-2`,name:{en:`Mars 2 lander (crash)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 2 (écrasement)`},mission:`mars-2`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1971-11-27`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-45,lonDeg:47,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: Mars24 'impacted at about 47 E -45 N' (Hellas). Never imaged/located. First human-made object on Mars (crash).`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: Mars24 « impacted at about 47 E -45 N » (Hellas). Jamais photographié ni localisé. Premier objet humain sur Mars (écrasement).`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-6`,name:{en:`Mars 6 lander (crash)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 6 (écrasement)`},mission:`mars-6`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1974-03-12`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-23.9,lonDeg:-19.42,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: Mars24 'impacted at about 19.42 W -23.90 N' near Samara Valles. Not located in orbital imagery.`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: Mars24 « impacted at about 19.42 W -23.90 N » près de Samara Valles. Non localisé sur les images orbitales.`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`beagle-2`,name:{en:`Beagle 2`,fr:`Beagle 2`},mission:`beagle-2`,agency:`ESA/UK`,country:`gb`,date:`2003-12-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:11.52879,lonDeg:90.43139,note:{en:`Bridges et al. 2017 (R. Soc. Open Sci. 4:170785): 'more exactly 90.43139 E, 11.52879 N' from HiRISE-CTX-HRSC co-registration. Landed intact, only partially deployed.`,fr:`Bridges et al. 2017 (R. Soc. Open Sci. 4:170785)\xA0: « more exactly 90.43139 E, 11.52879 N » d’après le recalage HiRISE-CTX-HRSC. Posé intact, seulement partiellement déployé.`},sources:[`https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10026075/1/Identification%20of%20the%20Beagle.pdf`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`schiaparelli`,name:{en:`Schiaparelli EDM (crash)`,fr:`Schiaparelli EDM (écrasement)`},mission:`exomars-2016`,agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,date:`2016-10-19`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-2.07,lonDeg:-6.21,note:{en:`ESA: 353.79 E, 2.07 S (dark impact mark, HiRISE/CTX); 353.79 E -> -6.21. Crashed ~5.4 km west of target.`,fr:`ESA\xA0: 353,79° E, 2,07° S (tache sombre d’impact, HiRISE/CTX); 353,79° E → −6,21. Écrasé à ~5,4 km à l’ouest de la cible.`},sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_views_Schiaparelli_landing_site`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]}]}).sites,launchSites:ft.parse({verified:`2026-10-03`,sites:[{id:`cape-canaveral`,name:{en:`Cape Canaveral / Kennedy Space Center`,fr:`Cap Canaveral / Centre spatial Kennedy`},operator:`U.S. Space Force / NASA`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`AFETR`],latDeg:28.4889,lonDeg:-80.5778,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1958-02-01`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center`]},{id:`vandenberg`,name:{en:`Vandenberg Space Force Base`,fr:`Base de la Space Force de Vandenberg`},operator:`U.S. Space Force`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`AFWTR`],latDeg:34.7513,lonDeg:-120.5202,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1959-02-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base`]},{id:`wallops`,name:{en:`Wallops Island / Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport`,fr:`Île de Wallops / Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport`},operator:`NASA / Virginia Spaceport Authority`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`WLPIS`],latDeg:37.8433,lonDeg:-75.4781,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1961-02-16`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_9`]},{id:`starbase`,name:{en:`Starbase (Boca Chica)`,fr:`Starbase (Boca Chica)`},operator:`SpaceX`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`STARB`],latDeg:25.997,lonDeg:-97.157,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2026-09-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches`,`https://www.npr.org/2026/09/28/nx-s1-5983418/spacex-starship-first-orbital-flight-14-nasa`],note:{en:`First orbital launch (Starship Flight 14, 2026-09-28) deployed 26 Starlink V3 satellites, giving Starbase its own SATCAT launch-site code (STARB).`,fr:`Le premier lancement orbital (vol 14 de Starship, 2026-09-28) a déployé 26 satellites Starlink V3, ce qui a donné à Starbase son propre code de site de lancement SATCAT (STARB).`}},{id:`kodiak`,name:{en:`Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (Kodiak)`,fr:`Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (Kodiak)`},operator:`Alaska Aerospace Corporation`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`KODAK`],latDeg:57.4353,lonDeg:-152.34,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2001-09-30`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska`]},{id:`kourou`,name:{en:`Guiana Space Centre (Kourou)`,fr:`Centre spatial guyanais (Kourou)`},operator:`CNES / ESA / Arianespace`,country:`gf`,satcatCodes:[`FRGUI`],latDeg:5.169,lonDeg:-52.6903,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-03-10`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre`]},{id:`baikonur`,name:{en:`Baikonur Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome de Baïkonour`},operator:`Roscosmos`,country:`kz`,satcatCodes:[`TYMSC`],latDeg:45.965,lonDeg:63.305,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1957-10-04`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome`]},{id:`plesetsk`,name:{en:`Plesetsk Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome de Plessetsk`},operator:`Russian Aerospace Forces`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`PLMSC`],latDeg:62.9256,lonDeg:40.5778,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1966-03-17`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome`]},{id:`vostochny`,name:{en:`Vostochny Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome Vostotchny`},operator:`Roscosmos`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`VOSTO`],latDeg:51.8846,lonDeg:128.3348,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2016-04-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight`]},{id:`kapustin-yar`,name:{en:`Kapustin Yar`,fr:`Kapoustine Iar`},operator:`Russian Aerospace Forces`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`KYMSC`],latDeg:48.59,lonDeg:45.72,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1962-03-16`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar`]},{id:`jiuquan`,name:{en:`Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Jiuquan`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`JSC`],latDeg:40.9581,lonDeg:100.2911,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-04-24`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_1`]},{id:`taiyuan`,name:{en:`Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Taiyuan`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`TAISC`],latDeg:38.8491,lonDeg:111.608,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1988-09-06`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center`]},{id:`xichang`,name:{en:`Xichang Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Xichang`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`XICLF`],latDeg:28.2456,lonDeg:102.0267,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1984-01-29`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center`]},{id:`wenchang`,name:{en:`Wenchang Space Launch Site`,fr:`Centre de lancement de Wenchang`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`WSC`],latDeg:19.6145,lonDeg:110.9511,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2016-06-25`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site`]},{id:`sriharikota`,name:{en:`Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota)`,fr:`Centre spatial Satish-Dhawan (Sriharikota)`},operator:`ISRO`,country:`in`,satcatCodes:[`SRILR`],latDeg:13.72,lonDeg:80.23,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1980-07-18`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre`]},{id:`tanegashima`,name:{en:`Tanegashima Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial de Tanegashima`},operator:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,satcatCodes:[`TANSC`],latDeg:30.4,lonDeg:130.97,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1975-09-09`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaki_Launch_Complex`]},{id:`uchinoura`,name:{en:`Uchinoura Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial d'Uchinoura`},operator:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,satcatCodes:[`KSCUT`],latDeg:31.2519,lonDeg:131.0819,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-02-11`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohsumi_(satellite)`]},{id:`naro`,name:{en:`Naro Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial de Naro`},operator:`KARI / KASA`,country:`kr`,satcatCodes:[`NSC`],latDeg:34.4319,lonDeg:127.535,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2013-01-30`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight`]},{id:`palmachim`,name:{en:`Palmachim Airbase`,fr:`Base aérienne de Palmachim`},operator:`Israeli Air Force / Israel Space Agency`,country:`il`,satcatCodes:[`YAVNE`],latDeg:31.8978,lonDeg:34.6906,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1988-09-19`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase`]},{id:`semnan`,name:{en:`Semnan Space Center (Imam Khomeini Spaceport)`,fr:`Centre spatial de Semnan (spatioport 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t=e.start.toISOString().slice(0,10),n=e.end.toISOString().slice(0,10);for(let r of I.missions){let i=r.nextEvent;if(!i?.date)continue;let o=i.date.padEnd(10,i.date.length===4?`-01-01`:`-01`).slice(0,10);(i.date.length===10?i.date:i.date.length===7?`${i.date}-31`:`${i.date}-12-31`)<t||o>n||a.push({time:`${i.date.length===10?i.date:o<t?t:o}T00:00:00.000Z`,kind:`mission`,title:`${r.name[e.lang]}: ${i[e.lang]}`,details:{mission:r.id,date:i.date,...i.date.length<10?{approximate:!0}:{},verified:r.verified}})}}return a.sort((e,t)=>e.time.localeCompare(t.time))}var tn=[{en:`new Moon`,fr:`nouvelle lune`},{en:`waxing crescent`,fr:`premier croissant`},{en:`first quarter`,fr:`premier quartier`},{en:`waxing gibbous`,fr:`gibbeuse croissante`},{en:`full Moon`,fr:`pleine lune`},{en:`waning gibbous`,fr:`gibbeuse décroissante`},{en:`last quarter`,fr:`dernier quartier`},{en:`waning crescent`,fr:`dernier croissant`}];function nn(e){let t=(e%360+360)%360;return tn[t<6||t>=354?0:t<84?1:t<96?2:t<174?3:t<186?4:t<264?5:t<276?6:7]??{en:``,fr:``}}var rn={day:{en:`daytime`,fr:`jour`},civil:{en:`civil twilight`,fr:`crépuscule civil`},nautical:{en:`nautical twilight`,fr:`crépuscule nautique`},astronomical:{en:`astronomical twilight`,fr:`crépuscule astronomique`},night:{en:`night (dark sky)`,fr:`nuit noire`}};function an(e){return e>-.833?`day`:e>-6?`civil`:e>-12?`nautical`:e>-18?`astronomical`:`night`}var on={day:void 0,civil:0,nautical:3,astronomical:5,night:6};function sn(e){let n=new t.Observer(e.latDeg,e.lonDeg,e.heightM??0),r=t.MakeTime(e.date),i=t=>t?{time:t.date.toISOString(),...e.local?{local:e.local(t.date.getTime())}:{}}:void 0,a=e=>{let i=t.Equator(e,r,n,!0,!0);return{eq:i,hor:t.Horizon(r,n,i.ra,i.dec,`normal`)}},o=e=>({altitudeDeg:B(e.altitude,1),azimuthDeg:B(e.azimuth,1),direction:Kt(e.azimuth*Math.PI/180),aboveHorizon:e.altitude>0}),s=(e,a=!1)=>{let o=t.SearchRiseSet(e,n,1,r,1),s=t.SearchRiseSet(e,n,-1,r,1),c=a?t.SearchHourAngle(e,n,0,r,1):void 0;return{...o?{rise:i(o)}:{},...c&&c.time.ut-r.ut<=1?{culmination:{...i(c.time),altitudeDeg:B(c.hor.altitude,1)}}:{},...s?{set:i(s)}:{}}},c=a(t.Body.Sun),l=an(c.hor.altitude),u=on[l],d=(e,t)=>u!==void 0&&e>0&&t<=u,f=(e,a)=>i(t.SearchAltitude(t.Body.Sun,n,e,r,1,a)),p=a(t.Body.Moon),m=t.Illumination(t.Body.Moon,r),h=t.MoonPhase(r),g=t.SearchMoonQuarter(r),_=e=>{let i=t.Equator(e,r,n,!1,!0);return t.Constellation(i.ra,i.dec).name},v=xe.filter(e=>!e.dwarf&&e.id!==`earth`).map(n=>{let{hor:i}=a(n.body),c=t.Illumination(n.body,r),l=d(i.altitude,c.mag);return{id:n.id,name:n.name[e.lang],...o(i),magnitude:B(c.mag,1),nakedEyeNow:l,angleFromSunDeg:B(t.AngleFromSun(n.body,r),1),constellation:_(n.body),...s(n.body)}}),y=t.Rotation_EQJ_HOR(r,n),b=I.stars.map(e=>{let n=e.raDeg*Math.PI/180,i=e.decDeg*Math.PI/180,a=new t.Vector(Math.cos(i)*Math.cos(n),Math.cos(i)*Math.sin(n),Math.sin(i),r),o=t.HorizonFromVector(t.RotateVector(y,a),`normal`),s=o.lon;return{s:e,altitudeDeg:o.lat,azimuthDeg:s}}).filter(e=>e.altitudeDeg>0).sort((e,t)=>e.s.magnitude-t.s.magnitude).map(t=>({id:`star:${t.s.id}`,name:t.s.name[e.lang],constellation:t.s.constellation[e.lang],magnitude:t.s.magnitude,altitudeDeg:B(t.altitudeDeg,1),azimuthDeg:B(t.azimuthDeg,1),direction:Kt(t.azimuthDeg*Math.PI/180),nakedEyeNow:d(t.altitudeDeg,t.s.magnitude)}));return{observer:{latDeg:e.latDeg,lonDeg:e.lonDeg,heightM:e.heightM??0},...i(r),sky:rn[l]?.[e.lang],sun:{...o(c.hor),...s(t.Body.Sun,!0),...c.hor.altitude>-6?{nextDusk:f(-1,-6),nextAstronomicalNight:f(-1,-18)}:{},...c.hor.altitude<=-6?{nextDawn:f(1,-6)}:{}},moon:{...o(p.hor),phase:nn(h)[e.lang],phaseAngleDeg:B(h,1),illuminatedPercent:B(m.phase_fraction*100,0),magnitude:B(m.mag,1),distanceKm:Math.round(p.eq.dist*149597870.7),constellation:_(t.Body.Moon),nextQuarter:{...i(g.time),phase:tn[g.quarter*2]?.[e.lang]},...s(t.Body.Moon,!0)},planets:v,brightStars:b,notes:{en:`Altitudes include standard atmospheric refraction; rise and set are those of the upper limb of the Sun and the Moon and of a planet’s centre, within the next 24 hours. “nakedEyeNow”: above the horizon, Sun set, and bright enough for the sky at that time (magnitude 0 or brighter in civil twilight, 3 in nautical twilight, 5 in astronomical twilight, 6 at night); city lights, haze and the horizon’s relief are not known. Magnitudes: smaller is brighter.`,fr:`Les hauteurs tiennent compte de la réfraction atmosphérique moyenne ; le lever et le coucher sont ceux du bord supérieur du Soleil et de la Lune, et du centre des planètes, dans les 24 heures qui suivent. « nakedEyeNow » : au-dessus de l’horizon, Soleil couché, et assez brillant pour le ciel du moment (magnitude 0 ou moins au crépuscule civil, 3 au crépuscule nautique, 5 au crépuscule astronomique, 6 de nuit) ; l’éclairage urbain, la brume et le relief de l’horizon ne sont pas connus. Magnitudes : plus petit est plus brillant.`}[e.lang]}}var cn=[`earth`,`moon`,`mars`,`solar`];function ln(e){return cn.includes(e)}function un(e){let t=new URLSearchParams(e),n=t.get(`lang`),r=t.get(`view`),i=t.get(`t`),a=i?new Date(i):void 0,o=Number(t.get(`rate`)??`1`);return{view:ln(r)?r:`earth`,lang:Ee(n)?n:void 0,frame:t.get(`frame`)===`inertial`?`inertial`:`fixed`,time:a&&!Number.isNaN(a.getTime())?a:void 0,rate:Number.isFinite(o)&&Math.abs(o)<=1e5?o:1}}function dn(e,t){return e===`earth`&&t.startsWith(`site:`)?`launch:${t.slice(5)}`:t===`moon`?`moon:moon`:t}var fn=398600.8,pn=[`LEO`,`MEO`,`GEO`,`HEO`];function mn(e){let t=e*x/y;return Math.cbrt(fn/(t*t))}function hn(e){return 1440/e}function gn(e,t){let n=mn(e);return{perigeeAltKm:n*(1-t)-m,apogeeAltKm:n*(1+t)-m}}function _n(e,t){return t>=.25?`HEO`:e>=.9&&e<=1.1&&t<.1?`GEO`:gn(e,t).apogeeAltKm<2e3?`LEO`:`MEO`}var U={science:`sci`,operators:`op`,owners:`own`,groups:`grp`,regimes:`reg`,types:`type`,launchSites:`site`};function vn(e){let t=t=>(e.get(t)??``).split(`,`).map(e=>e.trim()).filter(Boolean);return{science:t(U.science),operators:t(U.operators),owners:t(U.owners),groups:t(U.groups),regimes:t(U.regimes).filter(e=>pn.includes(e)),types:t(U.types),launchSites:t(U.launchSites),query:e.get(`q`)??``}}var yn={earth:{name:{en:`Earth view`,fr:`vue de la Terre`},shows:{en:`the Earth with every active catalogued satellite (each a dot moving along its orbit), the launch sites and the Moon`,fr:`la Terre avec tous les satellites actifs catalogués (chacun un point qui suit son orbite), les sites de lancement et la Lune`}},moon:{name:{en:`Moon view`,fr:`vue de la Lune`},shows:{en:`the Moon with the spacecraft orbiting it and the landing and impact sites on its surface, the Earth in the distance`,fr:`la Lune avec les sondes en orbite autour d’elle et les sites d’alunissage et d’impact à sa surface, la Terre au loin`}},mars:{name:{en:`Mars view`,fr:`vue de Mars`},shows:{en:`Mars with its orbiters, its moons Phobos and Deimos, and the landing sites and rover positions on its surface`,fr:`Mars avec ses orbiteurs, ses lunes Phobos et Deimos, et les sites d’atterrissage et positions des rovers à sa surface`}},solar:{name:{en:`solar system view`,fr:`vue du Système solaire`},shows:{en:`the Sun, the planets and dwarf planets with their orbits and moons, and the interplanetary probes with their trajectories`,fr:`le Soleil, les planètes et planètes naines avec leurs orbites et leurs lunes, et les sondes interplanétaires avec leurs trajectoires`}}},bn={earth:{en:`the Earth`,fr:`la Terre`},moon:{en:`the Moon`,fr:`la Lune`},mars:{en:`Mars`,fr:`Mars`},solar:{en:`the planets`,fr:`les planètes`}},xn={active:{en:`active`,fr:`en activité`},inactive:{en:`inactive`,fr:`inactif`},ended:{en:`mission ended`,fr:`mission terminée`},cruise:{en:`in cruise`,fr:`en croisière`},planned:{en:`planned`,fr:`prévue`},unknown:{en:`status unknown`,fr:`statut inconnu`}},Sn={soft:{en:`soft landing site`,fr:`site d’atterrissage en 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n=Math.abs(e),r=[[86400,{en:`day`,fr:`jour`}],[3600,{en:`hour`,fr:`heure`}],[60,{en:`minute`,fr:`minute`}],[1,{en:`second`,fr:`seconde`}]],[i,a]=r.find(([e])=>n>=e)??r[3]??[1,{en:`second`,fr:`seconde`}],o=Math.round(n/i*10)/10,s=o>=2,c=`${o.toLocaleString(t===`fr`?`fr-FR`:`en-GB`)} ${a[t]}${s?`s`:``}`,l=t===`fr`?`${c} par seconde (×${n.toLocaleString(`fr-FR`)})`:`${c} per second (×${n.toLocaleString(`en-GB`)})`;return e<0?t===`fr`?`${l}, à rebours`:`${l}, backwards`:l}function W(e,t,n){return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t===`fr`?`fr-CA`:`en-GB`,{year:`numeric`,month:`long`,day:`numeric`,hour:`2-digit`,minute:`2-digit`,timeZone:n??`UTC`,timeZoneName:`short`}).format(e)}var G=(e,t)=>e.length<=1?e[0]??``:`${e.slice(0,-1).join(`, `)} ${t===`fr`?`et`:`and`} ${e[e.length-1]}`;function En(e,t){let n=vn(e),r=I.operators,i=[],a=t===`fr`;return n.science.length&&i.push(a?`satellites scientifiques choisis`:`selected science satellites`),n.operators.length&&i.push(`${a?`opérateur`:`operator`} 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(approximate; drawn dimmed with a dashed path)`,fr:`extrapolée au-delà de l’éphéméride publiée (approximative ; dessinée atténuée, trajectoire en tirets)`},hidden:{en:`unknown at this date (too far beyond its ephemeris: only its last known path is drawn, in grey)`,fr:`inconnue à cette date (trop loin au-delà de son éphéméride : seule sa dernière trajectoire connue est tracée, en gris)`},modelled:{en:`modelled from mean orbital elements`,fr:`modélisée à partir d’éléments orbitaux moyens`},none:{en:`not available (no public ephemeris)`,fr:`indisponible (pas d’éphéméride publique)`}};async function On(e,t,n,r){let i=t.includes(`?`)?t.slice(t.indexOf(`?`)):t.startsWith(`?`)?t:`?${t}`,a=new URLSearchParams(i.split(`#`)[0]),o=un(i),s=n===`fr`,c=yn[o.view],l=o.time===void 0,u=o.time??new Date,d=[],f={view:o.view,live:l,date:u.toISOString(),rate:o.rate,frame:o.frame},p=a.get(`sel`),m,h;if(p){let t=dn(o.view,p);try{let r=await e.describe(t,n);m=typeof r.name==`string`?r.name:t;let i=await e.state(t,u).catch(()=>void 0),a=i?.provenance[0];h={id:t,name:m,kind:r.kind,...i?.distanceKm===void 0?{}:{distanceKm:Math.round(i.distanceKm),centre:i.centre},...i?.altitudeKm===void 0?{}:{altitudeKm:Math.round(i.altitudeKm)},...i?.groundPoint?{groundPoint:i.groundPoint}:{},...a?{positionState:a.state,model:a.model}:{}};let o=typeof r.status==`string`?r.status:void 0,c=o?xn[o]?.[n]??o:void 0,l=[],f=(e,t=0)=>e.toLocaleString(s?`fr-FR`:`en-GB`,{maximumFractionDigits:t});if(r.kind===`site`&&typeof r.type==`string`){let e=Sn[r.type]?.[n]??r.type;l.push(typeof r.date==`string`?`${e}, ${r.date}`:e)}else if(i?.centre===`sun`&&i.distanceKm!==void 0){let e=i.distanceKm/Cn;l.push(s?`à ${f(e,e<10?2:1)} ua du Soleil (${f(i.distanceKm/1e6)} millions de km)`:`${f(e,e<10?2:1)} au from the Sun (${f(i.distanceKm/1e6)} million km)`)}else i?.altitudeKm!==void 0&&i.altitudeKm>0&&r.kind!==`launch`&&l.push(s?`à ${f(i.altitudeKm)} km d’altitude`:`${f(i.altitudeKm)} km up`);let p=i?.groundPoint?.over;p&&l.push(s?`au-dessus de : ${p.name.fr}`:`over ${p.name.en}`),d.push(s?`Objet sélectionné : ${m}${c?` (${c})`:``}${l.length?`, ${G(l,n)}`:``}.`:`The selected object is ${m}${c?` (${c})`:``}${l.length?`, ${G(l,n)}`:``}.`),a&&r.kind!==`site`&&r.kind!==`launch`&&r.kind!==`star`&&d.push(s?`Sa position est ${(wn[a.model]??Dn[a.state]).fr}.`:`Its position is ${(wn[a.model]??Dn[a.state]).en}.`)}catch{d.push(s?`L’objet « ${p} » n’est pas reconnu.`:`The object “${p}” is not recognised.`),h={id:p,unknown:!0}}}let g=a.get(`follow`)===`1`&&p!==null,_=l?s?`en temps réel (${W(u,n,r)})`:`in real time (${W(u,n,r)})`:s?`au ${W(u,n,r)}`:`on ${W(u,n,r)}`,v=s?`Vue 3D de Périgée : ${c.name.fr} ${_}${m?`, ${g?`objet suivi`:`centrée sur l’objet`} : ${m}`:``}.`:`Perigee 3D ${c.name.en} ${_}${m?`, ${g?`following`:`centred on`} ${m}`:``}.`,y=s?`La ${c.name.fr} montre ${c.shows.fr}.`:`The ${c.name.en} shows ${c.shows.en}.`,b=l?s?`Le temps avance en temps réel.`:`Time runs in real 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the full app.`),f.embed={ui:e.filter(Boolean)}}g&&S.push(s?`La caméra suit l’objet sélectionné dans son mouvement.`:`The camera follows ${m} as it moves.`);let ee=[y,...d,b,x,...S].filter(Boolean).join(` `),w=new URL(e.data.baseUrl);for(let[e,t]of a)e!==`embed`&&e!==`ui`&&w.searchParams.set(e,t);return{altText:v,description:ee,...h?{selection:h}:{},parameters:f,url:w.href,caveat:s?`L’orientation et le zoom de la caméra ne sont pas dans le lien : le cadrage exact n’est pas connu (la vue s’ouvre centrée sur l’objet sélectionné, sinon sur le corps central).`:`The camera’s orientation and zoom are not in the link: the exact framing is unknown (the view opens centred on the selected object, else on the central body).`}}function kn(e,t,n,r){let i=A(e);if(i<=t)return 0;let a=Math.asin(Math.min(1,ye/r)),o=Math.asin(t/i),s=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,re(e,n)/i)));return s>=a+o?1:s<=o-a?0:s<=a-o?1-o*o/(a*a):1-An(a,o,s)/(Math.PI*a*a)}function An(e,t,n){let r=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,(n*n+e*e-t*t)/(2*n*e)))),i=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,(n*n+t*t-e*e)/(2*n*t)))),a=.5*Math.sqrt(Math.max(0,(-n+e+t)*(n+e-t)*(n-e+t)*(n+e+t)));return e*e*r+t*t*i-a}var jn={earth:398600.435436,moon:4902.800118,mars:42828.375214,sun:132712440041.27942};function Mn(e){return e>1e-8?(1-Math.cos(Math.sqrt(e)))/e:e<-1e-8?(Math.cosh(Math.sqrt(-e))-1)/-e:1/2-e/24+e*e/720}function Nn(e){if(e>1e-8){let t=Math.sqrt(e);return(t-Math.sin(t))/(t*t*t)}if(e<-1e-8){let t=Math.sqrt(-e);return(Math.sinh(t)-t)/(t*t*t)}return 1/6-e/120+e*e/5040}function Pn(e,t,n){if(t===0)return e;let r=e.posKm,i=e.velKmS,a=A(r),o=A(i),s=re(r,i)/a,c=2/a-o*o/n,l=Math.sqrt(n),u=l*Math.abs(c)*t;(!Number.isFinite(u)||u===0)&&(u=l*t/a);for(let e=0;e<60;e++){let e=c*u*u,n=Mn(e),r=Nn(e),i=(a*s/l*u*u*n+(1-c*a)*u*u*u*r+a*u-l*t)/(a*s/l*u*(1-e*r)+(1-c*a)*u*u*n+a);if(u-=i,Math.abs(i)<1e-10*Math.max(1,Math.abs(u)))break}let 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t=e.getTime()/864e5+2440587.5-2451545,n=Math.PI/180,r=(357.528+.9856003*t)*n,i=(280.46+.9856474*t+1.915*Math.sin(r)+.02*Math.sin(2*r))*n,a=(23.439-4e-7*t)*n,o=(1.00014-.01671*Math.cos(r)-14e-5*Math.cos(2*r))*h;return[o*Math.cos(i),o*Math.cos(a)*Math.sin(i),o*Math.sin(a)*Math.sin(i)]}function Un(e){let{satrec:t,observer:n,startMs:r,endMs:i}=e,a=zt(n.latRad,n.lonRad,n.heightKm),o=ae(a),s=e=>{let r=new Date(e),i=Rn(t,r);if(!i)return;let o=Bn(i.posKm,de(r));return{...Vn(o,a,n),teme:i.posKm,ecef:o}},c=e=>s(e)?.elevationRad??-Math.PI/2,l=(e,t)=>{let n=c(e)>=0;for(;t-e>1e3;){let r=(e+t)/2;c(r)>=0===n?e=r:t=r}return Math.round((e+t)/2/1e3)*1e3},u=t.no/60,d=t.ecco,f=u*(1+d)**2/(1-d*d)**1.5+7292115e-11,p=Math.cbrt(398600.8/(u*u))*(1+d),h=Math.acos(Math.min(1,m/p)),g=Math.min(18e5,Math.max(6e4,2*Math.PI/u/100*1e3)),_=(e,t)=>{if(!e||t>=0)return g;let n=(Math.acos(Math.max(-1,Math.min(1,re(ae(e),o))))-h)/f*1e3*.9;return Math.max(g,n)},v=s(r),y=[],b=v&&v.elevationRad>=0?r:void 0,x=b!==void 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n=S(t.teme);n&&w++,n&&t.elevationRad>=e.minElevationRad&&te(i,x)<zn&&(E=E?{fromMs:E.fromMs,toMs:i,maxElevationRad:Math.max(E.maxElevationRad,t.elevationRad)}:{fromMs:i,toMs:i,maxElevationRad:t.elevationRad})}}else for(let e of[_,g,v])T++,S(e.teme)&&w++;return{rise:{...Wn(_),timeMs:t},culmination:{...Wn(g),timeMs:h},set:{...Wn(v),timeMs:n},inProgress:r,unfinished:i,sunElevationRad:C,sunlitShare:T?w/T:0,...E?{visible:E}:{}}}function te(e,t){let r=Bn(t,de(new Date(e))),i=[Math.cos(n.latRad)*Math.cos(n.lonRad),Math.cos(n.latRad)*Math.sin(n.lonRad),Math.sin(n.latRad)];return Math.asin(re(r,[i[0],i[1],i[2]]))}}var Wn=e=>({elevationRad:e.elevationRad,azimuthRad:e.azimuthRad,rangeKm:e.rangeKm});function Gn(e,n){let r=t.RotateVector(t.Rotation_EQJ_EQD(t.MakeTime(n)),new t.Vector(e[0],e[1],e[2],t.MakeTime(n)));return[r.x,r.y,r.z]}function Kn(e,n,r,i){if(e===`earth`){let e=Rt(Bn(i??Gn(n,r),de(r))),t=Gt(e.latRad,e.lonRad);return{body:`earth`,latDeg:V(e.latRad),lonDeg:V(e.lonRad),heightKm:B(e.heightKm,2),...t?{over:t}:{},note:`Geodetic coordinates on WGS 84 (Earth-fixed frame by GMST, polar motion neglected: well under 1 km); country or sea from Natural Earth 1:110m maps (borders to ~10 km).`}}if(e===`moon:moon`||e===`mars`){let i=e===`moon:moon`,a=Bt(se(ce(me(i?t.Body.Moon:t.Body.Mars,r)),n));return{body:i?`moon`:`mars`,latDeg:V(a.latRad),lonDeg:V(a.lonRad),heightKm:B(A(n)-(i?fe:pe),2),note:`Planetocentric coordinates (east longitude) in the IAU rotation model of the body, above its mean radius.`}}}function qn(e,t,n){return kn([t[0]-e[0],t[1]-e[1],t[2]-e[2]],n,ae(k(e,-1)),A(e))}function Jn(e){let t=gn(e.MEAN_MOTION,e.ECCENTRICITY);return{centre:`earth`,kind:`mean-elements`,semiMajorAxisKm:B(mn(e.MEAN_MOTION),1),eccentricity:B(e.ECCENTRICITY,6),inclinationDeg:B(e.INCLINATION,3),plane:`Earth equator 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n=(e%(2*Math.PI)+3*Math.PI)%(2*Math.PI)-Math.PI,r=t<.8?n:Math.PI*Math.sign(n||1);for(let e=0;e<30;e++){let e=(r-t*Math.sin(r)-n)/(1-t*Math.cos(r));if(r-=e,Math.abs(e)<1e-13)break}return r}function ar(e){switch(e.referencePlane){case`icrf`:return{x:0,y:0,z:0,w:1};case`ecliptic`:return j([1,0,0],be);case`laplace`:case`equator`:if(e.laplacePoleRaDeg===void 0||e.laplacePoleDecDeg===void 0)throw Error(`${e.referencePlane} plane needs its pole`);return he(e.laplacePoleRaDeg*S,e.laplacePoleDecDeg*S,0)}}function or(e,t){let n=t-e.epochJdTdb,r=e=>e?2*Math.PI/(e*nr):0,i=e.nDegPerDay*S,a=r(e.apsidalPeriodYears),o=(e.iDeg>90?1:-1)*r(e.nodalPeriodYears),s=e.nodeDeg*S+o*n,c=e.wDeg*S+(a-o)*n,l=e.MDeg*S+(i-a)*n,u=e.nDegPerDay*S,d=e.iDeg*S,f=ir(l,e.e),p=e.aKm*Math.sqrt(1-e.e*e.e),m=u/y,h=1-e.e*Math.cos(f),g=[e.aKm*(Math.cos(f)-e.e),p*Math.sin(f),0],_=[-e.aKm*m*Math.sin(f)/h,p*m*Math.cos(f)/h,0],v=oe(ar(e),oe(j([0,0,1],s),oe(j([1,0,0],d),j([0,0,1],c))));return{posKm:se(v,g),velKmS:se(v,_)}}var sr=[`io`,`europa`,`ganymede`,`callisto`];function cr(e){return{posKm:[e.x*h,e.y*h,e.z*h],velKmS:[e.vx*rr,e.vy*rr,e.vz*rr]}}function lr(e,n,r,i={}){if(e.model===`mean-elements`)return e.elements?or(e.elements,r):void 0;if(e.id===`moon`)return cr(t.GeoMoonState(n));let a=sr.find(t=>t===e.id);if(a)return(i.jupiterDateMs!==n.getTime()||!i.jupiter)&&(i.jupiter=t.JupiterMoons(n),i.jupiterDateMs=n.getTime()),cr(i.jupiter[a])}function ur(e,t,n,r,i=1.35){let a=Math.min(Math.max(n,e),t),o=(e,t)=>{if(e<=0)return[];let n=[],o=(i**+r-1)/(i-1),s=0;for(let c=0;c<r;c++)s+=i**+c/o,n.push(a+t*e*Math.min(s,1));return n},s=o(a-e,-1).reverse(),c=o(t-a,1);return[...s,a,...c]}function dr(e,t,n,r,i=24){if(!(t>e)||r<1)return[e];let a=(t-e)/r,o=Math.min(Math.max(n,e),t),s=Math.max(e,o-a),c=Math.min(t,o+a),l=[];for(let t=0;t<=r;t++){let n=e+t*a;n<s&&l.push(n)}l.push(...ur(s,c,o,i));for(let t=0;t<=r;t++){let n=e+t*a;n>c&&l.push(n)}return l}var fr=class{table;options;constructor(e,t){this.table=e,this.options=t}sample(e){let t=this.table;if(!t)return{kind:`none`,state:void 0,beyondS:0};let n=t.interpolate(e);if(n)return{kind:`interpolated`,state:n,beyondS:0};let r=e>t.endTdbJd?t.rows-1:0,i=(e-t.time(r))*y,a=Math.abs(i);return a>this.options.maxExtrapolationDays*86400?{kind:`hidden`,state:void 0,beyondS:a}:{kind:`extrapolated`,state:Pn(t.state(r),i,this.options.muKm3S2),beyondS:a}}periodS(e){let t=this.sample(e).state??this.lastState();return t?Fn(t,this.options.muKm3S2).periodS:void 0}lastState(){return this.table?this.table.state(this.table.rows-1):void 0}trajectory(e,t,n){let r=this.table;if(!r)return new Float64Array;let i=e,a=this.sample(e).kind===`hidden`;a&&(i=e>r.endTdbJd?r.endTdbJd-t/2/y:r.startTdbJd);let o=t/2/y,s=a?Array.from({length:n+1},(e,t)=>i-o+2*o*t/n):dr(i-o,i+o,i,n),c=[];for(let e of s){let t=this.sample(e).state;t&&c.push(t.posKm[0],t.posKm[1],t.posKm[2])}return Float64Array.from(c)}},pr=14,mr=9460730472580.8,hr=864e5;function K(e,t,n,r,i={}){return{model:e,method:t,state:n,sources:r,...i,accuracy:Ft[e]}}function gr(e){return new Date((e-g)*hr+Date.UTC(2e3,0,1,12)-69184).toISOString()}function _r(e){let t=h/y;return{posKm:[e.x*h,e.y*h,e.z*h],velKmS:[e.vx*t,e.vy*t,e.vz*t]}}function q(e,t){return{posKm:D(e.posKm,t.posKm),velKmS:D(e.velKmS,t.velKmS)}}var vr={posKm:[0,0,0],velKmS:[0,0,0]};function yr(e,t){let n=xe.find(t=>t.id===e);if(!n)throw Error(`No planet ${e}`);return Se(n.body,t)}function br(e){return q(yr(`earth`,e),_r(t.GeoMoonState(e)))}function xr(e,n){let r=t.Rotation_EQD_EQJ(t.MakeTime(n)),i=t.RotateVector(r,new t.Vector(e[0],e[1],e[2],t.MakeTime(n)));return[i.x,i.y,i.z]}var Sr=new WeakMap;function Cr(e){return Sr.has(e)||Sr.set(e,Ln(e)),Sr.get(e)}async function wr(e,t,n){let{entry:r,omm:i}=await n.satelliteElements(e);if(!i)return{provenance:K(`sgp4-gp`,`Not among the active satellites published by CelesTrak.`,`none`,[kt],{dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt})};let a=i.SOURCE!==void 0,o=Date.parse(`${i.EPOCH}Z`),s=(t.getTime()-o)/hr,c=Cr(i);return{omm:i,...c?{satrec:c}:{},provenance:K(a?`sgp4-supgp`:`sgp4-gp`,a?`SGP4 from CelesTrak's fit to the operator's ephemerides (${i.SOURCE}).`:`SGP4 from CelesTrak general perturbations elements (US Space Force tracking).`,c?Math.abs(s)>pr?`stale`:`fresh`:`none`,a?[At,kt]:[kt],{dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt,elementEpoch:new Date(o).toISOString(),elementAgeDays:s})}}async function Tr(e,n,r){let i=ue(n);switch(e.kind){case`sun`:return{state:vr,provenance:K(`origin`,`The Sun’s centre (heliocentric frame).`,`fresh`,[])};case`planet`:return{state:Se(e.planet.body,n),provenance:K(`vsop87`,e.planet.id===`pluto`?`astronomy-engine: numerical integration under the giant planets’ attraction.`:`astronomy-engine: VSOP87 planetary theory.`,`fresh`,[Mt])};case`moon`:{let t=e.moon;if(t.id===`moon`)return{state:br(n),provenance:K(`astronomy-engine-moon`,`astronomy-engine lunar theory.`,`fresh`,[Mt])};let a=yr(t.planet,n),o=(await r.manifest()).moons[t.id];if(o){let e=(await r.table(o)).interpolate(i);if(e)return{state:q(a,e),provenance:K(`moon-horizons`,`JPL Horizons vectors relative to ${t.planet}, interpolated (step ${o.stepMin} min).`,`interpolated`,[jt],{dataFetchedAt:o.fetchedAt,validFrom:gr(o.startTdbJd),validTo:gr(o.endTdbJd)})}}let s=lr(t,n,i);if(!s)return{state:void 0,provenance:K(`moon-mean-elements`,`No model for this moon.`,`none`,[])};let c=t.model===`mean-elements`;return{state:q(a,s),provenance:c?K(`moon-mean-elements`,`JPL mean orbital elements (two-body motion with uniform precession).`,`modelled`,[Nt]):K(`astronomy-engine-moon`,`astronomy-engine analytical theory.`,`fresh`,[Mt])}}case`mission`:{let t=e.mission,a=(await r.manifest()).ephemerides[t.id];if(!a)return{state:void 0,provenance:K(`horizons-interpolated`,t.ephemeris===`horizons`?`JPL Horizons ephemeris not published right now.`:`No public ephemeris: the mission is listed but has no position.`,`none`,t.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))};let o=new fr(await r.table(a),{muKm3S2:jn[t.centralBody],maxExtrapolationDays:t.lowOrbit?7:14}).sample(i),s=t.centralBody===`sun`?vr:t.centralBody===`moon`?br(n):yr(`mars`,n),c={dataFetchedAt:a.fetchedAt,validFrom:gr(a.startTdbJd),validTo:gr(a.endTdbJd),...o.beyondS>0?{hoursBeyondWindow:o.beyondS/3600}:{}};return o.kind===`interpolated`&&o.state?{state:q(s,o.state),provenance:K(`horizons-interpolated`,`JPL Horizons state vectors (Horizons id ${a.horizonsId}, centre ${a.center}), cubic Hermite interpolation between samples ${a.stepMin} min apart.`,`interpolated`,[jt],c)}:o.kind===`extrapolated`&&o.state?{state:q(s,o.state),provenance:K(`kepler-extrapolated`,`Two-body extrapolation from the last JPL Horizons state, ${(o.beyondS/3600).toFixed(1)} h beyond the published window.`,`extrapolated`,[jt],c)}:{state:void 0,provenance:K(`kepler-extrapolated`,`Too far beyond the published ephemeris (${(o.beyondS/y).toFixed(0)} days): no position.`,`hidden`,[jt],c)}}case`satellite`:{let t=await wr(e.norad,n,r),i=t.satrec?Rn(t.satrec,n):void 0;return!t.omm||!i?{state:void 0,provenance:t.omm?{...t.provenance,state:`none`,method:`SGP4 failed for these elements (decayed or invalid).`}:t.provenance}:{teme:i,omm:t.omm,state:q(yr(`earth`,n),{posKm:xr(i.posKm,n),velKmS:xr(i.velKmS,n)}),provenance:t.provenance}}case`site`:{let r=e.body===`moon`?t.Body.Moon:t.Body.Mars,i=e.body===`moon`?fe:pe,a=e.body===`moon`?br(n):yr(`mars`,n),o=k(tr(e.site.latDeg*S,e.site.lonDeg*S),i);return{state:{posKm:D(a.posKm,se(me(r,n),o)),velKmS:a.velKmS},provenance:K(`site-coordinates`,`Catalogued planetocentric coordinates (${e.site.latDeg.toFixed(3)}°, ${e.site.lonDeg.toFixed(3)}°) on the IAU rotation model.`,`fresh`,e.site.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))}}case`launch`:{let r=t.MakeTime(n),i=new t.Observer(e.site.latDeg,e.site.lonDeg,0),a=t.ObserverVector(r,i,!1),o=yr(`earth`,n);return{state:{posKm:D(o.posKm,[a.x*h,a.y*h,a.z*h]),velKmS:o.velKmS},provenance:K(`site-coordinates`,`Launch site coordinates (${e.site.latDeg.toFixed(3)}°, ${e.site.lonDeg.toFixed(3)}°) on the Earth's rotation.`,`fresh`,e.site.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))}}case`star`:{let t=e.star;return{state:{posKm:k(tr(t.decDeg*S,t.raDeg*S),t.distanceLy*mr),velKmS:[0,0,0]},provenance:K(`star-catalogue`,`ICRS J2000 position (SIMBAD) and literature distance.`,`fresh`,[Pt])}}}}var Er=299792.458;function Dr(e,t){if(!(Math.abs(e)<=90)||!(t>=-180&&t<=360))throw Error(`latitude must be within 90 degrees of the equator and longitude within -180 to 360`)}var Or={model:`vsop87`,method:`astronomy-engine: VSOP87 planets, its lunar theory and IAU constellation boundaries, seen from the place with standard refraction; star positions from the catalogue (SIMBAD, J2000, proper motion ignored).`,state:`fresh`,sources:[Mt,Pt],accuracy:{note:`Positions of the Sun, the Moon and the planets to about an arcminute; rise, set and twilight times to within a minute (refraction near the horizon varies with the weather).`}};function kr(e){switch(e.kind){case`satellite`:case`launch`:return`earth`;case`site`:return e.body===`moon`?`moon:moon`:`mars`;case`mission`:return e.mission.centralBody===`moon`?`moon:moon`:e.mission.centralBody;case`moon`:return e.moon.id===`moon`?`earth`:e.moon.planet;default:return`sun`}}function Ar(e){if(e.kind===`sun`)return ye;if(e.kind===`planet`)return e.planet.radiusKm;if(e.kind===`moon`)return e.moon.id===`moon`?fe:e.moon.radiusKm;if(e.kind===`mission`&&e.mission.objectType===`natural`)return e.mission.radiusKm}function J(e){let t=e===void 0?new Date:typeof e==`string`?new Date(e):e;if(Number.isNaN(t.getTime()))throw Error(`Invalid date: ${String(e)}`);return t}var jr=class{data;constructor(e){this.data=e}async find(e,t=10){let n=Et(e);if(n.length<t&&e.trim().length>=2)for(let r of await this.data.searchSatellites(e,t+n.length)){if(n.length>=t)break;n.some(e=>e.id===String(r.norad))||n.push({id:String(r.norad),kind:`satellite`,name:{en:r.name,fr:r.name}})}return n.slice(0,t)}async describe(e,t=`en`){let n=L(e),r=Dt(n),i={id:n.id,kind:n.kind,view:this.viewUrl(n.id,{lang:t}),embed:this.viewUrl(n.id,{lang:t,embed:!0}),...r?{image:{url:`${this.data.baseUrl}images/${r.id}.webp`,large:`${this.data.baseUrl}images/${r.id}-large.webp`,kind:r.kind,credit:r.credit,licence:ke[r.licence].name,licenceUrl:ke[r.licence].url,source:r.sources[0]}}:{}},a=e=>e?.[t];switch(n.kind){case`mission`:{let e=n.mission;return{...i,name:e.name[t],agency:e.agency,country:e.country,launchDate:e.launchDate,centralBody:e.centralBody,status:e.status,orbit:a(e.orbit),goals:a(e.goals),notes:a(e.notes),website:e.website,horizonsId:e.horizonsId,norad:e.norad,ephemeris:e.ephemeris,verified:e.verified,sources:e.sources}}case`satellite`:{let[{omm:e,entry:r},o]=await Promise.all([this.data.satelliteElements(n.norad),this.data.satcatRecord(n.norad)]),s=n.curated;return{...i,name:s?.name[t]??e?.OBJECT_NAME??o?.OBJECT_NAME,norad:n.norad,cospar:e?.OBJECT_ID??o?.OBJECT_ID,...s?{agency:s.agency,country:s.country}:{},owner:o?.OWNER,launchDate:o?.LAUNCH_DATE??s?.launchDate,launchSite:o?.LAUNCH_SITE,objectType:o?.OBJECT_TYPE,status:s?.status??o?.OPS_STATUS_CODE,purpose:a(s?.purpose),goals:a(s?.goals),notes:a(s?.notes),website:s?.website,elementEpoch:e?new Date(Date.parse(`${e.EPOCH}Z`)).toISOString():void 0,elementsSource:e?.SOURCE?`CelesTrak SupGP (${e.SOURCE})`:`CelesTrak GP`,dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt,active:e!==void 0,sources:s?.sources??[`https://celestrak.org`]}}case`moon`:return{...i,name:n.moon.name[t],planet:n.moon.planet,radiusKm:n.moon.radiusKm,model:n.moon.model,notes:a(n.moon.notes),sources:n.moon.sources};case`planet`:return{...i,name:n.planet.name[t],radiusKm:n.planet.radiusKm,orbitalPeriodDays:n.planet.periodDays,dwarf:n.planet.dwarf??!1,sources:[`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/`]};case`site`:return{...i,name:n.site.name[t],body:n.body,type:n.site.type,date:n.site.date,agency:n.site.agency,country:n.site.country,latDeg:n.site.latDeg,lonDeg:n.site.lonDeg,note:a(n.site.note),sources:n.site.sources};case`launch`:return{...i,name:n.site.name[t],operator:n.site.operator,country:n.site.country,latDeg:n.site.latDeg,lonDeg:n.site.lonDeg,firstOrbitalLaunch:n.site.firstOrbitalLaunch,active:n.site.active,satcatCodes:n.site.satcatCodes,sources:n.site.sources};case`star`:return{...i,name:n.star.name[t],designation:n.star.designation,constellation:n.star.constellation[t],spectralType:n.star.spectralType,magnitude:n.star.magnitude,distanceLy:n.star.distanceLy,raDeg:n.star.raDeg,decDeg:n.star.decDeg,notes:a(n.star.notes),sources:n.star.sources};case`sun`:return{...i,name:t===`fr`?`Soleil`:`Sun`,radiusKm:ye,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html`]}}}async state(e,t,n){let r=J(t),i=L(e),a=L(n??kr(i)),[o,s]=await Promise.all([Tr(i,r,this.data),Tr(a,r,this.data)]),c=a.kind===`sun`||a.id===L(kr(i)).id?[o.provenance]:[o.provenance,s.provenance],l={id:i.id,date:r.toISOString(),centre:a.id,provenance:c,disclaimer:R};if(!o.state||!s.state)return l;let u=O(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm),d=O(o.state.velKmS,s.state.velKmS),f=A(u),p=Ar(a),m=Kn(a.id,u,r,a.id===`earth`?o.teme?.posKm:void 0),g=p!==void 0&&a.kind!==`sun`?qn(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm,p):void 0;return{...l,positionKm:u,velocityKmS:d,distanceKm:f,distanceAu:f/h,...p===void 0?{}:{altitudeKm:f-p},speedKmS:A(d),lightTimeS:f/Er,...m?{groundPoint:m}:{},...g===void 0?{}:{sunlitFraction:B(g,3)}}}async orbit(e,t,n){let r=J(t),i=L(e);if(i.kind===`satellite`&&(n===void 0||L(n).id===`earth`)){let e=await Tr(i,r,this.data);if(!e.omm)throw Error(`No published elements for ${i.id}: ${e.provenance.method}`);return{id:i.id,date:r.toISOString(),...Jn(e.omm),provenance:[e.provenance],disclaimer:R}}let a=await this.state(e,r,n),o=L(a.centre);if(!a.positionKm||!a.velocityKmS)throw Error(`No position for ${i.id} at ${a.date} (${a.provenance[0]?.state??`unknown`}).`);let s=Zn(o,a.positionKm,a.velocityKmS,r,Ar(o));if(!s)throw Error(`Orbits are given around the Sun, the planets and the Moon, not around ${o.id}.`);return{id:i.id,date:a.date,...s,provenance:a.provenance,disclaimer:R}}async passes(e,t,n=10){let r=L(e);if(r.kind!==`satellite`)throw Error(`Passes are computed for Earth satellites (a NORAD number).`);let{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a}=t;Dr(i,a);let o=t.days??3;if(!(o>0&&o<=n))throw Error(`days must be between 0 and ${n}`);let s=t.minElevationDeg??10;if(!(s>=0&&s<90))throw Error(`min_elevation must be between 0 and 90`);let c=t.timeZone,l=c?er(c):void 0,u=J(t.start),d=u.getTime()+o*864e5,f=await wr(r.norad,u,this.data),p=f.satrec;if(!f.omm||!p)throw Error(`No usable elements for ${r.id}: ${f.provenance.method}`);let m=Un({satrec:p,observer:{latRad:qt(i),lonRad:qt(a),heightKm:(t.heightM??0)/1e3},startMs:u.getTime(),endMs:d,minElevationRad:qt(s),limit:60}),h=e=>({time:new Date(e.timeMs).toISOString(),...l?{local:l(e.timeMs)}:{},elevationDeg:V(e.elevationRad,1),azimuthDeg:V(e.azimuthRad,1),direction:Kt(e.azimuthRad),rangeKm:Math.round(e.rangeKm)}),g=Date.parse(`${f.omm.EPOCH}Z`);return{id:r.id,name:r.curated?.name??{en:f.omm.OBJECT_NAME,fr:f.omm.OBJECT_NAME},observer:{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a,heightM:t.heightM??0},from:u.toISOString(),to:new Date(d).toISOString(),...c?{timeZone:c}:{},minElevationDeg:s,...m.alwaysAbove&&m.atStart?{alwaysAboveHorizon:{elevationDeg:V(m.atStart.elevationRad,1),azimuthDeg:V(m.atStart.azimuthRad,1),direction:Kt(m.atStart.azimuthRad)}}:{},count:m.passes.length,passes:m.passes.map(e=>({rise:h(e.rise),culmination:h(e.culmination),set:h(e.set),durationS:Math.round((e.set.timeMs-e.rise.timeMs)/1e3),...e.inProgress?{inProgressAtStart:!0}:{},...e.unfinished?{endsAfterWindow:!0}:{},visibleToNakedEye:e.visible!==void 0,...e.visible?{visible:{from:new Date(e.visible.fromMs).toISOString(),to:new Date(e.visible.toMs).toISOString(),...l?{localFrom:l(e.visible.fromMs),localTo:l(e.visible.toMs)}:{},maxElevationDeg:V(e.visible.maxElevationRad,1)}}:{},sunElevationDeg:V(e.sunElevationRad,1),sunlitShare:B(e.sunlitShare,2)})),elementAgeDaysAtEnd:B((d-g)/864e5,2),accuracy:`Times to within seconds for elements a few days old (low orbits drift by roughly a second per day of element age, more during strong solar activity); azimuth and elevation to a fraction of a degree. Refraction is ignored (it lifts objects by about 0.5 degrees at the horizon). Visible to the naked eye: the satellite is sunlit while the Sun is more than 6 degrees below the observer's horizon, above the minimum elevation; brightness is not estimated.`,provenance:[f.provenance],disclaimer:R}}async distance(e,t,n){let r=J(n),[i,a]=[L(e),L(t)],[o,s]=await Promise.all([Tr(i,r,this.data),Tr(a,r,this.data)]),c={from:i.id,to:a.id,date:r.toISOString(),provenance:[o.provenance,s.provenance],disclaimer:R};if(!o.state||!s.state)return c;let l=A(O(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm));return{...c,distanceKm:l,distanceAu:l/h,lightTimeS:l/Er}}async series(e,t,n,r,i=50){let a=J(n).getTime(),o=J(r).getTime(),s=Math.max(1,Math.min(1e3,Math.round(i))),c=[],l=[];for(let n=0;n<=s;n++){let r=await this.distance(e,t,new Date(a+(o-a)*n/s));(n===0||n===s)&&(l=[...l,...r.provenance]),c.push({date:r.date,...r.distanceKm===void 0?{}:{distanceKm:r.distanceKm}})}let u=c.filter(e=>e.distanceKm!==void 0),d=e=>u.reduce((t,n)=>!t||e(n.distanceKm,t.distanceKm)?n:t,void 0),f=d((e,t)=>e<t),p=d((e,t)=>e>t);return{from:L(e).id,to:L(t).id,points:c,...f?{closest:f}:{},...p?{farthest:p}:{},provenance:l,disclaimer:R}}sky(e){Dr(e.latDeg,e.lonDeg);let t=e.timeZone;return{...sn({latDeg:e.latDeg,lonDeg:e.lonDeg,...e.heightM===void 0?{}:{heightM:e.heightM},date:J(e.date),lang:e.lang??`en`,...t?{local:er(t)}:{}}),...t?{timeZone:t}:{},provenance:[Or],disclaimer:R}}events(e={},t=366){let n=J(e.start),r=e.days??30;if(!(r>0&&r<=t))throw Error(`days must be between 0 and ${t}`);let i=new Date(n.getTime()+r*864e5),a=e.place;a&&Dr(a.latDeg,a.lonDeg);let o=a?.timeZone,s=en({start:n,end:i,lang:e.lang??`en`,...e.kinds?{kinds:e.kinds}:{},...a?{observer:{latDeg:a.latDeg,lonDeg:a.lonDeg,...a.heightM===void 0?{}:{heightM:a.heightM}}}:{},...o?{local:er(o)}:{}});return{from:n.toISOString(),to:i.toISOString(),...a?{place:{latDeg:a.latDeg,lonDeg:a.lonDeg}}:{},...o?{timeZone:o}:{},count:s.length,events:s,notes:`Times in UTC (and local time when a zone is given); astronomical events from astronomy-engine to within a minute. Supermoon: full Moon nearer than 360,000 km; micromoon: farther than 405,000 km. Mission events come from the curated catalogue (verified date given); a partial date ("2026-11") is placed at the start of its overlap with the period.`,provenance:[Or],disclaimer:R}}async stats(e={}){let t=await this.data.stats();if(!t)throw Error(`The satellite statistics are not published yet.`);let{stats:n,entry:r}=t,i=e.lang??`en`,a=e.limit??25,o=e=>e.normalize(`NFD`).replace(/\p{Diacritic}/gu,``).toLowerCase(),s=(e,t)=>{let n=t?o(t):void 0,r=n?e.filter(e=>o(e.id)===n||o(e.name.en).includes(n)||o(e.name.fr).includes(n)):e.slice(0,a);return{count:e.length,...n?{}:{shown:r.length},rows:r.map(e=>({id:e.id,name:e.name[i],...e.country?{country:e.country}:{},total:e.total,regimes:e.regimes}))}};return{asOf:n.asOf,total:n.total,regimes:n.regimes,objectTypes:n.objectTypes,owners:s(n.owners,e.owner),operators:{...s(n.operators,e.operator),withoutOperator:n.withoutOperator},groups:s(n.groups,e.group),launchYears:n.launchYears,launchedLast30Days:n.launchedLast30Days,launchedLast365Days:n.launchedLast365Days,leoPerigeeBandsKm:n.leoPerigeeBands,staleElements:n.staleElements,supplementalElements:n.supplementalElements,notes:`Active satellites as CelesTrak lists them (its "active" group: operational payloads, no debris or rocket bodies). Regimes: LEO apogee below 2000 km, GEO about one revolution a day, HEO eccentricity of 0.25 or more, MEO otherwise. Object types (SATCAT): PAY payload, R/B rocket body, DEB debris, UNK unknown. Owner codes: SATCAT (US, PRC for China, CIS for Russia, ESA…).`,provenance:[{model:`catalogue-counts`,method:`Counted by Perigee’s pipeline from the published CelesTrak elements, SATCAT and group lists.`,state:`fresh`,sources:[kt],dataFetchedAt:r.gpFetchedAt??n.asOf,accuracy:Ft[`catalogue-counts`]}],disclaimer:R}}define(e,t=`en`){let n=t===`fr`?Te:we,r=e=>e.normalize(`NFD`).replace(/\p{Diacritic}/gu,``).toLowerCase(),i=Object.keys(De).map(e=>{let i=Object.entries(Oe).filter(([,t])=>t===e).map(([e])=>e);return{term:e,labels:[...new Set(i.map(e=>n[e]))],all:[e,...i.flatMap(e=>[we[e],Te[e]])].map(r),definition:De[e][t]}}),a=e?r(e.trim()):``;return i.filter(e=>!a||e.all.some(e=>e.includes(a))).map(({all:e,...t})=>t)}describeView(e,t=`en`,n){return n&&new Intl.DateTimeFormat(`en`,{timeZone:n}),On(this,e,t,n).then(e=>({...e,disclaimer:R}))}viewUrl(e,t={}){let{view:n,sel:r}=Ot(L(e)),i=new URLSearchParams;return n!==`earth`&&i.set(`view`,n),i.set(`sel`,r),t.lang&&i.set(`lang`,t.lang),t.date&&i.set(`t`,t.date.toISOString().replace(/\.\d{3}Z$/,`Z`)),t.rate!==void 0&&t.rate!==1&&i.set(`rate`,String(t.rate)),t.follow&&i.set(`follow`,`1`),t.embed&&i.set(`embed`,`1`),`${this.data.baseUrl}?${i.toString()}`}async about(){let e=await this.data.manifest().catch(()=>void 0);return{site:this.data.baseUrl,dataGeneratedAt:e?.generatedAt,datasets:e?Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(e.datasets).map(([e,t])=>[e,{fetchedAt:t.fetchedAt,source:t.source}])):void 0,models:Ft,catalogues:{missions:I.missions.length,scienceSatellites:I.science.length,landingSites:I.moonSites.length+I.marsSites.length,launchSites:I.launchSites.length},frame:`Positions are in the ICRF/J2000 equatorial frame (EQJ), in km; centres as named in each answer.`,attribution:`CelesTrak (T.S. Kelso) / 18th & 19th SDS via Space-Track, NASA/JPL-Caltech Horizons, astronomy-engine (MIT), satellite.js (MIT); curated catalogues in https://github.com/dlamarre-dev/Perigee/tree/master/catalog`,disclaimer:R}}};function Mr(e={}){return new jr(new Ct(e))}function Nr(){let e=process.env.XDG_CACHE_HOME??(process.platform===`win32`?process.env.LOCALAPPDATA??f(d(),`AppData`,`Local`):process.platform===`darwin`?f(d(),`Library`,`Caches`):f(d(),`.cache`));return f(e,`perigee-mcp`)}var Pr=e=>e.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9.@-]/g,`_`),Fr=class{dir;constructor(e){this.dir=e}async get(e){try{let t=await o(f(this.dir,Pr(e)));return t.buffer.slice(t.byteOffset,t.byteOffset+t.byteLength)}catch{return}}async set(e,t){let n=Pr(e),r=n.slice(0,n.lastIndexOf(`@`)+1);try{await a(this.dir,{recursive:!0});for(let e of await s(this.dir))(r&&e.startsWith(r)&&e!==n||e.endsWith(`.tmp`))&&await l(f(this.dir,e),{force:!0});let e=f(this.dir,`${n}.${process.pid}.${Date.now()}.tmp`);await u(e,new Uint8Array(t)),await c(e,f(this.dir,n))}catch{}}async delete(e){await l(f(this.dir,Pr(e)),{force:!0}).catch(()=>void 0)}},Ir=`perigee`,Lr=`Perigee (https://perigee.info/) shows in 3D, in real time, the artificial objects orbiting the Earth, the Moon and Mars and the spacecraft crossing the solar system, for education.
+`,e);n<0&&(n=c.length);let[r=``,o=``,l=``]=s.slice(t,n).split(`	`);i(r,o,l)&&a.push({norad:Number(r),name:o,cospar:l}),e=n}return a}async stats(){let e=(await this.manifest()).stats;if(!e)return;if(this.statsValue?.hash!==e.sha256){let t=this.bytes(this.entryFile(e)).then(async e=>await _t(new Uint8Array(e)));t.catch(()=>this.statsValue=void 0),this.statsValue={hash:e.sha256,data:t}}let t=await this.statsValue.data;if(t.version!==1)throw new F(`Unknown statistics format`);return{entry:e,stats:t}}table(e){Ct(this.tables,e.path,e.sha256);let t=`${e.path}@${e.sha256}`,n=this.tables.get(t);return n||(n=this.bytes(this.entryFile(e)).then(t=>{if(t.byteLength!==e.bytes)throw new F(`Size mismatch for ${e.path}`);let n=new DataView(t),r=new Float64Array(t.byteLength/8);for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++)r[e]=n.getFloat64(e*8,!0);return new Ae(r)}),n.catch(()=>this.tables.delete(t)),this.tables.set(t,n)),n}},I={missions:Qe.parse({verified:`2026-09-28`,missions:[{id:`lro`,name:{en:`Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)`,fr:`Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2009-06-18`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Low polar lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire polaire basse`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-85`,norad:35315,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#7cc4ff`,goals:{en:`LRO was built to map the Moon in great detail to prepare future human and robotic missions. Its instruments measure the surface’s shape, temperature, composition and radiation environment, which helps choose safe landing sites. It also searches the polar regions for resources such as water ice and for places that get almost constant sunlight.`,fr:`LRO a été conçu pour cartographier la Lune avec une grande précision afin de préparer les futures missions habitées et robotiques. Ses instruments mesurent le relief, la température, la composition et les radiations à la surface, ce qui aide à choisir des sites d’atterrissage sûrs. Il cherche aussi, près des pôles, des ressources comme la glace d’eau et des zones éclairées presque en permanence.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lro/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lro/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=LRO&group=sct`]},{id:`chandrayaan-2`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter`,fr:`Chandrayaan-2 (orbiteur)`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2019-07-22`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`100 km circular polar orbit`,fr:`Orbite polaire circulaire de 100 km`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-152`,norad:44441,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ffb74d`,goals:{en:`The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter studies the Moon from a low polar orbit with eight scientific instruments. It maps the minerals and chemical elements of the surface, looks for water molecules and ice in the polar regions, and studies the very thin lunar atmosphere. These data help scientists understand how the Moon formed and evolved.`,fr:`L’orbiteur de Chandrayaan-2 étudie la Lune depuis une orbite polaire basse grâce à huit instruments scientifiques. Il cartographie les minéraux et les éléments chimiques de la surface, recherche des molécules d’eau et de la glace dans les régions polaires et analyse la très ténue atmosphère lunaire. Ces données aident à comprendre comment la Lune s’est formée et a évolué.`},notes:{en:`Planned 7-year life reached around mid-2026; no end-of-mission announcement found as of 2026-09-26.`,fr:`Durée de vie prévue de 7 ans atteinte vers la mi-2026 ; aucune annonce de fin de mission au 2026-09-26.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html`,`https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/chandrayaan-2`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Chandrayaan-2&group=sct`]},{id:`danuri`,name:{en:`Danuri (KPLO)`,fr:`Danuri (KPLO)`},agency:`KASA / KARI`,country:`kr`,launchDate:`2022-08-04`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Frozen elliptical polar orbit, about 60 × 200 km`,fr:`Orbite polaire elliptique gelée, environ 60 × 200 km`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-155`,norad:53365,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#81c784`,goals:{en:`Danuri is South Korea’s first lunar mission, designed to develop and test the technologies needed to explore the Moon. Its cameras and instruments map the surface to help choose future landing sites, study the Moon’s magnetic field and geology, and look for resources such as water ice. NASA’s ShadowCam on board images permanently shadowed polar craters.`,fr:`Danuri est la première mission lunaire de la Corée du Sud, conçue pour mettre au point et tester les technologies nécessaires à l’exploration de la Lune. Ses caméras et instruments cartographient la surface pour aider à choisir de futurs sites d’atterrissage, étudient le champ magnétique et la géologie lunaires et recherchent des ressources comme la glace d’eau. La caméra ShadowCam de la NASA photographie les cratères polaires plongés dans l’ombre permanente.`},notes:{en:`Extended through 2027; controlled impact planned in early 2028.`,fr:`Prolongée jusqu’en 2027 ; impact contrôlé prévu début 2028.`},website:{url:`https://www.kari.re.kr/eng/contents/193`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10416318`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuri`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=KPLO&group=sct`]},{id:`artemis-p1`,name:{en:`ARTEMIS P1 (THEMIS-B)`,fr:`ARTEMIS P1 (THEMIS-B)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2007-02-17`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High-eccentricity lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très excentrique`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-192`,norad:30581,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#ce93d8`,goals:{en:`ARTEMIS P1 is one of two THEMIS probes that were moved from Earth orbit to the Moon to give them a second mission. With its twin P2, it measures the solar wind, the Earth’s magnetic tail and the “wake” the Moon leaves in the solar wind from two points at once. P1 was also the first spacecraft to fly around the Earth–Moon L1 and L2 points.`,fr:`ARTEMIS P1 est l’une des deux sondes THEMIS déplacées de l’orbite terrestre vers la Lune pour une seconde mission. Avec sa jumelle P2, elle mesure simultanément en deux points le vent solaire, la queue magnétique de la Terre et le «\xA0sillage\xA0» que la Lune laisse dans le vent solaire. P1 a aussi été le premier engin à se placer en orbite autour des points L1 et L2 du système Terre–Lune.`},website:{url:`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=THEMIS-B&group=sct`]},{id:`artemis-p2`,name:{en:`ARTEMIS P2 (THEMIS-C)`,fr:`ARTEMIS P2 (THEMIS-C)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2007-02-17`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High-eccentricity lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très excentrique`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-193`,norad:30582,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#f48fb1`,goals:{en:`ARTEMIS P2 is the second of two THEMIS probes sent to orbit the Moon. Flying with P1, it allows two-point measurements of the solar wind, the Earth’s magnetic tail and the Moon’s wake, revealing how particles are accelerated and how magnetic fields reconnect. The pair also studies the Moon itself: its tenuous exosphere, surface charging and the interior through magnetic induction.`,fr:`ARTEMIS P2 est la seconde des deux sondes THEMIS envoyées en orbite autour de la Lune. Volant avec P1, elle permet des mesures en deux points du vent solaire, de la queue magnétique terrestre et du sillage lunaire, pour comprendre comment les particules sont accélérées et comment les champs magnétiques se reconnectent. Le duo étudie aussi la Lune elle-même\xA0: son exosphère ténue, la charge électrique de sa surface et son intérieur, par induction magnétique.`},website:{url:`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://artemis.igpp.ucla.edu/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=THEMIS-C&group=sct`]},{id:`capstone`,name:{en:`CAPSTONE`,fr:`CAPSTONE`},agency:`Advanced Space (NASA mission complete)`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2022-06-28`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO), about 6.5-day period`,fr:`Orbite de halo quasi rectiligne (NRHO), période d’environ 6,5 jours`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-1176`,norad:52914,sampling:{stepMin:30,pastDays:4,futureDays:4},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#4dd0e1`,goals:{en:`CAPSTONE is a microwave-oven-sized CubeSat built to test the near-rectilinear halo orbit planned for NASA’s lunar Gateway station: how to enter it and stay in it with little fuel. It also demonstrates a navigation system in which spacecraft locate themselves by exchanging signals with each other (here with LRO) instead of relying only on tracking from Earth.`,fr:`CAPSTONE est un CubeSat de la taille d’un four à micro-ondes conçu pour tester l’orbite de halo quasi rectiligne prévue pour la station lunaire Gateway de la NASA\xA0: comment s’y insérer et s’y maintenir avec peu de carburant. Il démontre aussi un système de navigation où les engins se localisent en échangeant des signaux entre eux (ici avec LRO) plutôt qu’en dépendant uniquement du suivi depuis la Terre.`},notes:{en:`NASA’s mission ended June 2026 (declared complete 2026-07-06); Advanced Space continues flying the spacecraft commercially, station-keeping in the NRHO roughly weekly as of mid-2026. The public Horizons ephemeris stops on 2026-08-14 and has not resumed, likely because orbit-determination data is no longer submitted to JPL now that NASA's DSN-tracked mission has ended; shown as extrapolated/hidden per CLAUDE.md §5.2 beyond the public window.`,fr:`La mission de la NASA s’est terminée en juin 2026 (déclarée achevée le 2026-07-06) ; Advanced Space continue d’exploiter l’engin commercialement, avec un maintien d’orbite hebdomadaire dans la NRHO à la mi-2026. L’éphéméride publique Horizons s’arrête le 2026-08-14 et n’a pas repris, probablement parce que les données d’orbitographie ne sont plus soumises au JPL maintenant que la mission suivie par le DSN de la NASA est terminée ; affichée comme extrapolée/masquée selon le §5.2 du CLAUDE.md au-delà de la fenêtre publique.`},website:{url:`https://www.nasa.gov/smallspacecraft/capstone/`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/technology/space-comms/nasas-capstone-completes-extended-mission-testing-lunar-technologies/`,`https://advancedspace.com/advanced-spaces-resilient-capstone-mission-for-nasa-is-operating-at-the-moon-for-445-days-continues-to-transform-exploration-with-cutting-edge-technology/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=CAPSTONE&group=sct`]},{id:`swc-1`,name:{en:`SWC-1 (Shams)`,fr:`SWC-1 (Shams)`},agency:`Saudi Space Agency (SSA)`,country:`sa`,launchDate:`2026-04-01`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Highly elliptical Earth orbit (~500 × 70,000 km) in the Earth–Moon system`,fr:`Orbite terrestre très excentrique (~500 × 70 000 km) dans le système Terre–Lune`},ephemeris:`none`,horizonsId:`-168540`,norad:68540,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#fff176`,goals:{en:`Shams (Space Weather CubeSat-1) is a small Saudi satellite built to study space weather far from Earth, where the planet’s magnetic field no longer protects spacecraft. It measures space radiation, solar X-rays, high-energy solar particles and the Earth’s magnetic field, to better understand how solar activity affects communications and navigation.`,fr:`Shams (Space Weather CubeSat-1) est un petit satellite saoudien conçu pour étudier la météo spatiale loin de la Terre, là où le champ magnétique terrestre ne protège plus les engins. Il mesure les radiations spatiales, les rayons X solaires, les particules solaires très énergétiques et le champ magnétique terrestre, afin de mieux comprendre l’effet de l’activité solaire sur les communications et la navigation.`},notes:{en:`12U CubeSat deployed from the Artemis II SLS adapter (2026-04-01) to study space weather beyond Earth's magnetosphere; first Saudi/Arab spacecraft flown under the Artemis Accords. Still tracked in high Earth orbit in October 2026 (NORAD 68540, Space-Track elements, e.g. on N2YO), but its public JPL Horizons ephemeris ended on 2026-04-07: listed here without a 3D position.`,fr:`CubeSat 12U déployé depuis l'adaptateur du SLS d'Artemis II (2026-04-01) pour étudier la météo spatiale au-delà de la magnétosphère terrestre ; premier engin saoudien/arabe volant dans le cadre des Accords Artemis. Toujours suivi en orbite terrestre haute en octobre 2026 (NORAD 68540, éléments Space-Track, p. ex. sur N2YO), mais son éphéméride publique JPL Horizons s'arrête le 2026-04-07 : listé ici sans position 3D.`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis-ii-science/`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/swc-1.htm`,`https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=68540`]},{id:`queqiao-2`,name:{en:`Queqiao-2 relay satellite`,fr:`Queqiao-2 (satellite relais)`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Highly elliptical lunar orbit, about 24 h period`,fr:`Orbite lunaire très elliptique, période d’environ 24 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59276,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Queqiao-2 is a relay satellite that passes messages between Earth and spacecraft on the far side and south pole of the Moon, which cannot talk to Earth directly. It serves China’s Chang’e-6, Chang’e-7 and Chang’e-8 missions and the planned International Lunar Research Station. With its large antenna it also carries scientific instruments, including an extreme-ultraviolet camera and a neutral-atom imager that observe the Earth’s magnetosphere.`,fr:`Queqiao-2 est un satellite relais qui transmet les messages entre la Terre et les engins posés sur la face cachée et au pôle Sud de la Lune, qui ne peuvent pas communiquer directement avec la Terre. Il sert les missions chinoises Chang’e-6, Chang’e-7 et Chang’e-8 ainsi que la future Station internationale de recherche lunaire. Doté d’une grande antenne, il emporte aussi des instruments scientifiques, dont une caméra ultraviolette et un imageur d’atomes neutres qui observent la magnétosphère terrestre.`},notes:{en:`No public ephemeris (not in JPL Horizons); orbit figures come from independent tracking only.`,fr:`Aucune éphéméride publique (absent de JPL Horizons) ; les paramètres d’orbite proviennent seulement de suivis indépendants.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10489434/content.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao-2`]},{id:`tiandu-2`,name:{en:`Tiandu-2`,fr:`Tiandu-2`},agency:`Deep Space Exploration Laboratory`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`unknown`,orbit:{en:`Large elliptical lunar orbit (2024)`,fr:`Grande orbite lunaire elliptique (2024)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59279,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tiandu-2 is a small experimental satellite launched with Queqiao-2 to test technologies for a future Chinese navigation and communication constellation around the Moon. Flying in formation with Tiandu-1, it carries a communication payload and navigation devices to test links between the two craft and with Earth.`,fr:`Tiandu-2 est un petit satellite expérimental lancé avec Queqiao-2 pour tester les technologies d’une future constellation chinoise de navigation et de communication autour de la Lune. Volant en formation avec Tiandu-1, il emporte une charge de communication et des équipements de navigation pour tester les liaisons entre les deux engins et avec la Terre.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tiandu-1.htm`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu`]},{id:`tiandu-1`,name:{en:`Tiandu-1`,fr:`Tiandu-1`},agency:`Deep Space Exploration Laboratory`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`3:1 Earth–Moon resonant orbit since 2025-05-22 (no longer a lunar orbiter)`,fr:`Orbite résonante Terre–Lune 3:1 depuis le 2025-05-22 (n’est plus en orbite lunaire)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59278,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tiandu-1 is an experimental satellite from China’s Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, a pathfinder for a future navigation and communication constellation around the Moon. It tests high-speed radio links, an in-space data router and laser ranging from Earth using a reflector on board, together with its smaller companion Tiandu-2.`,fr:`Tiandu-1 est un satellite expérimental du Laboratoire chinois d’exploration de l’espace lointain, précurseur d’une future constellation de navigation et de communication autour de la Lune. Avec son petit compagnon Tiandu-2, il teste des liaisons radio à haut débit, un routeur de données spatial et la télémétrie laser depuis la Terre grâce à un réflecteur embarqué.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://news.cgtn.com/news/2025-05-28/China-s-Tiandu-1-satellite-enters-historic-Earth-moon-resonant-orbit-1DKj9SqRaSc/p.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu`]},{id:`queqiao-1`,name:{en:`Queqiao relay satellite`,fr:`Queqiao (satellite relais)`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2018-05-20`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Earth–Moon L2 halo orbit`,fr:`Orbite de halo autour du point L2 Terre–Lune`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:43470,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Queqiao was the first relay satellite placed beyond the Moon, near the Earth–Moon L2 point. It was built so that China’s Chang’e-4 lander and Yutu-2 rover, the first to land on the far side of the Moon, could communicate with Earth, which never sees that side. It also carried a Dutch–Chinese low-frequency radio instrument for astronomy.`,fr:`Queqiao a été le premier satellite relais placé au-delà de la Lune, près du point L2 Terre–Lune. Il a été conçu pour que l’atterrisseur chinois Chang’e-4 et le rover Yutu-2, premiers à se poser sur la face cachée de la Lune, puissent communiquer avec la Terre, qui ne voit jamais cette face. Il emportait aussi un instrument sino-néerlandais de radioastronomie à basse fréquence.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite`]},{id:`dro-a`,name:{en:`DRO-A`,fr:`DRO-A`},agency:`CAS (CSU)`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-13`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Distant retrograde orbit (DRO)`,fr:`Orbite rétrograde distante (DRO)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59228,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DRO-A is an experimental satellite of the Chinese Academy of Sciences sent to a distant retrograde orbit, a very stable orbit around the Moon. With DRO-B and the DRO-L satellite in Earth orbit, it forms a three-satellite test network that tests precise navigation and radio links between spacecraft across Earth–Moon distances.`,fr:`DRO-A est un satellite expérimental de l’Académie chinoise des sciences placé sur une orbite rétrograde distante, une orbite très stable autour de la Lune. Avec DRO-B et le satellite DRO-L en orbite terrestre, il forme un réseau d’essai de trois satellites qui teste la navigation de précision et les liaisons radio entre engins à l’échelle des distances Terre–Lune.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dro-a.htm`,`https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202504/16/WS67ff8351a3104d9fd381fbbb.html`]},{id:`dro-b`,name:{en:`DRO-B`,fr:`DRO-B`},agency:`CAS (CSU)`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2024-03-13`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`3:2 Earth–Moon resonant orbit (moved from DRO in 2025)`,fr:`Orbite résonante Terre–Lune 3:2 (quitte la DRO en 2025)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:60058,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DRO-B is the twin of DRO-A, launched together to test spacecraft operations in the space between the Earth and the Moon. With DRO-A and DRO-L, it forms a three-satellite network that tests high-precision relative navigation and microwave links between spacecraft.`,fr:`DRO-B est le jumeau de DRO-A, lancé avec lui pour tester l’exploitation d’engins dans l’espace entre la Terre et la Lune. Avec DRO-A et DRO-L, il forme un réseau de trois satellites qui teste la navigation relative de haute précision et les liaisons micro-ondes entre engins.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dro-a.htm`]},{id:`icube-q`,name:{en:`ICUBE-Q`,fr:`ICUBE-Q`},agency:`IST / SUPARCO`,country:`pk`,launchDate:`2024-05-03`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`inactive`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical lunar orbit`,fr:`Orbite lunaire elliptique`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:59629,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ICUBE-Q was Pakistan’s first lunar satellite, built by the Institute of Space Technology with SUPARCO and Shanghai Jiao Tong University and carried to the Moon by China’s Chang’e-6. Its goals were to prove that a small satellite could be released into lunar orbit and work there, to photograph the Moon’s surface with two cameras, and to collect magnetic-field data.`,fr:`ICUBE-Q était le premier satellite lunaire du Pakistan, construit par l’Institute of Space Technology avec la SUPARCO et l’université Jiao Tong de Shanghai, et emporté vers la Lune par la mission chinoise Chang’e-6. Il devait prouver qu’un petit satellite pouvait être largué en orbite lunaire et y fonctionner, photographier la surface de la Lune avec deux caméras et recueillir des données sur le champ magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Contact lost around July 2024; a published study predicted lunar impact by about April 2025.`,fr:`Contact perdu vers juillet 2024 ; une étude publiée prévoyait un impact lunaire vers avril 2025.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICUBE-Q`,`https://journal.hep.com.cn/jdse/EN/10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2025.20240054`]},{id:`change-7`,name:{en:`Chang'e-7`,fr:`Chang'e-7`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,centralBody:`moon`,status:`planned`,ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!0,goals:{en:`Chang'e-7 is a Chinese robotic mission to the Moon's south pole, made of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a small hopping probe. Its main goal is to look for water ice and other volatiles in permanently shadowed craters, and to study the region's soil composition, environment and terrain. These findings will help prepare a future lunar research station.`,fr:`Chang'e-7 est une mission robotique chinoise vers le pôle Sud de la Lune, composée d'un orbiteur, d'un atterrisseur, d'un rover et d'une petite sonde sauteuse. Elle doit surtout rechercher de la glace d'eau et d'autres substances volatiles dans les cratères plongés dans une ombre permanente, et étudier la composition du sol, l'environnement et le relief de la région. Ces résultats aideront à préparer une future station de recherche lunaire.`},notes:{en:`Not launched: the August 2026 window was lost to Typhoon Narra; launch postponed to 2027.`,fr:`Pas lancée : la fenêtre d’août 2026 a été perdue à cause du typhon Narra ; lancement reporté à 2027.`},verified:`2026-09-26`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'e_7`,`https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-delays-ambitious-change-7-moon-mission-until-2027/`]},{id:`mars-odyssey`,name:{en:`2001 Mars Odyssey`,fr:`2001 Mars Odyssey`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2001-04-07`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular sun-synchronous polar orbit, ~400 km, 93.06° inclination, ~2 h period`,fr:`Orbite polaire héliosynchrone quasi circulaire, ~400 km, inclinaison 93,06°, période ~2 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-53`,norad:26734,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ffb74d`,goals:{en:`2001 Mars Odyssey was sent to map the chemical elements and minerals of the Martian surface and to look for signs of water, as part of NASA's "follow the water" strategy. It found large amounts of ice hidden just below the surface at high latitudes. It also studies clouds, fog and frost, helps choose safe landing sites and relays data from rovers to Earth.`,fr:`2001 Mars Odyssey devait cartographier les éléments chimiques et les minéraux de la surface martienne et y chercher des traces d'eau, selon la stratégie de la NASA «\xA0suivre l'eau\xA0». Elle a découvert de grandes quantités de glace cachées juste sous la surface aux hautes latitudes. Elle étudie aussi les nuages, le brouillard et le givre, aide à choisir des sites d'atterrissage sûrs et relaie vers la Terre les données des rovers.`},notes:{en:`Longest continually active spacecraft at another planet (Mars orbit since 2001-10-24). NASA lists the mission as ongoing; propellant is low (earlier estimates: enough to end of 2025), so an end-of-mission announcement is plausible soon. Re-verify before each release.`,fr:`Plus longue mission active en continu autour d'une autre planète (en orbite martienne depuis le 2001-10-24). La NASA la considère toujours en cours ; ergols presque épuisés (estimations antérieures : jusqu'à fin 2025), une fin de mission pourrait être annoncée prochainement. À revérifier avant chaque version.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Mars%20Odyssey`]},{id:`mars-express`,name:{en:`Mars Express`,fr:`Mars Express`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2003-06-02`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical near-polar orbit, ~298 × 10,107 km, 86.3° inclination, ~7.5 h period`,fr:`Orbite elliptique quasi polaire, ~298 × 10 107 km, inclinaison 86,3°, période ~7,5 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-41`,norad:27816,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#64b5f6`,goals:{en:`Mars Express, ESA's first mission to another planet, studies Mars from below its surface to its upper atmosphere, as well as its two moons, Phobos and Deimos. Its camera produces 3D views of the landscape, its radar probes beneath the surface and its spectrometers analyse the air and the minerals. A central goal is to trace the history of water and whether early Mars could have hosted life.`,fr:`Mars Express, première mission de l'ESA vers une autre planète, étudie Mars de son sous-sol jusqu'à sa haute atmosphère, ainsi que ses deux lunes, Phobos et Deimos. Sa caméra livre des vues en relief des paysages, son radar sonde le sous-sol et ses spectromètres analysent l'air et les minéraux. Elle cherche notamment à retracer l'histoire de l'eau et à savoir si la jeune planète a pu abriter la vie.`},notes:{en:`In Mars orbit since 2003-12-25. ESA's Science Programme Committee endorsed a further extension in June 2026 (previously confirmed to 2026-12-31). ESA image releases continue in September 2026.`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2003-12-25. Le comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA a approuvé une nouvelle prolongation en juin 2026 (auparavant confirmée jusqu'au 2026-12-31). Publications d'images par l'ESA en septembre 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/mars_express/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Mars%20Express`]},{id:`mro`,name:{en:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter`,fr:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2005-08-12`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular sun-synchronous polar orbit, ~250–316 km, 93° inclination, ~112 min period`,fr:`Orbite polaire héliosynchrone quasi circulaire, ~250–316 km, inclinaison 93°, période ~112 min`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-74`,norad:28788,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#81c784`,goals:{en:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was built to understand where water has been on Mars and how that changed over time. Its HiRISE camera, the most powerful ever sent to another planet, can spot objects the size of a kitchen table, while other instruments map minerals formed in water, probe underground ice and monitor the daily weather. It is also a key relay for rovers on the surface.`,fr:`Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter a été conçue pour comprendre où l'eau s'est trouvée sur Mars et comment sa répartition a évolué. Sa caméra HiRISE, la plus puissante jamais envoyée vers une autre planète, distingue des objets de la taille d'une table de cuisine, tandis que d'autres instruments cartographient les minéraux formés dans l'eau, sondent la glace du sous-sol et suivent la météo au jour le jour. C'est aussi un relais essentiel pour les rovers.`},notes:{en:`In Mars orbit since 2006-03-10; key relay for Curiosity and Perseverance. CRISM retired 2023; HiRISE has partial CCD degradation. Fuel reported sufficient to ~2035 (Jan 2024 estimate).`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2006-03-10 ; relais essentiel pour Curiosity et Perseverance. CRISM retiré en 2023 ; HiRISE partiellement dégradé. Ergols suffisants jusqu'à ~2035 (estimation de janvier 2024).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=MRO`]},{id:`exomars-tgo`,name:{en:`ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter`,fr:`ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2016-03-14`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular ~400 km, 74° inclination, ~2 h period`,fr:`Orbite quasi circulaire ~400 km, inclinaison 74°, période ~2 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-143`,norad:41388,sampling:{stepMin:2,pastDays:1,futureDays:3},lowOrbit:!0,color:`#ce93d8`,goals:{en:`The Trace Gas Orbiter, the first part of ESA's ExoMars programme, measures tiny amounts of gases such as methane in the Martian atmosphere, which could come from geological activity or even from living organisms. It also photographs surface features that might be linked to these gases and maps hydrogen, a sign of water ice, in the top metre of the ground. It serves as a data relay for rovers too.`,fr:`Le Trace Gas Orbiter, premier volet du programme ExoMars de l'ESA, mesure d'infimes quantités de gaz comme le méthane dans l'atmosphère martienne\xA0: ils pourraient provenir d'une activité géologique, voire d'organismes vivants. Il photographie aussi les reliefs susceptibles d'être liés à ces gaz et cartographie l'hydrogène, signe de glace d'eau, dans le premier mètre du sol. Il sert également de relais aux rovers.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit insertion 2016-10-19; science since April 2018; relay for NASA rovers and the future Rosalind Franklin rover. Recent 2025–2026 science activity reported; formal extension beyond 2026 not found (TGO is not in the June 2026 SPC list, as it belongs to ESA's exploration programme).`,fr:`Insertion en orbite le 2016-10-19 ; science depuis avril 2018 ; relais pour les rovers de la NASA et le futur rover Rosalind Franklin. Activité scientifique signalée en 2025–2026 ; prolongation officielle au-delà de 2026 non trouvée (TGO relève du programme d'exploration, absent de la liste SPC de juin 2026).`},website:{url:`https://explorationscience.esa.int/project/exomars-trace-gas-orbiter-tgo/`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/trace_gas_orbiter/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ExoMars_TGO_operations`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=TGO`]},{id:`emm-hope`,name:{en:`Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)`,fr:`Mission émiratie vers Mars (Hope / Al-Amal)`},agency:`UAE Space Agency / MBRSC`,country:`ae`,launchDate:`2020-07-19`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`High elliptical orbit ~20,000 × 43,000 km, 25° inclination, ~55 h period (adjusted in early 2023 from ~22,000 × 44,000 km to enable Deimos flybys)`,fr:`Orbite elliptique haute ~20 000 × 43 000 km, inclinaison 25°, période ~55 h (ajustée début 2023 depuis ~22 000 × 44 000 km pour survoler Deimos)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-62`,norad:45918,sampling:{stepMin:30,pastDays:3,futureDays:5},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#f48fb1`,goals:{en:`The Hope probe, the Arab world's first mission to another planet, is building the first complete picture of Martian weather through the day and across the seasons. From a high orbit, its three instruments observe dust storms and temperature changes in the lower atmosphere, and track how hydrogen and oxygen escape from the upper atmosphere into space. This helps explain how Mars lost much of its air and water.`,fr:`La sonde Hope (Al-Amal), première mission du monde arabe vers une autre planète, dresse le premier portrait complet de la météo martienne au fil de la journée et des saisons. Depuis une orbite haute, ses trois instruments observent les tempêtes de poussière et les variations de température de la basse atmosphère, et suivent la fuite de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène de la haute atmosphère vers l'espace. Elle aide ainsi à comprendre comment Mars a perdu une grande partie de son air et de son eau.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit since 2021-02-09. Mission extended to 2028 (announced February 2026).`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2021-02-09. Mission prolongée jusqu'en 2028 (annonce de février 2026).`},website:{url:`https://space.gov.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/space-exploration/emirates-mars-mission`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/02/17/uae-extends-hope-probes-mars-mission-to-2028/`,`https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2023/02/09/uaes-hope-probe-moves-to-new-orbit-to-study-mars-tiny-moon-deimos/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/emm-hope`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=EMM`]},{id:`tianwen-1`,name:{en:`Tianwen-1 orbiter`,fr:`Orbiteur Tianwen-1`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2020-07-23`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Elliptical near-polar remote-sensing orbit, ~275 × 10,749 km, 86.3° inclination, ~7.08 h period`,fr:`Orbite elliptique quasi polaire de télédétection, ~275 × 10 749 km, inclinaison 86,3°, période ~7,08 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:45935,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tianwen-1 was China's first independent mission to Mars, combining an orbiter, a lander and the Zhurong rover in a single flight. The orbiter maps the planet's landforms and geology, studies the soil, the distribution of water ice and the surface composition, and measures the ionosphere, the climate and the planet's magnetic and gravity fields. It also served as the relay between the rover and Earth.`,fr:`Tianwen-1 est la première mission martienne menée par la Chine seule, réunissant en un seul vol un orbiteur, un atterrisseur et le rover Zhurong. L'orbiteur cartographie les reliefs et la géologie de la planète, étudie le sol, la répartition de la glace d'eau et la composition de la surface, et mesure l'ionosphère, le climat ainsi que les champs magnétique et gravitationnel de Mars. Il a aussi servi de relais entre le rover et la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit since 2021-02-10. Latest official confirmation opened: Xinhua (2025-11-06), operating stably for over 4 years in good condition (observed interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS). No public ephemerides; orbit parameters from Wikipedia and may be outdated.`,fr:`En orbite martienne depuis le 2021-02-10. Dernière confirmation officielle consultée : Xinhua (2025-11-06), fonctionnement stable depuis plus de 4 ans, bon état (observation de la comète interstellaire 3I/ATLAS). Pas d'éphémérides publiques ; paramètres orbitaux issus de Wikipédia, possiblement périmés.`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`http://www.news.cn/politics/20251106/227d8d9752fc4079b2bb4990bd5e252f/c.html`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1`]},{id:`maven`,name:{en:`MAVEN`,fr:`MAVEN`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2013-11-18`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`ended`,orbit:{en:`Last known: elliptical ~180 × 4,500 km, 75° inclination, ~3.6 h period (spacecraft tumbling since loss of signal; actual current orbit unknown)`,fr:`Dernière connue : elliptique ~180 × 4 500 km, inclinaison 75°, période ~3,6 h (engin en rotation incontrôlée depuis la perte de signal ; orbite actuelle inconnue)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-202`,norad:39378,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:2,futureDays:2},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#4dd0e1`,goals:{en:`MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) was the first mission devoted to Mars's upper atmosphere. It measured how the Sun and the solar wind strip gas from the top of the atmosphere into space, to find out how Mars lost its once-thick atmosphere and changed from a world that may have had liquid water to today's cold desert. It also relayed data from rovers.`,fr:`MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) a été la première mission consacrée à la haute atmosphère de Mars. Elle mesurait comment le Soleil et le vent solaire arrachent des gaz au sommet de l'atmosphère, afin de comprendre comment Mars a perdu son épaisse atmosphère d'autrefois et est passée d'un monde où l'eau liquide a pu couler au désert froid d'aujourd'hui. Elle relayait aussi les données des rovers.`},notes:{en:`Loss of signal 2025-12-06 after passing behind Mars; spacecraft found tumbling, batteries drained. Review board (Feb 2026) judged it unrecoverable; NASA declared end of mission 2026-06-03.`,fr:`Perte de signal le 2025-12-06 après un passage derrière Mars ; engin en rotation, batteries épuisées. Le comité d'examen (fév. 2026) l'a jugé irrécupérable ; fin de mission déclarée par la NASA le 2026-06-03.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAVEN`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=MAVEN`]},{id:`mom`,name:{en:`Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)`,fr:`Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2013-11-05`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`ended`,orbit:{en:`Last known: highly elliptical ~421.7 × 76,993.6 km, 150° inclination, ~72.9 h period`,fr:`Dernière connue : très elliptique ~421,7 × 76 993,6 km, inclinaison 150°, période ~72,9 h`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:39370,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) was India's first interplanetary mission. Its main goal was technological: to show that India could design, build and fly a spacecraft able to reach Mars largely on its own and enter orbit around it. Its five small instruments also studied the planet's surface features, minerals and atmosphere, including a search for methane.`,fr:`La Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) a été la première mission interplanétaire de l'Inde. Son objectif principal était technologique\xA0: prouver que le pays savait concevoir, construire et piloter une sonde capable de rejoindre Mars de façon largement autonome et de se placer en orbite. Ses cinq petits instruments étudiaient aussi le relief, les minéraux et l'atmosphère de la planète, notamment à la recherche de méthane.`},notes:{en:`Mars orbit 2014-09-24. Contact lost after a long eclipse in April 2022; ISRO declared the mission over in October 2022.`,fr:`En orbite martienne le 2014-09-24. Contact perdu après une longue éclipse en avril 2022 ; l'ISRO a déclaré la fin de mission en octobre 2022.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/MarsOrbiterMissionSpacecraft.html`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission`]},{id:`escapade-blue`,name:{en:`ESCAPADE Blue`,fr:`ESCAPADE Blue`},agency:`NASA / UC Berkeley SSL / Rocket Lab`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-11-13`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`cruise`,orbit:{en:`Currently on an Earth-proximity loiter trajectory near Sun–Earth L2; Earth flyby and trans-Mars injection planned November 2026, Mars arrival September 2027; science orbit ~170 × 8,400 km, 65° inclination (from mid-2028)`,fr:`Actuellement en trajectoire d'attente près du point de Lagrange Soleil–Terre L2 ; survol de la Terre et injection vers Mars prévus en novembre 2026, arrivée à Mars en septembre 2027 ; orbite scientifique ~170 × 8 400 km, inclinaison 65° (à partir de mi-2028)`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:66451,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ESCAPADE Blue is one of two identical small spacecraft, with its twin Gold, that will orbit Mars together to study how the solar wind interacts with the planet's patchy magnetic field. By measuring from two places at once, they can see how this space environment changes from minute to minute and how it strips away the atmosphere. This helps explain how Mars turned from a warmer, wetter world into today's cold one.`,fr:`ESCAPADE Blue est l'une des deux petites sondes identiques, avec sa jumelle Gold, qui tourneront ensemble autour de Mars pour étudier l'action du vent solaire sur le champ magnétique morcelé de la planète. En mesurant en deux points à la fois, elles verront comment cet environnement spatial change d'une minute à l'autre et comment il arrache l'atmosphère. De quoi comprendre comment Mars, autrefois plus chaude et humide, est devenue froide.`},notes:{en:`Twin smallsats launched on the second New Glenn flight (NG-2). Not yet en route to Mars: TMI burns near Earth planned 2026-11-07 and 2026-11-09. A low-thrust TCM on one spacecraft in Dec 2025 was completed in Jan 2026.`,fr:`Deux petits satellites lancés par le 2e vol de New Glenn (NG-2). Pas encore en route vers Mars : injections prévues les 7 et 9 novembre 2026. Une manœuvre à poussée insuffisante sur l'un des engins en déc. 2025 a été complétée en janv. 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/escapade/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCAPADE`]},{id:`escapade-gold`,name:{en:`ESCAPADE Gold`,fr:`ESCAPADE Gold`},agency:`NASA / UC Berkeley SSL / Rocket Lab`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-11-13`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`cruise`,orbit:{en:`Same as Blue: loiter near Sun–Earth L2, TMI November 2026, Mars arrival September 2027; science orbit ~170 × 8,400 km, 65° inclination`,fr:`Identique à Blue : attente près de L2 Soleil–Terre, injection vers Mars en novembre 2026, arrivée en septembre 2027 ; orbite scientifique ~170 × 8 400 km, inclinaison 65°`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:66452,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`ESCAPADE Gold is one of two identical small spacecraft, with its twin Blue, that will orbit Mars together to study how the solar wind interacts with the planet's patchy magnetic field. By measuring from two places at once, they can see how this space environment changes from minute to minute and how it strips away the atmosphere. This helps explain how Mars turned from a warmer, wetter world into today's cold one.`,fr:`ESCAPADE Gold est l'une des deux petites sondes identiques, avec sa jumelle Blue, qui tourneront ensemble autour de Mars pour étudier l'action du vent solaire sur le champ magnétique morcelé de la planète. En mesurant en deux points à la fois, elles verront comment cet environnement spatial change d'une minute à l'autre et comment il arrache l'atmosphère. De quoi comprendre comment Mars, autrefois plus chaude et humide, est devenue froide.`},notes:{en:`Twin of Blue. In science campaign B their apoapses diverge (Blue ~7,000 km, Gold ~10,000 km).`,fr:`Jumeau de Blue. En campagne scientifique B, apoapsides différentes (Blue ~7 000 km, Gold ~10 000 km).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/escapade/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCAPADE`]},{id:`mmx`,name:{en:`Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)`,fr:`Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2026-10-19`,centralBody:`mars`,status:`planned`,orbit:{en:`Planned: arrival in the Mars system in 2027 (~1-year cruise), Phobos observation and sampling 2027–2030, departure 2030, Earth return FY2031`,fr:`Prévu : arrivée dans le système martien en 2027 (~1 an de croisière), observation et prélèvement sur Phobos 2027–2030, départ en 2030, retour sur Terre en AF 2031`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) is a Japanese mission to Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars. It will study both moons from close up, land on Phobos to collect at least 10 grams of its surface and bring them back to Earth, to find out whether these moons are captured asteroids or debris from a giant impact on Mars. It carries IDEFIX, a small French–German rover.`,fr:`MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) est une mission japonaise vers Phobos et Deimos, les deux lunes de Mars. Elle étudiera de près les deux lunes, se posera sur Phobos pour y prélever au moins 10 grammes de sol et les rapporter sur Terre, afin de savoir si ces lunes sont des astéroïdes capturés ou des débris d'un impact géant sur Mars. Elle emporte IDEFIX, un petit rover franco-allemand.`},notes:{en:`Launch scheduled 2026-10-20 04:41:03 JST (= 2026-10-19 19:41:03 UTC) on H3 F10 from Tanegashima; reserve period 2026-10-21 to 2026-11-07. Carries the CNES/DLR IDEFIX rover and NASA MEGANE.`,fr:`Lancement prévu le 2026-10-20 à 04:41:03 JST (= 2026-10-19 19:41:03 UTC) sur H3 F10 depuis Tanegashima ; période de réserve du 2026-10-21 au 2026-11-07. Emporte le rover IDEFIX (CNES/DLR) et MEGANE (NASA).`},website:{url:`https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2026/08/20260820-1_e.html`,`https://mmx-news.isas.jaxa.jp/?p=2753`,`https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/`]},{id:`phobos`,name:{en:`Phobos`,fr:`Phobos`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:11.08,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular, 9 376 km from the centre of Mars, 7.65 h`,fr:`Quasi circulaire, à 9 376 km du centre de Mars, 7,65 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`401`,sampling:{stepMin:10,pastDays:2,futureDays:14},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#c9b8a6`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Phobos`]},{id:`deimos`,name:{en:`Deimos`,fr:`Déimos`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:6.2,centralBody:`mars`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Near-circular, 23 459 km from the centre of Mars, 30.3 h`,fr:`Quasi circulaire, à 23 459 km du centre de Mars, 30,3 h`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`402`,sampling:{stepMin:20,pastDays:2,futureDays:14},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#b8ab9c`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Deimos`]},{id:`voyager-1`,name:{en:`Voyager 1`,fr:`Voyager 1`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1977-09-05`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Interstellar mission, power-saving operations`,fr:`Mission interstellaire, exploitation en mode économie d'énergie`},nextEvent:{en:`'Big Bang' power-management reconfiguration (under way, completion expected in the coming months)`,fr:`Reconfiguration énergétique « Big Bang » (en cours, achèvement prévu dans les prochains mois)`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-31`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Voyager 1 was launched to explore Jupiter and Saturn up close, studying their atmospheres, rings, magnetic fields and moons, including a close flyby of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Now the most distant human-made object, it measures particles, magnetic fields and plasma waves in interstellar space, outside the bubble created by the Sun. It also carries the Golden Record, a message from Earth.`,fr:`Voyager 1 a été lancée pour explorer de près Jupiter et Saturne\xA0: leur atmosphère, leurs anneaux, leur champ magnétique et leurs lunes, dont Titan, la plus grande lune de Saturne, survolée de près. Devenue l'objet le plus lointain fabriqué par l'humanité, elle mesure désormais les particules, les champs magnétiques et les ondes de plasma de l'espace interstellaire, au-delà de la bulle créée par le Soleil. Elle emporte aussi le Disque d'or, un message de la Terre.`},notes:{en:`LECP instrument switched off on 2026-04-17; only the plasma wave instrument and magnetometer remain on. The same 'Big Bang' procedure tested on Voyager 2 is being applied; if it succeeds, LECP could be switched back on.`,fr:`Instrument LECP éteint le 2026-04-17 ; seuls l'instrument d'ondes de plasma et le magnétomètre restent allumés. La procédure « Big Bang » testée sur Voyager 2 est en cours d'application ; en cas de succès, le LECP pourrait être rallumé.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-1/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/04/17/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/08/04/nasa-engineers-help-prolong-voyager-2s-science-mission/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Voyager%201`]},{id:`voyager-2`,name:{en:`Voyager 2`,fr:`Voyager 2`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1977-08-20`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Interstellar mission, three instruments operating`,fr:`Mission interstellaire, trois instruments en service`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-32`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited all four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, studying their atmospheres, rings, magnetic fields and moons up close. It remains the only probe to have explored Uranus and Neptune. Now in interstellar space, outside the bubble created by the Sun, it measures the particles and magnetic fields found between the stars.`,fr:`Voyager 2 est la seule sonde à avoir visité les quatre planètes géantes, Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus et Neptune, en étudiant de près leur atmosphère, leurs anneaux, leur champ magnétique et leurs lunes. Elle reste la seule à avoir exploré Uranus et Neptune. Désormais dans l'espace interstellaire, au-delà de la bulle créée par le Soleil, elle mesure les particules et les champs magnétiques qui règnent entre les étoiles.`},notes:{en:`LECP switched off in March 2025. The 'Big Bang' power reconfiguration (tests May-June, executed July 2026, announced 2026-08-04) keeps three science instruments on (magnetometer, plasma wave, cosmic ray) for at least one more year.`,fr:`LECP éteint en mars 2025. La reconfiguration énergétique « Big Bang » (essais mai-juin, exécutée en juillet 2026, annoncée le 2026-08-04) garde trois instruments scientifiques allumés (magnétomètre, ondes de plasma, rayons cosmiques) pour au moins un an de plus.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-2/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/08/04/nasa-engineers-help-prolong-voyager-2s-science-mission/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2026/04/17/nasa-shuts-off-instrument-on-voyager-1-to-keep-spacecraft-operating/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Voyager%202`]},{id:`new-horizons`,name:{en:`New Horizons`,fr:`New Horizons`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2006-01-19`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Kuiper Belt extended mission (heliophysics focus)`,fr:`Mission étendue dans la ceinture de Kuiper (orientée héliophysique)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-98`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`New Horizons was built to make the first close-up study of Pluto and its moons, mapping their surfaces, geology and atmospheres. It then explores the Kuiper Belt, a distant ring of icy bodies left over from the formation of the planets, and flew past Arrokoth, the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. It also measures the Sun's influence on the outer Solar System.`,fr:`New Horizons a été conçue pour étudier de près, pour la première fois, Pluton et ses lunes\xA0: leur surface, leur géologie et leur atmosphère. Elle explore ensuite la ceinture de Kuiper, un anneau lointain de corps glacés restés de la formation des planètes, et a survolé Arrokoth, l'objet le plus lointain jamais visité par une sonde. Elle mesure aussi l'influence du Soleil aux confins du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Beyond 60 AU. Woke from its longest hibernation in good health (July 2026). Extended until it exits the Kuiper Belt (~2028-2029); a further KBO flyby remains possible if a target is found. No end date announced.`,fr:`Au-delà de 60 UA. Sorti en bonne santé de sa plus longue hibernation (juillet 2026). Mission prolongée jusqu'à la sortie de la ceinture de Kuiper (~2028-2029) ; un nouveau survol d'objet de Kuiper reste possible si une cible est trouvée. Aucune date de fin annoncée.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=New%20Horizons`]},{id:`juno`,name:{en:`Juno`,fr:`Juno`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2011-08-05`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Jupiter orbit, second extended mission (rings and inner moons)`,fr:`Orbite jovienne, deuxième mission étendue (anneaux et lunes internes)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-61`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Juno studies Jupiter to understand how the largest planet formed and evolved, since it kept much of the material of the early Solar System. From a polar orbit it measures Jupiter's gravity and magnetic field to probe its deep interior and core, and studies the water and ammonia of its atmosphere, its polar cyclones and its auroras. Its extended mission also observes the moons Ganymede, Europa and Io and the faint rings.`,fr:`Juno étudie Jupiter pour comprendre comment la plus grande planète s'est formée et a évolué, car elle a conservé une grande partie de la matière des débuts du Système solaire. Depuis une orbite polaire, elle mesure sa gravité et son champ magnétique pour sonder son intérieur et son noyau, et étudie l'eau et l'ammoniac de son atmosphère, ses cyclones polaires et ses aurores. Sa mission étendue observe aussi Ganymède, Europe, Io et les anneaux ténus.`},notes:{en:`Still operating in 2026: imaged the inner moon Thebe on 2026-05-01. Mission status was uncertain in late 2025 (FY2026 budget request zeroed it; first extension ended 2025-09-30). Wikipedia states a 3-year second extended mission began October 2025 (to ~September 2028) and that no deorbit is planned; NASA's mission page still shows the old 'through September 2025' text. No deliberate plunge into Jupiter is announced.`,fr:`Toujours en service en 2026 : image de la lune interne Thébé le 2026-05-01. Statut incertain fin 2025 (financement supprimé dans la demande budgétaire FY2026 ; première extension terminée le 2025-09-30). Wikipédia indique une deuxième mission étendue de 3 ans depuis octobre 2025 (jusqu'à ~septembre 2028) sans désorbitation prévue ; la page NASA affiche encore « jusqu'en septembre 2025 ». Aucune plongée volontaire dans Jupiter n'est annoncée.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/photojournal/nasas-juno-misson-captures-jupiter-moon-thebe/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Juno`]},{id:`parker-solar-probe`,name:{en:`Parker Solar Probe`,fr:`Sonde solaire Parker`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2018-08-12`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Extended mission, closest-approach orbit (~6.1 million km)`,fr:`Mission étendue, orbite de passage au plus près (~6,1 millions de km)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-96`,sampling:{stepMin:360,pastDays:30,futureDays:120},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Parker Solar Probe flies through the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, closer than any spacecraft before it. It aims to find out why the corona is far hotter than the Sun's visible surface, what accelerates the solar wind and where the Sun's most energetic particles come from. These answers help forecast space weather, which can disturb satellites and their electronics.`,fr:`La sonde solaire Parker traverse l'atmosphère externe du Soleil, la couronne, de plus près qu'aucun engin avant elle. Elle cherche à comprendre pourquoi la couronne est bien plus chaude que la surface visible du Soleil, ce qui accélère le vent solaire et d'où viennent ses particules les plus énergétiques. Ces réponses aident à prévoir la météo spatiale, qui peut perturber les satellites et leur électronique.`},notes:{en:`29th perihelion on 2026-09-04 (3.8 million miles, 430,000 mph), healthy beacon 2026-09-07. Extended into 2029 by the 2026 Heliophysics Senior Review. Perihelia recur roughly every 88 days (next date not confirmed by an opened source).`,fr:`29e périhélie le 2026-09-04 (6,1 millions de km, 692 000 km/h), signal de bonne santé le 2026-09-07. Prolongée jusqu'en 2029 par la revue héliophysique de 2026. Périhélies environ tous les 88 jours (prochaine date non confirmée par une source consultée).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/parker-solar-probe/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/parker-solar-probe/2026/09/10/after-latest-swing-past-sun-nasas-parker-solar-probe-checks-in/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Parker%20Solar%20Probe`]},{id:`solar-orbiter`,name:{en:`Solar Orbiter`,fr:`Solar Orbiter`},agency:`ESA / NASA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2020-02-10`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science phase, raising orbital inclination`,fr:`Phase scientifique, relèvement de l'inclinaison orbitale`},nextEvent:{en:`Venus gravity assist: inclination to 24°, start of high-latitude mission`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de Vénus : inclinaison portée à 24°, début de la mission à haute latitude`,date:`2026-12-24`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-144`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Solar Orbiter combines close-up images of the Sun with measurements of the solar wind around the spacecraft, linking the particles to the regions of the Sun they came from. It seeks to explain the 11-year cycle of solar activity, the heating of the corona to millions of degrees and the origin of the solar wind. Its tilted orbit gives the first views of the Sun's poles, key to understanding its magnetic field.`,fr:`Solar Orbiter associe des images rapprochées du Soleil à des mesures du vent solaire autour de la sonde, afin de relier les particules aux régions du Soleil d'où elles viennent. Elle cherche à expliquer le cycle d'activité solaire de 11 ans, le chauffage de la couronne à des millions de degrés et l'origine du vent solaire. Son orbite inclinée offre les premières vues des pôles du Soleil, essentielles pour comprendre son champ magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Mission extension approved by ESA's Science Programme Committee (June 2026). Further Venus flybys 2028-03-18, 2029-06-10, 2030-09-02 raise inclination to 33°. Next perihelion 2027-02-06 (0.28 AU).`,fr:`Prolongation approuvée par le Comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA (juin 2026). Survols de Vénus suivants 2028-03-18, 2029-06-10, 2030-09-02 pour atteindre 33° d'inclinaison. Prochain périhélie 2027-02-06 (0,28 UA).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/solar_orbiter/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Solar_Orbiter_perihelia_and_flybys`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Solar%20Orbiter`]},{id:`bepicolombo`,name:{en:`BepiColombo`,fr:`BepiColombo`},agency:`ESA / JAXA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2018-10-20`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Mercury arrival phase (transfer module jettisoned)`,fr:`Phase d'arrivée à Mercure (module de transfert largué)`},nextEvent:{en:`Mercury orbit insertion`,fr:`Insertion en orbite de Mercure`,date:`2026-11-21`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-121`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`BepiColombo sends two orbiters to Mercury, the smallest planet and the closest to the Sun, still the least explored of the inner planets. Europe's MPO maps its surface, composition and interior, while Japan's Mio studies its magnetic field and its surroundings. Scientists want to know why Mercury has a magnetic field, how ice survives in its polar craters and what its strange 'hollows' are, shedding light on the history of the Solar System.`,fr:`BepiColombo envoie deux orbiteurs autour de Mercure, la plus petite planète et la plus proche du Soleil, encore la moins explorée des planètes intérieures. Le MPO européen cartographie sa surface, sa composition et son intérieur, tandis que le Mio japonais étudie son champ magnétique et son environnement. Les scientifiques veulent comprendre pourquoi Mercure a un champ magnétique, comment de la glace subsiste dans ses cratères polaires et ce que sont ses mystérieux «\xA0creux\xA0», pour éclairer l'histoire du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Mercury Transfer Module separated 2026-09-03, all systems nominal. MPO (ESA) and Mio (JAXA) separate 2026-12-09/10; science phase from April 2027. Arrival had been delayed from 2025 by a 2024 thruster power anomaly.`,fr:`Module de transfert séparé le 2026-09-03, systèmes nominaux. Séparation de MPO (ESA) et Mio (JAXA) les 2026-12-09/10 ; phase scientifique à partir d'avril 2027. Arrivée retardée de 2025 par une anomalie d'alimentation des propulseurs en 2024.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/bepi_mcs/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Latest_updates_BepiColombo_s_arrival_at_Mercury`,`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/BepiColombo_begins_Mercury_arrival_with_MTM_separation_success`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=BepiColombo`]},{id:`juice`,name:{en:`JUICE`,fr:`JUICE`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2023-04-14`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Jupiter, arrival July 2031`,fr:`Croisière vers Jupiter, arrivée en juillet 2031`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth gravity assist at 8,640 km (11:45 UTC)`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre à 8 640 km (11 h 45 UTC)`,date:`2026-09-28`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-28`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`JUICE explores Jupiter and three of its large icy moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, which are thought to hide oceans of liquid water beneath their crust. It will study these moons as possible habitats for life, explore Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetic environment, and finally orbit Ganymede. The Jupiter system also serves as a model for the giant planets found around other stars.`,fr:`JUICE explore Jupiter et trois de ses grandes lunes glacées, Ganymède, Callisto et Europe, qui cacheraient des océans d'eau liquide sous leur croûte. Elle étudiera ces lunes comme habitats possibles pour la vie, explorera l'atmosphère et l'environnement magnétique de Jupiter, puis se placera en orbite autour de Ganymède. Le système jovien sert aussi de modèle pour les planètes géantes découvertes autour d'autres étoiles.`},notes:{en:`Third gravity assist; instruments on from 23 Sept to 3 Oct for Earth/Moon calibration; eclipse in Earth's shadow night of 27-28 Sept. Final Earth flyby January 2029, Ganymede orbit 2034.`,fr:`Troisième assistance gravitationnelle ; instruments allumés du 23 sept. au 3 oct. pour calibration sur la Terre et la Lune ; passage dans l'ombre de la Terre la nuit du 27 au 28 sept. Dernier survol de la Terre en janvier 2029, orbite de Ganymède en 2034.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/juice/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_to_fly_past_Earth_for_third_gravity_assist`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=JUICE`]},{id:`europa-clipper`,name:{en:`Europa Clipper`,fr:`Europa Clipper`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2024-10-14`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Jupiter, arrival April 2030`,fr:`Croisière vers Jupiter, arrivée en avril 2030`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth gravity assist`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre`,date:`2026-12-03`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-159`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Europa Clipper is designed to find out whether Jupiter's moon Europa has conditions suitable for life. Beneath its icy shell lies a salty ocean that may hold more than twice as much water as all of Earth's oceans. During 49 close flybys, its nine instruments and a gravity experiment will study the ice shell, the ocean, the moon's composition and its geology.`,fr:`Europa Clipper doit déterminer si Europe, une lune de Jupiter, réunit des conditions favorables à la vie. Sous sa carapace de glace se trouve un océan salé qui pourrait contenir plus de deux fois plus d'eau que tous les océans terrestres. Au fil de 49 survols rapprochés, ses neuf instruments et une expérience de gravité étudieront la glace, l'océan, la composition et la géologie de cette lune.`},notes:{en:`Mars flyby 2025-03-01. The Earth flyby (~3,200 km) also allows the only post-launch absolute magnetometer calibration. 49 Europa flybys planned.`,fr:`Survol de Mars le 2025-03-01. Le survol de la Terre (~3 200 km) permet aussi la seule calibration absolue du magnétomètre après le lancement. 49 survols d'Europe prévus.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Europa%20Clipper`]},{id:`psyche`,name:{en:`Psyche`,fr:`Psyché`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2023-10-13`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to asteroid Psyche, arrival summer 2029`,fr:`Croisière vers l'astéroïde Psyché, arrivée à l'été 2029`},nextEvent:{en:`Resume sustained solar-electric thrusting`,fr:`Reprise de la poussée électrique solaire continue`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-255`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Psyche is the first mission to an asteroid whose surface contains a large amount of metal. Orbiting it for about two years, the spacecraft will image and map the asteroid and work out what it is made of. Scientists think Psyche may be part of the iron core of an early planetary building block, which would give an indirect look at cores like Earth's, which can never be reached.`,fr:`Psyché est la première mission vers un astéroïde dont la surface contient beaucoup de métal. En orbite pendant environ deux ans, la sonde photographiera et cartographiera l'astéroïde et déterminera sa composition. Les scientifiques pensent que Psyché pourrait être une partie du noyau de fer d'une ancienne «\xA0brique\xA0» de planète, ce qui offrirait un regard indirect sur des noyaux comme celui de la Terre, impossibles à atteindre.`},notes:{en:`Mars gravity assist 2026-05-15 at 4,609 km; all three instruments tested successfully. Thrusting resumes 'later this fall' (2026).`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de Mars le 2026-05-15 à 4 609 km ; les trois instruments testés avec succès. Reprise de la poussée « plus tard cet automne » (2026).`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/psyche/2026/07/17/nasas-psyche-mission-delivers-mars-flyby-data-time-lapse-video/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Psyche`]},{id:`lucy`,name:{en:`Lucy`,fr:`Lucy`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-10-16`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to the L4 Jupiter Trojans`,fr:`Croisière vers les Troyens de Jupiter (L4)`},nextEvent:{en:`Flyby of Trojan (3548) Eurybates and its moon Queta`,fr:`Survol du Troyen (3548) Eurybates et de sa lune Queta`,date:`2027-08-12`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-49`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Lucy is the first mission to the Trojan asteroids, two swarms that share Jupiter's orbit around the Sun, one ahead of the planet and one behind it. These bodies are thought to be leftovers of the material that built the outer planets, time capsules from the birth of the Solar System over four billion years ago. By flying past eleven asteroids of different types, Lucy tests models of how the planets formed.`,fr:`Lucy est la première mission vers les astéroïdes troyens, deux essaims qui partagent l'orbite de Jupiter autour du Soleil, l'un en avant de la planète, l'autre en arrière. Ces corps seraient des restes de la matière qui a formé les planètes externes, de véritables capsules temporelles de la naissance du Système solaire, il y a plus de quatre milliards d'années. En survolant onze astéroïdes de types variés, Lucy met à l'épreuve les modèles de formation des planètes.`},notes:{en:`Camera tests on future targets in spring 2026. Then Polymele 2027-09-15, Leucus 2028-04-18, Orus 2028-11-11, Patroclus-Menoetius 2033-03-03. Past: Dinkinesh 2023-11-01, Donaldjohanson 2025-04-20.`,fr:`Essais de caméra sur les futures cibles au printemps 2026. Ensuite Polymèle 2027-09-15, Leucos 2028-04-18, Orus 2028-11-11, Patrocle-Ménoetios 2033-03-03. Déjà survolés : Dinkinesh 2023-11-01, Donaldjohanson 2025-04-20.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lucy/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/lucy/2026/08/06/nasas-lucy-begins-camera-tests-ahead-of-2027-trojan-flybys/`,`https://lucy.swri.edu/mission/Tour.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Lucy`]},{id:`osiris-apex`,name:{en:`OSIRIS-APEX`,fr:`OSIRIS-APEX`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2016-09-08`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to asteroid Apophis, arrival April 2029`,fr:`Croisière vers l'astéroïde Apophis, arrivée en avril 2029`},nextEvent:{en:`Apophis close Earth approach; rendezvous about a week later`,fr:`Passage rapproché d'Apophis près de la Terre ; rendez-vous environ une semaine après`,date:`2029-04-13`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-64`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`OSIRIS-APEX reuses the spacecraft that brought back samples of asteroid Bennu to study Apophis, a stony asteroid that passes about 32,000 km from Earth's surface in April 2029. It will observe how Earth's gravity changes the asteroid's orbit, spin and surface, then fly low and fire its thrusters to stir up dust and rocks and reveal the material beneath. This helps understand asteroids that come close to Earth.`,fr:`OSIRIS-APEX réutilise la sonde qui a rapporté des échantillons de l'astéroïde Bénou pour étudier Apophis, un astéroïde rocheux qui passera à environ 32 000 km de la surface de la Terre en avril 2029. Elle observera comment la gravité terrestre modifie son orbite, sa rotation et sa surface, puis descendra près de lui et allumera ses propulseurs pour soulever poussière et cailloux et révéler la matière en dessous. Cela aide à comprendre les astéroïdes qui frôlent la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Former OSIRIS-REx (Bennu samples returned 2023). Earth gravity assist 2025-09-23 at 3,438 km, first of three. Planned 1.5-year stay at Apophis.`,fr:`Ex-OSIRIS-REx (échantillons de Bénou rapportés en 2023). Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre le 2025-09-23 à 3 438 km, la première de trois. Séjour prévu de 18 mois auprès d'Apophis.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-apex/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/osiris-apex`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=OSIRIS-REx`]},{id:`hera`,name:{en:`Hera`,fr:`Hera`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2024-10-07`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Final approach to Didymos-Dimorphos`,fr:`Approche finale de Didymos-Dimorphos`},nextEvent:{en:`Arrival at the Didymos binary asteroid`,fr:`Arrivée à l'astéroïde double Didymos`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-91`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Hera is Europe's planetary defence mission. It surveys the binary asteroid Didymos and its small moon Dimorphos, which NASA's DART spacecraft deliberately struck to change its orbit, measuring the result of the impact in detail. This turns the DART experiment into a well-understood, repeatable technique for deflecting a dangerous asteroid. Hera is also the first probe to visit a binary asteroid and tests autonomous navigation close to asteroids.`,fr:`Hera est la mission européenne de défense planétaire. Elle étudie l'astéroïde double Didymos et sa petite lune Dimorphos, que la sonde DART de la NASA a percutée volontairement pour modifier son orbite, afin de mesurer en détail les effets de l'impact. L'expérience de DART devient ainsi une technique bien comprise et reproductible pour dévier un astéroïde dangereux. Hera est aussi la première sonde à visiter un astéroïde double et teste la navigation autonome près des astéroïdes.`},notes:{en:`ESA targets arrival in November 2026, a month earlier than planned (an older ESA ops page mentions an 'impulsive rendezvous' in October 2026). Second deep-space manoeuvre March 2026 (367 m/s). Six-month survey of DART's impact aftermath; releases CubeSats Milani and Juventas.`,fr:`L'ESA vise une arrivée en novembre 2026, un mois plus tôt que prévu (une page ESA plus ancienne mentionne un « rendez-vous impulsif » en octobre 2026). Deuxième manœuvre en espace lointain en mars 2026 (367 m/s). Étude de six mois des suites de l'impact de DART ; largage des CubeSats Milani et Juventas.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera/ESA_s_Hera_targets_early_arrival_at_Didymos_asteroids`,`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Hera_operations`,`https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera/Hera_on_course_for_asteroid_rendezvous`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Hera`]},{id:`tianwen-2`,name:{en:`Tianwen-2`,fr:`Tianwen-2`},agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2025-05-28`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Proximity operations at asteroid Kamoʻoalewa`,fr:`Opérations de proximité à l'astéroïde Kamoʻoalewa`},nextEvent:{en:`Sampling, then departure from Kamoʻoalewa`,fr:`Échantillonnage, puis départ de Kamoʻoalewa`,date:`2027-04`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Tianwen-2 is China's first mission to bring back samples from an asteroid. It studies Kamoʻoalewa, a small near-Earth asteroid that travels alongside Earth as a quasi-satellite and may be a fragment of the Moon, and returns material collected by touch-and-go and anchoring methods. It then goes on to study the main-belt comet 311P, to help understand how small bodies formed and what the early Solar System was like.`,fr:`Tianwen-2 est la première mission chinoise de retour d'échantillons d'un astéroïde. Elle étudie Kamoʻoalewa, un petit astéroïde géocroiseur qui accompagne la Terre comme quasi-satellite et pourrait être un fragment de la Lune, et rapporte de la matière prélevée par contact bref et par ancrage. Elle part ensuite étudier la comète 311P de la ceinture principale, pour mieux comprendre la formation des petits corps et les débuts du Système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Rendezvous 2026-06-07 (announced by CNSA 2026-07-06). Mapping and site selection July 2026-April 2027; sample (200-1000 g) by end of April 2027, departure ~2027-04-24. Earth flyby with capsule release November 2027, then cruise to main-belt comet 311P (~2035). Launch: 2025-05-29 Beijing time (17:31 UTC on 05-28).`,fr:`Rendez-vous le 2026-06-07 (annoncé par la CNSA le 2026-07-06). Cartographie et choix du site juillet 2026-avril 2027 ; échantillon (200-1000 g) d'ici fin avril 2027, départ vers le 2027-04-24. Survol de la Terre avec largage de la capsule en novembre 2027, puis croisière vers la comète 311P (~2035). Lancement : 2025-05-29 heure de Pékin (17 h 31 UTC le 05-28).`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.planetary.org/articles/chinas-tianwen-2-mission-has-probably-arrived-at-a-quasi-moon-of-earth`,`https://spacenews.com/tianwen-2-arrives-at-asteroid-kamooalewa-first-image-revealed/`]},{id:`hayabusa2`,name:{en:`Hayabusa2 (Hayabusa2#)`,fr:`Hayabusa2 (Hayabusa2#)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2014-12-03`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Extended mission, cruise to 1998 KY26 (arrival 2031)`,fr:`Mission étendue, croisière vers 1998 KY26 (arrivée en 2031)`},nextEvent:{en:`Earth swing-by`,fr:`Assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre`,date:`2027`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-37`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Hayabusa2 explored the carbon-rich asteroid Ryugu and brought samples back to Earth, to learn how the Solar System formed and where Earth's water and the organic matter linked to life came from. Its extended mission, Hayabusa2#, uses its remaining fuel to fly past asteroid Torifune, a planetary defence rehearsal, and then reach 1998 KY26, a tiny asteroid about 11 m wide that spins in about 5 minutes.`,fr:`Hayabusa2 a exploré l'astéroïde carboné Ryugu et en a rapporté des échantillons sur Terre, pour comprendre la formation du Système solaire et l'origine de l'eau terrestre et des molécules organiques liées à la vie. Sa mission étendue, Hayabusa2#, utilise le carburant restant pour survoler l'astéroïde Torifune, une répétition de défense planétaire, puis rejoindre 1998 KY26, un minuscule astéroïde d'environ 11 m qui tourne sur lui-même en 5 minutes environ.`},notes:{en:`Flew past asteroid Torifune (2001 CC21) on 2026-07-05 at ~400 m, the closest flyby of any Solar System body; first laser ranging during an asteroid flyby. Earth swing-bys 2027 and 2028.`,fr:`Survol de l'astéroïde Torifune (2001 CC21) le 2026-07-05 à ~400 m, le survol le plus rapproché d'un corps du Système solaire ; première télémétrie laser lors d'un survol d'astéroïde. Assistances gravitationnelles de la Terre en 2027 et 2028.`},website:{url:`https://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2026/07/20260730-1_e.html`,`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hayabusa2.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Hayabusa%202`]},{id:`aditya-l1`,name:{en:`Aditya-L1`,fr:`Aditya-L1`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2023-09-02`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Solar observatory in halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Observatoire solaire en orbite de halo autour de L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-156`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Aditya-L1 is India's first space observatory dedicated to the Sun, watching it without interruption from the L1 point, 1.5 million km from Earth towards the Sun. It studies the Sun's upper layers, the chromosphere and corona: what heats them, what triggers solar flares and coronal mass ejections, and how the solar wind forms. It also samples the particles reaching L1, to better understand space weather.`,fr:`Aditya-L1 est le premier observatoire spatial indien consacré au Soleil, qu'il observe sans interruption depuis le point L1, à 1,5 million de km de la Terre en direction du Soleil. Il étudie les couches supérieures du Soleil, la chromosphère et la couronne\xA0: ce qui les chauffe, ce qui déclenche les éruptions solaires et les éjections de masse coronale, et comment se forme le vent solaire. Il analyse aussi les particules qui atteignent L1, pour mieux comprendre la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Halo orbit insertion 2024-01-06. Operating: ISRO science release dated 2026-08-28; first guest-observer (AO) cycle April-June 2026. No end date published.`,fr:`Insertion en orbite de halo le 2024-01-06. En service : communiqué scientifique de l'ISRO daté du 2026-08-28 ; premier cycle d'appel à propositions avril-juin 2026. Aucune date de fin publiée.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1_Catches_the_Suns_Early_Warning_Signs.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Aditya-L1`]},{id:`soho`,name:{en:`SOHO`,fr:`SOHO`},agency:`ESA / NASA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`1995-12-02`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Extended mission at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Mission étendue au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-21`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`SOHO, a joint ESA–NASA observatory, watches the Sun without interruption from about 1.5 million km sunward of Earth. It studies the Sun from its deep interior, probed through surface vibrations, to its hot outer atmosphere (the corona) and the solar wind that flows out into space. Its images of solar storms also help forecast space weather.`,fr:`SOHO, un observatoire commun de l'ESA et de la NASA, surveille le Soleil sans interruption depuis un point situé à environ 1,5 million de km de la Terre. Il étudie l'astre de son cœur, sondé grâce aux vibrations de sa surface, jusqu'à sa haute atmosphère brûlante (la couronne) et au vent solaire qui s'échappe dans l'espace. Ses images des tempêtes solaires aident aussi à prévoir la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Extension endorsed by ESA's Science Programme Committee on 10-11 June 2026 (13 missions). End date of the new extension not stated in the opened source.`,fr:`Prolongation approuvée par le Comité du programme scientifique de l'ESA les 10-11 juin 2026 (13 missions). Date de fin de la nouvelle extension non précisée dans la source consultée.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SOHO`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/soho/`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SOHO/SOHO_overview`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=SOHO`]},{id:`jwst`,name:{en:`James Webb Space Telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial James-Webb`},agency:`NASA / ESA / CSA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-12-25`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science operations at Sun-Earth L2 (Cycle 5)`,fr:`Opérations scientifiques au point L2 Soleil-Terre (cycle 5)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-170`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Webb is the largest infrared space telescope ever built, designed to look back to the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. It studies how galaxies, stars and planetary systems are born, and analyses the atmospheres of planets around other stars, including worlds that might have conditions suitable for life. It builds on the discoveries of Hubble.`,fr:`Webb est le plus grand télescope spatial infrarouge jamais construit, conçu pour remonter jusqu'aux premières étoiles et galaxies apparues après le Big Bang. Il étudie la naissance des galaxies, des étoiles et des systèmes planétaires, et analyse l'atmosphère de planètes tournant autour d'autres étoiles, y compris des mondes peut-être propices à la vie. Il prolonge les découvertes de Hubble.`},notes:{en:`Arrived at L2 2022-01-24; science since July 2022. Cycle 5 began July 2026 (STScI). ESA extended its Webb participation in June 2026.`,fr:`Arrivé en L2 le 2022-01-24 ; science depuis juillet 2022. Cycle 5 commencé en juillet 2026 (STScI). L'ESA a prolongé sa participation à Webb en juin 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=JWST`]},{id:`gaia`,name:{en:`Gaia`,fr:`Gaia`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-12-19`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`ended`,phase:{en:`Retired, passivated in heliocentric orbit`,fr:`Retiré, passivé en orbite héliocentrique`},nextEvent:{en:`Gaia Data Release 4 (data only; spacecraft silent)`,fr:`Publication des données Gaia DR4 (données seulement ; satellite muet)`,date:`2026`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-139479`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Gaia was built to make the most precise three-dimensional map of our galaxy, the Milky Way. By repeatedly measuring the positions, distances, motions, brightness and colours of nearly two billion stars and other objects, it helps astronomers understand how the Milky Way formed and evolved. Its catalogue is a reference used across almost all of astronomy.`,fr:`Gaia a été conçu pour dresser la carte en trois dimensions la plus précise de notre galaxie, la Voie lactée. En mesurant à de nombreuses reprises la position, la distance, le mouvement, l'éclat et la couleur de près de deux milliards d'étoiles et d'autres objets, il aide à comprendre comment la Voie lactée s'est formée et a évolué. Son catalogue sert de référence à presque toute l'astronomie.`},notes:{en:`Confirmed: passivated and switched off 2025-03-27 after being moved from L2 to a heliocentric retirement orbit keeping it >10 million km from Earth for at least a century. Final legacy catalogue not before end of 2030. Not trackable (no ephemeris updates).`,fr:`Confirmé : passivé et éteint le 2025-03-27 après avoir quitté L2 pour une orbite héliocentrique de retraite qui le maintient à plus de 10 millions de km de la Terre pendant au moins un siècle. Catalogue final pas avant fin 2030. Plus suivi (pas de mise à jour d'éphémérides).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/gaia/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Farewell_Gaia!_Spacecraft_operations_come_to_an_end`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Gaia`]},{id:`euclid`,name:{en:`Euclid`,fr:`Euclid`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2023-07-01`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Wide Survey at Sun-Earth L2`,fr:`Relevé grand champ au point L2 Soleil-Terre`},nextEvent:{en:`Data Release 1 - Foundation (~1,900 deg²)`,fr:`Publication DR1-Foundation (~1 900 deg²)`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-680`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Euclid is investigating dark energy and dark matter, the mysterious components that make up most of the Universe. It is mapping billions of galaxies over more than a third of the sky, looking back about 10 billion years, to see how cosmic structures grew and how the expansion of the Universe has changed over time. This tests how gravity behaves on the largest scales.`,fr:`Euclid enquête sur l'énergie noire et la matière noire, les composantes mystérieuses qui forment l'essentiel de l'Univers. Il cartographie des milliards de galaxies sur plus d'un tiers du ciel, en remontant environ 10 milliards d'années dans le passé, pour suivre la croissance des grandes structures et l'évolution de l'expansion de l'Univers. Il teste ainsi le comportement de la gravité aux plus grandes échelles.`},notes:{en:`Quick release Q2 (Galactic Bulge) on 2026-06-24; complete DR1 mid-2027. Still in its prime science phase (not part of the June 2026 extension round).`,fr:`Publication rapide Q2 (bulbe galactique) le 2026-06-24 ; DR1 complète mi-2027. Toujours en phase scientifique nominale (hors du cycle d'extension de juin 2026).`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/euclid/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/euclid/dr1-timeline`,`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_science_missions_get_green_light_for_new_discoveries`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Euclid`]},{id:`roman`,name:{en:`Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial Nancy-Grace-Roman`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2026-08-30`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`cruise`,phase:{en:`Cruise to Sun-Earth L2 after launch`,fr:`Croisière vers le point L2 Soleil-Terre après le lancement`},nextEvent:{en:`Arrival at L2 and start of commissioning`,fr:`Arrivée en L2 et début de la mise en service`,date:`2026-11`},ephemeris:`none`,norad:100532,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Roman is an infrared space telescope with a field of view more than 100 times larger than Hubble's. It will survey light from about a billion galaxies to study dark energy, carry out a census of planets across the Milky Way, and test a coronagraph that blocks starlight to photograph planets and the dusty discs where planets form.`,fr:`Roman est un télescope spatial infrarouge dont le champ de vision est plus de 100 fois plus large que celui de Hubble. Il observera la lumière d'environ un milliard de galaxies pour étudier l'énergie noire, recensera les planètes de la Voie lactée et testera un coronographe qui masque la lumière des étoiles pour photographier des planètes et les disques de poussière où elles se forment.`},notes:{en:`Launched 2026-08-30 on a Falcon Heavy; three-month, ~1.6 million km cruise to an orbit around Sun-Earth L2. The Wide Field Instrument (300-megapixel infrared camera) was activated during commissioning; the Coronagraph Instrument took its first light on 2026-09-22 and its guidance system was checked on 2026-09-30. Science operations expected to begin in early 2027. No Horizons match found yet (deep-space-candidate audit); add horizonsId once one appears.`,fr:`Lancé le 2026-08-30 sur une Falcon Heavy ; croisière de trois mois (~1,6 million de km) vers une orbite autour du point L2 Soleil-Terre. L'instrument à grand champ (caméra infrarouge de 300 mégapixels) a été activé pendant la mise en service ; le coronographe a pris sa première lumière le 2026-09-22 et son système de guidage a été vérifié le 2026-09-30. Opérations scientifiques prévues au début de 2027. Aucune correspondance Horizons trouvée pour l'instant (audit deep-space-candidate) ; ajouter horizonsId dès qu'elle apparaîtra.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/roman-launch/`,`https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-dark-universe-seeking-nancy-grace-roman-space-telescope-launches/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/roman/2026/09/30/nasa-checks-roman-guidance-system-takes-first-coronagraph-observation/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/roman/2026/09/15/nasa-activates-romans-primary-instrument-checks-out-coronagraph/`]},{id:`dart`,name:{en:`DART`,fr:`DART`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-11-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`ended`,phase:{en:`Ended by design: impacted Dimorphos`,fr:`Terminée comme prévu : impact sur Dimorphos`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DART was the first test of planetary defence: could a spacecraft deliberately crashing into an asteroid change its path? It targeted Dimorphos, a small moon about 160 m wide orbiting the larger asteroid Didymos, which posed no threat to Earth. Measuring how much the impact changed Dimorphos's orbit shows how a dangerous asteroid could one day be deflected.`,fr:`DART a été le premier essai de défense planétaire, pour vérifier si un engin spatial projeté volontairement contre un astéroïde peut modifier sa trajectoire. Sa cible était Dimorphos, une petite lune d'environ 160 m qui tourne autour de l'astéroïde Didymos, sans aucun danger pour la Terre. Mesurer la modification de son orbite montre comment on pourrait un jour dévier un astéroïde menaçant.`},notes:{en:`Kinetic impact on Dimorphos 2022-09-26 (launch 2021-11-23 PST). Aftermath to be surveyed by ESA's Hera from late 2026. Show only as a historical marker, no trajectory after impact.`,fr:`Impact cinétique sur Dimorphos le 2022-09-26 (lancement le 2021-11-23 heure du Pacifique). Suites étudiées par Hera (ESA) à partir de fin 2026. À afficher seulement comme repère historique, sans trajectoire après l'impact.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dart/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dart/`]},{id:`imap`,name:{en:`IMAP`,fr:`IMAP`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Science operations at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Opérations scientifiques au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-43`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`IMAP maps the heliosphere, the giant bubble blown by the solar wind around the solar system, and its boundary with interstellar space, by catching neutral atoms that fly in from that frontier. It also studies how the Sun accelerates particles and measures interstellar dust. From its post near Sun–Earth L1 it sends real-time solar wind data that improve space-weather forecasts.`,fr:`IMAP cartographie l'héliosphère, l'immense bulle que le vent solaire gonfle autour du système solaire, et sa frontière avec l'espace interstellaire, en captant des atomes neutres venus de cette limite. Il étudie aussi comment le Soleil accélère les particules et mesure la poussière interstellaire. Depuis le point L1 Soleil-Terre, il transmet en temps réel des données sur le vent solaire qui améliorent les prévisions de météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Entered final L1 orbit 2026-01-10; science mission began 2026-02-01. Maps the heliosphere boundary. All 10 instruments collecting data; as of August 2026, science data from 7 of them has been released. Launched with Carruthers and SWFO-L1.`,fr:`Orbite finale en L1 atteinte le 2026-01-10 ; mission scientifique depuis le 2026-02-01. Cartographie la frontière de l'héliosphère. Les 10 instruments collectent des données ; en août 2026, les données scientifiques de 7 d'entre eux ont été publiées. Lancé avec Carruthers et SWFO-L1.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/imap/`},verified:`2026-10-17`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/imap/2026/01/12/nasas-imap-mission-reaches-its-destination/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/imap/2026/08`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=IMAP`]},{id:`carruthers`,name:{en:`Carruthers Geocorona Observatory`,fr:`Observatoire de la géocouronne Carruthers`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Primary science mission at Sun-Earth L1 (24 months)`,fr:`Mission scientifique principale au point L1 Soleil-Terre (24 mois)`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-171`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Carruthers studies the exosphere, the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere, made of hydrogen that glows faintly in ultraviolet light (the geocorona). Watching the whole Earth from far away, it measures the shape, size and density of this layer, how solar storms reshape it, and how hydrogen from water vapour low in the atmosphere reaches such extreme altitudes.`,fr:`Carruthers étudie l'exosphère, la couche la plus externe de l'atmosphère terrestre, faite d'hydrogène qui brille faiblement en ultraviolet (la géocouronne). En observant toute la Terre de loin, il mesure la forme, la taille et la densité de cette couche, la façon dont les tempêtes solaires la modifient, et comment l'hydrogène issu de la vapeur d'eau des basses couches monte jusqu'à des altitudes extrêmes.`},notes:{en:`Reached L1 orbit 2026-01-08; 24-month primary mission started 2026-03-01 (to ~March 2028). Images Earth's hydrogen exosphere in ultraviolet.`,fr:`Orbite en L1 atteinte le 2026-01-08 ; mission principale de 24 mois depuis le 2026-03-01 (jusqu'à ~mars 2028). Image l'exosphère d'hydrogène de la Terre en ultraviolet.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/carruthers-geocorona-observatory/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/carruthers-geocorona-observatory/2026/03/02/nasas-carruthers-geocorona-observatory-begins-primary-science-mission/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=Carruthers`]},{id:`solar-1`,name:{en:`SOLAR-1 (ex-SWFO-L1)`,fr:`SOLAR-1 (ex-SWFO-L1)`},agency:`NOAA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2025-09-24`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Operational space-weather monitoring at Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`Surveillance opérationnelle de la météo spatiale au point L1 Soleil-Terre`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`SOLAR-1 is NOAA's first satellite dedicated full-time to operational space-weather monitoring. From Sun–Earth L1 it watches the Sun with a coronagraph for eruptions heading towards Earth and measures the solar wind and its magnetic field, sending data to forecasters within minutes. Early warnings help protect power grids, communication and navigation systems, satellites and astronauts.`,fr:`SOLAR-1 est le premier satellite de la NOAA entièrement consacré à la surveillance opérationnelle de la météo spatiale. Depuis le point L1 Soleil-Terre, il guette avec un coronographe les éruptions dirigées vers la Terre et mesure le vent solaire et son champ magnétique, en transmettant ses données aux prévisionnistes en quelques minutes. Ces alertes précoces aident à protéger les réseaux électriques, les télécommunications, la navigation, les satellites et les astronautes.`},notes:{en:`Final L1 burn 2026-01-23, renamed SOLAR-1. NOAA said operational service would begin in spring 2026; a secondary search result reports full operations from 2026-06-10 (not confirmed on an opened NOAA page).`,fr:`Dernière manœuvre en L1 le 2026-01-23, renommé SOLAR-1. La NOAA annonçait un service opérationnel au printemps 2026 ; un résultat secondaire indique un fonctionnement complet depuis le 2026-06-10 (non confirmé sur une page NOAA consultée).`},website:{url:`https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/OPPA/swfo-L1.php`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/swfo-l1-renamed-solar-1-reaches-final-destination-one-million-miles-earth`]},{id:`stereo-a`,name:{en:`STEREO-A`,fr:`STEREO-A`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2006-10-26`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,phase:{en:`Heliocentric solar observatory, extended mission`,fr:`Observatoire solaire héliocentrique, mission étendue`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`-234`,sampling:{stepMin:1440,pastDays:60,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`STEREO used two nearly identical spacecraft, one ahead of Earth and one behind it in orbit around the Sun, to give the first stereoscopic views of the Sun. It was built to understand what triggers coronal mass ejections (huge solar eruptions), how they are structured and how they travel through the solar system, where energetic particles are accelerated, and how the solar wind is organised.`,fr:`STEREO reposait sur deux engins presque identiques, l'un en avance et l'autre en retard sur la Terre autour du Soleil, pour obtenir les premières vues en relief du Soleil. La mission vise à comprendre ce qui déclenche les éjections de masse coronale (d'énormes éruptions solaires), leur structure et leur trajet dans le système solaire, l'origine des particules énergétiques et l'organisation du vent solaire.`},notes:{en:`STEREO-A remains active; STEREO-B lost in 2014. Earth-trailing/leading heliocentric orbit, useful for side views of the Sun.`,fr:`STEREO-A reste actif ; STEREO-B perdu en 2014. Orbite héliocentrique proche de celle de la Terre, utile pour voir le Soleil de côté.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/stereo/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/stereo/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons_lookup.api?sstr=STEREO-A`]},{id:`neo-surveyor`,name:{en:`NEO Surveyor`,fr:`NEO Surveyor`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In development; infrared survey telescope bound for Sun-Earth L1`,fr:`En développement ; télescope infrarouge de relevé destiné à L1 Soleil-Terre`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on Falcon 9 (no earlier than)`,fr:`Lancement sur Falcon 9 (au plus tôt)`,date:`2027-09`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`NEO Surveyor will be NASA's first space telescope built for planetary defence. Its infrared detectors will find dark asteroids and comets that are hard to see in visible light but glow as the Sun warms them, including those coming from the Sun's direction where ground telescopes cannot look. Its data will also help scientists learn how the solar system evolved.`,fr:`NEO Surveyor sera le premier télescope spatial de la NASA conçu pour la défense planétaire. Ses détecteurs infrarouges repéreront des astéroïdes et des comètes sombres, difficiles à voir en lumière visible mais qui rayonnent quand le Soleil les chauffe, y compris ceux qui arrivent depuis la direction du Soleil, inobservable depuis le sol. Ses données aideront aussi à comprendre l'évolution du système solaire.`},notes:{en:`Launch NET September 2027. Not displayed in 3D until launched.`,fr:`Lancement au plus tôt en septembre 2027. Pas d'affichage 3D avant le lancement.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/`]},{id:`ema-mbr-explorer`,name:{en:`Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (MBR Explorer)`,fr:`Mission émiratie vers la ceinture d'astéroïdes (MBR Explorer)`},agency:`UAE Space Agency / MBRSC`,country:`ae`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`Assembly, integration and test`,fr:`Assemblage, intégration et essais`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on H3 (first quarter)`,fr:`Lancement sur H3 (premier trimestre)`,date:`2028`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt plans to send the MBR Explorer spacecraft past seven asteroids of the main belt between Mars and Jupiter, then land on the last one, Justitia. It will study their surface composition, geology, density and temperatures to learn about the origin and evolution of water-rich asteroids, and whether asteroids could one day supply resources for future missions.`,fr:`La mission émiratie vers la ceinture d'astéroïdes prévoit d'envoyer la sonde MBR Explorer survoler sept astéroïdes de la ceinture principale, entre Mars et Jupiter, puis se poser sur le dernier, Justitia. Elle étudiera leur composition, leur géologie, leur densité et leur température pour comprendre l'origine et l'évolution des astéroïdes riches en eau, et savoir s'ils pourraient un jour fournir des ressources aux missions futures.`},notes:{en:`Six main-belt asteroid flybys and a lander at a seventh ~2034; gravity assists at Venus, Earth, Mars. Other sources give March 2028.`,fr:`Six survols d'astéroïdes de la ceinture principale et un atterrisseur sur un septième vers 2034 ; assistances de Vénus, de la Terre et de Mars. D'autres sources indiquent mars 2028.`},website:{url:`https://space.gov.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/space-exploration/emirates-mission-to-the-asteroid-belt`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/04/27/uaes-mbr-explorer-mission-to-asteroid-belt-on-track-for-2028-launch-as-tests-begin/`]},{id:`destiny-plus`,name:{en:`DESTINY+`,fr:`DESTINY+`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In development; Phaethon flyby mission`,fr:`En développement ; mission de survol de Phaéton`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch on H3 (Japanese fiscal year 2028)`,fr:`Lancement sur H3 (exercice japonais 2028)`,date:`2028`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`DESTINY+ is a JAXA technology and science mission. It will demonstrate electric propulsion and high-speed flyby techniques that could make deep-space exploration cheaper and more frequent, then fly past the asteroid Phaethon, the source of the Geminid meteor shower, to image it. Its German-built dust analyser will study interplanetary dust, which brings carbon and organic matter to Earth.`,fr:`DESTINY+ est une mission technologique et scientifique de la JAXA. Elle doit démontrer la propulsion électrique et des techniques de survol à grande vitesse capables de rendre l'exploration lointaine moins coûteuse et plus fréquente, puis survoler l'astéroïde Phaéton, à l'origine des étoiles filantes des Géminides, pour le photographier. Son analyseur de poussières, fourni par l'Allemagne, étudiera la poussière interplanétaire qui apporte carbone et matière organique sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`Moved from Epsilon S (2025) to H3 (FY2028) after the 2023 Epsilon S motor test failure. Phaethon flyby FY2030; Apophis observation 2029 also planned.`,fr:`Passée d'Epsilon S (2025) à H3 (exercice 2028) après l'échec d'essai moteur d'Epsilon S en 2023. Survol de Phaéton en exercice 2030 ; observation d'Apophis en 2029 aussi prévue.`},website:{url:`https://destiny.isas.jaxa.jp/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://destiny.isas.jaxa.jp/2024-10-15-15-26`]},{id:`comet-interceptor`,name:{en:`Comet Interceptor`,fr:`Comet Interceptor`},agency:`ESA / JAXA`,country:`eu`,centralBody:`sun`,status:`planned`,phase:{en:`In construction; will wait at Sun-Earth L2 for a pristine comet`,fr:`En construction ; attendra en L2 Soleil-Terre une comète vierge`},nextEvent:{en:`Launch (late 2028 or early 2029, with Ariel)`,fr:`Lancement (fin 2028 ou début 2029, avec Ariel)`,date:`2029`},ephemeris:`none`,lowOrbit:!1,goals:{en:`Comet Interceptor aims to be the first mission to visit a pristine comet, one arriving for the first time from the far edge of the solar system and still carrying material unchanged since the planets formed. The spacecraft will wait in space until a suitable target is found, then split into three craft to observe the comet from several directions at once and build a 3D picture of it.`,fr:`Comet Interceptor veut être la première mission à visiter une comète vierge, qui arrive pour la première fois des confins du système solaire et conserve une matière inchangée depuis la formation des planètes. L'engin attendra dans l'espace qu'une cible adaptée soit découverte, puis se séparera en trois sondes pour observer la comète sous plusieurs angles à la fois et en reconstituer une image en 3D.`},notes:{en:`Three spacecraft (main + two probes, one from JAXA). Target not yet selected by design.`,fr:`Trois engins (principal + deux sondes, dont une de la JAXA). Cible volontairement non choisie à l'avance.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Comet_Interceptor`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/comet_interceptor/`},verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Comet_Interceptor`]},{id:`ceres`,name:{en:`Ceres`,fr:`Cérès`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:469.7,radiiKm:[482.2,482.1,445.9],centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Main asteroid belt, ~2.8 AU, 4.6-year period`,fr:`Ceinture principale d’astéroïdes, ~2,8 AU, période de 4,6 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`1;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#8f8b86`,verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/ceres/`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18955`,`https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.06086`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Ceres`]},{id:`haumea`,name:{en:`Haumea`,fr:`Hauméa`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:798,radiiKm:[1161,852,513],centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Kuiper Belt, ~43 AU, 284-year period`,fr:`Ceinture de Kuiper, ~43 AU, période de 284 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136108;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#d9d6d0`,notes:{en:`Elongated ellipsoid measured during the 21 January 2017 stellar occultation; spins in 3.9 hours about the pole of its ring. The direction of its long axis at a given moment is illustrative (rotation phase not published).`,fr:`Ellipsoïde allongé mesuré lors de l’occultation stellaire du 21 janvier 2017 ; tourne en 3,9 heures autour du pôle de son anneau. L’orientation de son grand axe à un instant donné est indicative (phase de rotation non publiée).`},verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/haumea/`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24051`,`https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.03113`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Haumea`]},{id:`makemake`,name:{en:`Makemake`,fr:`Makémaké`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:715,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Kuiper Belt, ~45 AU, 305-year period`,fr:`Ceinture de Kuiper, ~45 AU, période de 305 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136472;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#c69a7a`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/makemake/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Makemake`]},{id:`eris`,name:{en:`Eris`,fr:`Éris`},objectType:`natural`,radiusKm:1163,centralBody:`sun`,status:`active`,orbit:{en:`Scattered disc, ~68 AU, 559-year period`,fr:`Disque des objets épars, ~68 AU, période de 559 ans`},ephemeris:`horizons`,horizonsId:`136199;`,sampling:{stepMin:14400,pastDays:365,futureDays:365},lowOrbit:!1,color:`#e8e6e3`,verified:`2026-09-27`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/eris/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Eris`]}]}).missions,science:gt.parse({verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://celestrak.org/NORAD/elements/gp.php?GROUP=science&FORMAT=JSON`],satellites:[{id:`iss`,norad:25544,name:{en:`International Space Station (ISS)`,fr:`Station spatiale internationale (ISS)`},agency:`NASA / Roscosmos / ESA / JAXA / CSA`,country:`int`,launchDate:`1998-11-20`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Crewed orbital laboratory`,fr:`Laboratoire orbital habité`},goals:{en:`The station exists to let people live and work in space continuously, so that scientists can run experiments impossible on the ground, where weightlessness changes how bodies, fluids, flames and materials behave. It also tests the technologies and studies the health effects needed for long journeys to the Moon and Mars, and shows that many nations can build and run a complex project together.`,fr:`La station permet à des équipages de vivre et de travailler dans l'espace sans interruption, pour mener des expériences impossibles au sol\xA0: en apesanteur, le corps humain, les liquides, les flammes et les matériaux se comportent autrement. Elle sert aussi à tester les technologies et à étudier les effets sur la santé des longs voyages vers la Lune et Mars, tout en montrant que de nombreux pays peuvent bâtir et exploiter ensemble un projet complexe.`},notes:{en:`Permanently crewed since November 2000, the station hosts research in biology, physics, materials and Earth observation. Its first module, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998.`,fr:`Occupée en permanence depuis novembre 2000, la station accueille des recherches en biologie, en physique, sur les matériaux et en observation de la Terre. Son premier module, Zarya, a été lancé le 20 novembre 1998.`},website:{url:`https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/`]},{id:`tiangong`,norad:48274,name:{en:`Tiangong space station (CSS)`,fr:`Station spatiale Tiangong (CSS)`},agency:`CMSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2021-04-29`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Crewed orbital laboratory`,fr:`Laboratoire orbital habité`},goals:{en:`China's space station lets crews live and work in orbit for months at a time, to run experiments in weightlessness in life sciences, physics, materials and astronomy, and to test the technologies and study the health effects of long stays in space. It is also a step towards China's crewed missions to the Moon.`,fr:`La station spatiale chinoise permet à des équipages de vivre et de travailler en orbite pendant des mois, pour mener des expériences en apesanteur en sciences de la vie, en physique, sur les matériaux et en astronomie, et pour tester les technologies et étudier les effets sur la santé des longs séjours dans l'espace. C'est aussi une étape vers les missions habitées chinoises vers la Lune.`},notes:{en:`Tiangong (“heavenly palace”) is called CSS (TIANHE) in the satellite catalogue, after its core module Tianhe, launched on 29 April 2021. The laboratory modules Wentian and Mengtian joined it in July and October 2022. Crews of three, flown on Shenzhou spacecraft, take turns about every six months.`,fr:`Tiangong (« palais céleste ») s'appelle CSS (TIANHE) dans le catalogue des satellites, d'après son module central Tianhe, lancé le 29 avril 2021. Les modules laboratoires Wentian et Mengtian l'ont rejoint en juillet et en octobre 2022. Des équipages de trois, transportés par des vaisseaux Shenzhou, se relaient environ tous les six mois.`},website:{url:`https://en.cmse.gov.cn/`},verified:`2026-10-19`,sources:[`https://en.cmse.gov.cn/`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_space_station`]},{id:`hubble`,norad:20580,name:{en:`Hubble Space Telescope (HST)`,fr:`Télescope spatial Hubble (HST)`},agency:`NASA / ESA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1990-04-24`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Optical/UV/near-IR space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial optique, UV et proche IR`},goals:{en:`Hubble was built to see the Universe above the blurring of Earth's atmosphere, with sharp images in visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared light. One of its founding goals was to measure how fast the Universe is expanding; it also studies how galaxies, stars and planets form and evolve, black holes, and the atmospheres of planets around other stars, and its observations contributed to the discovery of dark energy.`,fr:`Hubble a été conçu pour observer l'Univers au-dessus de l'atmosphère terrestre, qui brouille les images, en lumière visible, ultraviolette et proche infrarouge. L'un de ses objectifs fondateurs était de mesurer la vitesse d'expansion de l'Univers; il étudie aussi la formation et l'évolution des galaxies, des étoiles et des planètes, les trous noirs et l'atmosphère de planètes d'autres étoiles, et ses observations ont contribué à la découverte de l'énergie sombre.`},notes:{en:`Launched by Space Shuttle Discovery and serviced five times by astronauts. Since June 2024 it observes in one-gyro mode to save its remaining gyroscopes, which limits some targets but keeps science going.`,fr:`Lancé par la navette Discovery et réparé cinq fois par des astronautes. Depuis juin 2024, il observe avec un seul gyroscope pour ménager les autres, ce qui limite certaines cibles sans arrêter la science.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/hst/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-pauses-science-due-to-gyro-issue/`]},{id:`polar`,norad:23802,name:{en:`Polar`,fr:`Polar`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1996-02-24`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Polar magnetosphere and aurora observatory`,fr:`Étude de la magnétosphère polaire et des aurores`},goals:{en:`Polar was meant to understand how energy and charged particles from the solar wind enter Earth's magnetic shield and pour down over the polar regions. By watching the whole auroral oval from above while sampling the plasma it crossed, it helped explain what powers aurorae and magnetic storms, which can disturb satellites, radio links and power grids.`,fr:`Polar devait comprendre comment l'énergie et les particules chargées du vent solaire pénètrent dans le bouclier magnétique de la Terre et se déversent au-dessus des régions polaires. En observant d'en haut l'ovale auroral entier tout en analysant le plasma traversé, il a aidé à expliquer ce qui alimente les aurores et les orages magnétiques, capables de perturber satellites, liaisons radio et réseaux électriques.`},notes:{en:`Part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics programme, Polar imaged aurorae and measured particles and fields over the poles. The mission ended in April 2008 and the spacecraft was switched off; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Membre du programme International Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Polar a photographié les aurores et mesuré particules et champs au-dessus des pôles. La mission a pris fin en avril 2008 et l'engin a été éteint\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/polar/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-013A`]},{id:`swas`,norad:25560,name:{en:`Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)`,fr:`Satellite d'astronomie submillimétrique (SWAS)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1998-12-06`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Submillimetre telescope (water, oxygen in clouds)`,fr:`Télescope submillimétrique (eau, oxygène des nuages)`},goals:{en:`SWAS set out to understand how giant clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy cool down enough to collapse and form new stars. Water, molecular oxygen and carbon were expected to be the main coolants, but their signals are absorbed by water vapour in Earth's atmosphere, so they had to be measured from space to test models of interstellar chemistry and star birth.`,fr:`SWAS devait comprendre comment les immenses nuages de gaz et de poussière de notre galaxie se refroidissent assez pour s'effondrer et former de nouvelles étoiles. L'eau, l'oxygène moléculaire et le carbone devaient être les principaux agents de ce refroidissement, mais la vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère terrestre absorbe leurs signaux\xA0: il fallait donc les mesurer depuis l'espace pour mettre à l'épreuve les modèles de chimie interstellaire et de naissance des étoiles.`},notes:{en:`A Small Explorer that studied water, molecular oxygen and carbon in interstellar clouds. Science ended in 2004; it was briefly reactivated in 2005 to watch the Deep Impact comet collision, then put back into hibernation.`,fr:`Petit satellite Explorer qui a étudié l'eau, l'oxygène moléculaire et le carbone des nuages interstellaires. Sa mission scientifique a pris fin en 2004\xA0; il a été brièvement réactivé en 2005 pour observer l'impact de Deep Impact sur une comète, puis remis en hibernation.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swas/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-071A`]},{id:`chandra`,norad:25867,name:{en:`Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)`,fr:`Observatoire de rayons X Chandra (CXO)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1999-07-23`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`Chandra was built to study the hottest and most violent places in the Universe, which shine in X-rays that Earth's atmosphere blocks. Its very sharp X-ray images let astronomers study black holes, exploded stars, neutron stars and the hot gas filling clusters of galaxies, helping to trace the structure and evolution of the Universe.`,fr:`Chandra a été conçu pour étudier les régions les plus chaudes et les plus violentes de l'Univers, qui brillent en rayons X, arrêtés par l'atmosphère terrestre. Ses images X très fines permettent d'étudier les trous noirs, les étoiles qui ont explosé, les étoiles à neutrons et le gaz brûlant des amas de galaxies, afin de retracer la structure et l'évolution de l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`NASA's flagship X-ray observatory, on a highly elliptical orbit reaching about a third of the way to the Moon. Proposed for cancellation, it was funded again by Congress in the FY2026 budget (January 2026) and keeps observing.`,fr:`Grand observatoire de rayons X de la NASA, sur une orbite très elliptique qui s'éloigne jusqu'au tiers environ de la distance de la Lune. Menacé d'annulation, il a été refinancé par le Congrès dans le budget 2026 (janvier 2026) et poursuit ses observations.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/chandra/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/chandra/`,`https://aas.org/posts/news/2026/01/congress-passes-fiscal-year-2026-spending-bills-nsf-nasa-and-doe`]},{id:`xmm-newton`,norad:25989,name:{en:`XMM-Newton`,fr:`XMM-Newton`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`1999-12-10`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`XMM-Newton was designed to collect as much X-ray light as possible from faint, distant sources, in order to understand the hot and energetic Universe. It probes the hearts of galaxies and the surroundings of black holes, follows stars through every stage of their lives, catches sudden events such as gamma-ray bursts, and studies how matter behaves in extreme conditions.`,fr:`XMM-Newton a été conçu pour recueillir le plus possible de rayons X provenant de sources faibles et lointaines, afin de comprendre l'Univers chaud et énergétique. Il sonde le cœur des galaxies et les abords des trous noirs, suit les étoiles à toutes les étapes de leur vie, capte des événements soudains comme les sursauts gamma et étudie le comportement de la matière dans des conditions extrêmes.`},notes:{en:`ESA's X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, with three X-ray telescopes and an optical/UV monitor, on a 48-hour elliptical orbit. Still observing more than 25 years after launch.`,fr:`Mission X-ray Multi-Mirror de l'ESA, dotée de trois télescopes à rayons X et d'un moniteur optique et UV, sur une orbite elliptique de 48 heures. Toujours en service plus de 25 ans après son lancement.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/xmm_newton/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton`]},{id:`terra`,norad:25994,name:{en:`Terra (EOS AM-1)`,fr:`Terra (EOS AM-1)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`1999-12-18`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth observation (land, oceans, atmosphere)`,fr:`Observation de la Terre (sols, océans, atmosphère)`},goals:{en:`Terra was built to understand how Earth is changing and what those changes mean for life, by observing together how the atmosphere, land, ice, oceans and the planet's energy balance interact to shape the climate. Its long, consistent records also serve practical needs: tracking wildfires, volcanic eruptions and air pollution, monitoring crops and food security, and improving climate models.`,fr:`Terra a été conçu pour comprendre comment la Terre change et ce que ces changements signifient pour la vie, en observant ensemble l'atmosphère, les terres, les glaces, les océans et le bilan énergétique de la planète, qui façonnent le climat. Ses longues séries de mesures cohérentes servent aussi à des besoins concrets\xA0: suivre les feux de forêt, les éruptions volcaniques et la pollution de l'air, surveiller les cultures et la sécurité alimentaire, et améliorer les modèles climatiques.`},notes:{en:`Flagship of NASA's Earth Observing System, with Japanese and Canadian instruments. Drifting to an earlier overpass time with less power, it switched off MOPITT in April 2025, but MODIS, MISR, CERES and ASTER's visible camera still operate.`,fr:`Satellite phare du système d'observation de la Terre de la NASA, avec des instruments japonais et canadiens. Son heure de passage dérive et sa puissance diminue\xA0: MOPITT a été éteint en avril 2025, mais MODIS, MISR, CERES et la caméra visible d'ASTER fonctionnent toujours.`},website:{url:`https://terra.nasa.gov/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://terra.nasa.gov/`]},{id:`timed`,norad:26998,name:{en:`TIMED`,fr:`TIMED`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2001-12-07`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Upper atmosphere (mesosphere, thermosphere)`,fr:`Haute atmosphère (mésosphère, thermosphère)`},goals:{en:`TIMED was the first mission to survey in depth the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, a layer too high for balloons and too low for most satellites, where the Sun's energy first enters Earth's environment. It aims to measure how this energy moves through the region and how it changes over the solar cycle, because this layer affects satellite drag, radio communications and our understanding of long-term climate change.`,fr:`TIMED a été la première mission à étudier en détail la mésosphère et la basse thermosphère, une couche trop haute pour les ballons et trop basse pour la plupart des satellites, où l'énergie du Soleil pénètre d'abord dans l'environnement terrestre. Elle vise à mesurer comment cette énergie y circule et comment elle varie au fil du cycle solaire, car cette couche influe sur le freinage des satellites, les communications radio et la compréhension de l'évolution du climat.`},notes:{en:`Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics. Still listed as an active NASA mission after more than 20 years.`,fr:`Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics. Toujours une mission active de la NASA après plus de 20\xA0ans.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/timed/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/timed/`]},{id:`coriolis`,norad:27640,name:{en:`Coriolis (WindSat)`,fr:`Coriolis (WindSat)`},agency:`US Navy / USAF`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2003-01-06`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Ocean wind radiometer and solar CME imager`,fr:`Radiomètre des vents marins et imageur d'éjections solaires`},goals:{en:`Coriolis was a US military experiment meant to prove that a passive microwave radiometer can measure from space not only the speed but also the direction of winds over the sea, a technique planned for future weather satellites and useful for naval forecasts. Its second instrument, SMEI, aimed to track clouds of solar material travelling towards Earth to improve warnings of solar storms.`,fr:`Coriolis était une expérience militaire américaine destinée à prouver qu'un radiomètre micro-ondes passif peut mesurer depuis l'espace non seulement la vitesse, mais aussi la direction du vent au-dessus de la mer, une technique prévue pour de futurs satellites météo et utile aux prévisions de la marine. Son second instrument, SMEI, devait suivre les nuages de matière solaire se dirigeant vers la Terre pour mieux prévoir les tempêtes solaires.`},notes:{en:`Carried WindSat, a polarimetric radiometer measuring ocean-surface wind speed and direction, and the SMEI solar imager (off since 2011). WindSat data production stopped in October 2020; the satellite is listed as inactive since December 2020.`,fr:`Portait WindSat, radiomètre polarimétrique mesurant la vitesse et la direction du vent à la surface des océans, et l'imageur solaire SMEI (éteint depuis 2011). La production des données WindSat a cessé en octobre 2020\xA0; le satellite est considéré inactif depuis décembre 2020.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://space.oscar.wmo.int/satellites/view/coriolis`,`https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/data/messages/2020/10/MSG_20201020_1304.html`]},{id:`sorce`,norad:27651,name:{en:`SORCE`,fr:`SORCE`},agency:`NASA / LASP`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2003-01-25`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Solar irradiance measurement`,fr:`Mesure de l'éclairement solaire`},goals:{en:`SORCE was designed to measure precisely how much energy the Sun sends to Earth, both in total and wavelength by wavelength from X-rays to infrared. Because sunlight drives Earth's climate, these measurements help separate natural solar variations from human-caused change, extend a record begun in 1979, and show how solar ultraviolet light affects the ozone layer.`,fr:`SORCE a été conçu pour mesurer avec précision l'énergie que le Soleil envoie à la Terre, au total et longueur d'onde par longueur d'onde, des rayons X à l'infrarouge. Comme la lumière solaire gouverne le climat terrestre, ces mesures aident à distinguer les variations naturelles du Soleil des changements dus aux humains, à prolonger une série commencée en 1979 et à comprendre l'effet des ultraviolets solaires sur la couche d'ozone.`},notes:{en:`Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment: measured the Sun's total and spectral irradiance, a key input for climate studies. Science ended in February 2020 and the spacecraft was decommissioned; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment\xA0: a mesuré l'éclairement solaire total et spectral, une donnée clé pour l'étude du climat. La mission scientifique a pris fin en février 2020 et le satellite a été désactivé\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-004A`]},{id:`most`,norad:27843,name:{en:`MOST space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial MOST`},agency:`CSA`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2003-06-30`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Stellar oscillation photometry`,fr:`Photométrie des oscillations stellaires`},goals:{en:`MOST was built to measure the ages of stars in our galaxy by detecting tiny, regular flickers in their brightness. These vibrations work like seismic waves: they reveal what a star is made of and how it is built inside, which tells how old it is. The mission also showed that a very small, low-cost satellite could do front-line astronomy.`,fr:`MOST a été conçu pour mesurer l'âge des étoiles de notre galaxie en détectant d'infimes variations régulières de leur éclat. Ces vibrations agissent comme des ondes sismiques\xA0: elles révèlent la composition et la structure interne d'une étoile, et donc son âge. La mission a aussi montré qu'un très petit satellite peu coûteux pouvait faire de l'astronomie de pointe.`},notes:{en:`Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars, Canada's first space telescope (53 kg, nicknamed the 'Humble Space Telescope'). CSA funding ended in 2014; operated afterwards by Microsatellite Systems Canada until a failure ended it in 2019.`,fr:`Microvariabilité et oscillations stellaires, premier télescope spatial canadien (53 kg). Le financement de l'ASC a pris fin en 2014\xA0; exploité ensuite par Microsatellite Systems Canada jusqu'à une panne qui y a mis fin en 2019.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/most/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/most/`]},{id:`scisat`,norad:27858,name:{en:`SCISAT (ACE)`,fr:`SCISAT (ACE)`},agency:`CSA`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2003-08-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Ozone-layer and atmospheric chemistry`,fr:`Couche d'ozone et chimie atmosphérique`},goals:{en:`SCISAT was launched to help scientists understand why the ozone layer, which shields life from the Sun's ultraviolet rays, thins over Canada and the Arctic, by tracking the chemical processes that control it. Its measurements help check that the Montreal Protocol is working and follow the replacement chemicals; the mission has since widened to climate change, air quality and pollution.`,fr:`SCISAT a été lancé pour aider les scientifiques à comprendre pourquoi la couche d'ozone, qui protège la vie des rayons ultraviolets du Soleil, s'amincit au-dessus du Canada et de l'Arctique, en suivant les processus chimiques qui la gouvernent. Ses mesures aident à vérifier l'efficacité du Protocole de Montréal et à suivre les produits de remplacement; la mission s'est depuis élargie au changement climatique, à la qualité de l'air et à la pollution.`},notes:{en:`Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment: measures ozone and dozens of trace gases by watching sunrises and sunsets through the atmosphere. Designed for 2 years, it has operated for more than 20; the science team still released new data products in 2026.`,fr:`Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\xA0: mesure l'ozone et des dizaines de gaz traces en observant les levers et couchers de Soleil à travers l'atmosphère. Conçu pour 2 ans, il fonctionne depuis plus de 20 ans\xA0; l'équipe scientifique publiait encore de nouveaux produits en 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/about.asp`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/about.asp`,`https://databace.scisat.ca/`]},{id:`swift`,norad:28485,name:{en:`Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory`,fr:`Observatoire Neil Gehrels Swift`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2004-11-20`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Gamma-ray burst observatory (gamma, X, UV)`,fr:`Observatoire des sursauts gamma (gamma, X, UV)`},goals:{en:`Swift was built to catch gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the Universe, born when massive stars collapse or neutron stars merge, and to study their fading glow before it disappears. Understanding these bursts sheds light on how black holes form and, because they are visible from very far away, on the young Universe; Swift also watches many other sudden events in the sky.`,fr:`Swift a été conçu pour capter les sursauts gamma, les explosions les plus puissantes de l'Univers, nées de l'effondrement d'étoiles massives ou de la fusion d'étoiles à neutrons, et pour étudier leur lueur avant qu'elle ne s'éteigne. Comprendre ces sursauts éclaire la formation des trous noirs et, comme ils sont visibles de très loin, l'Univers jeune; Swift surveille aussi bien d'autres phénomènes soudains du ciel.`},notes:{en:`Detects gamma-ray bursts and swings within minutes to observe them in X-rays and UV. A commercial reboost attempt (Katalyst LINK) was called off in August 2026; Swift resumed full science in September 2026 and is expected to re-enter in late 2026.`,fr:`Détecte les sursauts gamma et pivote en quelques minutes pour les observer en rayons X et en UV. Une tentative commerciale de rehaussement d'orbite (Katalyst LINK) a été abandonnée en août 2026\xA0; Swift a repris toute sa science en septembre 2026 et devrait rentrer dans l'atmosphère d'ici la fin de 2026.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swift/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/swift/2026/09/25/nasas-swift-powers-on-third-instrument-restarts-automated-slewing/`,`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swift/`]},{id:`hinode`,norad:29479,name:{en:`Hinode (Solar-B)`,fr:`Hinode (Solar-B)`},agency:`JAXA / NAOJ / NASA / UKSA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2006-09-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar observatory (magnetic fields, corona)`,fr:`Observatoire solaire (champs magnétiques, couronne)`},goals:{en:`Hinode was built to understand how the Sun's magnetic fields are created and move, and how they carry energy up from the visible surface to heat the outer atmosphere, the corona, to millions of degrees. It also aims to find what triggers solar flares and coronal mass ejections, the eruptions behind the space weather that can affect satellites and power grids on Earth.`,fr:`Hinode a été conçu pour comprendre comment les champs magnétiques du Soleil naissent et se déplacent, et comment ils transportent l'énergie de la surface visible jusqu'à l'atmosphère extérieure, la couronne, chauffée à des millions de degrés. Il cherche aussi ce qui déclenche les éruptions solaires et les éjections de masse coronale, à l'origine de la météo spatiale qui peut perturber satellites et réseaux électriques sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`Japanese solar observatory with optical, X-ray and EUV telescopes built with US and UK partners, studying the Sun's magnetic fields and the heating of the corona. Still operating after nearly 20 years.`,fr:`Observatoire solaire japonais doté de télescopes optique, X et UV extrême construits avec des partenaires américains et britanniques\xA0; il étudie les champs magnétiques du Soleil et le chauffage de la couronne. Toujours en service après près de 20 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hinode.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/current/hinode.html`,`https://hinode.nao.ac.jp/en/`]},{id:`shijian-6-02a`,norad:29505,name:{en:`Shijian-6 02A (SJ-6C)`,fr:`Shijian-6 02A (SJ-6C)`},agency:`CAST / SAST`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2006-10-23`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Space environment research (officially)`,fr:`Étude de l'environnement spatial (officiellement)`},goals:{en:`According to official Chinese descriptions, the Shijian-6 pairs were built to probe the space environment around Earth, measure radiation and its effects on spacecraft, and record the physical conditions of near-Earth space, knowledge needed to design more reliable satellites. Their full purpose is not publicly documented, and some analysts believe they also test electronic-intelligence technology.`,fr:`Selon les descriptions officielles chinoises, les paires Shijian-6 ont été conçues pour sonder l'environnement spatial autour de la Terre, mesurer les radiations et leurs effets sur les engins spatiaux et enregistrer les conditions physiques de l'espace proche, des connaissances utiles pour concevoir des satellites plus fiables. Leur rôle exact n'est pas documenté publiquement, et certains analystes pensent qu'elles testent aussi des technologies de renseignement électronique.`},notes:{en:`Second pair of the Shijian-6 series. No official statement on its current status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Deuxième paire de la série Shijian-6. Aucune information officielle sur son état actuel\xA0: statut inconnu.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-046A`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sj-6.htm`]},{id:`shijian-6-02b`,norad:29506,name:{en:`Shijian-6 02B (SJ-6D)`,fr:`Shijian-6 02B (SJ-6D)`},agency:`CAST / DFH`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2006-10-23`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Space environment research (officially)`,fr:`Étude de l'environnement spatial (officiellement)`},goals:{en:`According to official Chinese descriptions, the Shijian-6 pairs were built to probe the space environment around Earth, measure radiation and its effects on spacecraft, and record the physical conditions of near-Earth space, knowledge needed to design more reliable satellites. Their full purpose is not publicly documented, and some analysts believe they also test electronic-intelligence technology.`,fr:`Selon les descriptions officielles chinoises, les paires Shijian-6 ont été conçues pour sonder l'environnement spatial autour de la Terre, mesurer les radiations et leurs effets sur les engins spatiaux et enregistrer les conditions physiques de l'espace proche, des connaissances utiles pour concevoir des satellites plus fiables. Leur rôle exact n'est pas documenté publiquement, et certains analystes pensent qu'elles testent aussi des technologies de renseignement électronique.`},notes:{en:`Companion of Shijian-6 02A, launched on the same rocket. No official statement on its current status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Compagnon de Shijian-6 02A, lancé par la même fusée. Aucune information officielle sur son état actuel\xA0: statut inconnu.`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-046B`,`https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sj-6.htm`]},{id:`fermi`,norad:33053,name:{en:`Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (GLAST)`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons gamma Fermi (GLAST)`},agency:`NASA / DOE`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2008-06-11`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Gamma-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons gamma`},goals:{en:`Fermi was built to explore the most extreme and energetic places in the universe, such as black holes that launch powerful jets, pulsars and the explosions behind gamma-ray bursts. Scientists also use it to find out where cosmic rays come from, to test theories of gravity and to search for signs of dark matter.`,fr:`Fermi a été conçu pour explorer les lieux les plus extrêmes et les plus énergétiques de l'Univers, comme les trous noirs qui projettent de puissants jets, les pulsars et les explosions à l'origine des sursauts gamma. Les scientifiques s'en servent aussi pour découvrir d'où viennent les rayons cosmiques, mettre à l'épreuve les théories de la gravitation et chercher des traces de matière noire.`},notes:{en:`Launched as GLAST and renamed after physicist Enrico Fermi; its Large Area Telescope maps the whole gamma-ray sky every three hours, and its burst monitor catches gamma-ray bursts. Still operating.`,fr:`Lancé sous le nom de GLAST puis renommé en l'honneur du physicien Enrico Fermi\xA0; son grand télescope cartographie tout le ciel gamma toutes les trois heures et son moniteur détecte les sursauts gamma. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/fermi/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/fermi/`]},{id:`sdo`,norad:36395,name:{en:`Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)`,fr:`Observatoire de la dynamique solaire (SDO)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2010-02-11`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar observatory (continuous full-disc imaging)`,fr:`Observatoire solaire (images continues du disque)`},goals:{en:`SDO was built to understand where solar activity comes from: how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and how it releases energy in flares and coronal mass ejections. By watching the Sun's interior, atmosphere and energy output at the same time, it helps scientists learn to predict the space weather that can disturb satellites, radio links and power grids on Earth.`,fr:`SDO a été conçu pour comprendre l'origine de l'activité solaire, c'est-à-dire comment naît le champ magnétique du Soleil et comment il libère son énergie lors des éruptions et des éjections de masse coronale. En observant à la fois l'intérieur du Soleil, son atmosphère et l'énergie qu'il émet, il aide les scientifiques à prévoir la météo spatiale, qui peut perturber les satellites, les liaisons radio et les réseaux électriques sur Terre.`},notes:{en:`From an inclined geosynchronous orbit, SDO images the full Sun in many wavelengths every few seconds and maps its magnetic field, feeding space-weather forecasts. Still operating.`,fr:`Depuis une orbite géosynchrone inclinée, SDO photographie le Soleil entier dans plusieurs longueurs d'onde toutes les quelques secondes et cartographie son champ magnétique, au service de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/sdo/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/sdo/`]},{id:`cryosat-2`,norad:36508,name:{en:`CryoSat-2`,fr:`CryoSat-2`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2010-04-08`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Radar altimetry of ice sheets and sea ice`,fr:`Altimétrie radar des calottes et de la banquise`},goals:{en:`CryoSat was designed to find out how fast polar ice is thinning or thickening, a key sign of climate change. Precise measurements of floating sea ice and of the edges of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets show how much ice is being lost, how much this adds to sea-level rise, and how melting may change ocean circulation and climate.`,fr:`CryoSat a été conçu pour mesurer à quelle vitesse les glaces polaires s'amincissent ou s'épaississent, un indicateur essentiel du changement climatique. Des mesures précises de la banquise et des bords des calottes du Groenland et de l'Antarctique révèlent la quantité de glace perdue, sa part dans la hausse du niveau des mers et l'effet possible de la fonte sur la circulation océanique et le climat.`},notes:{en:`ESA Earth Explorer carrying a radar altimeter. Still operating, well beyond its planned 3.5-year mission.`,fr:`Satellite Earth Explorer de l’ESA équipé d’un altimètre radar. Toujours en service, bien au-delà de sa mission prévue de 3\xA0ans et demi.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/CryoSat`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/CryoSat`]},{id:`x-sat`,norad:37389,name:{en:`X-SAT`,fr:`X-SAT`},agency:`NTU / DSO`,country:`sg`,launchDate:`2011-04-20`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Earth-imaging technology demonstrator`,fr:`Démonstrateur technologique d'imagerie terrestre`},goals:{en:`X-SAT was a technology project to show that Singapore could design, build and operate a satellite of its own. It aimed to develop a low-cost microsatellite able to take Earth images and process them on board in near real time, to build up the country's skills and facilities in satellite engineering, and to encourage university research in the field.`,fr:`X-SAT était un projet technologique destiné à montrer que Singapour pouvait concevoir, construire et exploiter son propre satellite. Il visait à mettre au point un microsatellite peu coûteux, capable de photographier la Terre et de traiter ses images à bord presque en temps réel, à développer les compétences et les installations du pays en ingénierie spatiale, et à stimuler la recherche universitaire dans ce domaine.`},notes:{en:`Singapore's first locally built satellite (106 kg), from Nanyang Technological University with DSO National Laboratories. Last reported operational well past its 3-year design life; no recent official status, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Premier satellite construit à Singapour (106 kg), par l'Université technologique Nanyang avec DSO National Laboratories. Signalé en fonctionnement bien au-delà de sa durée de vie prévue de 3 ans\xA0; faute d'état officiel récent, statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.ntu.edu.sg/sarc/research-capabilities/satellites/x-sat-micro-satellite`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/xsat`,`https://spacenews.com/singapores-first-locally-made-satellite-launched-into-space/`]},{id:`gcom-w`,norad:38337,name:{en:`GCOM-W "Shizuku"`,fr:`GCOM-W « Shizuku »`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2012-05-17`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Water-cycle microwave radiometer (AMSR2)`,fr:`Radiomètre micro-ondes du cycle de l'eau (AMSR2)`},goals:{en:`GCOM-W belongs to a Japanese programme that watches, over many years, how water moves between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land, and how this cycle is changing as the climate warms. Its long, continuous records are fed into weather and climate models to improve forecasts and to predict how global warming will affect rain, snow and sea ice.`,fr:`GCOM-W fait partie d'un programme japonais qui suit, sur de longues années, la circulation de l'eau entre les océans, l'atmosphère et les terres, et la façon dont ce cycle évolue avec le réchauffement. Ses mesures continues alimentent les modèles météorologiques et climatiques afin d'améliorer les prévisions et d'anticiper les effets du réchauffement sur la pluie, la neige et la banquise.`},notes:{en:`Global Change Observation Mission – Water: its AMSR2 radiometer measures rainfall, water vapour, sea-surface temperature, sea ice and soil moisture day and night. Still operating in good health past its 5-year design life.`,fr:`Global Change Observation Mission – Water\xA0: son radiomètre AMSR2 mesure jour et nuit les précipitations, la vapeur d'eau, la température de la mer, la banquise et l'humidité des sols. Toujours en service et en bon état, au-delà de sa durée de vie prévue de 5 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/satellite/gcom-w_en.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/satellite/gcom-w_en.html`]},{id:`nustar`,norad:38358,name:{en:`NuSTAR`,fr:`NuSTAR`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2012-06-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`High-energy X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X durs`},goals:{en:`NuSTAR was built to observe the universe in high-energy X-rays, the light given off by matter heated to extreme temperatures near black holes and in exploding stars. Its goals include finding black holes hidden behind dust and gas, measuring how fast black holes spin, and learning how massive stars explode by mapping the radioactive elements they leave behind.`,fr:`NuSTAR a été conçu pour observer l'Univers en rayons X de haute énergie, la lumière émise par la matière chauffée à des températures extrêmes près des trous noirs et dans les étoiles qui explosent. Il cherche notamment à repérer des trous noirs cachés derrière la poussière et le gaz, à mesurer la vitesse de rotation des trous noirs et à comprendre comment explosent les étoiles massives en cartographiant les éléments radioactifs qu'elles laissent derrière elles.`},notes:{en:`Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, the first telescope to focus high-energy X-rays, using optics on a 10-metre deployable mast. Studies black holes, neutron stars and supernova remnants; still operating.`,fr:`Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, premier télescope à focaliser les rayons X de haute énergie, grâce à un mât déployable de 10 mètres. Étudie les trous noirs, les étoiles à neutrons et les restes de supernova\xA0; toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nustar/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nustar/`]},{id:`neossat`,norad:39089,name:{en:`NEOSSat`,fr:`NEOSSat`},agency:`CSA / DRDC`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2013-02-25`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Asteroid and space-object surveillance`,fr:`Surveillance des astéroïdes et des objets spatiaux`},goals:{en:`NEOSSat was built to find and follow asteroids and comets that could one day pass close to Earth, looking near the Sun where ground telescopes cannot search. It also helps Canada keep watch on satellites and space debris to reduce the risk of collisions, and lets astronomers confirm exoplanets by catching the slight dimming of a star when a planet passes in front of it.`,fr:`NEOSSat a été conçu pour repérer et suivre les astéroïdes et les comètes qui pourraient un jour passer près de la Terre, en scrutant les abords du Soleil, inaccessibles aux télescopes au sol. Il aide aussi le Canada à surveiller satellites et débris spatiaux pour réduire les risques de collision, et permet aux astronomes de confirmer des exoplanètes en détectant la légère baisse d'éclat d'une étoile quand une planète passe devant elle.`},notes:{en:`Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite, a suitcase-sized Canadian space telescope. Its guest-observer programme ran into 2026.`,fr:`Satellite de surveillance des objets géocroiseurs, petit télescope spatial canadien de la taille d’une valise. Son programme d’observateurs invités se poursuivait en 2026.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/neossat/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/neossat/`,`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/funding-programs/funding-opportunities/ao/2025-neossat-science-guest-observation-program-cycle-10.asp`]},{id:`brite-austria`,norad:39091,name:{en:`BRITE-Austria (TUGSAT-1)`,fr:`BRITE-Austria (TUGSAT-1)`},agency:`TU Graz`,country:`at`,launchDate:`2013-02-25`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`Built by TU Graz, BRITE-Austria set out to prove that Austria could develop, launch and operate a satellite of its own. Scientifically, it serves the goal of the BRITE-Constellation: measuring tiny changes in the brightness of the sky's brightest stars, whose vibrations reveal their hidden interiors and show how massive stars evolve and enrich the galaxy with chemical elements.`,fr:`Construit par l'Université technique de Graz, BRITE-Austria devait prouver que l'Autriche pouvait développer, lancer et exploiter son propre satellite. Sur le plan scientifique, il sert l'objectif de la constellation BRITE, qui mesure d'infimes variations d'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes du ciel. Ces vibrations révèlent l'intérieur caché des étoiles massives et montrent comment elles évoluent et enrichissent la Galaxie en éléments chimiques.`},notes:{en:`Austria's first satellite and one of the six 7-kg BRITE-Constellation nanosatellites that monitor the brightness of the brightest stars (blue filter). Last reported as one of the three still operating; no recent official update, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Premier satellite autrichien et l'un des six nanosatellites de 7 kg de la constellation BRITE, qui suivent l'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes (filtre bleu). Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, sans mise à jour officielle récente\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.tugraz.at/en/institute/iks/space-missions/brite-austria-tugsat-1`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://brite-constellation.at/constellation/basic_information/`,`https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00502-022-00987-5`]},{id:`iris`,norad:39197,name:{en:`IRIS`,fr:`IRIS`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2013-06-28`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar UV imaging spectrograph`,fr:`Spectrographe imageur solaire UV`},goals:{en:`IRIS was built to tackle a long-standing puzzle: why the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, is millions of degrees hotter than its visible surface. By following how matter and energy travel through the thin layers in between, it helps explain how the Sun heats its atmosphere, feeds the solar wind and sets off the flares and eruptions that drive space weather.`,fr:`IRIS a été conçu pour résoudre une vieille énigme\xA0: pourquoi la couronne, l'atmosphère externe du Soleil, est-elle des millions de degrés plus chaude que sa surface visible? En suivant le trajet de la matière et de l'énergie à travers les fines couches intermédiaires, il aide à comprendre comment le Soleil chauffe son atmosphère, alimente le vent solaire et déclenche les éruptions à l'origine de la météo spatiale.`},notes:{en:`Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph: observes the chromosphere and transition region, the layers where energy flows from the Sun's surface into its hot corona. Still operating.`,fr:`Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph\xA0: observe la chromosphère et la région de transition, les couches où l'énergie passe de la surface du Soleil à sa couronne brûlante. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/iris/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/iris/`]},{id:`hisaki`,norad:39253,name:{en:`Hisaki (SPRINT-A)`,fr:`Hisaki (SPRINT-A)`},agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,launchDate:`2013-09-14`,status:`ended`,purpose:{en:`Planetary EUV space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial UV extrême planétaire`},goals:{en:`Hisaki was designed to study how planets lose their atmospheres to space and how the solar wind strips gas away, to help explain why Venus, Earth and Mars turned out so differently. It also watched the ring of plasma that Jupiter's volcanic moon Io feeds around the planet, to understand how energy moves through Jupiter's vast magnetic environment.`,fr:`Hisaki a été conçu pour étudier comment les planètes perdent leur atmosphère dans l'espace et comment le vent solaire arrache leurs gaz, afin de comprendre pourquoi Vénus, la Terre et Mars ont évolué si différemment. Il a aussi observé l'anneau de plasma qu'alimente Io, la lune volcanique de Jupiter, pour comprendre comment l'énergie circule dans l'immense environnement magnétique de la planète.`},notes:{en:`The first space telescope dedicated to observing planets (Venus, Mars, Jupiter's Io torus) in extreme ultraviolet, launched on the first Epsilon rocket. JAXA ended operations in December 2023 after ten years; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Premier télescope spatial consacré à l'observation des planètes (Vénus, Mars, tore d'Io autour de Jupiter) en ultraviolet extrême, lancé par la première fusée Epsilon. La JAXA a mis fin à son exploitation en décembre 2023, après dix ans\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/sprint-a/index_en.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/sprint-a/index_en.html`,`https://www.shimadzu.com/today/20250605-1.html`]},{id:`cassiope`,norad:39265,name:{en:`CASSIOPE (e-POP / Swarm-Echo)`,fr:`CASSIOPE (e-POP / Swarm-Echo)`},agency:`CSA / University of Calgary`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2013-09-29`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Ionosphere and space-weather research`,fr:`Étude de l'ionosphère et de la météo spatiale`},goals:{en:`The e-POP instruments were designed to study space storms in fine detail, along with the charged particles that escape from the upper atmosphere into space. The aim is to understand space weather and how it disrupts radio communications, GPS navigation and other technologies. CASSIOPE also served to demonstrate Canada's first multi-purpose small-satellite platform.`,fr:`Les instruments e-POP ont été conçus pour étudier en détail les tempêtes spatiales et les particules chargées qui s'échappent de la haute atmosphère vers l'espace. Le but est de mieux comprendre la météo spatiale et ses effets sur les radiocommunications, la navigation GPS et d'autres technologies. CASSIOPE a aussi servi à démontrer la première plateforme canadienne de petit satellite polyvalent.`},notes:{en:`Canadian satellite carrying the e-POP plasma instruments, which joined ESA's Swarm mission as Swarm-Echo in 2018. Routine science ended after a reaction-wheel failure in December 2021; limited data collection continued, with an end of life planned for December 2025, unconfirmed.`,fr:`Satellite canadien portant les instruments de plasma e-POP, intégré en 2018 à la mission Swarm de l'ESA sous le nom de Swarm-Echo. Les opérations scientifiques régulières ont cessé après une panne de roue de réaction en décembre 2021\xA0; une collecte limitée s'est poursuivie, avec une fin de vie prévue en décembre 2025, non confirmée.`},website:{url:`https://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/routine-cassiope-swarm-echo-science-operations-come-to-an-end/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cassiope`]},{id:`stsat-3`,norad:39422,name:{en:`STSAT-3`,fr:`STSAT-3`},agency:`KAIST / MSIP`,country:`kr`,launchDate:`2013-11-21`,status:`inactive`,purpose:{en:`Infrared astronomy and Earth-observation tech`,fr:`Astronomie infrarouge et technologies d'observation`},goals:{en:`STSAT-3 aimed to give Korea its own infrared view of space and to test technologies for its future satellites. Its infrared camera was meant to map the glowing hydrogen gas along the plane of our galaxy and to measure the faint infrared background, the combined glow of distant galaxies, while its spectrometer was to monitor changes in Earth's environment.`,fr:`STSAT-3 devait offrir à la Corée son propre regard infrarouge sur l'espace et tester des technologies pour ses futurs satellites. Sa caméra infrarouge visait à cartographier l'hydrogène lumineux le long du plan de notre galaxie et à mesurer le faible fond infrarouge, la lueur cumulée des galaxies lointaines, tandis que son spectromètre devait suivre l'évolution de l'environnement terrestre.`},notes:{en:`Korean Science and Technology Satellite 3, carrying an infrared space telescope and a compact imaging spectrometer. Korea declared its observation mission complete in December 2015; it remains in orbit.`,fr:`Satellite coréen de science et technologie no 3, doté d'un télescope spatial infrarouge et d'un spectromètre imageur compact. La Corée a déclaré sa mission d'observation terminée en décembre 2015\xA0; il reste en orbite.`},website:{url:`https://satrec.kaist.ac.kr/e_02_07.php`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/stsat-3`]},{id:`swarm-b`,norad:39451,name:{en:`Swarm B`,fr:`Swarm B`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`Swarm B and its two twins set out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`Swarm B et ses deux jumeaux cherchent à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field from the core, crust and oceans to the ionosphere. Swarm B flies alone in a higher orbit than the A/C pair. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau, de la croûte et des océans jusqu'à l'ionosphère. Swarm B vole seul, sur une orbite plus haute que la paire A/C. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`swarm-a`,norad:39452,name:{en:`Swarm A`,fr:`Swarm A`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`The Swarm mission sets out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`La mission Swarm cherche à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere. Swarm A flies side by side with Swarm C to measure field gradients. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre et l'ionosphère. Swarm A vole côte à côte avec Swarm C pour mesurer les gradients du champ. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`swarm-c`,norad:39453,name:{en:`Swarm C`,fr:`Swarm C`},agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2013-11-22`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Earth's magnetic field mapping`,fr:`Cartographie du champ magnétique terrestre`},goals:{en:`The Swarm mission sets out to separate the different sources of Earth's magnetic field, from the liquid core and the crust to the oceans and the electric currents high above us, to understand how the field is generated and why it is weakening in some regions. This field shields us from cosmic radiation and solar particles, so the data also serve space-weather research and the magnetic models used for navigation.`,fr:`La mission Swarm cherche à distinguer les différentes sources du champ magnétique terrestre, du noyau liquide et de la croûte jusqu'aux océans et aux courants électriques de la haute atmosphère, pour comprendre comment ce champ naît et pourquoi il s'affaiblit dans certaines régions. Ce bouclier nous protège du rayonnement cosmique et des particules solaires, et ses données servent aussi à la météo spatiale et aux modèles magnétiques utilisés pour la navigation.`},notes:{en:`One of the three Swarm satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere. Swarm C flies side by side with Swarm A to measure field gradients. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des trois satellites Swarm qui mesurent le champ magnétique terrestre et l'ionosphère. Swarm C vole côte à côte avec Swarm A pour mesurer les gradients du champ. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm`]},{id:`brite-toronto`,norad:40020,name:{en:`BRITE-Toronto (BRITE-CA1)`,fr:`BRITE-Toronto (BRITE-CA1)`},agency:`CSA / University of Toronto`,country:`ca`,launchDate:`2014-06-19`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`BRITE-Toronto shares the goal of the BRITE-Constellation: measuring tiny brightness variations of the sky's brightest and most luminous stars, which are hard to monitor precisely through Earth's turbulent atmosphere. These vibrations reveal the hidden interiors of massive stars, the ancestors of supernovae that forged many of the elements found in planets like Earth.`,fr:`BRITE-Toronto partage l'objectif de la constellation BRITE\xA0: mesurer d'infimes variations d'éclat des étoiles les plus brillantes et les plus lumineuses du ciel, difficiles à suivre avec précision à travers l'atmosphère turbulente de la Terre. Ces vibrations révèlent l'intérieur caché des étoiles massives, ancêtres des supernovas qui ont forgé une grande partie des éléments dont sont faites des planètes comme la Terre.`},notes:{en:`Canadian member of the BRITE-Constellation (red filter), built by the University of Toronto's Space Flight Laboratory. Last reported as one of the three still operating; its builder now lists it as a legacy mission and no recent official update exists, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Membre canadien de la constellation BRITE (filtre rouge), construit par le Space Flight Laboratory de l'Université de Toronto. Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, mais son constructeur le classe parmi ses missions passées et aucune mise à jour officielle récente n'existe\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/brite/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/brite/`,`https://sflmissions.com/brite-toronto-brite-montreal/`]},{id:`oco-2`,norad:40059,name:{en:`Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)`,fr:`Observatoire orbital du carbone 2 (OCO-2)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2014-07-02`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Atmospheric CO₂ measurement`,fr:`Mesure du CO₂ atmosphérique`},goals:{en:`OCO-2 was built to find out where carbon dioxide, the main gas behind human-caused climate change, enters and leaves the atmosphere: which regions release it, which forests, oceans or soils absorb it, and how this changes with the seasons. The faint glow of photosynthesis it also measures helps track plant health, droughts and crop yields.`,fr:`OCO-2 doit établir où le dioxyde de carbone, principal gaz responsable du réchauffement climatique d'origine humaine, entre dans l'atmosphère et où il en sort\xA0: quelles régions en émettent, quelles forêts, quels océans ou sols l'absorbent, et comment cela varie au fil des saisons. La faible lueur de la photosynthèse qu'il mesure aussi aide à suivre la santé des plantes, les sécheresses et les récoltes.`},notes:{en:`Maps carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and plant fluorescence from space. Threatened with termination in 2025, it kept operating; in August 2026 NASA selected Caltech to run OCO-2 and OCO-3 for up to five years.`,fr:`Cartographie depuis l'espace le dioxyde de carbone de l'atmosphère et la fluorescence des plantes. Menacé d'arrêt en 2025, il a continué de fonctionner\xA0; en août 2026, la NASA a confié à Caltech l'exploitation d'OCO-2 et d'OCO-3 pour un maximum de cinq ans.`},website:{url:`https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/`,`https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/alerts-outages/oco-2-instrument-anomaly-from-july-28-august-13-2026`]},{id:`brite-heweliusz`,norad:40119,name:{en:`BRITE-Heweliusz (BRITE-PL2)`,fr:`BRITE-Heweliusz (BRITE-PL2)`},agency:`Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK PAN)`,country:`pl`,launchDate:`2014-08-19`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Bright-star photometry nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de photométrie d'étoiles brillantes`},goals:{en:`BRITE-Heweliusz and its sister nanosatellites watch the brightest stars in the sky, mostly hot and massive ones, measuring tiny changes in their brightness over long periods. These changes reveal how the stars vibrate, rotate and blow off winds, telling astronomers about their interiors and evolution; massive stars matter because they forge many chemical elements and scatter them into space.`,fr:`BRITE-Heweliusz et ses nanosatellites jumeaux observent les étoiles les plus brillantes du ciel, surtout des étoiles chaudes et massives, en mesurant d'infimes variations de leur éclat sur de longues durées. Ces variations révèlent comment les étoiles vibrent, tournent et perdent de la matière par leurs vents, ce qui renseigne sur leur intérieur et leur évolution; les étoiles massives comptent, car elles fabriquent de nombreux éléments chimiques et les dispersent dans l'espace.`},notes:{en:`Polish member of the BRITE-Constellation (red filter), named after astronomer Johannes Hevelius. Last reported as one of the three still operating; no recent official update, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Membre polonais de la constellation BRITE (filtre rouge), nommé en l'honneur de l'astronome Johannes Hevelius. Signalé comme l'un des trois encore actifs, sans mise à jour officielle récente\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://brite-constellation.at/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://brite-constellation.at/constellation/basic_information/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/brite-poland`]},{id:`mms-1`,norad:40482,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS 1)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS 1)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-2`,norad:40483,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 2 (MMS 2)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 2 (MMS 2)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-3`,norad:40484,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 3 (MMS 3)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 3 (MMS 3)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`mms-4`,norad:40485,name:{en:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 4 (MMS 4)`,fr:`Magnetospheric Multiscale 4 (MMS 4)`},agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2015-03-13`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere`,fr:`Reconnexion magnétique dans la magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`MMS was built to understand magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines from the Sun and the Earth break and reconnect, suddenly turning magnetic energy into heat and fast-moving particles. By catching it in action, the mission seeks to learn what triggers it, how electrons drive it and how it accelerates particles, knowledge that helps explain space weather near Earth and similar events across the universe.`,fr:`MMS doit élucider la reconnexion magnétique, phénomène par lequel des lignes de champ magnétique du Soleil et de la Terre se rompent puis se reconnectent, transformant brusquement l'énergie magnétique en chaleur et en particules rapides. En la prenant sur le fait, la mission cherche à savoir ce qui la déclenche, quel rôle y jouent les électrons et comment elle accélère les particules, des connaissances qui éclairent la météo spatiale autour de la Terre et des phénomènes semblables ailleurs dans l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`One of four identical spacecraft flying in a tight tetrahedron on a highly elliptical orbit to study magnetic reconnection, the explosive release of energy behind aurorae and space weather. Still operating.`,fr:`L'un des quatre engins identiques volant en tétraèdre serré sur une orbite très elliptique pour étudier la reconnexion magnétique, libération explosive d'énergie à l'origine des aurores et de la météo spatiale. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mms/`]},{id:`astrosat`,norad:40930,name:{en:`AstroSat`,fr:`AstroSat`},agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2015-09-28`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Multi-wavelength space observatory (UV to X)`,fr:`Observatoire spatial multilongueur d'onde (UV à X)`},goals:{en:`AstroSat was designed to study the most energetic objects in the universe in several kinds of light at once: neutron stars and black holes paired with ordinary stars, the magnetic fields of neutron stars, star-forming regions in other galaxies and X-ray sources that flare up briefly. It was also meant to carry out a limited deep survey of the sky in ultraviolet light.`,fr:`AstroSat a été conçu pour étudier les objets les plus énergétiques de l'Univers dans plusieurs types de lumière à la fois\xA0: étoiles à neutrons et trous noirs associés à des étoiles ordinaires, champs magnétiques des étoiles à neutrons, régions de formation d'étoiles dans d'autres galaxies et sources X qui s'allument brièvement. Il devait aussi réaliser un relevé profond, mais limité, du ciel en ultraviolet.`},notes:{en:`India's first dedicated space observatory, observing simultaneously in ultraviolet, optical and X-rays. Designed for 5 years, it completed 10 years of operations in September 2025 and is still delivering data.`,fr:`Premier observatoire spatial indien, qui observe simultanément en ultraviolet, en visible et en rayons X. Conçu pour 5 ans, il a franchi le cap des 10 ans d'exploitation en septembre 2025 et fournit toujours des données.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/AstroSat.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.isro.gov.in/Celebrating_Ten_years_of_AstroSat.html`]},{id:`dampe`,norad:41173,name:{en:`DAMPE "Wukong"`,fr:`DAMPE « Wukong »`},agency:`CAS`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2015-12-17`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Cosmic-ray and dark-matter detector`,fr:`Détecteur de rayons cosmiques et de matière noire`},goals:{en:`DAMPE hunts for signs of dark matter, the invisible material that makes up most of the mass in the universe, by looking for unexpected features in the energies of cosmic electrons and gamma rays. It also aims to learn where the most energetic cosmic rays come from and how they travel through our galaxy, and to open new discoveries in high-energy gamma-ray astronomy.`,fr:`DAMPE traque des indices de la matière noire, cette matière invisible qui représente l'essentiel de la masse de l'Univers, en cherchant des anomalies dans l'énergie des électrons et des rayons gamma cosmiques. Il vise aussi à comprendre d'où viennent les rayons cosmiques les plus énergétiques et comment ils voyagent dans notre galaxie, et à ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles découvertes en astronomie gamma de haute énergie.`},notes:{en:`Dark Matter Particle Explorer, nicknamed Wukong after the Monkey King: measures high-energy cosmic-ray electrons, protons and gamma rays in search of dark-matter signatures. Designed for 3 years, still operating after 10.`,fr:`Dark Matter Particle Explorer, surnommé Wukong d'après le Roi des singes\xA0: mesure les électrons, protons et rayons gamma cosmiques de haute énergie à la recherche de signatures de matière noire. Conçu pour 3 ans, toujours en service après 10 ans.`},website:{url:`https://www.nssdc.ac.cn/mobile/nssdc_en/html/task/wukong.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.nssdc.ac.cn/mobile/nssdc_en/html/task/wukong.html`]},{id:`pisat`,norad:41784,name:{en:`PISAT`,fr:`PISAT`},agency:`PES University / ISRO`,country:`in`,launchDate:`2016-09-26`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Student Earth-imaging nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite étudiant d'imagerie terrestre`},goals:{en:`PISAT's main goal was educational: to give engineering students and teachers hands-on experience of designing, building and testing a real satellite to space-industry standards, with ISRO's guidance. Its camera was meant to show that a small university-built nanosatellite can take pictures of the Earth for remote-sensing applications.`,fr:`PISAT avait d'abord un but pédagogique\xA0: permettre à des étudiants et à des enseignants en ingénierie de concevoir, construire et tester un vrai satellite selon les normes de l'industrie spatiale, avec l'accompagnement de l'ISRO. Sa caméra devait montrer qu'un petit nanosatellite universitaire peut photographier la Terre pour des applications de télédétection.`},notes:{en:`5-kg imaging nanosatellite (80 m resolution) built by students of PES University, Bengaluru, with ISRO support, launched on PSLV-C35. No recent official status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Nanosatellite d'imagerie de 5 kg (résolution de 80 m) construit par des étudiants de l'Université PES de Bengaluru avec l'appui de l'ISRO, lancé par PSLV-C35. Aucun état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.isro.gov.in/Stud_pisat.html`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://news.pes.edu/10125/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/pisat`]},{id:`insight-hxmt`,norad:42758,name:{en:`Insight-HXMT (Huiyan)`,fr:`Insight-HXMT (Huiyan)`},agency:`CAS / CNSA`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2017-06-15`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial à rayons X`},goals:{en:`Insight-HXMT was built to study how matter behaves in the extreme gravity and magnetic fields around black holes and neutron stars, by observing X-rays from binary star systems. It also scans the plane of the Milky Way to discover new sources that suddenly brighten and to monitor known variable ones, and it watches for gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe.`,fr:`Insight-HXMT a été construit pour étudier le comportement de la matière dans la gravité et les champs magnétiques extrêmes qui entourent trous noirs et étoiles à neutrons, en observant les rayons X des systèmes d'étoiles doubles. Il balaie aussi le plan de la Voie lactée pour découvrir de nouvelles sources qui s'illuminent soudain et suivre les sources variables connues, et il guette les sursauts gamma, les explosions les plus puissantes de l'Univers.`},notes:{en:`Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope, China's first X-ray astronomy satellite, studying black holes, neutron stars and gamma-ray bursts. Still operating: its Cycle 9 call for observations was issued in May 2026.`,fr:`Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope, premier satellite chinois d'astronomie X, qui étudie trous noirs, étoiles à neutrons et sursauts gamma. Toujours en service\xA0: son 9e appel à observations a été publié en mai 2026.`},website:{url:`https://hxmt.nssdc.ac.cn/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://hxmt.nssdc.ac.cn/`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2017-034A`]},{id:`flying-laptop`,norad:42831,name:{en:`Flying Laptop`,fr:`Flying Laptop`},agency:`University of Stuttgart (IRS)`,country:`de`,launchDate:`2017-07-14`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`University technology and Earth-imaging satellite`,fr:`Satellite universitaire technologique et d'imagerie`},goals:{en:`Flying Laptop was built mainly to test new small-satellite technologies, developed by doctoral students with industry partners, in real space conditions, and to train students in building and operating a spacecraft. Its cameras study how the Earth's surface reflects sunlight when seen from different angles, and the mission also tested whether ships can be tracked from space by combining images with their radio position signals.`,fr:`Flying Laptop devait surtout tester en conditions réelles de nouvelles technologies pour petits satellites, mises au point par des doctorants avec des industriels, et former des étudiants à la construction et à l'exploitation d'un engin spatial. Ses caméras étudient comment la surface terrestre renvoie la lumière du Soleil selon l'angle de vue, et la mission a aussi évalué le suivi des navires depuis l'espace en combinant images et signaux radio de position.`},notes:{en:`110-kg small satellite of the University of Stuttgart; its demonstrations include a laser downlink and on-board computing. Last reported working well years after launch; no recent official status, so listed as unknown.`,fr:`Petit satellite de 110\xA0kg de l’Université de Stuttgart, qui a notamment démontré une liaison laser et le calcul à bord. Signalé en bon état des années après son lancement, sans état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/en/research/satellitetechnology-and-instruments/smallsatelliteprogram/flying-laptop/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/en/research/satellitetechnology-and-instruments/smallsatelliteprogram/flying-laptop/`,`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/flying-laptop`]},{id:`cses-1`,norad:43194,name:{en:`Zhangheng-1 (CSES-1)`,fr:`Zhangheng-1 (CSES-1)`},agency:`CNSA / CEA / ASI`,country:`cn`,launchDate:`2018-02-02`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Ionosphere and seismo-electromagnetic research`,fr:`Étude de l'ionosphère et électromagnétisme sismique`},goals:{en:`CSES-1 aims to find out whether earthquakes are preceded or accompanied by measurable disturbances in the ionosphere, the electrically charged upper layer of the atmosphere, and in the particles of Earth's radiation belts. Understanding such links could improve knowledge of how the solid Earth, the atmosphere and the ionosphere are coupled; its data also serve to study space weather and the Sun's influence on near-Earth space.`,fr:`CSES-1 cherche à savoir si les séismes sont précédés ou accompagnés de perturbations mesurables dans l'ionosphère, couche haute et électriquement chargée de l'atmosphère, et dans les particules des ceintures de radiation terrestres. Comprendre ces liens éclairerait le couplage entre la Terre solide, l'atmosphère et l'ionosphère; ses données servent aussi à étudier la météo spatiale et l'influence du Soleil sur l'environnement proche de la Terre.`},notes:{en:`China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, built with Italian instruments, monitors electromagnetic fields and particles in the ionosphere, including possible links with earthquakes. Since June 2025 it flies with its successor CSES-2 as a pair.`,fr:`China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, doté d'instruments italiens, surveille les champs électromagnétiques et les particules de l'ionosphère, y compris leurs liens possibles avec les séismes. Depuis juin 2025, il vole en tandem avec son successeur CSES-2.`},website:{url:`https://www.cseslimadou.it/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cses`,`https://spacenews.com/china-launches-new-seismo-electromagnetic-satellite-with-european-partners/`]},{id:`salsat`,norad:46495,name:{en:`SALSAT`,fr:`SALSAT`},agency:`TU Berlin`,country:`de`,launchDate:`2020-09-28`,status:`unknown`,purpose:{en:`Radio-spectrum monitoring nanosatellite`,fr:`Nanosatellite de surveillance du spectre radio`},goals:{en:`SALSAT was built to find out how the radio frequencies used by satellites and radio amateurs are actually occupied around the world, and where interference occurs, so that this limited resource can be shared more efficiently and sustainably. It also tested on-board processing of its measurements with a small neural network and a wear-free attitude control system based on a magnetic fluid.`,fr:`SALSAT doit montrer comment les fréquences radio utilisées par les satellites et les radioamateurs sont réellement occupées dans le monde, et où surviennent les interférences, afin de partager plus efficacement et plus durablement cette ressource limitée. Il a aussi testé le traitement à bord de ses mesures par un petit réseau de neurones et un système de contrôle d'attitude sans usure, fondé sur un fluide magnétique.`},notes:{en:`Spectrum Analysis Satellite of TU Berlin: maps the use of VHF, UHF and S-band frequencies around the world to detect interference; its data fed an open-access world map published in 2024. No recent official status: listed as unknown.`,fr:`Spectrum Analysis Satellite de la TU Berlin\xA0: cartographie l'utilisation des fréquences VHF, UHF et bande S dans le monde pour repérer les interférences\xA0; ses données ont alimenté une carte mondiale en libre accès publiée en 2024. Aucun état officiel récent\xA0: statut inconnu.`},website:{url:`https://www.tu.berlin/en/raumfahrttechnik/research/current-projects/salsat`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.tu.berlin/en/news/reports/salsat-mission`,`https://www.tu.berlin/en/news/press-release/combating-interference-in-orbit`]},{id:`ixpe`,norad:49954,name:{en:`Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)`,fr:`Explorateur de polarimétrie X par imagerie (IXPE)`},agency:`NASA / ASI`,country:`us`,launchDate:`2021-12-09`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`X-ray polarimetry space telescope`,fr:`Télescope spatial de polarimétrie X`},goals:{en:`IXPE was built to measure, for the first time across many kinds of cosmic objects, the polarisation of X-rays, that is the direction in which their light vibrates. This reveals the shape and magnetic fields of places too small or too distant to be imaged, such as the surroundings of black holes, pulsars, the jets of active galaxies and the remains of exploded stars, and shows how their X-rays are produced.`,fr:`IXPE a été construit pour mesurer, pour la première fois sur de nombreux types d'objets cosmiques, la polarisation des rayons X, c'est-à-dire la direction dans laquelle vibre leur lumière. Elle révèle la forme et les champs magnétiques de régions trop petites ou trop lointaines pour être photographiées, comme les abords des trous noirs, les pulsars, les jets des galaxies actives et les restes d'étoiles explosées, et indique comment leurs rayons X sont produits.`},notes:{en:`Built with the Italian Space Agency. Still operating.`,fr:`Construit avec l’Agence spatiale italienne. Toujours en service.`},website:{url:`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ixpe/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ixpe/`]},{id:`smile`,norad:69123,name:{en:`SMILE`,fr:`SMILE`},agency:`ESA / CAS`,country:`eu`,launchDate:`2026-05-19`,status:`active`,purpose:{en:`Solar wind–magnetosphere interaction imaging`,fr:`Imagerie de l'interaction vent solaire-magnétosphère`},goals:{en:`SMILE aims to understand how Earth's magnetic shield reacts to the solar wind, the stream of particles blowing from the Sun. It will study what happens where the solar wind strikes that shield, what triggers the sudden disturbances called substorms on Earth's night side, and how magnetic storms grow and fade, with the hope of one day warning of dangerous space weather days, rather than about an hour, in advance.`,fr:`SMILE veut comprendre comment le bouclier magnétique de la Terre réagit au vent solaire, le flot de particules soufflé par le Soleil. La mission étudiera ce qui se passe là où le vent solaire frappe ce bouclier, ce qui déclenche les brusques perturbations appelées sous-orages du côté nuit, et comment les orages magnétiques naissent et s'éteignent, dans l'espoir de prévoir un jour les tempêtes spatiales dangereuses plusieurs jours à l'avance, au lieu d'environ une heure.`},notes:{en:`Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, a joint ESA–Chinese Academy of Sciences mission taking the first global X-ray images of Earth's magnetosphere. Reached its 121,000 km-apogee orbit on 20 June 2026; science was to begin in September 2026 after commissioning.`,fr:`Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, mission conjointe de l'ESA et de l'Académie chinoise des sciences qui prend les premières images X globales de la magnétosphère terrestre. Arrivé sur son orbite (apogée de 121\xA0000 km) le 20 juin 2026\xA0; la science devait commencer en septembre 2026, après la mise en service.`},website:{url:`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile`},model3d:{url:`https://scifleet.esa.int/model/smile/`},verified:`2026-10-03`,sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile`,`https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2026/06/Smile_reaches_science_orbit`]}]}).satellites,moons:rt.parse({verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`],moons:[{id:`moon`,name:{en:`Moon`,fr:`Lune`},planet:`earth`,spkid:301,radiusKm:1737.4,color:`#c9c5bd`,model:`astronomy-engine`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`]},{id:`phobos`,name:{en:`Phobos`,fr:`Phobos`},planet:`mars`,spkid:401,radiusKm:11.08,color:`#8c7f72`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:9375,e:.01681,wDeg:80.322,MDeg:171.858,iDeg:1.0903,nodeDeg:235.042,nDegPerDay:1128.840122282,periodDays:.318911414,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.1,nodalPeriodYears:2.3,laplacePoleRaDeg:317.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:52.9},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='401'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@499'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`deimos`,name:{en:`Deimos`,fr:`Déimos`},planet:`mars`,spkid:402,radiusKm:6.2,color:`#a2968a`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:23457,e:23e-5,wDeg:194.914,MDeg:185.724,iDeg:1.7796,nodeDeg:237.578,nDegPerDay:285.161962041,periodDays:1.262440465,referencePlane:`laplace`,nodalPeriodYears:56.2,laplacePoleRaDeg:316.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:53.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='402'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@499'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`amalthea`,name:{en:`Amalthea`,fr:`Amalthée`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:505,radiusKm:83.5,color:`#b5654a`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:181400,e:.01077,wDeg:255.404,MDeg:7.594,iDeg:.3934,nodeDeg:295.881,nDegPerDay:722.635889837,periodDays:.498176198,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.196,nodalPeriodYears:.393,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='505'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@599'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.shape-models/data/j5amalthea.tab`]},{id:`io`,name:{en:`Io`,fr:`Io`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:501,radiusKm:1821.49,color:`#e8d36a`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:421800,e:.004,wDeg:49.1,MDeg:330.9,iDeg:0,nodeDeg:0,nDegPerDay:204.228436314,periodDays:1.762732,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.333,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`]},{id:`europa`,name:{en:`Europa`,fr:`Europe`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:502,radiusKm:1560.8,color:`#d9c9a8`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:671100,e:.009,wDeg:45,MDeg:345.4,iDeg:.5,nodeDeg:184,nDegPerDay:102.114247122,periodDays:3.525463,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1.394,nodalPeriodYears:30.202,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.1,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`]},{id:`ganymede`,name:{en:`Ganymede`,fr:`Ganymède`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:503,radiusKm:2631.2,color:`#a89f92`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:1070400,e:.001,wDeg:198.3,MDeg:324.8,iDeg:.2,nodeDeg:58.5,nDegPerDay:50.310330891,periodDays:7.155588,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:68.301,nodalPeriodYears:137.812,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.2,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.6},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`]},{id:`callisto`,name:{en:`Callisto`,fr:`Callisto`},planet:`jupiter`,spkid:504,radiusKm:2410.3,color:`#7d7468`,model:`astronomy-engine`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2451545,aKm:1882700,e:.007,wDeg:43.8,MDeg:87.4,iDeg:.3,nodeDeg:309.1,nDegPerDay:21.569233645,periodDays:16.69044,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:277.921,nodalPeriodYears:577.264,laplacePoleRaDeg:268.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:64.8},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`]},{id:`mimas`,name:{en:`Mimas`,fr:`Mimas`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:601,radiusKm:198.2,radiiKm:[207.8,196.7,190.6],color:`#cfcfcf`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:186e3,e:.01227,wDeg:65.231,MDeg:12.219,iDeg:1.5963,nodeDeg:131.719,nDegPerDay:381.997231368,periodDays:.942415207,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.493,nodalPeriodYears:.986,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-10-10`,sources:[`https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2011/12/aa17558-11/T1.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='601'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`enceladus`,name:{en:`Enceladus`,fr:`Encelade`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:602,radiusKm:252.1,color:`#f2f2f0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:238400,e:.00727,wDeg:6.076,MDeg:141.591,iDeg:.0445,nodeDeg:188.029,nDegPerDay:262.733329673,periodDays:1.370210626,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:2.916,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='602'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`tethys`,name:{en:`Tethys`,fr:`Téthys`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:603,radiusKm:531.1,color:`#e4e1da`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:295e3,e:.00336,wDeg:245.773,MDeg:177.517,iDeg:1.1116,nodeDeg:128.984,nDegPerDay:190.698284506,periodDays:1.887798839,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:.005,nodalPeriodYears:4.982,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='603'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`dione`,name:{en:`Dione`,fr:`Dioné`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:604,radiusKm:561.4,color:`#d6d3cc`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:377700,e:.00435,wDeg:109.506,MDeg:165.335,iDeg:.0647,nodeDeg:189.528,nDegPerDay:131.535585795,periodDays:2.73690194,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:11.698,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='604'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`rhea`,name:{en:`Rhea`,fr:`Rhéa`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:605,radiusKm:763.5,color:`#cfcac2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:527200,e:.00143,wDeg:155.829,MDeg:218.231,iDeg:.3011,nodeDeg:90.628,nDegPerDay:79.689775825,periodDays:4.517518041,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:33.939,nodalPeriodYears:35.775,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.6,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.5},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='605'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`titan`,name:{en:`Titan`,fr:`Titan`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:606,radiusKm:2574.76,color:`#d9a441`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:1221900,e:.02865,wDeg:208.914,MDeg:350.196,iDeg:.3507,nodeDeg:13.232,nDegPerDay:22.577023486,periodDays:15.945414603,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:346.68,nodalPeriodYears:687.37,laplacePoleRaDeg:36.4,laplacePoleDecDeg:84},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='606'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`hyperion`,name:{en:`Hyperion`,fr:`Hypérion`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:607,radiusKm:135,color:`#b8ab98`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:1481500,e:.09932,wDeg:248.49,MDeg:204.885,iDeg:.9196,nodeDeg:220.203,nDegPerDay:16.923835599,periodDays:21.271773641,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:20.843,nodalPeriodYears:257.625,laplacePoleRaDeg:40.2,laplacePoleDecDeg:83.6},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='607'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/non_mission/EAR_A_5_DDR_SHAPE_MODELS_V2_1/data/s7hyperion.tab`],notes:{en:`Hyperion tumbles chaotically: its drawn orientation is only indicative.`,fr:`Hypérion tourne de façon chaotique : son orientation affichée n’est qu’indicative.`}},{id:`iapetus`,name:{en:`Iapetus`,fr:`Japet`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:608,radiusKm:734.3,color:`#b0a890`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:3561700,e:.02922,wDeg:282.797,MDeg:250.019,iDeg:7.5409,nodeDeg:71.91,nDegPerDay:4.53774512,periodDays:79.334557255,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:1662.9,nodalPeriodYears:3130.302,laplacePoleRaDeg:288.7,laplacePoleDecDeg:78.9},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='608'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`phoebe`,name:{en:`Phoebe`,fr:`Phœbé`},planet:`saturn`,spkid:609,radiusKm:106.5,color:`#6f6a64`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:12929400,e:.16392,wDeg:1.062,MDeg:317.772,iDeg:175.0815,nodeDeg:254.289,nDegPerDay:.65911223,periodDays:546.189227645,referencePlane:`laplace`,apsidalPeriodYears:468.321,nodalPeriodYears:741.483,laplacePoleRaDeg:276,laplacePoleDecDeg:67.5},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='609'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@699'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/phoebeshape.html`]},{id:`miranda`,name:{en:`Miranda`,fr:`Miranda`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:705,radiusKm:235.8,color:`#c8c8c8`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:129846,e:.00148,wDeg:154.909,MDeg:345.324,iDeg:4.4265,nodeDeg:279.645,nDegPerDay:254.692898813,periodDays:1.41346697,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:8.939,nodalPeriodYears:17.787,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='705'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`ariel`,name:{en:`Ariel`,fr:`Ariel`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:701,radiusKm:578.9,color:`#d5d5d2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:190929,e:57e-5,wDeg:155.732,MDeg:87.914,iDeg:.0194,nodeDeg:106.669,nDegPerDay:142.835508446,periodDays:2.520381689,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:28.901,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='701'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`umbriel`,name:{en:`Umbriel`,fr:`Umbriel`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:702,radiusKm:584.7,color:`#8f8f8c`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:265986,e:.00372,wDeg:321.929,MDeg:160.508,iDeg:.0782,nodeDeg:100.553,nDegPerDay:86.869021471,periodDays:4.144170084,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:64.126,nodalPeriodYears:129.745,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='702'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`titania`,name:{en:`Titania`,fr:`Titania`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:703,radiusKm:788.9,color:`#c3bdb4`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:436298,e:.00195,wDeg:284.491,MDeg:336.183,iDeg:.0405,nodeDeg:.813,nDegPerDay:41.351843657,periodDays:8.705778707,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:579.928,nodalPeriodYears:1644.649,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='703'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`oberon`,name:{en:`Oberon`,fr:`Obéron`},planet:`uranus`,spkid:704,radiusKm:761.4,color:`#aba49b`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:583511,e:.00209,wDeg:159.585,MDeg:347.458,iDeg:.1938,nodeDeg:23.418,nDegPerDay:26.739132851,periodDays:13.463413418,referencePlane:`equator`,apsidalPeriodYears:158.604,nodalPeriodYears:192.798,laplacePoleRaDeg:77.311,laplacePoleDecDeg:15.175},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='704'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@799'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`proteus`,name:{en:`Proteus`,fr:`Protée`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:808,radiusKm:208,color:`#8a8784`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:117600,e:9e-4,wDeg:330.132,MDeg:338.429,iDeg:.2131,nodeDeg:323.586,nDegPerDay:320.765232727,periodDays:1.122316147,referencePlane:`laplace`,laplacePoleRaDeg:299.8,laplacePoleDecDeg:42.6},shape:`grid`,verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='808'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`,`https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.shape-models/data/n8proteus.tab`]},{id:`triton`,name:{en:`Triton`,fr:`Triton`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:801,radiusKm:1352.6,color:`#d8c8c0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:354800,e:42e-5,wDeg:256.617,MDeg:185.66,iDeg:157.2399,nodeDeg:191.002,nDegPerDay:61.263309697,periodDays:5.876274099,referencePlane:`laplace`,nodalPeriodYears:340.379,laplacePoleRaDeg:299.8,laplacePoleDecDeg:43.1},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='801'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`nereid`,name:{en:`Nereid`,fr:`Néréide`},planet:`neptune`,spkid:802,radiusKm:170,color:`#b9b6b0`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:5513900,e:.74647,wDeg:296.857,MDeg:260.895,iDeg:5.0512,nodeDeg:319.277,nDegPerDay:.999963526,periodDays:360.013131085,referencePlane:`ecliptic`,apsidalPeriodYears:7990.433,nodalPeriodYears:9426.334},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='802'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@899'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`charon`,name:{en:`Charon`,fr:`Charon`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:901,radiusKm:606,color:`#b8b1a8`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:19600,e:77e-5,wDeg:184.734,MDeg:189.215,iDeg:.082,nodeDeg:11.189,nDegPerDay:56.362691738,periodDays:6.38720382,referencePlane:`equator`,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='901'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@999'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`]},{id:`nix`,name:{en:`Nix`,fr:`Nix`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:902,radiusKm:18,color:`#d2d0cc`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:49300,e:.03143,wDeg:266.045,MDeg:165.656,iDeg:.0607,nodeDeg:13.556,nDegPerDay:14.489937352,periodDays:24.844827914,referencePlane:`equator`,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='902'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@9'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`],notes:{en:`Elements refer to the Pluto–Charon barycentre, drawn around Pluto (offset about 2,100 km).`,fr:`Éléments rapportés au barycentre Pluton–Charon, dessinés autour de Pluton (écart d’environ 2 100 km).`}},{id:`hydra`,name:{en:`Hydra`,fr:`Hydre`},planet:`pluto`,spkid:903,radiusKm:18.5,color:`#d8d6d2`,model:`mean-elements`,elements:{epochJdTdb:2461312.5,aKm:65200,e:.02098,wDeg:153.538,MDeg:194.06,iDeg:.2298,nodeDeg:130.197,nDegPerDay:9.41932424,periodDays:38.219302237,referencePlane:`equator`,nodalPeriodYears:14,laplacePoleRaDeg:132.993,laplacePoleDecDeg:-6.163},verified:`2026-09-29`,sources:[`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/sep.html`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/phys_par/`,`https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck/pck00011.tpc`,`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND='903'&EPHEM_TYPE=VECTORS&CENTER='500@9'&REF_SYSTEM=ICRF&REF_PLANE=FRAME&OUT_UNITS=KM-S&VEC_TABLE=2&CSV_FORMAT=YES&TLIST='2461312.5'`],notes:{en:`Elements refer to the Pluto–Charon barycentre, drawn around Pluto (offset about 2,100 km).`,fr:`Éléments rapportés au barycentre Pluton–Charon, dessinés autour de Pluton (écart d’environ 2 100 km).`}}]}).moons,stars:at.parse({verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/`,`https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/`],stars:[{id:`sirius`,name:{en:`Sirius`,fr:`Sirius`},designation:`α Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:101.28716,decDeg:-16.71612,magnitude:-1.46,distanceLy:8.6,spectralType:`A0mA1Va`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:1.71,massSun:2.06,temperatureK:9850,luminositySun:24.7,notes:{en:`The brightest star in the night sky, and one of the closest at 8.6 light-years. Its name comes from the Greek for “scorching”. The values given are for Sirius A: it has a tiny companion, Sirius B, a white dwarf about the size of the Earth but as massive as the Sun.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du ciel nocturne, et l’une des plus proches, à 8,6 années-lumière. Son nom vient du grec « brûlant ». Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Sirius A : elle a un minuscule compagnon, Sirius B, une naine blanche de la taille de la Terre mais aussi massive que le Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6af8`]},{id:`canopus`,name:{en:`Canopus`,fr:`Canopus`},designation:`α Carinae`,constellation:{en:`Carina`,fr:`Carène`},raDeg:95.98796,decDeg:-52.69566,magnitude:-.74,distanceLy:310,spectralType:`A9II`,kind:{en:`white bright giant`,fr:`géante lumineuse blanche`},radiusSun:71,temperatureK:7400,luminositySun:16600,notes:{en:`The second-brightest star in the night sky, about 71 times wider than the Sun. Too far south to be seen from north of latitude 37° N, which covers most of Europe, northern Asia and much of North America. Many spacecraft have used it as a reference star to keep their orientation.`,fr:`La deuxième étoile la plus brillante du ciel nocturne, environ 71 fois plus large que le Soleil. Trop au sud pour être vue au nord de la latitude 37° N, soit la majeure partie de l’Europe, le nord de l’Asie et une bonne partie de l’Amérique du Nord. De nombreuses sondes spatiales s’en sont servies comme étoile de référence pour garder leur orientation.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Car`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140478`]},{id:`arcturus`,name:{en:`Arcturus`,fr:`Arcturus`},designation:`α Boötis`,constellation:{en:`Boötes`,fr:`Bouvier`},raDeg:213.9153,decDeg:19.18241,magnitude:-.05,distanceLy:36.7,spectralType:`K1.5IIIFe-0.5`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:25.4,massSun:1.08,temperatureK:4290,luminositySun:170,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the northern celestial hemisphere. To find it, follow the curve of the Big Dipper’s handle: “arc to Arcturus”. An old star, it has already swollen into a giant about 25 times wider than the Sun.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de l’hémisphère céleste nord. Pour la trouver, prolongez la courbe du manche de la Grande Casserole. Étoile âgée, elle a déjà gonflé en une géante environ 25 fois plus large que le Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Boo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135`]},{id:`alpha-centauri`,name:{en:`Alpha Centauri (Rigil Kentaurus)`,fr:`Alpha du Centaure (Rigil Kentaurus)`},designation:`α Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:219.90208,decDeg:-60.83397,magnitude:-.1,distanceLy:4.37,spectralType:`G2V+K1V`,kind:{en:`triple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles triple`},radiusSun:1.22,massSun:1.08,temperatureK:5750,luminositySun:1.51,notes:{en:`The nearest star system to the Sun. To the naked eye it is a single point, but it holds two Sun-like stars, A and B, that orbit each other every 80 years, plus the faint red dwarf Proxima Centauri. The values given are for Alpha Centauri A, the brighter star.`,fr:`Le système stellaire le plus proche du Soleil. À l’œil nu, c’est un seul point, mais il réunit deux étoiles semblables au Soleil, A et B, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 80 ans, ainsi que la faible naine rouge Proxima du Centaure. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alpha du Centaure A, la plus brillante.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff`]},{id:`vega`,name:{en:`Vega`,fr:`Véga`},designation:`α Lyrae`,constellation:{en:`Lyra`,fr:`Lyre`},raDeg:279.23473,decDeg:38.78369,magnitude:.03,distanceLy:25,spectralType:`A0V`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:2.73,massSun:2.15,luminositySun:47.2,notes:{en:`One of the three stars of the Summer Triangle, with Deneb and Altair. It spins so fast that it is flattened: its poles (about 10,000 K) are hotter than its equator, and the radius given is the equatorial one. Because of the slow wobble of the Earth’s axis, it was the pole star 14,000 years ago and will be again around the year 13,700.`,fr:`L’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été, avec Deneb et Altaïr. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est aplatie : ses pôles (environ 10 000 K) sont plus chauds que son équateur, et le rayon indiqué est le rayon équatorial. À cause du lent balancement de l’axe de la Terre, elle était l’étoile polaire il y a 14 000 ans et le redeviendra vers l’an 13 700.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Lyr`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3`]},{id:`capella`,name:{en:`Capella`,fr:`Capella`},designation:`α Aurigae`,constellation:{en:`Auriga`,fr:`Cocher`},raDeg:79.17233,decDeg:45.99799,magnitude:.08,distanceLy:42.9,spectralType:`G3III`,kind:{en:`pair of yellow giants`,fr:`couple de géantes jaunes`},radiusSun:12,massSun:2.57,temperatureK:4970,luminositySun:78.7,notes:{en:`What looks like one star is in fact two yellow giants orbiting each other every 104 days, with a pair of red dwarfs much farther out. Its name means “little she-goat” in Latin. The values given are for the larger giant, Capella Aa.`,fr:`Ce qui ressemble à une seule étoile est en fait deux géantes jaunes qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 104 jours, avec un couple de naines rouges beaucoup plus loin. Son nom signifie « petite chèvre » en latin. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la plus grosse géante, Capella Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Aur`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/26`]},{id:`rigel`,name:{en:`Rigel`,fr:`Rigel`},designation:`β Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:78.63447,decDeg:-8.20164,magnitude:.13,distanceLy:850,spectralType:`B8Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:74,massSun:21,temperatureK:12100,luminositySun:12e4,notes:{en:`The bright blue star at Orion’s foot; its name comes from the Arabic for “foot”. This supergiant shines about 120,000 times more than the Sun. The values given are for Rigel A, which has fainter companions.`,fr:`L’étoile bleue brillante au pied d’Orion ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le pied ». Cette supergéante brille environ 120 000 fois plus que le Soleil. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Rigel A, qui a des compagnons plus faibles.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014164`]},{id:`procyon`,name:{en:`Procyon`,fr:`Procyon`},designation:`α Canis Minoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Minor`,fr:`Petit Chien`},raDeg:114.8255,decDeg:5.22499,magnitude:.37,distanceLy:11.5,spectralType:`F5IV-V+DQZ`,kind:{en:`yellow-white star`,fr:`étoile blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:2.04,massSun:1.48,temperatureK:6580,luminositySun:7.05,notes:{en:`Forms the Winter Triangle with Sirius and Betelgeuse. Its name means “before the dog” in Greek, because it rises just before Sirius, the Dog Star. Like Sirius, it has a white dwarf companion, Procyon B; the values given are for Procyon A.`,fr:`Forme le Triangle d’hiver avec Sirius et Bételgeuse. Son nom signifie « avant le chien » en grec, car elle se lève juste avant Sirius, l’étoile du Chien. Comme Sirius, elle a une naine blanche pour compagne, Procyon B ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Procyon A.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+CMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/813/2/106`]},{id:`betelgeuse`,name:{en:`Betelgeuse`,fr:`Bételgeuse`},designation:`α Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:88.79294,decDeg:7.40706,magnitude:.42,distanceLy:550,spectralType:`M1-M2Ia-Iab`,kind:{en:`red supergiant`,fr:`supergéante rouge`},radiusSun:760,temperatureK:3780,luminositySun:87e3,notes:{en:`The red shoulder of Orion, a supergiant so large that, in place of the Sun, it would reach beyond the orbit of Mars. Its brightness varies (magnitude roughly 0 to 1.6); in 2019–2020 a dust cloud made it fade spectacularly (the “Great Dimming”). It will end as a supernova, probably within the next 100,000 years.`,fr:`L’épaule rouge d’Orion, une supergéante si grosse qu’à la place du Soleil, elle dépasserait l’orbite de Mars. Son éclat varie (magnitude d’environ 0 à 1,6) ; en 2019-2020, un nuage de poussière l’a fait pâlir de façon spectaculaire (la « Grande Baisse d’éclat »). Elle finira en supernova, probablement d’ici 100 000 ans.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db`]},{id:`achernar`,name:{en:`Achernar`,fr:`Achernar`},designation:`α Eridani`,constellation:{en:`Eridanus`,fr:`Éridan`},raDeg:24.42852,decDeg:-57.23675,magnitude:.46,distanceLy:139,spectralType:`B6Vpe`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:9.2,massSun:6,temperatureK:15e3,luminositySun:3500,notes:{en:`Its name means “end of the river” in Arabic: it marks the southern end of Eridanus. It spins so fast that it is one of the flattest stars known, about 35 % wider at the equator (radius given) than from pole to pole. The values given are for Achernar A, which has a smaller companion.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « la fin du fleuve » en arabe : elle marque l’extrémité sud de l’Éridan. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est l’une des étoiles les plus aplaties connues, environ 35 % plus large à l’équateur (rayon indiqué) que d’un pôle à l’autre. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Achernar A, qui a un compagnon plus petit.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Eri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achernar`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244009`]},{id:`polaris`,name:{en:`Polaris (North Star)`,fr:`Polaris (étoile Polaire)`},designation:`α Ursae Minoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Minor`,fr:`Petite Ourse`},raDeg:37.95456,decDeg:89.26411,magnitude:2.02,distanceLy:446,spectralType:`F8Ib`,kind:{en:`yellow supergiant (Cepheid)`,fr:`supergéante jaune (céphéide)`},radiusSun:46,massSun:5.1,temperatureK:6e3,luminositySun:1260,notes:{en:`Less than 1° from the north celestial pole, it barely moves while the whole sky turns around it, which is why it has guided travellers for centuries. Contrary to a common belief, it is far from the brightest star in the sky. It is a Cepheid, a pulsating star; the values given are for Polaris Aa, the main star of a triple system.`,fr:`À moins de 1° du pôle Nord céleste, elle bouge à peine pendant que tout le ciel tourne autour d’elle ; c’est pourquoi elle guide les voyageurs depuis des siècles. Contrairement à une idée répandue, elle est loin d’être l’étoile la plus brillante du ciel. C’est une céphéide, une étoile qui pulse ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Polaris Aa, l’étoile principale d’un système triple.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+UMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7a`]},{id:`aldebaran`,name:{en:`Aldebaran`,fr:`Aldébaran`},designation:`α Tauri`,constellation:{en:`Taurus`,fr:`Taureau`},raDeg:68.98016,decDeg:16.5093,magnitude:.86,distanceLy:65,spectralType:`K5+III`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:45,massSun:1.03,temperatureK:3900,luminositySun:439,notes:{en:`The red eye of the Bull. It seems to belong to the Hyades cluster but is in fact less than half as far away. Its name means “the follower” in Arabic, because it follows the Pleiades across the sky; the Pioneer 10 probe is drifting in its direction.`,fr:`L’œil rouge du Taureau. Elle semble faire partie de l’amas des Hyades, mais elle est en réalité plus de deux fois plus proche. Son nom signifie « la suivante » en arabe, car elle suit les Pléiades dans le ciel ; la sonde Pioneer 10 dérive dans sa direction.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Tau`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526319`]},{id:`antares`,name:{en:`Antares`,fr:`Antarès`},designation:`α Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:247.35192,decDeg:-26.432,magnitude:.91,distanceLy:550,spectralType:`M1.5Iab+B2Vn`,kind:{en:`red supergiant`,fr:`supergéante rouge`},radiusSun:680,temperatureK:3660,luminositySun:76e3,notes:{en:`The red heart of the Scorpion. Its name means “rival of Mars” (Ares), because of its colour. This supergiant, which would swallow the orbit of Mars in place of the Sun, will explode as a supernova; the values given are for Antares A, which has a hot blue companion.`,fr:`Le cœur rouge du Scorpion. Son nom signifie « rival de Mars » (Arès), à cause de sa couleur. Cette supergéante, qui engloutirait l’orbite de Mars à la place du Soleil, explosera en supernova ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Antarès A, qui a une compagne bleue très chaude.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321063`]},{id:`deneb`,name:{en:`Deneb`,fr:`Deneb`},designation:`α Cygni`,constellation:{en:`Cygnus`,fr:`Cygne`},raDeg:310.35798,decDeg:45.28034,magnitude:1.25,distanceLy:2600,spectralType:`A2Ia`,kind:{en:`white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanche`},radiusSun:203,massSun:19,temperatureK:8500,luminositySun:196e3,notes:{en:`The tail of the Swan (its name means “tail” in Arabic) and one of the three stars of the Summer Triangle. Though it looks only a little fainter than Vega, it is about 100 times farther away, which makes it one of the most luminous stars visible to the naked eye. Its distance is uncertain (1,400 to 2,600 light-years); the values given assume the larger one.`,fr:`La queue du Cygne (son nom signifie « queue » en arabe) et l’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été. Elle paraît à peine plus faible que Véga, mais elle est environ 100 fois plus loin, ce qui en fait l’une des étoiles les plus lumineuses visibles à l’œil nu. Sa distance est incertaine (1 400 à 2 600 années-lumière) ; les valeurs indiquées supposent la plus grande.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cyg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneb`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0040`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078590`]},{id:`alnilam`,name:{en:`Alnilam`,fr:`Alnilam`},designation:`ε Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:84.05339,decDeg:-1.20192,magnitude:1.69,distanceLy:1250,spectralType:`B0Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:34,massSun:28,temperatureK:25e3,luminositySun:271e3,notes:{en:`The middle star of Orion’s Belt; its name comes from the Arabic for “string of pearls”. This blue supergiant shines over 250,000 times more than the Sun and will probably end as a supernova.`,fr:`L’étoile du milieu de la ceinture d’Orion ; son nom vient de l’arabe « collier de perles ». Cette supergéante bleue brille plus de 250 000 fois plus que le Soleil et finira probablement en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnilam`]},{id:`altair`,name:{en:`Altair`,fr:`Altaïr`},designation:`α Aquilae`,constellation:{en:`Aquila`,fr:`Aigle`},raDeg:297.69583,decDeg:8.86832,magnitude:.76,distanceLy:16.7,spectralType:`A7Vn`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:2.01,massSun:1.86,luminositySun:10.6,notes:{en:`One of the three stars of the Summer Triangle, only 16.7 light-years away. It turns on itself in less than 8 hours (the Sun takes about 25 days), so fast that it is flattened; the radius given is the equatorial one. In 2007 it was one of the first stars, after the Sun, whose surface was imaged.`,fr:`L’une des trois étoiles du Triangle d’été, à seulement 16,7 années-lumière. Elle tourne sur elle-même en moins de 8 heures (le Soleil en met environ 25 jours), si vite qu’elle est aplatie ; le rayon indiqué est le rayon équatorial. En 2007, elle a été l’une des premières étoiles, après le Soleil, dont on a photographié la surface.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Aql`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936830`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/497981`]},{id:`spica`,name:{en:`Spica`,fr:`Spica (l’Épi)`},designation:`α Virginis`,constellation:{en:`Virgo`,fr:`Vierge`},raDeg:201.29825,decDeg:-11.16132,magnitude:.97,distanceLy:250,spectralType:`B1V`,kind:{en:`blue binary star`,fr:`étoile double bleue`},radiusSun:7.5,massSun:10,temperatureK:25300,luminositySun:20500,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Virgo; its name means “ear of wheat”. It is two hot blue stars so close that they orbit each other in 4 days and stretch each other into egg shapes. The values given are for the main star; around 130 BC, Hipparchus used Spica to discover the slow wobble of the Earth’s axis (precession).`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Vierge ; son nom signifie « épi de blé ». Ce sont deux étoiles bleues très chaudes si proches qu’elles tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 4 jours et se déforment mutuellement en forme d’œuf. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de l’étoile principale ; vers 130 av. J.-C., Hipparque a découvert grâce à Spica le lent balancement de l’axe de la Terre (la précession).`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Vir`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526507`]},{id:`pollux`,name:{en:`Pollux`,fr:`Pollux`},designation:`β Geminorum`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:116.32896,decDeg:28.0262,magnitude:1.14,distanceLy:34,spectralType:`K0IIIb`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:8.97,massSun:1.91,temperatureK:4810,luminositySun:38.4,notes:{en:`One of the heads of the Twins, brighter than Castor even though Castor is “alpha”. At 34 light-years, it is the closest giant star to the Sun. A giant planet, Thestias, has been reported around it.`,fr:`L’une des têtes des Gémeaux, plus brillante que Castor même si c’est Castor qui porte la lettre « alpha ». À 34 années-lumière, c’est l’étoile géante la plus proche du Soleil. Une planète géante, Thestias, a été signalée autour d’elle.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Gem`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollux_(star)`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219332`]},{id:`castor`,name:{en:`Castor`,fr:`Castor`},designation:`α Geminorum`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:113.64947,decDeg:31.88828,magnitude:1.58,distanceLy:49,spectralType:`A1V+A2Vm`,kind:{en:`six-star system`,fr:`système de six étoiles`},radiusSun:2.09,massSun:2.37,temperatureK:10300,notes:{en:`The other head of the Twins. A small telescope splits it into two stars, and each of them, like a fainter third companion, is itself a close pair: six stars in all. The values given are for the brightest one, Castor Aa.`,fr:`L’autre tête des Gémeaux. Un petit télescope la sépare en deux étoiles, et chacune d’elles, comme un troisième compagnon plus faible, est elle-même un couple serré : six étoiles en tout. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la plus brillante, Castor Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Gem`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_(star)`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d8d`]},{id:`fomalhaut`,name:{en:`Fomalhaut`,fr:`Fomalhaut`},designation:`α Piscis Austrini`,constellation:{en:`Piscis Austrinus`,fr:`Poisson austral`},raDeg:344.41269,decDeg:-29.62224,magnitude:1.16,distanceLy:25.1,spectralType:`A4V`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:1.84,massSun:1.92,temperatureK:8590,luminositySun:16.6,notes:{en:`Its name means “mouth of the fish” in Arabic. It is surrounded by a wide ring of dust and ice, photographed by Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope. An object first announced as a planet there, “Fomalhaut b”, turned out to be an expanding cloud of dust, probably left by a collision.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « la bouche du poisson » en arabe. Elle est entourée d’un large anneau de poussière et de glace, photographié par Hubble et le télescope spatial James-Webb. Un objet d’abord annoncé comme une planète, « Fomalhaut b », s’est révélé être un nuage de poussière en expansion, sans doute laissé par une collision.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+PsA`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L20`]},{id:`regulus`,name:{en:`Regulus`,fr:`Régulus`},designation:`α Leonis`,constellation:{en:`Leo`,fr:`Lion`},raDeg:152.09296,decDeg:11.96721,magnitude:1.4,distanceLy:79,spectralType:`B8IVn`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:4.2,massSun:4.15,luminositySun:341,notes:{en:`The heart of the Lion; its name means “little king” in Latin. It lies almost on the path of the Sun, the Moon and the planets, so the Moon often passes in front of it. It turns so fast that it is flattened (radius given at the equator); the values given are for Regulus A, the main star of a system of four.`,fr:`Le cœur du Lion ; son nom signifie « petit roi » en latin. Elle se trouve presque sur le chemin du Soleil, de la Lune et des planètes, si bien que la Lune passe souvent devant elle. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est aplatie (rayon indiqué à l’équateur) ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Régulus A, l’étoile principale d’un système de quatre.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Leo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/732/2/68`]},{id:`alnitak`,name:{en:`Alnitak`,fr:`Alnitak`},designation:`ζ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:85.18969,decDeg:-1.94257,magnitude:1.77,distanceLy:1260,spectralType:`O9.7Ib+B0III`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:20,massSun:33,temperatureK:29500,luminositySun:25e4,notes:{en:`The eastern star of Orion’s Belt, next to the Flame Nebula and the famous Horsehead Nebula. Its name means “the girdle” in Arabic. The values given are for Alnitak Aa, one of the hottest stars visible to the naked eye, in a system of three stars.`,fr:`L’étoile est de la ceinture d’Orion, voisine de la nébuleuse de la Flamme et de la célèbre nébuleuse de la Tête de Cheval. Son nom signifie « la ceinture » en arabe. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alnitak Aa, l’une des étoiles les plus chaudes visibles à l’œil nu, dans un système de trois étoiles.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+zet+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnitak`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321434`]},{id:`mintaka`,name:{en:`Mintaka`,fr:`Mintaka`},designation:`δ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:83.00167,decDeg:-.2991,magnitude:2.41,distanceLy:1250,spectralType:`O9.5II`,kind:{en:`blue giant (multiple system)`,fr:`géante bleue (système multiple)`},radiusSun:13,massSun:17.8,temperatureK:31400,luminositySun:19e4,notes:{en:`The western star of Orion’s Belt. It sits almost exactly on the celestial equator, so it rises due east and sets due west everywhere on Earth. It is a family of several stars, two of which eclipse each other every 5.7 days; the values given are for the main one, Mintaka Aa1.`,fr:`L’étoile ouest de la ceinture d’Orion. Elle se trouve presque exactement sur l’équateur céleste : partout sur Terre, elle se lève plein est et se couche plein ouest. C’est une famille de plusieurs étoiles, dont deux s’éclipsent mutuellement tous les 5,7 jours ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la principale, Mintaka Aa1.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintaka`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245272`]},{id:`proxima-centauri`,name:{en:`Proxima Centauri`,fr:`Proxima du Centaure`},designation:`α Centauri C`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:217.42894,decDeg:-62.67949,magnitude:11.13,distanceLy:4.25,spectralType:`M5.5Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.154,massSun:.122,temperatureK:2990,luminositySun:.00157,notes:{en:`The closest star to the Sun, at 4.25 light-years, yet far too faint to be seen with the naked eye. This small red dwarf belongs to the Alpha Centauri system and has at least two planets: Proxima b, in the zone where liquid water could exist, and the tiny Proxima d. It often throws out powerful flares.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche du Soleil, à 4,25 années-lumière, et pourtant beaucoup trop faible pour être vue à l’œil nu. Cette petite naine rouge fait partie du système d’Alpha du Centaure et possède au moins deux planètes : Proxima b, dans la zone où de l’eau liquide pourrait exister, et la minuscule Proxima d. Elle lance souvent de violentes éruptions.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME+Proxima+Centauri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629930`]},{id:`dubhe`,name:{en:`Dubhe`,fr:`Dubhe`},designation:`α Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:165.93196,decDeg:61.75103,magnitude:1.79,distanceLy:123,spectralType:`G9III+A7.5`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:27,massSun:3.7,temperatureK:4810,luminositySun:339,notes:{en:`With Merak, one of the two “pointers” at the end of the Big Dipper’s bowl: draw a line from Merak through Dubhe and extend it about five times to reach Polaris. The values given are for Dubhe A, an orange giant with a closer companion.`,fr:`Avec Merak, l’une des deux « gardes » au bout de la casserole de la Grande Ourse : tracez une ligne de Merak vers Dubhe et prolongez-la environ cinq fois pour atteindre l’étoile Polaire. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Dubhe A, une géante orange avec un compagnon proche.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubhe`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`]},{id:`merak`,name:{en:`Merak`,fr:`Merak`},designation:`β Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:165.46033,decDeg:56.38243,magnitude:2.37,distanceLy:80,spectralType:`A1IV`,kind:{en:`white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante blanche`},radiusSun:2.81,massSun:2.56,temperatureK:9700,luminositySun:63.5,notes:{en:`The other “pointer” of the Big Dipper: the line from Merak to Dubhe leads to Polaris. Like most stars of the Dipper, it belongs to the same family of stars born together, the Ursa Major moving group. It is surrounded by a disc of dust, like Fomalhaut.`,fr:`L’autre « garde » de la Grande Ourse : la ligne de Merak vers Dubhe mène à l’étoile Polaire. Comme la plupart des étoiles de la casserole, elle appartient à une même famille d’étoiles nées ensemble, le groupe mobile de la Grande Ourse. Elle est entourée d’un disque de poussière, comme Fomalhaut.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak_(star)`]},{id:`algol`,name:{en:`Algol`,fr:`Algol`},designation:`β Persei`,constellation:{en:`Perseus`,fr:`Persée`},raDeg:47.04222,decDeg:40.95565,magnitude:2.12,distanceLy:90,spectralType:`B8V`,kind:{en:`eclipsing binary`,fr:`binaire à éclipses`},radiusSun:2.73,massSun:3.17,temperatureK:13e3,luminositySun:182,notes:{en:`The “Demon Star” (from the Arabic for “head of the ghoul”), the eye of Medusa held by Perseus. Every 2.87 days a dimmer companion passes in front of the main star and Algol fades from magnitude 2.1 to 3.4 for about ten hours, a change you can follow with the naked eye. The values given are for Algol A.`,fr:`L’« étoile du Démon » (de l’arabe « la tête de l’ogre »), l’œil de Méduse tenu par Persée. Tous les 2,87 jours, une compagne moins brillante passe devant l’étoile principale et Algol baisse de la magnitude 2,1 à 3,4 pendant une dizaine d’heures, un changement visible à l’œil nu. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Algol A.`},verified:`2026-10-14`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Per`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20`]},{id:`barnards-star`,name:{en:`Barnard's Star`,fr:`Étoile de Barnard`},designation:`Gliese 699`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:269.45208,decDeg:4.69336,magnitude:9.51,distanceLy:5.96,spectralType:`M4V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.187,massSun:.162,temperatureK:3195,luminositySun:.0034,notes:{en:`The star that moves fastest across our sky: Edward Barnard measured in 1916 that it shifts by half the width of the full Moon in a human lifetime. Too faint for the naked eye, this old red dwarf still flares, and four small planets, all lighter than Earth, were found around it in 2024–2025.`,fr:`L’étoile qui se déplace le plus vite dans notre ciel : Edward Barnard a mesuré en 1916 qu’elle parcourt la moitié du diamètre de la pleine Lune en une vie humaine. Trop faible pour l’œil nu, cette vieille naine rouge connaît encore des éruptions, et quatre petites planètes, toutes plus légères que la Terre, y ont été découvertes en 2024–2025.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME+Barnard%27s+star`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451311`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`lalande-21185`,name:{en:`Lalande 21185`,fr:`Lalande 21185`},designation:`Gliese 411`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:165.83415,decDeg:35.96988,magnitude:7.52,distanceLy:8.3,spectralType:`M2+V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.392,massSun:.389,temperatureK:3547,luminositySun:.02194,notes:{en:`The brightest red dwarf of the northern sky, yet still too faint for the naked eye: binoculars or a small telescope show it in Ursa Major. It has two known planets, a hot super-Earth and a heavier one on a years-long orbit, confirmed in 2021. In about 20,000 years it will pass only 4.65 light-years from the Sun.`,fr:`La naine rouge la plus brillante du ciel boréal, et pourtant trop faible pour l’œil nu : des jumelles ou une petite lunette la montrent dans la Grande Ourse. On lui connaît deux planètes, une super-Terre brûlante et une autre plus massive, dont l’orbite dure plusieurs années, confirmée en 2021. Dans 20 000 ans environ, elle passera à seulement 4,65 années-lumière du Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+95735`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalande_21185`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`ross-154`,name:{en:`Ross 154`,fr:`Ross 154`},designation:`Gliese 729`,constellation:{en:`Sagittarius`,fr:`Sagittaire`},raDeg:282.45568,decDeg:-23.83624,magnitude:10.43,distanceLy:9.71,spectralType:`M3.5Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.2,massSun:.177,temperatureK:3340,luminositySun:.004015,notes:{en:`The nearest star in Sagittarius, a red dwarf that can only be seen with a telescope. It is a lively flare star, also named V1216 Sagittarii: a major flare erupts about every two days, and its brightness can then jump by 3 to 4 magnitudes, that is 15 to 40 times brighter.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche dans le Sagittaire, une naine rouge visible seulement au télescope. C’est une étoile à éruptions très active, aussi appelée V1216 Sagittarii : une forte éruption se produit environ tous les deux jours, et son éclat peut alors bondir de 3 à 4 magnitudes, soit 15 à 40 fois plus.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CD-23+14742`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_154`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1294`]},{id:`epsilon-eridani`,name:{en:`Epsilon Eridani (Ran)`,fr:`Epsilon Eridani (Ran)`},designation:`ε Eridani`,constellation:{en:`Eridanus`,fr:`Éridan`},raDeg:53.23269,decDeg:-9.45826,magnitude:3.73,distanceLy:10.47,spectralType:`K2V`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf`,fr:`naine orange`},radiusSun:.742,massSun:.82,temperatureK:5085,luminositySun:.326,notes:{en:`One of the nearest Sun-like stars visible to the naked eye, but young: about a billion years old, and more magnetically active than the Sun. It has a giant planet, Epsilon Eridani b (Ægir), and dust belts like our Kuiper belt. In 1960 it was one of the two first targets of the search for alien radio signals (Project Ozma).`,fr:`L’une des étoiles semblables au Soleil les plus proches visibles à l’œil nu, mais jeune : environ un milliard d’années, et plus active magnétiquement que le Soleil. Elle possède une planète géante, Epsilon Eridani b (Ægir), et des ceintures de poussières comme notre ceinture de Kuiper. En 1960, elle fut l’une des deux premières cibles de la recherche de signaux radio extraterrestres (projet Ozma).`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Eri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347136`]},{id:`lacaille-9352`,name:{en:`Lacaille 9352`,fr:`Lacaille 9352`},designation:`Gliese 887`,constellation:{en:`Piscis Austrinus`,fr:`Poisson austral`},raDeg:346.46682,decDeg:-35.85307,magnitude:7.39,distanceLy:10.72,spectralType:`M2V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.474,massSun:.479,temperatureK:3672,luminositySun:.0368,notes:{en:`A red dwarf that crosses the sky fast, with the fourth-highest known proper motion; binoculars show it in Piscis Austrinus. Two super-Earths were announced in 2020, and a 2026 study confirmed a third planet, GJ 887 d, in the zone where liquid water could exist, and found a fourth, Earth-mass one.`,fr:`Une naine rouge qui traverse vite le ciel : elle a le quatrième plus grand mouvement propre connu. Des jumelles la montrent dans le Poisson austral. Deux super-Terres ont été annoncées en 2020, et une étude de 2026 a confirmé une troisième planète, GJ 887 d, dans la zone où de l’eau liquide pourrait exister, et en a trouvé une quatrième, de la masse de la Terre.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+217987`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_887`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`ross-128`,name:{en:`Ross 128`,fr:`Ross 128`},designation:`Gliese 447`,constellation:{en:`Virgo`,fr:`Vierge`},raDeg:176.93499,decDeg:.80456,magnitude:11.15,distanceLy:11.01,spectralType:`dM4`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.198,massSun:.176,temperatureK:3189,luminositySun:.00366,notes:{en:`The nearest star in Virgo, a calm red dwarf that rarely flares, seen only with a telescope. In 2017 astronomers found Ross 128 b, a temperate Earth-size planet, the second-closest known after Proxima b. The star is coming towards us and will pass within 6.2 light-years of the Sun in about 71,000 years.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche dans la Vierge, une naine rouge calme, aux éruptions rares, visible seulement au télescope. En 2017, les astronomes y ont découvert Ross 128 b, une planète tempérée de la taille de la Terre, la deuxième plus proche connue après Proxima b. L’étoile se rapproche : elle passera à 6,2 années-lumière du Soleil dans 71 000 ans environ.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Ross+128`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_128`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731973`]},{id:`61-cygni`,name:{en:`61 Cygni`,fr:`61 du Cygne`},designation:`61 Cygni A`,constellation:{en:`Cygnus`,fr:`Cygne`},raDeg:316.72475,decDeg:38.74942,magnitude:5.21,distanceLy:11.4,spectralType:`K5V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.667,massSun:.677,temperatureK:4398,luminositySun:.15,notes:{en:`The first star whose distance was measured: in 1838 Friedrich Bessel found about 10.4 light-years from its parallax. This pair of orange dwarfs, circling each other every 659 years, is visible to the naked eye in a dark sky and has the highest proper motion of any naked-eye star. The values given are for 61 Cygni A.`,fr:`La première étoile dont on a mesuré la distance : en 1838, Friedrich Bessel a trouvé environ 10,4 années-lumière grâce à sa parallaxe. Ce couple de naines orange, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 659 ans, est visible à l’œil nu sous un ciel noir et a le plus grand mouvement propre des étoiles visibles à l’œil nu. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de 61 du Cygne A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+61+Cyg+A`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61_Cygni`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347136`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/add922`]},{id:`struve-2398`,name:{en:`Struve 2398`,fr:`Struve 2398`},designation:`Gliese 725`,constellation:{en:`Draco`,fr:`Dragon`},raDeg:280.6946,decDeg:59.63039,magnitude:8.93,distanceLy:11.49,spectralType:`M3V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.351,massSun:.33,temperatureK:3433,luminositySun:.01552,notes:{en:`A pair of red dwarfs in Draco that orbit each other every 871 years: too faint for the naked eye, but within reach of binoculars. Both stars have a planet: a super-Earth found in 2024 around A, and one in the habitable zone of B announced in 2025. The values given are for Struve 2398 A.`,fr:`Un couple de naines rouges dans le Dragon, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 871 ans : trop faibles pour l’œil nu, mais à la portée de jumelles. Chaque étoile a une planète : une super-Terre découverte en 2024 autour de A, et une autre dans la zone habitable de B, annoncée en 2025. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Struve 2398 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+173739`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struve_2398`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451646`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555469`]},{id:`groombridge-34`,name:{en:`Groombridge 34`,fr:`Groombridge 34`},designation:`Gliese 15`,constellation:{en:`Andromeda`,fr:`Andromède`},raDeg:4.59535,decDeg:44.02295,magnitude:8.14,distanceLy:11.62,spectralType:`M2V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.385,massSun:.393,temperatureK:3601,luminositySun:.02249,notes:{en:`Two red dwarfs in Andromeda that orbit each other every 1,065 years and both flare from time to time; binoculars show the brighter one. Star A has two planets: a super-Earth that orbits in 11 days and a Neptune-mass world that takes about 21 years. The values given are for Groombridge 34 A.`,fr:`Deux naines rouges d’Andromède qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 1 065 ans et connaissent toutes deux des éruptions ; des jumelles montrent la plus brillante. L’étoile A a deux planètes : une super-Terre qui en fait le tour en 11 jours et un monde de la masse de Neptune qui met environ 21 ans. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Groombridge 34 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+1326`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groombridge_34`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`epsilon-indi`,name:{en:`Epsilon Indi`,fr:`Epsilon Indi`},designation:`ε Indi`,constellation:{en:`Indus`,fr:`Indien`},raDeg:330.84022,decDeg:-56.78598,magnitude:4.69,distanceLy:11.87,spectralType:`K5V`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf`,fr:`naine orange`},radiusSun:.713,massSun:.782,temperatureK:4649,luminositySun:.21,notes:{en:`An orange star faintly visible to the naked eye, with two brown dwarfs, found in 2003, on a wide orbit around it. Its giant planet, Epsilon Indi Ab, about six times as massive as Jupiter, was photographed by the James Webb Space Telescope (image released in 2024). The values given are for Epsilon Indi A.`,fr:`Une étoile orange tout juste visible à l’œil nu, accompagnée de deux naines brunes, découvertes en 2003, sur une large orbite. Sa planète géante, Epsilon Indi Ab, environ six fois plus massive que Jupiter, a été photographiée par le télescope spatial James Webb (image publiée en 2024). Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Epsilon Indi A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Ind`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Indi`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad25f2`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa282`]},{id:`tau-ceti`,name:{en:`Tau Ceti`,fr:`Tau Ceti`},designation:`τ Ceti`,constellation:{en:`Cetus`,fr:`Baleine`},raDeg:26.01701,decDeg:-15.93748,magnitude:3.5,distanceLy:11.91,spectralType:`G8V`,kind:{en:`yellow dwarf`,fr:`naine jaune`},radiusSun:.801,massSun:.8,temperatureK:5382,luminositySun:.48,notes:{en:`The nearest single star like the Sun, visible to the naked eye. It is calm and stable but wrapped in ten times more dust than our Solar System. Several planets have been proposed, yet none is confirmed, and it has long been a favourite target in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.`,fr:`L’étoile isolée semblable au Soleil la plus proche, visible à l’œil nu. Calme et stable, elle est pourtant entourée de dix fois plus de poussières que notre Système solaire. Plusieurs planètes ont été proposées, mais aucune n’est confirmée, et elle est depuis longtemps une cible de choix de la recherche d’intelligence extraterrestre.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+tau+Cet`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Ceti`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202661193`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ace906`]},{id:`luytens-star`,name:{en:`Luyten's Star`,fr:`Étoile de Luyten`},designation:`Gliese 273`,constellation:{en:`Canis Minor`,fr:`Petit Chien`},raDeg:111.85208,decDeg:5.22579,magnitude:9.87,distanceLy:12.35,spectralType:`M3.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.293,massSun:.29,temperatureK:3382,luminositySun:.0088,notes:{en:`A red dwarf named after Willem Luyten, who measured its fast motion across the sky in 1935; binoculars or a small telescope show it. It has two confirmed planets, one of them, GJ 273 b, in the habitable zone. In 2017 a radio message with music was beamed towards it from Norway.`,fr:`Une naine rouge qui porte le nom de Willem Luyten, qui a mesuré son déplacement rapide dans le ciel en 1935 ; des jumelles ou une petite lunette la montrent. Elle a deux planètes confirmées, dont GJ 273 b, dans la zone habitable. En 2017, un message radio contenant de la musique lui a été envoyé depuis la Norvège.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BD%2B05+1668`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luyten%27s_Star`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038047`]},{id:`kapteyns-star`,name:{en:`Kapteyn's Star`,fr:`Étoile de Kapteyn`},designation:`Gliese 191`,constellation:{en:`Pictor`,fr:`Peintre`},raDeg:77.91912,decDeg:-45.01843,magnitude:8.85,distanceLy:12.83,spectralType:`M1VIp`,kind:{en:`red subdwarf`,fr:`sous-naine rouge`},radiusSun:.291,massSun:.281,temperatureK:3570,luminositySun:.012,notes:{en:`The nearest star of the Milky Way’s halo, an old red subdwarf that may once have belonged to the globular cluster Omega Centauri. When Jacobus Kapteyn noticed it in 1898, it had the highest proper motion known. Two planets announced in 2014 were refuted in 2021. Binoculars show it.`,fr:`L’étoile du halo de la Voie lactée la plus proche, une vieille sous-naine rouge qui a peut-être appartenu à l’amas globulaire Oméga du Centaure. Quand Jacobus Kapteyn l’a remarquée en 1898, elle avait le plus grand mouvement propre connu. Deux planètes annoncées en 2014 ont été réfutées en 2021. Des jumelles la montrent.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+33793`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapteyn%27s_Star`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/81`]},{id:`lacaille-8760`,name:{en:`Lacaille 8760`,fr:`Lacaille 8760`},designation:`Gliese 825`,constellation:{en:`Microscopium`,fr:`Microscope`},raDeg:319.31362,decDeg:-38.86736,magnitude:6.68,distanceLy:12.95,spectralType:`M1V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.51,massSun:.6,temperatureK:3800,luminositySun:.072,notes:{en:`The brightest red dwarf in our night sky, yet just too faint for the naked eye except under exceptionally dark skies; binoculars show it easily. The French abbé Lacaille first listed it in a catalogue published in 1763, and in 1979 it was found to be a flare star, named AX Microscopii.`,fr:`La naine rouge la plus brillante de notre ciel nocturne, mais juste trop faible pour l’œil nu, sauf sous un ciel exceptionnellement noir ; des jumelles la montrent facilement. L’abbé français Lacaille l’a inscrite le premier dans un catalogue publié en 1763, et l’on a découvert en 1979 que c’est une étoile à éruptions, nommée AX Microscopii.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=V*+AX+Mic`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacaille_8760`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/509763`]},{id:`kruger-60`,name:{en:`Krüger 60`,fr:`Krüger 60`},designation:`Gliese 860`,constellation:{en:`Cepheus`,fr:`Céphée`},raDeg:336.99816,decDeg:57.69502,magnitude:9.79,distanceLy:13.07,spectralType:`M3V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.301,massSun:.271,temperatureK:3342,luminositySun:.00983,notes:{en:`A pair of red dwarfs that orbit each other every 45 years, visible with a small telescope. The smaller star, Krüger 60 B, is a flare star (DO Cephei) whose outbursts can last up to an hour. The values given are for Krüger 60 A.`,fr:`Un couple de naines rouges qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 45 ans, visible avec un petit télescope. La plus petite, Krüger 60 B, est une étoile à éruptions (DO Cephei) dont les sursauts peuvent durer jusqu’à une heure. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Krüger 60 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+239960A`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCger_60`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd1ec`]},{id:`ross-614`,name:{en:`Ross 614`,fr:`Ross 614`},designation:`Gliese 234`,constellation:{en:`Monoceros`,fr:`Licorne`},raDeg:97.34746,decDeg:-2.81356,magnitude:11.1,distanceLy:13.36,spectralType:`M4.5V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.238,massSun:.2228,temperatureK:3193,luminositySun:.007,notes:{en:`A faint flare star spotted in 1927 by Frank Ross thanks to its fast motion across the sky; a telescope is needed to see it. An unseen companion was detected in 1936 from the star’s wobble, then first seen with the giant Palomar telescope. The two orbit each other every 16.6 years; the values given are for Ross 614 A.`,fr:`Une faible étoile à éruptions repérée en 1927 par Frank Ross grâce à son déplacement rapide dans le ciel ; il faut un télescope pour la voir. Un compagnon invisible a été détecté en 1936 par l’oscillation de l’étoile, puis vu pour la première fois avec le grand télescope du mont Palomar. Les deux tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 16,6 ans ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Ross 614 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Ross+614`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_614`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/346143`]},{id:`wolf-1061`,name:{en:`Wolf 1061`,fr:`Wolf 1061`},designation:`Gliese 628`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:247.57524,decDeg:-12.66259,magnitude:10.07,distanceLy:14.05,spectralType:`M3V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.319,massSun:.304,temperatureK:3307,luminositySun:.011,notes:{en:`A red dwarf catalogued in 1919 by Max Wolf, seen only with a telescope. In 2015 astronomers found three planets around it, probably rocky. One of them, the super-Earth Wolf 1061 c, orbits near the inner edge of the zone where liquid water could exist, making it one of the nearest potentially habitable planets.`,fr:`Une naine rouge cataloguée en 1919 par Max Wolf, visible seulement au télescope. En 2015, des astronomes y ont découvert trois planètes, sans doute rocheuses. L’une d’elles, la super-Terre Wolf 1061 c, tourne près du bord intérieur de la zone où de l’eau liquide pourrait exister : c’est l’une des planètes potentiellement habitables les plus proches.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BD-12+4523`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_1061`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`gliese-1`,name:{en:`Gliese 1`,fr:`Gliese 1`},designation:`Gliese 1`,constellation:{en:`Sculptor`,fr:`Sculpteur`},raDeg:1.35179,decDeg:-37.35736,magnitude:8.56,distanceLy:14.17,spectralType:`M2V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.379,massSun:.33,temperatureK:3616,luminositySun:.015,notes:{en:`The very first entry of the Gliese catalogue of nearby stars, because it sat almost exactly at right ascension zero in 1950. Benjamin Gould noticed its fast motion in 1885. This red dwarf crosses our part of the Galaxy unusually fast; binoculars are enough to spot it, and no planet has been found.`,fr:`La toute première étoile du catalogue Gliese des étoiles proches, car elle se trouvait presque exactement à l’ascension droite zéro en 1950. Benjamin Gould a remarqué son déplacement rapide en 1885. Cette naine rouge traverse notre région de la Galaxie à une vitesse inhabituelle ; des jumelles suffisent pour la repérer, et aucune planète n’y a été trouvée.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+225213`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_1`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039478`]},{id:`gliese-687`,name:{en:`Gliese 687`,fr:`Gliese 687`},designation:`Gliese 687`,constellation:{en:`Draco`,fr:`Dragon`},raDeg:264.10791,decDeg:68.33914,magnitude:9.17,distanceLy:14.84,spectralType:`M3.0V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.4183,massSun:.4,temperatureK:3413,luminositySun:.02128,notes:{en:`A red dwarf of the northern sky that moves quickly against the background stars; a small telescope is needed to see it. Two planets about as massive as Neptune circle it: Gliese 687 b, found in 2014 in the star’s habitable zone, and a colder, more distant one reported in 2020.`,fr:`Une naine rouge du ciel boréal qui se déplace vite devant les étoiles lointaines ; il faut un petit télescope pour la voir. Deux planètes à peu près aussi massives que Neptune tournent autour d’elle : Gliese 687 b, découverte en 2014 dans la zone habitable de l’étoile, et une autre plus lointaine et plus froide, annoncée en 2020.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BD%2B68+946`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_687`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/112`]},{id:`gliese-674`,name:{en:`Gliese 674`,fr:`Gliese 674`},designation:`Gliese 674`,constellation:{en:`Ara`,fr:`Autel`},raDeg:262.16644,decDeg:-46.89519,magnitude:9.41,distanceLy:14.85,spectralType:`M3V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.361,massSun:.353,temperatureK:3404,luminositySun:.01575,notes:{en:`A calm red dwarf of the southern sky, seen only with a telescope. In 2007 the HARPS instrument in Chile found a planet about 11 times as massive as the Earth circling it in less than five days. Even so quiet a star can flare: in 2018 it threw out a powerful ultraviolet outburst lasting hours.`,fr:`Une naine rouge calme du ciel austral, visible seulement au télescope. En 2007, l’instrument HARPS, au Chili, y a découvert une planète environ 11 fois plus massive que la Terre, qui en fait le tour en moins de cinq jours. Même une étoile aussi tranquille peut éclater : en 2018, elle a lancé un puissant sursaut ultraviolet qui a duré des heures.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CD-46+11540`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_674`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`gliese-440`,name:{en:`Gliese 440`,fr:`Gliese 440`},designation:`Gliese 440`,constellation:{en:`Musca`,fr:`Mouche`},raDeg:176.42882,decDeg:-64.84152,magnitude:11.51,distanceLy:15.12,spectralType:`DQ`,kind:{en:`white dwarf`,fr:`naine blanche`},radiusSun:.0127,massSun:.56,temperatureK:7837,luminositySun:525e-6,notes:{en:`The fourth-nearest white dwarf, barely larger than the Earth, and a rare kind whose light shows traces of carbon; a telescope is needed to see it. In 2019 the Hubble telescope weighed it by watching its gravity bend the light of a star behind it. It is the remnant of a star about 4 times the Sun’s mass.`,fr:`La quatrième naine blanche la plus proche, à peine plus grande que la Terre, et d’un type rare dont la lumière montre des traces de carbone ; il faut un télescope pour la voir. En 2019, le télescope Hubble l’a « pesée » en observant sa gravité dévier la lumière d’une étoile située derrière elle. C’est le reste d’une étoile d’environ 4 fois la masse du Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=LAWD+37`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_440`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3532`]},{id:`gliese-876`,name:{en:`Gliese 876`,fr:`Gliese 876`},designation:`Gliese 876`,constellation:{en:`Aquarius`,fr:`Verseau`},raDeg:343.31972,decDeg:-14.2637,magnitude:10.19,distanceLy:15.24,spectralType:`M3.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.372,massSun:.346,temperatureK:3201,luminositySun:.01309,notes:{en:`A red dwarf with four known planets, the first found in 1998, seen only with a telescope. Three of them are locked in step: while the outermost goes around once, the next goes twice and the inner one four times, like Jupiter’s moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. Two are giant planets in the star’s habitable zone.`,fr:`Une naine rouge entourée de quatre planètes connues, la première découverte en 1998, visible seulement au télescope. Trois d’entre elles avancent en cadence : pendant que la plus éloignée fait un tour, la suivante en fait deux et l’intérieure quatre, comme Io, Europe et Ganymède autour de Jupiter. Deux sont des planètes géantes situées dans la zone habitable de l’étoile.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BD-15+6290`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`groombridge-1618`,name:{en:`Groombridge 1618`,fr:`Groombridge 1618`},designation:`Gliese 380`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:152.84225,decDeg:49.45424,magnitude:6.61,distanceLy:15.89,spectralType:`K6VeFe-1`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf`,fr:`naine orange`},radiusSun:.605,massSun:.67,temperatureK:3970,luminositySun:.15,notes:{en:`An orange dwarf at the very limit of naked-eye visibility, easy with binoculars. Listed by Stephen Groombridge in a catalogue published in 1838, its fast motion made it an early target for distance measurements. The Herschel space telescope found hints of a faint, cold ring of dust far from the star.`,fr:`Une naine orange à l’extrême limite de la visibilité à l’œil nu, facile à voir aux jumelles. Inscrite par Stephen Groombridge dans un catalogue publié en 1838, elle a été l’une des premières cibles des mesures de distance grâce à son déplacement rapide. Le télescope spatial Herschel a détecté les indices d’un faible anneau de poussières froides loin de l’étoile.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+88230`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groombridge_1618`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021714`]},{id:`gliese-412`,name:{en:`Gliese 412`,fr:`Gliese 412`},designation:`Gliese 412`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:166.36907,decDeg:43.52677,magnitude:8.77,distanceLy:16,spectralType:`M1.0V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.398,massSun:.387,temperatureK:3639,luminositySun:.0223,notes:{en:`A pair of red dwarfs, also called Lalande 21258; binoculars show the brighter one. Its fast motion was noticed in 1860 by Friedrich Argelander. The fainter star, WX Ursae Majoris, is a flare star; seen from it, its companion would shine as brightly as a quarter Moon. The values given are for Gliese 412 A.`,fr:`Un couple de naines rouges, aussi appelé Lalande 21258 ; des jumelles montrent la plus brillante. Son déplacement rapide a été remarqué en 1860 par Friedrich Argelander. La plus faible, WX Ursae Majoris, est une étoile à éruptions ; vue de celle-ci, sa compagne brillerait comme un premier quartier de Lune. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Gliese 412 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BD%2B44+2051`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_412`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834965`]},{id:`ad-leonis`,name:{en:`AD Leonis`,fr:`AD Leonis`},designation:`Gliese 388`,constellation:{en:`Leo`,fr:`Lion`},raDeg:154.90117,decDeg:19.87,magnitude:9.52,distanceLy:16.19,spectralType:`dM3`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.4233,massSun:.423,temperatureK:3477,luminositySun:.02359,notes:{en:`One of the most active flare stars known: this young red dwarf, spinning once every 2.2 days, often brightens suddenly, from radio waves to X-rays. A telescope shows it just beside the bright star Algieba. A planet announced in 2018 turned out to be an illusion caused by its starspots.`,fr:`L’une des étoiles à éruptions les plus actives connues : cette jeune naine rouge, qui tourne sur elle-même en 2,2 jours, s’illumine souvent brusquement, des ondes radio aux rayons X. Un télescope la montre tout près de l’étoile brillante Algieba. Une planète annoncée en 2018 s’est révélée être une illusion due à ses taches stellaires.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=V*+AD+Leo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Leonis`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243773`]},{id:`gliese-832`,name:{en:`Gliese 832`,fr:`Gliese 832`},designation:`Gliese 832`,constellation:{en:`Grus`,fr:`Grue`},raDeg:323.39156,decDeg:-49.009,magnitude:8.67,distanceLy:16.2,spectralType:`M1.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.442,massSun:.449,temperatureK:3539,luminositySun:.0276,notes:{en:`A red dwarf of the southern sky, visible with binoculars. Since 2008 it has been known to host a giant planet much like Jupiter, on a long, nearly circular orbit. A second, possibly habitable super-Earth announced in 2014 was ruled out in 2022: its signal came from the star’s own activity.`,fr:`Une naine rouge du ciel austral, visible aux jumelles. On sait depuis 2008 qu’elle possède une planète géante très semblable à Jupiter, sur une orbite longue et presque circulaire. Une seconde planète, une super-Terre peut-être habitable annoncée en 2014, a été écartée en 2022 : son signal venait de l’activité de l’étoile elle-même.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+204961`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_832`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`gliese-682`,name:{en:`Gliese 682`,fr:`Gliese 682`},designation:`Gliese 682`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:264.26527,decDeg:-44.31921,magnitude:10.95,distanceLy:16.33,spectralType:`M3.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.3,massSun:.27,temperatureK:3237,luminositySun:.008118,notes:{en:`A red dwarf seen against the crowded star fields near the centre of our galaxy, half a degree from the distant globular cluster NGC 6388; a telescope is needed to see it. Two planets announced in 2014 were later traced to the star’s own activity, but in 2026 hints of a distant giant planet were reported.`,fr:`Une naine rouge vue sur les riches champs d’étoiles proches du centre de notre galaxie, à un demi-degré du lointain amas globulaire NGC 6388 ; il faut un télescope pour la voir. Deux planètes annoncées en 2014 se sont révélées être des signaux de l’activité de l’étoile, mais en 2026, des indices d’une planète géante lointaine ont été publiés.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CD-44+11909`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_682`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5640`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab72f9`]},{id:`40-eridani`,name:{en:`40 Eridani (Keid)`,fr:`40 Eridani (Keid)`},designation:`ο² Eridani`,constellation:{en:`Eridanus`,fr:`Éridan`},raDeg:63.818,decDeg:-7.65287,magnitude:4.43,distanceLy:16.33,spectralType:`K0V`,kind:{en:`triple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles triple`},radiusSun:.804,massSun:.78,temperatureK:5126,luminositySun:.4,notes:{en:`Its main star, Keid, is visible to the naked eye. It is orbited by a pair of stars: 40 Eridani B, the first white dwarf ever identified (in 1910) and the easiest to observe, and the red dwarf 40 Eridani C. The values given are for 40 Eridani A.`,fr:`Son étoile principale, Keid, est visible à l’œil nu. Un couple d’étoiles tourne autour d’elle : 40 Eridani B, la première naine blanche identifiée (en 1910) et la plus facile à observer, et la naine rouge 40 Eridani C. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de 40 Eridani A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+omi02+Eri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_Eridani`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa282`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1933`]},{id:`ev-lacertae`,name:{en:`EV Lacertae`,fr:`EV Lacertae`},designation:`Gliese 873`,constellation:{en:`Lacerta`,fr:`Lézard`},raDeg:341.70721,decDeg:44.33399,magnitude:10.26,distanceLy:16.48,spectralType:`M4.0Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.331,massSun:.32,temperatureK:3370,notes:{en:`A young flare star, about 300 million years old, that spins fast. On 25 April 2008, NASA’s Swift satellite caught it releasing a flare thousands of times more powerful than the largest solar flare ever seen; it could have been seen with the naked eye had the star been in the night sky. Normally it is barely within reach of binoculars.`,fr:`Une jeune étoile à éruptions, âgée d’environ 300 millions d’années, qui tourne vite sur elle-même. Le 25 avril 2008, le satellite Swift de la NASA l’a surprise en pleine éruption, des milliers de fois plus puissante que la plus grosse éruption solaire observée : elle aurait pu être vue à l’œil nu si l’étoile avait été dans le ciel nocturne. D’ordinaire, elle est à peine visible aux jumelles.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=V*+EV+Lac`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV_Lacertae`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`70-ophiuchi`,name:{en:`70 Ophiuchi`,fr:`70 Ophiuchi`},designation:`70 Ophiuchi`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:271.36354,decDeg:2.50015,magnitude:4.21,distanceLy:16.71,spectralType:`K0V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.831,massSun:.883,temperatureK:5301,luminositySun:.53,notes:{en:`Two orange dwarfs that orbit each other every 88 years, seen with the naked eye as one dim star. Herschel’s study of the pair helped show that Newton’s gravity works beyond the Solar System, and in 1855 it was the target of the first claimed exoplanet detection, later shown to be wrong. The values given are for 70 Ophiuchi A.`,fr:`Deux naines orange qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 88 ans, vues à l’œil nu comme une seule étoile peu brillante. L’étude de ce couple par Herschel a aidé à montrer que la gravitation de Newton s’applique au-delà du Système solaire, et en 1855, il a fait l’objet de la première annonce d’exoplanète, qui s’est révélée fausse. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de 70 Ophiuchi A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+70+Oph+A`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_Ophiuchi`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f52`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/112`]},{id:`gj-3379`,name:{en:`GJ 3379`,fr:`GJ 3379`},designation:`GJ 3379`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:90.0146,decDeg:2.70655,magnitude:11.31,distanceLy:16.99,spectralType:`M3.5Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.246,massSun:.231,temperatureK:3284,luminositySun:.00633,notes:{en:`The nearest star in Orion, south-east of Betelgeuse: a small, very active red dwarf that spins once in less than two days. It is now moving away from us, but about 161,000 years ago it passed only about 4 light-years from the Sun. A telescope is needed to see it.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche dans Orion, au sud-est de Bételgeuse : une petite naine rouge très active qui tourne sur elle-même en moins de deux jours. Elle s’éloigne de nous aujourd’hui, mais il y a environ 161 000 ans, elle est passée à seulement 4 années-lumière environ du Soleil. Il faut un télescope pour la voir.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=G+99-49`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_3379`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834965`]},{id:`gliese-445`,name:{en:`Gliese 445`,fr:`Gliese 445`},designation:`Gliese 445`,constellation:{en:`Camelopardalis`,fr:`Girafe`},raDeg:176.92245,decDeg:78.69116,magnitude:10.79,distanceLy:17.14,spectralType:`M4.0V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.266,massSun:.24,temperatureK:3356,luminositySun:.008,notes:{en:`A faint red dwarf near the north celestial pole, visible all night from north of the Tropic of Cancer, but only through a telescope. It is heading towards the Sun: in about 40,000 years, Voyager 1 will pass within 1.6 light-years of it, and it will then be one of the closest stars to the Sun, about 3.5 light-years away.`,fr:`Une faible naine rouge proche du pôle Nord céleste, visible toute la nuit au nord du tropique du Cancer, mais seulement au télescope. Elle se dirige vers le Soleil : dans environ 40 000 ans, Voyager 1 passera à 1,6 année-lumière d’elle, et elle sera alors l’une des étoiles les plus proches du Soleil, à environ 3,5 années-lumière.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=G+254-29`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_445`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2301`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`gliese-526`,name:{en:`Gliese 526`,fr:`Gliese 526`},designation:`Gliese 526`,constellation:{en:`Boötes`,fr:`Bouvier`},raDeg:206.4324,decDeg:14.89152,magnitude:8.5,distanceLy:17.73,spectralType:`M2V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.488,massSun:.472,temperatureK:3678,luminositySun:.0365,notes:{en:`A red dwarf in Boötes, already listed in 1801 in Lalande’s star catalogue; its fast motion across the sky and its closeness were known by 1911. It is a flare star whose brightness can suddenly jump. With a magnitude of 8.5, it can be found with binoculars.`,fr:`Une naine rouge du Bouvier, déjà inscrite en 1801 dans le catalogue d’étoiles de Lalande ; son déplacement rapide dans le ciel et sa proximité étaient connus dès 1911. C’est une étoile à éruptions, dont l’éclat peut bondir soudainement. De magnitude 8,5, elle se repère aux jumelles.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+119850`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_526`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834965`]},{id:`stein-2051`,name:{en:`Stein 2051`,fr:`Stein 2051`},designation:`Gliese 169.1`,constellation:{en:`Camelopardalis`,fr:`Girafe`},raDeg:67.79798,decDeg:58.97707,magnitude:10.98,distanceLy:17.99,spectralType:`M4.0V`,kind:{en:`binary star`,fr:`étoile double`},radiusSun:.292,massSun:.252,temperatureK:3277,luminositySun:.0081,notes:{en:`A red dwarf and a white dwarf, the nearest such pair that is not part of a larger system. In 2017, the Hubble telescope watched the white dwarf pass in front of a distant star: by measuring how much its gravity bent that star’s light, astronomers weighed it directly. The values given are for Stein 2051 A.`,fr:`Une naine rouge et une naine blanche, le plus proche couple de ce genre qui ne fait pas partie d’un système plus grand. En 2017, le télescope Hubble a vu la naine blanche passer devant une étoile lointaine : en mesurant la déviation de la lumière de cette étoile par sa gravité, les astronomes l’ont pesée directement. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Stein 2051 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=G+175-34`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_2051`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa427`,`https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2879`]},{id:`gliese-251`,name:{en:`Gliese 251`,fr:`Gliese 251`},designation:`Gliese 251`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:103.70399,decDeg:33.26818,magnitude:10.02,distanceLy:18.21,spectralType:`M3V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.364,massSun:.36,temperatureK:3342,luminositySun:.0155,notes:{en:`The nearest star in Gemini, a red dwarf with two known super-Earths: Gliese 251 b, found in 2020, circles it in just over 14 days, and Gliese 251 c, confirmed in 2025, orbits in the zone where liquid water could exist. A telescope is needed to see the star.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus proche dans les Gémeaux, une naine rouge accompagnée de deux super-Terres connues : Gliese 251 b, découverte en 2020, en fait le tour en un peu plus de 14 jours, et Gliese 251 c, confirmée en 2025, orbite dans la zone où de l’eau liquide pourrait exister. Il faut un télescope pour voir l’étoile.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+265866`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_251`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038820`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ae0e20`]},{id:`lp-816-60`,name:{en:`LP 816-60`,fr:`LP 816-60`},designation:`LP 816-60`,constellation:{en:`Capricornus`,fr:`Capricorne`},raDeg:313.13757,decDeg:-16.97472,magnitude:11.46,distanceLy:18.33,spectralType:`M4V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.266,massSun:.224,temperatureK:3030,notes:{en:`A single red dwarf in Capricornus, catalogued by Willem Luyten among the stars that move fast across the sky. Like the Sun, it has a cycle of starspots, lasting about 10.6 years; no massive planets had been found around it as of 2013. A telescope is needed to see it.`,fr:`Une naine rouge solitaire du Capricorne, cataloguée par Willem Luyten parmi les étoiles qui se déplacent vite dans le ciel. Comme le Soleil, elle connaît un cycle de taches stellaires, d’environ 10,6 ans ; aucune planète massive n’avait été trouvée autour d’elle en 2013. Il faut un télescope pour la voir.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=LP+816-60`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_816-60`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/64`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937194`]},{id:`gliese-205`,name:{en:`Gliese 205`,fr:`Gliese 205`},designation:`Gliese 205`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:82.86415,decDeg:-3.67723,magnitude:7.97,distanceLy:18.6,spectralType:`M1.5Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.556,massSun:.549,temperatureK:3770,luminositySun:.061,notes:{en:`A red dwarf in Orion that Friedrich Bessel probably observed as early as 1823. Two Neptune-mass planets were suggested in 2019, but a 2023 study found no sign of them and measured that the star turns once in about 34 days. Binoculars are enough to spot it.`,fr:`Une naine rouge d’Orion que Friedrich Bessel a probablement observée dès 1823. Deux planètes de la masse de Neptune ont été proposées en 2019, mais une étude de 2023 n’en a trouvé aucune trace et a mesuré que l’étoile tourne sur elle-même en 34 jours environ. Des jumelles suffisent pour la repérer.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+36395`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_205`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245131`]},{id:`gliese-229`,name:{en:`Gliese 229`,fr:`Gliese 229`},designation:`Gliese 229`,constellation:{en:`Lepus`,fr:`Lièvre`},raDeg:92.64423,decDeg:-21.86463,magnitude:8.12,distanceLy:18.79,spectralType:`M1V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.549,massSun:.581,temperatureK:3700,luminositySun:.043,notes:{en:`The nearest star system in Lepus: a red dwarf with a companion found in 1994, Gliese 229 B, one of the first brown dwarfs discovered and the model for the methane-rich T dwarfs. In 2024 it turned out to be two brown dwarfs orbiting each other every 12 days. The values given are for Gliese 229 A.`,fr:`Le système stellaire le plus proche dans le Lièvre : une naine rouge accompagnée de Gliese 229 B, découverte en 1994, l’une des premières naines brunes connues et le modèle des naines T, riches en méthane. En 2024, elle s’est révélée double : deux naines brunes qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 12 jours. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Gliese 229 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+42581`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac273e`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adb4f2`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08064-x`]},{id:`sigma-draconis`,name:{en:`Sigma Draconis (Alsafi)`,fr:`Sigma Draconis (Alsafi)`},designation:`σ Draconis`,constellation:{en:`Draco`,fr:`Dragon`},raDeg:293.08996,decDeg:69.66118,magnitude:4.68,distanceLy:18.8,spectralType:`K0V`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf`,fr:`naine orange`},radiusSun:.776,massSun:.84,temperatureK:5336,luminositySun:.44,notes:{en:`Also named Alsafi, from an Arabic word for the tripods of nomads’ cooking fires, this orange dwarf is faintly visible to the naked eye. Since 1943 it has served as a reference star for the K0 V spectral type, and its brightness and activity vary in a cycle much like the Sun’s sunspot cycle.`,fr:`Aussi appelée Alsafi, d’un mot arabe désignant les trépieds des feux de cuisine des nomades, cette naine orange est faiblement visible à l’œil nu. Depuis 1943, elle sert d’étoile de référence pour le type spectral K0 V, et son éclat et son activité varient selon un cycle très semblable au cycle des taches solaires.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+sig+Dra`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Draconis`,`https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.30557`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad76a9`]},{id:`ross-47`,name:{en:`Ross 47`,fr:`Ross 47`},designation:`Gliese 213`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:85.53862,decDeg:12.48933,magnitude:11.51,distanceLy:18.89,spectralType:`M4V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.238,massSun:.218,temperatureK:3334,luminositySun:.006288,notes:{en:`A small red dwarf in Orion, visible only through a telescope. Starspots make its brightness vary slightly as it turns, which earned it the variable-star name V1352 Orionis in 1997. It rotates very slowly, about once every 170 days.`,fr:`Une petite naine rouge d’Orion, visible seulement au télescope. Des taches stellaires font légèrement varier son éclat au fil de sa rotation, ce qui lui a valu en 1997 le nom d’étoile variable V1352 Orionis. Elle tourne très lentement, en 170 jours environ.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Ross+47`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_47`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea`]},{id:`gliese-570`,name:{en:`Gliese 570`,fr:`Gliese 570`},designation:`Gliese 570 A`,constellation:{en:`Libra`,fr:`Balance`},raDeg:224.36667,decDeg:-21.41548,magnitude:5.72,distanceLy:19.2,spectralType:`K4V`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf (quadruple system)`,fr:`naine orange (système quadruple)`},radiusSun:.685,massSun:.679,temperatureK:4629,luminositySun:.19,notes:{en:`A family of four: an orange dwarf just visible to the naked eye, a pair of red dwarfs circling it, and a distant brown dwarf, Gliese 570 D, found in 2000 and then the coolest known. In 2026 a spectrograph picked up the faint “starquakes” of star A. The values given are for Gliese 570 A.`,fr:`Une famille de quatre : une naine orange tout juste visible à l’œil nu, un couple de naines rouges qui tourne autour d’elle et une lointaine naine brune, Gliese 570 D, découverte en 2000 et alors la plus froide connue. En 2026, un spectrographe a capté les faibles « séismes » de l’étoile A. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Gliese 570 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+131977`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_570`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20985`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa282`]},{id:`gliese-693`,name:{en:`Gliese 693`,fr:`Gliese 693`},designation:`Gliese 693`,constellation:{en:`Pavo`,fr:`Paon`},raDeg:266.64264,decDeg:-57.31904,magnitude:10.78,distanceLy:19.21,spectralType:`M3.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},notes:{en:`A faint red dwarf in Pavo, visible only through a telescope. It drifts quickly across our sky, about 1.8 arcseconds per year: enough to cover the width of the full Moon in just over 1,000 years. It is also coming towards us at about 43 km/s.`,fr:`Une faible naine rouge du Paon, visible seulement au télescope. Elle se déplace vite dans notre ciel, d’environ 1,8 seconde d’arc par an : assez pour parcourir la largeur de la pleine Lune en un peu plus de 1 000 ans. Elle se rapproche aussi de nous à environ 43 km/s.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=L+205-128`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars`]},{id:`gliese-908`,name:{en:`Gliese 908`,fr:`Gliese 908`},designation:`Gliese 908`,constellation:{en:`Pisces`,fr:`Poissons`},raDeg:357.30219,decDeg:2.40122,magnitude:8.99,distanceLy:19.27,spectralType:`dM1`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.409,massSun:.37,temperatureK:3600,luminositySun:.0253,notes:{en:`A red dwarf in Pisces, at the limit of binoculars; a small telescope shows it easily. It holds fewer heavy elements than the Sun, and starspots make its brightness flicker slightly: since 1997 it has also been called BR Piscium. It turns once in about 51 days.`,fr:`Une naine rouge des Poissons, à la limite des jumelles ; un petit télescope la montre sans peine. Elle contient moins d’éléments lourds que le Soleil, et des taches stellaires font légèrement varier son éclat : depuis 1997, on l’appelle aussi BR Piscium. Elle tourne sur elle-même en 51 jours environ.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=V*+BR+Psc`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_908`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae982`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628985`]},{id:`gliese-752`,name:{en:`Gliese 752`,fr:`Gliese 752`},designation:`Gliese 752 A`,constellation:{en:`Aquila`,fr:`Aigle`},raDeg:289.23024,decDeg:5.1689,magnitude:9.12,distanceLy:19.29,spectralType:`M3-V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf (binary system)`,fr:`naine rouge (système double)`},radiusSun:.481,massSun:.484,temperatureK:3534,luminositySun:.0326,notes:{en:`Two red dwarfs, seen with a small telescope. Max Wolf noticed the main star’s fast motion in 1919; in 1944 George Van Biesbroeck found its tiny companion VB 10, one of the least luminous stars known. In 2018 a Neptune-mass planet was found around star A. The values given are for Gliese 752 A.`,fr:`Deux naines rouges, visibles avec un petit télescope. Max Wolf a remarqué le mouvement rapide de l’étoile principale en 1919 ; en 1944, George Van Biesbroeck a trouvé sa minuscule compagne VB 10, l’une des étoiles les moins lumineuses connues. En 2018, une planète de la masse de Neptune a été découverte autour de l’étoile A. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Gliese 752 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+180617`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_752`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abc2d0`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833354`]},{id:`gliese-588`,name:{en:`Gliese 588`,fr:`Gliese 588`},designation:`Gliese 588`,constellation:{en:`Lupus`,fr:`Loup`},raDeg:233.05388,decDeg:-41.27559,magnitude:9.31,distanceLy:19.3,spectralType:`M2.5V`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},notes:{en:`A red dwarf in Lupus, seen with binoculars or a small telescope. Its light is remarkably steady, with no detectable pulsations. Two planets proposed in 2019 were not confirmed: a 2024 study traced their signals to the star’s own activity.`,fr:`Une naine rouge du Loup, visible aux jumelles ou avec un petit télescope. Sa lumière est remarquablement stable, sans aucune pulsation détectable. Deux planètes proposées en 2019 n’ont pas été confirmées : une étude de 2024 a attribué leurs signaux à l’activité de l’étoile elle-même.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CD-40+9712`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_588`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346570`]},{id:`eta-cassiopeiae`,name:{en:`Eta Cassiopeiae (Achird)`,fr:`Êta de Cassiopée (Achird)`},designation:`η Cassiopeiae`,constellation:{en:`Cassiopeia`,fr:`Cassiopée`},raDeg:12.27623,decDeg:57.81518,magnitude:3.44,distanceLy:19.33,spectralType:`F9V`,kind:{en:`yellow dwarf (binary system)`,fr:`naine jaune (système double)`},radiusSun:1.036,massSun:1.026,temperatureK:5879,luminositySun:1.13,notes:{en:`A Sun-like star visible to the naked eye beside the W of Cassiopeia, named Achird by the IAU. William Herschel discovered in 1779 that it is double: an orange dwarf circles it every 472 years. Searches have found no giant planet. The values given are for Eta Cassiopeiae A.`,fr:`Une étoile semblable au Soleil, visible à l’œil nu à côté du W de Cassiopée et nommée Achird par l’UAI. William Herschel a découvert en 1779 qu’elle est double : une naine orange tourne autour d’elle en 472 ans. Aucune planète géante n’y a été trouvée. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Êta de Cassiopée A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eta+Cas`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Cassiopeiae`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30557`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/add922`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ae089f`]},{id:`36-ophiuchi`,name:{en:`36 Ophiuchi (Guniibuu)`,fr:`36 Ophiuchi (Guniibuu)`},designation:`36 Ophiuchi A`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:258.8366,decDeg:-26.6017,magnitude:5.08,distanceLy:19.42,spectralType:`K2V`,kind:{en:`triple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles triple`},radiusSun:.817,massSun:.803,temperatureK:5103,luminositySun:.326,notes:{en:`A triple system visible to the naked eye: two nearly identical orange dwarfs orbit each other, and a third lies much farther away. The IAU named star A Guniibuu, the red-breasted robin of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples of Australia. The values given are for 36 Ophiuchi A.`,fr:`Un système triple visible à l’œil nu : deux naines orange presque identiques tournent l’une autour de l’autre, et une troisième se tient beaucoup plus loin. L’UAI a nommé l’étoile A Guniibuu, le rouge-gorge des peuples kamilaroi et euahlayi d’Australie. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de 36 Ophiuchi A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+36+Oph+A`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Ophiuchi`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.13243`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200911976`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd1ec`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/21`]},{id:`yz-canis-minoris`,name:{en:`YZ Canis Minoris`,fr:`YZ Canis Minoris`},designation:`Gliese 285`,constellation:{en:`Canis Minor`,fr:`Petit Chien`},raDeg:116.16738,decDeg:3.55247,magnitude:11.22,distanceLy:19.53,spectralType:`M4.0Ve`,kind:{en:`red dwarf`,fr:`naine rouge`},radiusSun:.37,massSun:.36,temperatureK:3125,luminositySun:.01116,notes:{en:`A red dwarf in Canis Minor, visible only through a telescope. It is a famous flare star: on 16 January 2009 it unleashed a “megaflare” lasting more than seven hours, one of the most energetic ever seen on such a small star.`,fr:`Une naine rouge du Petit Chien, visible seulement au télescope. C’est une célèbre étoile à éruptions : le 16 janvier 2009, elle a lancé une « méga-éruption » de plus de sept heures, l’une des plus énergiques jamais vues sur une aussi petite étoile.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=V*+YZ+CMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YZ_Canis_Minoris`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038295`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/54`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/714/1/L98`]},{id:`gj-1005`,name:{en:`GJ 1005`,fr:`GJ 1005`},designation:`GJ 1005`,constellation:{en:`Cetus`,fr:`Baleine`},raDeg:3.86713,decDeg:-16.13379,magnitude:11.48,distanceLy:19.58,spectralType:`M4V`,kind:{en:`pair of red dwarfs`,fr:`couple de naines rouges`},massSun:.179,temperatureK:3341,notes:{en:`Two red dwarfs that orbit each other every 4.6 years, visible only through a telescope. In the 1990s the Hubble Space Telescope followed their dance so precisely that astronomers could weigh each star. The values given are for GJ 1005 A.`,fr:`Deux naines rouges qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 4,6 ans, visibles seulement au télescope. Dans les années 1990, le télescope spatial Hubble a suivi leur ballet avec tant de précision que les astronomes ont pu peser chaque étoile. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de GJ 1005 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=G+158-50`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1005`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/141`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2831`]},{id:`hr-7703`,name:{en:`HR 7703`,fr:`HR 7703`},designation:`Gliese 783 A`,constellation:{en:`Sagittarius`,fr:`Sagittaire`},raDeg:302.79974,decDeg:-36.10121,magnitude:5.32,distanceLy:19.61,spectralType:`K2.5V`,kind:{en:`orange dwarf (binary system)`,fr:`naine orange (système double)`},radiusSun:.697,massSun:.75,temperatureK:4854,luminositySun:.26,notes:{en:`An orange dwarf visible to the naked eye, with a faint red dwarf companion. It is rushing towards us at about 129 km/s and will pass closest to the Sun in about 41,000 years. In 2026 its tiny “starquakes” were measured. The values given are for HR 7703 A.`,fr:`Une naine orange visible à l’œil nu, accompagnée d’une faible naine rouge. Elle fonce vers nous à environ 129 km/s et passera au plus près du Soleil dans 41 000 ans environ. En 2026, ses minuscules « séismes » ont été mesurés. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de HR 7703 A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HD+191408`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_7703`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20985`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.04094`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/720/2/1290`]},{id:`82-eridani`,name:{en:`82 Eridani`,fr:`82 Eridani`},designation:`e Eridani`,constellation:{en:`Eridanus`,fr:`Éridan`},raDeg:49.98188,decDeg:-43.06978,magnitude:4.27,distanceLy:19.7,spectralType:`G6V`,kind:{en:`yellow dwarf`,fr:`naine jaune`},radiusSun:.93,massSun:.8,temperatureK:5473,luminositySun:.6869,notes:{en:`A Sun-like star, a little smaller and much older (about 9 billion years), visible to the naked eye. It is the nearest Sun-type star with confirmed planets: three, a few times the Earth’s mass, one of which follows an elongated orbit partly inside the habitable zone.`,fr:`Une étoile semblable au Soleil, un peu plus petite et bien plus âgée (environ 9 milliards d’années), visible à l’œil nu. C’est l’étoile de type solaire la plus proche ayant des planètes confirmées : trois, de quelques masses terrestres, dont une suit une orbite allongée en partie dans la zone habitable.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+e+Eri`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82_G._Eridani`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451769`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaa9b5`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.24596`]},{id:`delta-pavonis`,name:{en:`Delta Pavonis`,fr:`Delta du Paon`},designation:`δ Pavonis`,constellation:{en:`Pavo`,fr:`Paon`},raDeg:302.1817,decDeg:-66.18207,magnitude:3.56,distanceLy:19.89,spectralType:`G8IV`,kind:{en:`yellow subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante jaune`},radiusSun:1.197,massSun:1.07,temperatureK:5609,luminositySun:1.24,notes:{en:`A naked-eye star of the southern sky, much like the Sun but older and richer in heavy elements; it will soon (on a cosmic scale) begin to swell. Among nearby stars, SETI researchers once ranked it their best target in the search for alien signals.`,fr:`Une étoile du ciel austral visible à l’œil nu, très semblable au Soleil mais plus âgée et plus riche en éléments lourds ; elle commencera bientôt (à l’échelle cosmique) à enfler. Parmi les étoiles proches, des chercheurs du SETI l’ont déjà classée meilleure cible pour la recherche de signaux extraterrestres.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del+Pav`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Pavonis`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc382`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa282`]},{id:`hadar`,name:{en:`Hadar`,fr:`Hadar`},designation:`β Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:210.95586,decDeg:-60.37304,magnitude:.61,distanceLy:390,spectralType:`B1III`,kind:{en:`blue giant (multiple system)`,fr:`géante bleue (système multiple)`},massSun:12.02,temperatureK:25e3,luminositySun:31600,notes:{en:`The inner of the two “Pointers” of the Southern Cross: a line from Alpha Centauri through Hadar leads to Gacrux, at the top of the Cross. Two hot giants circle each other every 357 days, with a third star nearby; the values given are for the main one, Hadar Aa, massive enough to end as a supernova.`,fr:`Le plus proche des deux « pointeurs » de la Croix du Sud : une ligne d’Alpha du Centaure vers Hadar mène à Gacrux, en haut de la Croix. Deux géantes chaudes tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 357 jours, avec une troisième étoile tout près ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la principale, Hadar Aa, assez massive pour finir en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527872`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz416`]},{id:`acrux`,name:{en:`Acrux`,fr:`Acrux`},designation:`α Crucis`,constellation:{en:`Crux`,fr:`Croix du Sud`},raDeg:186.64956,decDeg:-63.09909,magnitude:.76,distanceLy:320,spectralType:`B0.5IV+B1V`,kind:{en:`seven-star system`,fr:`système de sept étoiles`},radiusSun:6.8,massSun:17.2,temperatureK:28950,luminositySun:31110,notes:{en:`The foot of the Southern Cross and the southernmost first-magnitude star, barely seen north of latitude 27°. Its name is a contraction of “Alpha Crucis”. A small telescope splits it in two, yet it holds seven stars; the values given are for the brightest, Acrux Aa, a future supernova.`,fr:`Le pied de la Croix du Sud et l’étoile de première magnitude la plus australe, à peine visible au nord de 27° de latitude. Son nom est une contraction d’« Alpha Crucis ». Un petit télescope la sépare en deux, mais elle compte sept étoiles ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la plus brillante, Acrux Aa, une future supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cru`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrux`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11194`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1816`]},{id:`mimosa`,name:{en:`Mimosa`,fr:`Mimosa`},designation:`β Crucis`,constellation:{en:`Crux`,fr:`Croix du Sud`},raDeg:191.93029,decDeg:-59.68877,magnitude:1.25,distanceLy:280,spectralType:`B1IV`,kind:{en:`blue giant (multiple system)`,fr:`géante bleue (système multiple)`},massSun:14.5,temperatureK:28840,luminositySun:25700,notes:{en:`One of the four bright stars of the Southern Cross, drawn on the flags of Australia, New Zealand and Brazil. Only about 11 million years old, this hot blue giant pulsates every 4 to 5 hours and may explode as a supernova in some 6 million years. The values given are for Mimosa A.`,fr:`L’une des quatre étoiles brillantes de la Croix du Sud, dessinée sur les drapeaux de l’Australie, de la Nouvelle-Zélande et du Brésil. Âgée d’environ 11 millions d’années seulement, cette géante bleue pulse toutes les 4 à 5 heures et pourrait exploser en supernova dans quelque 6 millions d’années. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Mimosa A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Cru`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_(star)`,`https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01531-9`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1816`]},{id:`adhara`,name:{en:`Adhara`,fr:`Adhara`},designation:`ε Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:104.65645,decDeg:-28.97209,magnitude:1.5,distanceLy:430,spectralType:`B1.5II`,kind:{en:`blue giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante bleue (système double)`},radiusSun:10.7,massSun:13.1,temperatureK:22500,luminositySun:19900,notes:{en:`The second-brightest star of the Great Dog; its name comes from the Arabic for “virgins”. It is the brightest source of extreme ultraviolet light in our sky. About 4.4 million years ago it was much closer and outshone every other star, a brilliance none has reached since. The values given are for Adhara A.`,fr:`La deuxième étoile la plus brillante du Grand Chien ; son nom vient de l’arabe « les vierges ». C’est la source d’ultraviolet extrême la plus brillante de notre ciel. Il y a environ 4,4 millions d’années, bien plus proche, elle surpassait toutes les autres étoiles, un éclat qu’aucune n’a atteint depuis. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Adhara A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Canis_Majoris`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9b8b`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424986`]},{id:`shaula`,name:{en:`Shaula`,fr:`Shaula`},designation:`λ Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:263.40217,decDeg:-37.10382,magnitude:1.63,distanceLy:570,spectralType:`B2IV+DA7.9`,kind:{en:`triple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles triple`},radiusSun:8.8,massSun:10.4,temperatureK:25e3,luminositySun:36300,notes:{en:`In the tail of the Scorpion; its name comes from the Arabic for “the raised [tail]”. Three stars orbit together in the same plane: a pulsating blue star, a young companion circling it every 6 days and a second blue star every 1,053 days. The values given are for Shaula Aa1, a future supernova.`,fr:`Dans la queue du Scorpion ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la [queue] dressée ». Trois étoiles tournent ensemble dans le même plan : une étoile bleue pulsante, une jeune compagne qui en fait le tour en 6 jours et une seconde étoile bleue en 1 053 jours. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Shaula Aa1, une future supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+lam+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10526.x`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321886`]},{id:`gacrux`,name:{en:`Gacrux`,fr:`Gacrux`},designation:`γ Crucis`,constellation:{en:`Crux`,fr:`Croix du Sud`},raDeg:187.7915,decDeg:-57.11321,magnitude:1.64,distanceLy:89,spectralType:`M3.5III`,kind:{en:`red giant`,fr:`géante rouge`},radiusSun:73,massSun:1.5,temperatureK:3689,luminositySun:830,notes:{en:`The top of the Southern Cross: a line from Gacrux through Acrux points south, a trick used by navigators. It is the nearest M-type red giant: only 1.5 times the Sun’s mass, it has swollen to 73 times its width. Its atmosphere is rich in barium, perhaps a gift from an unseen companion.`,fr:`Le haut de la Croix du Sud : une ligne de Gacrux vers Acrux indique le sud, une astuce des navigateurs. C’est la géante rouge de type M la plus proche : 1,5 fois seulement la masse du Soleil, elle a gonflé jusqu’à 73 fois sa taille. Son atmosphère est riche en baryum, peut-être un cadeau d’une compagne invisible.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Cru`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacrux`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834514`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acdcf1`]},{id:`bellatrix`,name:{en:`Bellatrix`,fr:`Bellatrix`},designation:`γ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:81.28276,decDeg:6.3497,magnitude:1.64,distanceLy:250,spectralType:`B2III`,kind:{en:`blue giant`,fr:`géante bleue`},radiusSun:6.2,massSun:8.4,temperatureK:22017,luminositySun:7410,notes:{en:`One of Orion’s shoulders, 5° west of Betelgeuse; its name is Latin for “female warrior”. It is the closest of Orion’s major stars, much nearer than the Belt. This hot star, about 28 million years old, should run out of core hydrogen in seven million years and may end as a supernova.`,fr:`L’une des épaules d’Orion, à 5° à l’ouest de Bételgeuse ; son nom signifie « guerrière » en latin. C’est la plus proche des grandes étoiles d’Orion, bien plus que la ceinture. Cette étoile chaude, âgée d’environ 28 millions d’années, devrait épuiser l’hydrogène de son cœur d’ici sept millions d’années et pourrait finir en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17011`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731562`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acc321`]},{id:`elnath`,name:{en:`Elnath`,fr:`Elnath`},designation:`β Tauri`,constellation:{en:`Taurus`,fr:`Taureau`},raDeg:81.57297,decDeg:28.60745,magnitude:1.65,distanceLy:130,spectralType:`B7III`,kind:{en:`blue-white giant`,fr:`géante bleu-blanc`},radiusSun:4.79,massSun:5,temperatureK:13600,luminositySun:564,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “the butting”, for the horns of Taurus the Bull. Ptolemy shared it with Auriga, so it also bore the name Gamma Aurigae. It is a “mercury-manganese” star: its light shows unusually strong traces of manganese, but little calcium.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « le coup de corne », pour les cornes du Taureau. Ptolémée la partageait avec le Cocher, d’où son autre nom, Gamma Aurigae. C’est une étoile « à mercure et manganèse » : sa lumière montre des traces de manganèse inhabituellement fortes, mais peu de calcium.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Tau`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Tauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/89`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b2`]},{id:`miaplacidus`,name:{en:`Miaplacidus`,fr:`Miaplacidus`},designation:`β Carinae`,constellation:{en:`Carina`,fr:`Carène`},raDeg:138.29991,decDeg:-69.71721,magnitude:1.69,distanceLy:110,spectralType:`A1III-`,kind:{en:`white giant`,fr:`géante blanche`},radiusSun:5.82,massSun:3.88,temperatureK:9150,luminositySun:223,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the Diamond Cross, an asterism of Carina. Its name may mix the Arabic for “waters” and the Latin for “placid”. About 260 million years old, this white giant has already used up the hydrogen in its core, yet it still spins fast, at least 146 km/s at its equator.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Croix du Diamant, un astérisme de la Carène. Son nom mêlerait l’arabe « les eaux » et le latin « paisible ». Âgée d’environ 260 millions d’années, cette géante blanche a déjà épuisé l’hydrogène de son cœur, mais tourne encore vite, à au moins 146 km/s à l’équateur.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Car`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Carinae`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/171`,`https://scixplorer.org/abs/2000AcA....50..369J/abstract`,`https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921304004314`]},{id:`alnair`,name:{en:`Alnair`,fr:`Alnair`},designation:`α Gruis`,constellation:{en:`Grus`,fr:`Grue`},raDeg:332.05827,decDeg:-46.96097,magnitude:1.74,distanceLy:100,spectralType:`B6V`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},massSun:3.82,temperatureK:14245,luminositySun:520,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the Crane; its name comes from the Arabic for “the bright one”. It is one of the 58 stars chosen for celestial navigation. This young star, about 100 million years old, travels with the AB Doradus moving group and spins fast, at least 215 km/s at its equator.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Grue ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la brillante ». C’est l’une des 58 étoiles retenues pour la navigation astronomique. Cette jeune étoile d’environ 100 millions d’années voyage avec le groupe mobile d’AB Doradus et tourne vite, à au moins 215 km/s à l’équateur.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Gru`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gruis`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/146`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/143/6/134`]},{id:`alioth`,name:{en:`Alioth`,fr:`Alioth`},designation:`ε Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:193.50729,decDeg:55.95982,magnitude:1.77,distanceLy:83,spectralType:`A1III-IVpkB9`,kind:{en:`white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante blanche`},radiusSun:4.29,massSun:2.91,temperatureK:8908,luminositySun:104.4,notes:{en:`The star of the Big Dipper’s handle closest to the bowl, and the brightest of Ursa Major; its name comes from the Arabic for “the sheep’s fat tail”. Its magnetic field gathers elements such as chromium into bands, so its spectrum changes as it turns, every 5.1 days.`,fr:`L’étoile du manche de la Grande Casserole la plus proche de la casserole, et la plus brillante de la Grande Ourse ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la queue grasse du mouton ». Son champ magnétique rassemble des éléments comme le chrome en bandes : son spectre change à mesure qu’elle tourne, en 5,1 jours.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alioth`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be`]},{id:`mirfak`,name:{en:`Mirfak`,fr:`Mirfak`},designation:`α Persei`,constellation:{en:`Perseus`,fr:`Persée`},raDeg:51.08071,decDeg:49.86118,magnitude:1.82,distanceLy:510,spectralType:`F5Ib`,kind:{en:`yellow-white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:53.8,temperatureK:6439,luminositySun:4018,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Perseus, outshining the famous Algol; its name comes from the Arabic for “elbow”. It lies in the Alpha Persei Cluster, a fine sight in binoculars. Its small speed changes, once blamed on a planet, are now explained by the supergiant’s own oscillations.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de Persée, plus éclatante que la célèbre Algol ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le coude ». Elle se trouve dans l’amas d’Alpha Persei, superbe aux jumelles. Ses petites variations de vitesse, autrefois attribuées à une planète, s’expliquent aujourd’hui par les oscillations de la supergéante elle-même.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Per`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Persei`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24956`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adcc13`]},{id:`wezen`,name:{en:`Wezen`,fr:`Wezen`},designation:`δ Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:107.09785,decDeg:-26.3932,magnitude:1.82,distanceLy:1800,spectralType:`F8Ia`,kind:{en:`yellow-white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:188,temperatureK:5818,luminositySun:34600,notes:{en:`About 10° south-southeast of Sirius, in the Great Dog’s hindquarters; its name comes from the Arabic for “weight”. Only about 12 million years old, this supergiant has already stopped fusing hydrogen in its core: within 100,000 years it should become a red supergiant, then explode.`,fr:`À environ 10° au sud-sud-est de Sirius, dans l’arrière-train du Grand Chien ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le poids ». Âgée d’environ 12 millions d’années seulement, cette supergéante ne fusionne déjà plus d’hydrogène dans son cœur : d’ici 100 000 ans, elle devrait devenir une supergéante rouge, puis exploser.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Canis_Majoris`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`,`https://doi.org/10.1071/AS07017`]},{id:`gamma-velorum`,name:{en:`Gamma Velorum`,fr:`Gamma des Voiles`},designation:`γ² Velorum`,constellation:{en:`Vela`,fr:`Voiles`},raDeg:122.38313,decDeg:-47.33659,magnitude:1.83,distanceLy:840,spectralType:`WC8+O7.5III-V`,kind:{en:`multiple system with a Wolf–Rayet star`,fr:`système multiple avec une étoile Wolf-Rayet`},radiusSun:13.5,massSun:26.4,temperatureK:35e3,luminositySun:25e4,notes:{en:`The brightest star with no IAU-approved name, nicknamed Regor in honour of Apollo 1 astronaut Roger Chaffee. Binoculars split it in two; the brighter pair holds the nearest Wolf–Rayet star, whose wind collides with its partner’s. The values given are for that more massive partner, the O star.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante sans nom approuvé par l’UAI, surnommée Regor en hommage à l’astronaute d’Apollo 1 Roger Chaffee. Des jumelles la séparent en deux ; le couple le plus brillant abrite l’étoile Wolf-Rayet la plus proche, dont le vent percute celui de sa partenaire. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de cette partenaire plus massive, l’étoile O.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam02+Vel`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Velorum`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202660042`]},{id:`sargas`,name:{en:`Sargas`,fr:`Sargas`},designation:`θ Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:264.32971,decDeg:-42.99783,magnitude:1.84,distanceLy:330,spectralType:`F1III`,kind:{en:`yellow-white giant`,fr:`géante blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:35.5,massSun:3.1,temperatureK:6294,luminositySun:1400,notes:{en:`It sits in the curl of the Scorpion’s tail, and its name may come from Sumerian. It spins so fast that it is a third wider at the equator than from pole to pole (radius given at the equator), probably because two stars merged into one. It appears on the flag of Brazil for the state of Alagoas.`,fr:`Elle se trouve dans la courbe de la queue du Scorpion, et son nom viendrait du sumérien. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est un tiers plus large à l’équateur que d’un pôle à l’autre (rayon donné à l’équateur), sans doute parce que deux étoiles ont fusionné. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil pour l’État d’Alagoas.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+tet+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac991`]},{id:`kaus-australis`,name:{en:`Kaus Australis`,fr:`Kaus Australis`},designation:`ε Sagittarii`,constellation:{en:`Sagittarius`,fr:`Sagittaire`},raDeg:276.04299,decDeg:-34.38462,magnitude:1.85,distanceLy:140,spectralType:`B9IVp_lB?`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc`},radiusSun:8.8,massSun:3.8,luminositySun:497,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Sagittarius, part of the “Teapot”; its name means “southern bow” (Arabic and Latin). It spins at 95 % of the speed that would tear it apart, the fastest rate measured in the Milky Way, and is flattened, with a gas disc around its equator (radius given there). The values given are for Kaus Australis A.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du Sagittaire, dans la « Théière » ; son nom signifie « arc austral » (arabe et latin). Elle tourne à 95 % de la vitesse qui la disloquerait, le record mesuré dans la Voie lactée, et elle est aplatie, avec un disque de gaz autour de l’équateur (rayon donné à l’équateur). Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Kaus Australis A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Sgr`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Sagittarii`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad630b`]},{id:`avior`,name:{en:`Avior`,fr:`Avior`},designation:`ε Carinae`,constellation:{en:`Carina`,fr:`Carène`},raDeg:125.62848,decDeg:-59.50948,magnitude:1.86,distanceLy:600,spectralType:`K3:III+B2:V`,kind:{en:`orange giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante orange (système double)`},massSun:10.5,temperatureK:4460,luminositySun:8128,notes:{en:`One corner of the “False Cross”, often mistaken for the Southern Cross by navigators. Its name was invented in the late 1930s for the Royal Air Force’s navigation almanac, which wanted a name for every star. An orange giant paired with a hot blue star; the values given are for Avior A.`,fr:`Un coin de la « Fausse Croix », souvent confondue avec la Croix du Sud par les navigateurs. Son nom a été inventé à la fin des années 1930 pour l’almanach de navigation de la Royal Air Force, qui voulait un nom pour chaque étoile. Une géante orange accompagnée d’une étoile bleue très chaude ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Avior A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Car`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Carinae`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/383546`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936360`]},{id:`alkaid`,name:{en:`Alkaid`,fr:`Alkaïd`},designation:`η Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:206.88516,decDeg:49.31327,magnitude:1.86,distanceLy:100,spectralType:`B3V`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:2.89,massSun:5.07,luminositySun:574,notes:{en:`The star at the tip of the Big Dipper’s handle; its Arabic name means “the leader of the mourners” following the bier formed by the bowl. Unlike most of the Dipper’s stars it does not travel with them through space. Only about 6 million years old, it spins fast and is flattened (radius given at the equator).`,fr:`L’étoile au bout du manche de la Grande Casserole ; son nom arabe signifie « la meneuse des pleureuses » qui suivent la civière formée par la casserole. Contrairement à la plupart des étoiles de la Casserole, elle ne voyage pas avec elles dans l’espace. Âgée d’environ 6 millions d’années seulement, elle tourne vite et est aplatie (rayon donné à l’équateur).`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eta+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaid`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202659029`]},{id:`menkalinan`,name:{en:`Menkalinan`,fr:`Menkalinan`},designation:`β Aurigae`,constellation:{en:`Auriga`,fr:`Cocher`},raDeg:89.88218,decDeg:44.94743,magnitude:1.9,distanceLy:80,spectralType:`A1IV-Vp`,kind:{en:`eclipsing binary`,fr:`binaire à éclipses`},radiusSun:2.75,massSun:2.36,temperatureK:8985,luminositySun:46.7,notes:{en:`Its Arabic name means “shoulder of the rein-holder”, the Charioteer. Two nearly twin white stars circle each other in under four days and take turns eclipsing each other, too slightly to see by eye. It is coming towards us and should pass about 32 light-years from the Sun in 1.3 million years. The values given are for Menkalinan Aa.`,fr:`Son nom arabe signifie « épaule du tenant des rênes », le Cocher. Deux étoiles blanches presque jumelles tournent l’une autour de l’autre en moins de quatre jours et s’éclipsent à tour de rôle, trop peu pour que l’œil le voie. Elle se rapproche de nous et devrait passer à environ 32 années-lumière du Soleil dans 1,3 million d’années. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Menkalinan Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Aur`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Aurigae`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202661076`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3616`]},{id:`atria`,name:{en:`Atria`,fr:`Atria`},designation:`α Trianguli Australis`,constellation:{en:`Triangulum Australe`,fr:`Triangle austral`},raDeg:252.16623,decDeg:-69.02771,magnitude:1.91,distanceLy:390,spectralType:`K2III_Ba1`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:139,massSun:6.4,temperatureK:4043,luminositySun:4634,notes:{en:`The brightest corner of the Southern Triangle, and its name is a contraction of “Alpha Trianguli Australis”. So bright that it may really be a supergiant, it would almost reach the orbit of Venus in place of the Sun. Its flares and X-rays hint at a young Sun-like companion. It appears on the flag of Brazil.`,fr:`Le coin le plus brillant du Triangle austral, et son nom est une contraction d’« Alpha Trianguli Australis ». Si lumineuse qu’elle pourrait être en fait une supergéante, elle atteindrait presque l’orbite de Vénus à la place du Soleil. Ses éruptions et ses rayons X trahissent sans doute une jeune compagne semblable au Soleil. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+TrA`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Trianguli_Australis`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acb535`]},{id:`alhena`,name:{en:`Alhena`,fr:`Alhena`},designation:`γ Geminorum`,constellation:{en:`Gemini`,fr:`Gémeaux`},raDeg:99.42796,decDeg:16.39928,magnitude:1.92,distanceLy:100,spectralType:`A1.5IV+`,kind:{en:`white subgiant (binary system)`,fr:`sous-géante blanche (système double)`},radiusSun:6.06,massSun:3.4,temperatureK:9190,luminositySun:207,notes:{en:`The third-brightest star of the Twins; its Arabic name means “the brand” on a camel’s neck. A white star running out of hydrogen in its core, it has a smaller companion on a very elongated 12.6-year orbit. The Sun passes it around 30 June each year. The values given are for Alhena A.`,fr:`La troisième étoile des Gémeaux par l’éclat ; son nom arabe signifie « la marque » au fer sur le cou d’un chameau. Une étoile blanche qui épuise l’hydrogène de son cœur, avec une compagne plus petite sur une orbite très allongée de 12,6 ans. Le Soleil passe près d’elle vers le 30 juin chaque année. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alhena A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Gem`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Geminorum`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/147/3/65`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117691`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2862`]},{id:`peacock`,name:{en:`Peacock`,fr:`Peacock`},designation:`α Pavonis`,constellation:{en:`Pavo`,fr:`Paon`},raDeg:306.4119,decDeg:-56.73509,magnitude:1.94,distanceLy:180,spectralType:`B2IV`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant (binary system)`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc (système double)`},radiusSun:4.83,massSun:5.91,temperatureK:17711,luminositySun:2200,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the Peacock constellation. It had no traditional name, so in the late 1930s the Royal Air Force’s navigation almanac simply called it “Peacock”, the meaning of Pavo. Two hot blue stars orbit each other every 11.8 days, too close to be seen apart. The values given are for Peacock A.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la constellation du Paon. Elle n’avait pas de nom traditionnel : à la fin des années 1930, l’almanach de navigation de la Royal Air Force l’a simplement appelée « Peacock » (« paon » en anglais). Deux étoiles bleues très chaudes tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 11,8 jours, trop proches pour être vues séparément. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Peacock A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Pav`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Pavonis`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/146`,`https://scixplorer.org/abs/2000AcA....50..369J/abstract`]},{id:`alsephina`,name:{en:`Alsephina`,fr:`Alsephina`},designation:`δ Velorum`,constellation:{en:`Vela`,fr:`Voiles`},raDeg:131.17594,decDeg:-54.70882,magnitude:1.96,distanceLy:80,spectralType:`A2IV+A4V`,kind:{en:`eclipsing binary (triple system)`,fr:`binaire à éclipses (système triple)`},massSun:2.43,temperatureK:9440,luminositySun:67,notes:{en:`A corner of the “False Cross”; its name comes from the Arabic for “the ship”, the ancient constellation Argo. Its two main stars eclipse each other every 45 days, which makes it the brightest eclipsing star known; it was noticed only in 2000, partly by the Galileo probe at Jupiter. The values given are for Alsephina (δ Velorum Aa).`,fr:`Un coin de la « Fausse Croix » ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le navire », l’ancienne constellation Argo. Ses deux étoiles principales s’éclipsent mutuellement tous les 45 jours, ce qui en fait l’étoile à éclipses la plus brillante connue ; on ne l’a remarqué qu’en 2000, en partie grâce à la sonde Galileo près de Jupiter. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alsephina (δ Velorum Aa).`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del01+Vel`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Velorum`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116896`]},{id:`mirzam`,name:{en:`Mirzam`,fr:`Mirzam`},designation:`β Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:95.67494,decDeg:-17.95592,magnitude:1.98,distanceLy:500,spectralType:`B1II-III`,kind:{en:`blue giant`,fr:`géante bleue`},radiusSun:8.44,massSun:13,temperatureK:25180,luminositySun:25700,notes:{en:`Its Arabic name means “the herald”: it rises just before Sirius and announces it. This hot blue giant gently pulsates every six hours, too little to see by eye, and is massive enough to end as a supernova. About four million years ago it was the brightest star in our sky, more than seven times brighter than Sirius today.`,fr:`Son nom arabe signifie « le héraut » : elle se lève juste avant Sirius et l’annonce. Cette géante bleue très chaude pulse doucement toutes les six heures, trop peu pour que l’œil le voie, et elle est assez massive pour finir en supernova. Il y a environ quatre millions d’années, c’était l’étoile la plus brillante de notre ciel, plus de sept fois plus brillante que Sirius aujourd’hui.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Canis_Majoris`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03800`]},{id:`alphard`,name:{en:`Alphard`,fr:`Alphard`},designation:`α Hydrae`,constellation:{en:`Hydra`,fr:`Hydre`},raDeg:141.89684,decDeg:-8.6586,magnitude:2,distanceLy:180,spectralType:`K3IIIa`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:57.6,massSun:3.2,temperatureK:4117,luminositySun:971,notes:{en:`Its Arabic name means “the solitary one”: no other bright star lies near it, in the long and faint Water Snake. Tycho Brahe called it “the heart of the Hydra”. This orange giant, about 58 times wider than the Sun, shows a little extra barium, a hint that a companion may once have passed material to it. It appears on the flag of Brazil.`,fr:`Son nom arabe signifie « la solitaire » : aucune autre étoile brillante ne l’entoure dans la longue et pâle Hydre. Tycho Brahe l’appelait « le cœur de l’Hydre ». Cette géante orange, environ 58 fois plus large que le Soleil, contient un peu trop de baryum, signe qu’une compagne lui a peut-être donné de la matière. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Hya`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphard`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac929`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`]},{id:`hamal`,name:{en:`Hamal`,fr:`Hamal`},designation:`α Arietis`,constellation:{en:`Aries`,fr:`Bélier`},raDeg:31.79336,decDeg:23.46242,magnitude:2,distanceLy:66,spectralType:`K2-IIIbCa-1`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:15.19,massSun:1.43,temperatureK:4553,luminositySun:76.2,notes:{en:`The head of the Ram, which its Arabic name means. Between 2000 and 100 BCE the Sun was in Aries at the spring equinox, which is why horoscopes still start with this sign. This aging orange giant probably has a planet at least 1.8 times as massive as Jupiter, circling it in 381 days.`,fr:`La tête du Bélier, ce que signifie son nom arabe. Entre 2000 et 100 av. J.-C., le Soleil se trouvait dans le Bélier à l’équinoxe de printemps : c’est pourquoi les horoscopes commencent encore par ce signe. Cette géante orange vieillissante possède probablement une planète au moins 1,8 fois plus massive que Jupiter, qui en fait le tour en 381 jours.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Ari`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamal`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201016293`]},{id:`diphda`,name:{en:`Diphda`,fr:`Diphda`},designation:`β Ceti`,constellation:{en:`Cetus`,fr:`Baleine`},raDeg:10.89738,decDeg:-17.98661,magnitude:2.02,distanceLy:96,spectralType:`G9.5IIICH-1`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:17.52,massSun:3.5,temperatureK:4792,luminositySun:149.7,notes:{en:`Easy to spot alone in a dark part of the sky, it outshines Menkar, the “alpha” of the Whale. Its name is Arabic for “the second frog” (the first is Fomalhaut). This giant now burns helium in its core and will stay this way for over 100 million years; it has long flares and gives off 2,000 times more X-rays than the Sun.`,fr:`Facile à repérer, seule dans une région sombre du ciel, elle est plus brillante que Menkar, l’« alpha » de la Baleine. Son nom signifie « la deuxième grenouille » en arabe (la première est Fomalhaut). Cette géante brûle maintenant de l’hélium en son cœur et restera ainsi plus de 100 millions d’années ; elle a de longues éruptions et émet 2 000 fois plus de rayons X que le Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Cet`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Ceti`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321051`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322360`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/88`]},{id:`mizar`,name:{en:`Mizar`,fr:`Mizar`},designation:`ζ Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:200.98142,decDeg:54.92535,magnitude:2.04,distanceLy:83,spectralType:`A2Vp`,kind:{en:`quadruple star system`,fr:`système d’étoiles quadruple`},radiusSun:2.4,massSun:2.22,temperatureK:9e3,luminositySun:33.3,notes:{en:`The middle star of the Big Dipper’s handle; seeing faint Alcor beside it is an old test of good eyesight. In 1617 Galileo saw through a telescope that Mizar itself is double, and Mizar A later became the first star found to be a pair from its spectrum alone: four stars in all. The values given are for Mizar Aa.`,fr:`L’étoile du milieu du manche de la Grande Casserole ; voir la pâle Alcor à côté d’elle est un vieux test de bonne vue. En 1617, Galilée a vu au télescope que Mizar elle-même est double, puis Mizar A fut la première étoile reconnue double par son seul spectre : quatre étoiles en tout. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Mizar Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+zet+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizar`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/6`,`https://doi.org/10.1086/300602`]},{id:`nunki`,name:{en:`Nunki`,fr:`Nunki`},designation:`σ Sagittarii`,constellation:{en:`Sagittarius`,fr:`Sagittaire`},raDeg:283.81636,decDeg:-26.29672,magnitude:2.05,distanceLy:230,spectralType:`B2.5V`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star (binary system)`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale (système double)`},radiusSun:4.1,massSun:6.5,temperatureK:18500,notes:{en:`One of the stars of the Teapot in Sagittarius; lying near the path of the Sun, it is sometimes hidden by the Moon. It is a pair of twin blue-white stars that should merge in about 25 million years into one star heavy enough to explode: the nearest known future core-collapse supernova. The values given are for Nunki Aa.`,fr:`L’une des étoiles de la Théière du Sagittaire ; proche de la route du Soleil, elle est parfois cachée par la Lune. C’est un couple d’étoiles bleu-blanc jumelles qui devraient fusionner dans environ 25 millions d’années en une étoile assez massive pour exploser : la plus proche future supernova à effondrement de cœur connue. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Nunki Aa.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+sig+Sgr`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Sagittarii`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/adc739`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17011`]},{id:`menkent`,name:{en:`Menkent`,fr:`Menkent`},designation:`θ Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:211.67061,decDeg:-36.36995,magnitude:2.06,distanceLy:59,spectralType:`K0-IIIb`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:10.96,massSun:1.32,temperatureK:4853,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “shoulder”, blended with “centaur”: it marks the Centaur’s shoulder. It is an orange giant that already burns helium in its core, a southern twin of Pollux. It crosses the sky quickly and may come from the outer disc of the Milky Way, only passing through our neighbourhood.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « épaule », mêlé à « centaure » : elle marque l’épaule du Centaure. C’est une géante orange qui brûle déjà de l’hélium en son cœur, une jumelle australe de Pollux. Elle se déplace vite dans le ciel et viendrait peut-être du disque externe de la Voie lactée, simplement de passage près de nous.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+tet+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040078`]},{id:`alpheratz`,name:{en:`Alpheratz`,fr:`Alpheratz`},designation:`α Andromedae`,constellation:{en:`Andromeda`,fr:`Andromède`},raDeg:2.09692,decDeg:29.09043,magnitude:2.06,distanceLy:97,spectralType:`B8IV-VHgMn`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant (binary system)`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc (système double)`},massSun:3.63,temperatureK:11950,luminositySun:158,notes:{en:`A corner of the Great Square of Pegasus, although it belongs to Andromeda; it was once counted in both constellations. Its Arabic name means “navel of the horse”. The main star is the brightest known mercury-manganese star, with unusually large amounts of mercury in its atmosphere. The values given are for Alpheratz A.`,fr:`Un coin du grand carré de Pégase, bien qu’elle appartienne à Andromède ; elle a longtemps été comptée dans les deux constellations. Son nom arabe signifie « nombril du cheval ». L’étoile principale est l’étoile à mercure et manganèse la plus brillante connue : son atmosphère contient anormalement beaucoup de mercure. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alpheratz A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+And`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheratz`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2393`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3616`]},{id:`mirach`,name:{en:`Mirach`,fr:`Mirach`},designation:`β Andromedae`,constellation:{en:`Andromeda`,fr:`Andromède`},raDeg:17.43302,decDeg:35.62056,magnitude:2.07,distanceLy:200,spectralType:`M0+IIIa`,kind:{en:`red giant`,fr:`géante rouge`},radiusSun:86.4,massSun:2.49,temperatureK:3762,luminositySun:1675,notes:{en:`Stargazers use it as a stepping stone to find the Andromeda Galaxy, and a small galaxy nicknamed “Mirach’s Ghost” lies right beside it. Its name comes from the Arabic for “girdle”: it marks Andromeda’s hip. It is an ageing red giant, swollen to about 86 times the Sun’s width.`,fr:`Les astronomes amateurs s’en servent comme relais pour trouver la galaxie d’Andromède, et une petite galaxie surnommée « le fantôme de Mirach » se trouve juste à côté. Son nom vient de l’arabe « ceinture » : elle marque la hanche d’Andromède. C’est une géante rouge vieillissante, gonflée jusqu’à environ 86 fois la largeur du Soleil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+And`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirach`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912442`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ad4177`]},{id:`rasalhague`,name:{en:`Rasalhague`,fr:`Rasalhague`},designation:`α Ophiuchi`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:263.73362,decDeg:12.56004,magnitude:2.07,distanceLy:47,spectralType:`A5IVnn`,kind:{en:`white subgiant (binary system)`,fr:`sous-géante blanche (système double)`},radiusSun:2.86,massSun:2.2,luminositySun:31.3,notes:{en:`Its name means “head of the snake charmer” in Arabic: it marks the head of Ophiuchus, close to Rasalgethi, the head of Hercules. The main star spins in about 14 hours, so fast that it is flattened (radius given at the equator) and hotter at its poles. The values given are for Rasalhague A, which has a smaller companion.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « tête du charmeur de serpents » en arabe : elle marque la tête du Serpentaire, près de Rasalgethi, la tête d’Hercule. L’étoile principale tourne sur elle-même en 14 heures environ, si vite qu’elle est aplatie (rayon donné à l’équateur) et plus chaude aux pôles. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Rasalhague A, qui a une compagne plus petite.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Oph`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ophiuchi`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1172`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1192`]},{id:`algieba`,name:{en:`Algieba`,fr:`Algieba`},designation:`γ Leonis`,constellation:{en:`Leo`,fr:`Lion`},raDeg:154.99313,decDeg:19.84149,magnitude:2.08,distanceLy:130,spectralType:`K1-III+G7IIIb`,kind:{en:`orange giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante orange (système double)`},radiusSun:26.08,massSun:1.66,temperatureK:4457,luminositySun:250,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “the forehead”, yet it sits in the Lion’s mane, in the Sickle with Regulus. A small telescope splits it into two giants, orange and yellow, that orbit each other in about 550 years. The main star has a giant planet at least ten times as massive as Jupiter. The values given are for Algieba A.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « le front », pourtant elle se trouve dans la crinière du Lion, dans la Faucille avec Régulus. Un petit télescope la sépare en deux géantes, orange et jaune, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 550 ans environ. L’étoile principale a une planète géante au moins dix fois plus massive que Jupiter. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Algieba A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Leo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Leonis`,`https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-023-04214-1`]},{id:`kochab`,name:{en:`Kochab`,fr:`Kochab`},designation:`β Ursae Minoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Minor`,fr:`Petite Ourse`},raDeg:222.67636,decDeg:74.1555,magnitude:2.08,distanceLy:130,spectralType:`K4-III`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:44.13,massSun:1.3,temperatureK:4008,luminositySun:454,notes:{en:`The brightest star in the bowl of the Little Dipper, almost as bright as Polaris. Around 1100 BCE it was within about 7° of the north celestial pole and served as a pole star; with Pherkad it is still called a “Guardian of the Pole”. It is an orange giant 44 times wider than the Sun, with a giant planet.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du bol de la Petite Casserole, presque aussi brillante que l’étoile Polaire. Vers 1100 av. J.-C., elle était à environ 7° du pôle Nord céleste et servait d’étoile polaire ; avec Pherkad, on l’appelle encore l’une des « gardiennes du pôle ». C’est une géante orange 44 fois plus large que le Soleil, avec une planète géante.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+UMi`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochab`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809738`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431`]},{id:`saiph`,name:{en:`Saiph`,fr:`Saïph`},designation:`κ Orionis`,constellation:{en:`Orion`,fr:`Orion`},raDeg:86.93912,decDeg:-9.6696,magnitude:2.09,distanceLy:650,spectralType:`B0.5Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},massSun:15.5,temperatureK:25700,luminositySun:60300,notes:{en:`The south-eastern corner of Orion’s quadrangle, at the lower left for northern observers. Its name comes from the Arabic for “sword of the giant”, a name first given to another star of Orion. Hotter but less luminous than Rigel, this blue supergiant blows a strong wind and is expected to end as a supernova.`,fr:`Le coin sud-est du quadrilatère d’Orion, en bas à gauche pour un observateur de l’hémisphère Nord. Son nom vient de l’arabe « l’épée du géant », un nom donné d’abord à une autre étoile d’Orion. Plus chaude mais moins lumineuse que Rigel, cette supergéante bleue souffle un vent puissant et devrait finir en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+kap+Ori`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiph`,`https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.200911355`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731678`]},{id:`denebola`,name:{en:`Denebola`,fr:`Denebola`},designation:`β Leonis`,constellation:{en:`Leo`,fr:`Lion`},raDeg:177.26491,decDeg:14.57206,magnitude:2.11,distanceLy:36,spectralType:`A3Va`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:1.75,massSun:1.78,temperatureK:8262,luminositySun:12.9,notes:{en:`The Lion’s tail: its name comes from the Arabic for “tail of the lion”. With Arcturus and Spica it forms the Spring Triangle. This young star spins fast and is surrounded by a disc of cold dust, like Vega, a possible place for planets.`,fr:`La queue du Lion : son nom vient de l’arabe « la queue du lion ». Avec Arcturus et Spica, elle forme le triangle du printemps. Cette jeune étoile tourne vite et est entourée d’un disque de poussière froide, comme Véga, où des planètes pourraient se trouver.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Leo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denebola`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20047189`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be`]},{id:`tiaki`,name:{en:`Tiaki`,fr:`Tiaki`},designation:`β Gruis`,constellation:{en:`Grus`,fr:`Grue`},raDeg:340.66688,decDeg:-46.88458,magnitude:2.15,distanceLy:170,spectralType:`M4.5III`,kind:{en:`red giant`,fr:`géante rouge`},radiusSun:154,massSun:2.4,temperatureK:3508,luminositySun:3221,notes:{en:`The second star of the Crane; its official name is the one used by the Tuamotu islanders of Polynesia. It is a cool red giant about 150 times wider than the Sun, one of the brightest stars of the sky in infrared light, and its brightness varies semi-regularly.`,fr:`La deuxième étoile de la Grue ; son nom officiel est celui qu’employaient les habitants des Tuamotu, en Polynésie. C’est une géante rouge froide environ 150 fois plus large que le Soleil, l’une des étoiles les plus brillantes du ciel en lumière infrarouge, dont l’éclat varie de façon semi-régulière.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Gru`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Gruis`,`https://scixplorer.org/abs/1999A%26A...352..217G/abstract`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`muhlifain`,name:{en:`Muhlifain`,fr:`Muhlifain`},designation:`γ Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:190.37933,decDeg:-48.95987,magnitude:2.17,distanceLy:130,spectralType:`A1IV+A0IV`,kind:{en:`pair of white subgiants`,fr:`couple de sous-géantes blanches`},notes:{en:`In the Centaur, it looks like a single star but is a pair of nearly identical white stars that orbit each other in about 85 years and are starting to swell into giants. Tau Centauri, 1.7 light-years away, moves through space with them and is very likely bound to the pair.`,fr:`Dans le Centaure, elle ressemble à une seule étoile mais c’est un couple d’étoiles blanches presque identiques qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 85 ans environ et commencent à enfler pour devenir des géantes. Tau Centauri, à 1,7 année-lumière, voyage avec elles dans l’espace et leur est très probablement liée.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Centauri`]},{id:`aspidiske`,name:{en:`Aspidiske`,fr:`Aspidiske`},designation:`ι Carinae`,constellation:{en:`Carina`,fr:`Carène`},raDeg:139.27253,decDeg:-59.27523,magnitude:2.21,distanceLy:690,spectralType:`A7Ib`,kind:{en:`white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanche`},massSun:6.9,temperatureK:7500,luminositySun:4900,notes:{en:`With Epsilon Carinae and two stars of Vela it forms the False Cross, often mistaken for the Southern Cross, which has misled navigators. Its name means “small shield” in Greek. This white supergiant is evolving into a red supergiant, and around the year 8100 it will be the southern pole star.`,fr:`Avec Epsilon de la Carène et deux étoiles des Voiles, elle forme la fausse Croix, souvent confondue avec la Croix du Sud, ce qui a trompé des navigateurs. Son nom signifie « petit bouclier » en grec. Cette supergéante blanche évolue vers une supergéante rouge et, vers l’an 8100, elle sera l’étoile polaire du Sud.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+iot+Car`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Carinae`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1549`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20054377`]},{id:`suhail`,name:{en:`Suhail`,fr:`Suhaïl`},designation:`λ Velorum`,constellation:{en:`Vela`,fr:`Voiles`},raDeg:136.99899,decDeg:-43.43259,magnitude:2.21,distanceLy:570,spectralType:`K4Ib`,kind:{en:`orange supergiant`,fr:`supergéante orange`},radiusSun:211,massSun:7,temperatureK:3835,luminositySun:8300,notes:{en:`Its name is the shortened form of an Arabic name, kept for its use as a navigation star. This cool supergiant has swollen to about 200 times the Sun’s width, and its brightness changes slowly and irregularly. It may end as a white dwarf or, if heavy enough, in a supernova leaving a neutron star.`,fr:`Son nom est la forme abrégée d’un nom arabe, conservée pour son usage comme étoile de navigation. Cette supergéante froide a enflé jusqu’à environ 200 fois la largeur du Soleil, et son éclat varie lentement et irrégulièrement. Elle pourrait finir en naine blanche ou, si elle est assez massive, en supernova laissant une étoile à neutrons.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+lam+Vel`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Velorum`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac6feb`]},{id:`alphecca`,name:{en:`Alphecca`,fr:`Alphecca`},designation:`α Coronae Borealis`,constellation:{en:`Corona Borealis`,fr:`Couronne boréale`},raDeg:233.67195,decDeg:26.71469,magnitude:2.23,distanceLy:75,spectralType:`A1IV`,kind:{en:`eclipsing binary`,fr:`binaire à éclipses`},radiusSun:3.059,massSun:2.581,temperatureK:9700,luminositySun:74,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the Northern Crown; its other name, Gemma, means “jewel” in Latin. Like Algol, it is an eclipsing pair: a white star and a smaller yellow one eclipse each other every 17.4 days, a dimming too slight to notice with the naked eye. The values given are for Alphecca A.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Couronne boréale ; son autre nom, Gemma, signifie « joyau » en latin. Comme Algol, c’est un couple à éclipses : une étoile blanche et une plus petite étoile jaune s’éclipsent mutuellement tous les 17,4 jours, une baisse d’éclat trop faible pour être remarquée à l’œil nu. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Alphecca A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+CrB`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Coronae_Borealis`,`https://doi.org/10.1017/pasa.2014.17`]},{id:`sadr`,name:{en:`Sadr`,fr:`Sadr`},designation:`γ Cygni`,constellation:{en:`Cygnus`,fr:`Cygne`},raDeg:305.55709,decDeg:40.25668,magnitude:2.23,distanceLy:1500,spectralType:`F8Ib`,kind:{en:`yellow-white supergiant`,fr:`supergéante blanc-jaune`},massSun:14.5,temperatureK:5790,luminositySun:33023,notes:{en:`The star where the two bars of the Northern Cross meet, in the heart of the swan; its name comes from the Arabic for “chest”. This supergiant is only about 12 million years old but heavy enough to end as a supernova. It sits in front of a glowing cloud of gas, the Gamma Cygni nebula (IC 1318).`,fr:`L’étoile au croisement des deux branches de la Croix du Nord, au cœur du cygne ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la poitrine ». Cette supergéante n’a qu’environ 12 millions d’années, mais elle est assez massive pour finir en supernova. Elle se trouve devant un nuage de gaz lumineux, la nébuleuse de Gamma Cygni (IC 1318).`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Cyg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Cygni`,`https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x`,`https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.200911355`]},{id:`eltanin`,name:{en:`Eltanin`,fr:`Eltanin`},designation:`γ Draconis`,constellation:{en:`Draco`,fr:`Dragon`},raDeg:269.15154,decDeg:51.4889,magnitude:2.23,distanceLy:150,spectralType:`K5III`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:51.8,massSun:2.14,temperatureK:3964,luminositySun:598,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Draco; its name comes from the Arabic for “the great serpent”. In 1728 James Bradley, trying to measure its distance, discovered instead the aberration of light, proof that the Earth moves around the Sun. In 1.5 million years it will pass within 28 light-years of us and become the brightest star in our sky.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du Dragon ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le grand serpent ». En 1728, en cherchant à mesurer sa distance, James Bradley découvrit l’aberration de la lumière, preuve que la Terre tourne autour du Soleil. Dans 1,5 million d’années, elle passera à 28 années-lumière de nous et deviendra l’étoile la plus brillante de notre ciel.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Dra`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Draconis`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaa8e1`]},{id:`schedar`,name:{en:`Schedar`,fr:`Schedar`},designation:`α Cassiopeiae`,constellation:{en:`Cassiopeia`,fr:`Cassiopée`},raDeg:10.12685,decDeg:56.53733,magnitude:2.24,distanceLy:230,spectralType:`K0-IIIa`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:43.14,massSun:4.98,temperatureK:4625,luminositySun:734,notes:{en:`One of the five stars of Cassiopeia’s “W”, barely brighter than its neighbour Caph. Its name comes from the Arabic for “breast”, its place in the heart of the mythical queen. It spent most of its 100 to 200 million years as a blue-white star; now an orange giant, it most likely burns helium in its core.`,fr:`L’une des cinq étoiles du « W » de Cassiopée, à peine plus brillante que sa voisine Caph. Son nom vient de l’arabe « le sein », sa place au cœur de la reine mythique. Elle a passé l’essentiel de ses 100 à 200 millions d’années en étoile bleu-blanc ; devenue géante orange, elle brûle très probablement de l’hélium en son cœur.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cas`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cassiopeiae`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24956`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`]},{id:`naos`,name:{en:`Naos`,fr:`Naos`},designation:`ζ Puppis`,constellation:{en:`Puppis`,fr:`Poupe`},raDeg:120.89603,decDeg:-40.00315,magnitude:2.25,distanceLy:1080,spectralType:`O4I(n)fp`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:13.72,massSun:25.3,luminositySun:376e3,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Puppis, the ship’s stern; its name is Greek for “ship”. One of the hottest stars visible to the naked eye, it blows a wind at 2,500 km/s and spins close to breaking point, so it is flattened (radius given at the equator). It is a runaway star, probably flung out when a companion exploded as a supernova.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de la Poupe ; son nom signifie « navire » en grec. L’une des étoiles les plus chaudes visibles à l’œil nu, elle souffle un vent à 2 500 km/s et tourne presque à la limite de la rupture, ce qui l’aplatit (rayon donné à l’équateur). C’est une étoile en fuite, sans doute éjectée quand une compagne a explosé en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+zet+Pup`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Puppis`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz291`]},{id:`almach`,name:{en:`Almach`,fr:`Almach`},designation:`γ¹ Andromedae`,constellation:{en:`Andromeda`,fr:`Andromède`},raDeg:30.9748,decDeg:42.32973,magnitude:2.26,distanceLy:350,spectralType:`K2+IIb`,kind:{en:`orange bright giant (quadruple system)`,fr:`géante lumineuse orange (système quadruple)`},radiusSun:98.5,temperatureK:4248,luminositySun:2987,notes:{en:`The foot of Andromeda, the chained princess; its name comes from the Arabic for “the caracal”, a desert lynx. A small telescope splits it into a golden star and a blue one, a favourite colour contrast of stargazers, and the blue one is itself three stars, two of which were found to eclipse each other in 2026. The values given are for Almach A.`,fr:`Le pied d’Andromède, la princesse enchaînée ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le caracal », un lynx du désert. Une petite lunette la sépare en une étoile dorée et une bleue, un contraste de couleurs apprécié des observateurs, et la bleue compte elle-même trois étoiles, dont deux s’éclipsent mutuellement, découvert en 2026. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Almach A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam01+And`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Andromedae`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/147/6/137`]},{id:`caph`,name:{en:`Caph`,fr:`Caph`},designation:`β Cassiopeiae`,constellation:{en:`Cassiopeia`,fr:`Cassiopée`},raDeg:2.29452,decDeg:59.14978,magnitude:2.28,distanceLy:54,spectralType:`F2III`,kind:{en:`yellow-white giant`,fr:`géante blanc-jaune`},radiusSun:3.79,massSun:1.91,luminositySun:21.3,notes:{en:`The end star of Cassiopeia’s “W”, beside Schedar; its name comes from the Arabic for “palm of the hand”. It pulses in brightness every 2.5 hours and turns on itself in about 21 hours, so fast that it is flattened (radius given at the equator). Tycho Brahe’s supernova of 1572 appeared about 5° from it.`,fr:`L’étoile du bout du « W » de Cassiopée, à côté de Schedar ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la paume de la main ». Son éclat pulse toutes les 2,5 heures et elle tourne sur elle-même en 21 heures environ, si vite qu’elle est aplatie (rayon donné à l’équateur). La supernova de Tycho Brahe, en 1572, est apparue à environ 5° d’elle.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Cas`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Cassiopeiae`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68`]},{id:`izar`,name:{en:`Izar`,fr:`Izar`},designation:`ε Boötis`,constellation:{en:`Boötes`,fr:`Bouvier`},raDeg:221.24674,decDeg:27.07422,magnitude:2.29,distanceLy:202,spectralType:`K0-II-III`,kind:{en:`orange giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante orange (système double)`},radiusSun:37.61,massSun:5.36,temperatureK:4755,luminositySun:652.5,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “loincloth”. A telescope shows an orange giant beside a smaller blue-white star; Struve called the pair Pulcherrima, “the loveliest”, and in April 2026 the IAU gave that name to the companion. The values given are for Izar A.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « le pagne ». Une lunette montre une géante orange à côté d’une étoile bleu-blanc plus petite ; Struve appela le couple Pulcherrima, « la plus belle », et en avril 2026 l’UAI a donné ce nom à la compagne. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Izar A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Boo`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Bo%C3%B6tis`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431`]},{id:`uridim`,name:{en:`Uridim`,fr:`Uridim`},designation:`α Lupi`,constellation:{en:`Lupus`,fr:`Loup`},raDeg:220.48232,decDeg:-47.3882,magnitude:2.3,distanceLy:550,spectralType:`B1.5III`,kind:{en:`blue-white giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante bleu-blanc (système double)`},massSun:10.1,temperatureK:24550,luminositySun:18200,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Lupus, the Wolf; its name, approved by the IAU in 2024, comes from the Sumerian name of the constellation, UR.IDIM. It pulsates slightly every 7 hours and is one of the nearest stars that may one day explode as a supernova. The values given are for the main star; a faint companion was found in 2023.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du Loup ; son nom, approuvé par l’UAI en 2024, vient du nom sumérien de la constellation, UR.IDIM. Elle pulse légèrement toutes les 7 heures et c’est l’une des étoiles les plus proches susceptibles d’exploser un jour en supernova. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de l’étoile principale ; une faible compagne a été découverte en 2023.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Lup`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Lupi`,`https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1816`]},{id:`epsilon-centauri`,name:{en:`Epsilon Centauri`,fr:`Epsilon du Centaure`},designation:`ε Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:204.97191,decDeg:-53.46639,magnitude:2.3,distanceLy:380,spectralType:`B1III`,kind:{en:`blue-white giant`,fr:`géante bleu-blanc`},radiusSun:5.8,massSun:8.2,temperatureK:24937,luminositySun:16137,notes:{en:`One of the brightest stars of the Centaur, with no official proper name; Chinese astronomers paired it with Alpha Centauri as the “Southern Gate”. Only about 16 million years old, it belongs to the nearest family of massive young stars, the Scorpius–Centaurus association, and its brightness pulses every 4 hours.`,fr:`L’une des étoiles les plus brillantes du Centaure, sans nom propre officiel ; les astronomes chinois l’associaient à Alpha du Centaure pour former la « Porte du Sud ». Âgée d’environ 16 millions d’années seulement, elle appartient à la famille d’étoiles massives et jeunes la plus proche, l’association Scorpion–Centaure, et son éclat pulse toutes les 4 heures.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf083`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`dschubba`,name:{en:`Dschubba`,fr:`Dschubba`},designation:`δ Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:240.08336,decDeg:-22.62171,magnitude:2.31,distanceLy:400,spectralType:`B0.3IV`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant (binary system)`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc (système double)`},radiusSun:6.8,massSun:15.3,temperatureK:29700,luminositySun:28e3,notes:{en:`The forehead of the Scorpion, which its Arabic name means. In 2000 it unexpectedly brightened, changing the familiar shape of Scorpius: spinning very fast, it throws off a disc of gas from its equator (radius given there). A companion swings close to it every 10.5 years. The values given are for Dschubba A.`,fr:`Le front du Scorpion, comme le dit son nom arabe. En 2000, elle s’est mise à briller davantage, changeant l’allure familière du Scorpion : tournant très vite, elle éjecte un disque de gaz par son équateur (rayon donné à l’équateur). Une compagne frôle l’étoile tous les 10,5 ans. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Dschubba A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+del+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab68dc`]},{id:`larawag`,name:{en:`Larawag`,fr:`Larawag`},designation:`ε Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:252.54088,decDeg:-34.29323,magnitude:2.31,distanceLy:65,spectralType:`K1III`,kind:{en:`orange giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante orange (système double)`},radiusSun:12.91,massSun:1.41,temperatureK:4522,luminositySun:60,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Wardaman people of northern Australia and means “clear sighting”. This orange giant has used up the hydrogen in its core and now burns helium there. It appears on the flag of Brazil, for the state of Ceará. The values given are for Larawag A, which has a small red dwarf companion found in 2018.`,fr:`Son nom vient du peuple wardaman, dans le nord de l’Australie, et signifie « vue dégagée ». Cette géante orange a épuisé l’hydrogène de son cœur et y brûle désormais de l’hélium. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil, pour l’État du Ceará. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Larawag A, accompagnée d’une petite naine rouge découverte en 2018.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/88`]},{id:`eta-centauri`,name:{en:`Eta Centauri`,fr:`Êta du Centaure`},designation:`η Centauri`,constellation:{en:`Centaurus`,fr:`Centaure`},raDeg:218.87677,decDeg:-42.15783,magnitude:2.35,distanceLy:310,spectralType:`B2Ve`,kind:{en:`blue-white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:6.1,massSun:12,temperatureK:25700,luminositySun:8700,notes:{en:`A star of the Centaur with no official proper name. It turns on itself in less than a day, so fast that it sheds gas into a disc around its equator, which makes its light flicker slightly. With about 12 times the Sun’s mass, it should end its life as a supernova.`,fr:`Une étoile du Centaure sans nom propre officiel. Elle tourne sur elle-même en moins d’un jour, si vite qu’elle perd du gaz qui forme un disque autour de son équateur, ce qui fait légèrement varier son éclat. Avec environ 12 fois la masse du Soleil, elle devrait finir sa vie en supernova.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eta+Cen`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Centauri`,`https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3075`,`https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02821.x`]},{id:`ankaa`,name:{en:`Ankaa`,fr:`Ankaa`},designation:`α Phoenicis`,constellation:{en:`Phoenix`,fr:`Phénix`},raDeg:6.57105,decDeg:-42.30599,magnitude:2.38,distanceLy:77,spectralType:`K0.5IIIb`,kind:{en:`orange giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante orange (système double)`},radiusSun:13.39,massSun:.96,temperatureK:4770,luminositySun:83,notes:{en:`The brightest star of the Phoenix, whose name it bears: “Ankaa” comes from the Arabic for “the phoenix”. It lies in the southern sky, outshone by its neighbours Achernar and Fomalhaut. It is a pair of stars too close to be seen apart, orbiting each other every 10.5 years; the values given are for the main star, an orange giant.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante du Phénix, dont elle porte le nom : « Ankaa » vient de l’arabe « le phénix ». Elle se trouve dans le ciel austral, éclipsée par ses voisines Achernar et Fomalhaut. C’est un couple d’étoiles trop proches pour être séparées, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 10,5 ans ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de l’étoile principale, une géante orange.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Phe`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phoenicis`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag413`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936360`]},{id:`girtab`,name:{en:`Girtab`,fr:`Girtab`},designation:`κ Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:265.62198,decDeg:-39.02998,magnitude:2.39,distanceLy:460,spectralType:`B1.5III`,kind:{en:`blue-white giant (binary system)`,fr:`géante bleu-blanc (système double)`},radiusSun:6.45,massSun:10.2,temperatureK:23170,notes:{en:`In the tail of the Scorpion; its name is the Sumerian word for “scorpion”. It is two hot stars too close to be seen apart, circling each other every 195 days, and the main one pulsates every 4.8 hours. It appears on the flag of Brazil, for the state of Paraíba. The values given are for κ Scorpii A.`,fr:`Dans la queue du Scorpion ; son nom est le mot sumérien pour « scorpion ». Ce sont deux étoiles chaudes trop proches pour être séparées, qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 195 jours, et la principale pulse toutes les 4,8 heures. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil, pour l’État de la Paraíba. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de κ Scorpii A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+kap+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321886`]},{id:`enif`,name:{en:`Enif`,fr:`Enif`},designation:`ε Pegasi`,constellation:{en:`Pegasus`,fr:`Pégase`},raDeg:326.04648,decDeg:9.87501,magnitude:2.4,distanceLy:670,spectralType:`K2Ib-II`,kind:{en:`orange supergiant`,fr:`supergéante orange`},radiusSun:183,temperatureK:4100,luminositySun:8508,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “nose”: it marks the muzzle of Pegasus, the winged horse. This supergiant, 11 to 12 times the Sun’s mass, is about 180 times wider than the Sun. Its light wavers slightly, and it was once seen flaring very briefly to magnitude 0.7.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « le nez » : elle marque le museau de Pégase, le cheval ailé. Cette supergéante, de 11 à 12 fois la masse du Soleil, est environ 180 fois plus large que lui. Son éclat varie un peu, et on l’a vue une fois s’embraser très brièvement jusqu’à la magnitude 0,7.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Peg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Pegasi`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adc930`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`scheat`,name:{en:`Scheat`,fr:`Scheat`},designation:`β Pegasi`,constellation:{en:`Pegasus`,fr:`Pégase`},raDeg:345.94357,decDeg:28.08279,magnitude:2.42,distanceLy:200,spectralType:`M2.5II-III`,kind:{en:`red giant`,fr:`géante rouge`},radiusSun:109,massSun:1.7,temperatureK:3606,notes:{en:`The upper right corner of the Great Square of Pegasus. This red giant is about 109 times wider than the Sun, and its surface is cool enough for titanium oxide molecules to form. Its brightness wavers over about 43 days, and it is slowly blowing off a shell of gas and dust.`,fr:`Le coin supérieur droit du grand carré de Pégase. Cette géante rouge est environ 109 fois plus large que le Soleil, et sa surface est assez froide pour que des molécules d’oxyde de titane s’y forment. Son éclat varie sur environ 43 jours, et elle souffle lentement une coquille de gaz et de poussière.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Peg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pegasi`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323264`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1141`]},{id:`sabik`,name:{en:`Sabik`,fr:`Sabik`},designation:`η Ophiuchi`,constellation:{en:`Ophiuchus`,fr:`Serpentaire`},raDeg:257.59453,decDeg:-15.72491,magnitude:2.43,distanceLy:88,spectralType:`A2IV-V`,kind:{en:`white binary star`,fr:`étoile double blanche`},radiusSun:2.5,massSun:2.25,temperatureK:9e3,notes:{en:`The second-brightest star of Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer; its Arabic name means “the preceding one”. It is a pair of white stars that circle each other every 88 years on a very stretched orbit: in 2024 they swung within 2.15 au of each other. The values given are for Sabik A.`,fr:`La deuxième étoile la plus brillante du Serpentaire ; son nom arabe signifie « celle qui précède ». C’est un couple d’étoiles blanches qui tournent l’une autour de l’autre en 88 ans sur une orbite très allongée : en 2024, elles se sont approchées à 2,15 ua. Les valeurs indiquées sont celles de Sabik A.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eta+Oph`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Ophiuchi`,`https://doi.org/10.33232/001c.138625`]},{id:`phecda`,name:{en:`Phecda`,fr:`Phecda`},designation:`γ Ursae Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Ursa Major`,fr:`Grande Ourse`},raDeg:178.4577,decDeg:53.69476,magnitude:2.44,distanceLy:83,spectralType:`A0V`,kind:{en:`white main-sequence star`,fr:`étoile blanche de la séquence principale`},radiusSun:3.39,massSun:2.41,luminositySun:44.6,notes:{en:`The lower-left star of the Big Dipper’s bowl; its name comes from the Arabic for “thigh of the bear”. Like Merak, it belongs to the Ursa Major moving group. It spins so fast that it is flattened (radius given at the equator), and an orange companion makes it wobble every 20.5 years.`,fr:`L’étoile en bas à gauche de la casserole de la Grande Ourse ; son nom vient de l’arabe « la cuisse de l’ourse ». Comme Merak, elle fait partie du groupe mobile de la Grande Ourse. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle est aplatie (rayon donné à l’équateur), et une compagne orange la fait osciller tous les 20,5 ans.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+UMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phecda`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/58`]},{id:`aludra`,name:{en:`Aludra`,fr:`Aludra`},designation:`η Canis Majoris`,constellation:{en:`Canis Major`,fr:`Grand Chien`},raDeg:111.02376,decDeg:-29.30311,magnitude:2.45,distanceLy:2e3,spectralType:`B5Ia`,kind:{en:`blue supergiant`,fr:`supergéante bleue`},radiusSun:54,temperatureK:15800,luminositySun:163800,notes:{en:`Its Arabic name means “the virgin”. This blue supergiant was born with about 22 times the Sun’s mass less than 10 million years ago, yet it is probably already near the end of its life: it has left a red supergiant phase and lost much of its mass. Its brightness pulses slightly every 4.7 days.`,fr:`Son nom arabe signifie « la vierge ». Cette supergéante bleue est née avec environ 22 fois la masse du Soleil il y a moins de 10 millions d’années, mais elle approche sans doute déjà de la fin de sa vie : elle a quitté une phase de supergéante rouge et perdu une grande partie de sa masse. Son éclat pulse un peu tous les 4,7 jours.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eta+CMa`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Canis_Majoris`,`https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies11050093`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731678`]},{id:`alderamin`,name:{en:`Alderamin`,fr:`Alderamin`},designation:`α Cephei`,constellation:{en:`Cepheus`,fr:`Céphée`},raDeg:319.64488,decDeg:62.58557,magnitude:2.46,distanceLy:49,spectralType:`A8Vn`,kind:{en:`white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante blanche`},radiusSun:2.74,massSun:1.92,luminositySun:18.1,notes:{en:`The brightest star of Cepheus; its name comes from the Arabic for “the right arm”. Because the Earth’s axis slowly wobbles, it will be the North Star around the year 7500. It turns on itself in less than 12 hours, so fast that it is flattened; the radius given is the equatorial one.`,fr:`L’étoile la plus brillante de Céphée ; son nom vient de l’arabe « le bras droit ». Comme l’axe de la Terre oscille lentement, elle sera l’étoile Polaire vers l’an 7500. Elle tourne sur elle-même en moins de 12 heures, si vite qu’elle est aplatie ; le rayon donné est celui de l’équateur.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Cep`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cephei`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/209`]},{id:`markeb`,name:{en:`Markeb`,fr:`Markeb`},designation:`κ Velorum`,constellation:{en:`Vela`,fr:`Voiles`},raDeg:140.52841,decDeg:-55.01067,magnitude:2.46,distanceLy:540,spectralType:`B2IV`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc`},massSun:13,temperatureK:18200,luminositySun:13200,notes:{en:`With δ Velorum, ι and ε Carinae it forms the False Cross, often mistaken for the Southern Cross by navigators. Its name comes from the Arabic for “something to ride”. A lighter companion circles it every 117 days; the values given are for the main star, Markeb (κ Velorum A).`,fr:`Avec δ des Voiles, ι et ε de la Carène, elle forme la Fausse Croix, souvent confondue avec la Croix du Sud par les navigateurs. Son nom vient de l’arabe « ce que l’on monte ». Une compagne plus légère tourne autour d’elle en 117 jours ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de l’étoile principale, Markeb (κ des Voiles A).`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+kap+Vel`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Velorum`,`https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ae3b75`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1100`]},{id:`tiansi`,name:{en:`Tiansi`,fr:`Tiansi`},designation:`γ Cassiopeiae`,constellation:{en:`Cassiopeia`,fr:`Cassiopée`},raDeg:14.17721,decDeg:60.71674,magnitude:2.47,distanceLy:610,spectralType:`B0.5IVpe`,kind:{en:`blue-white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante bleu-blanc`},radiusSun:10.9,massSun:15,luminositySun:19e3,notes:{en:`The centre star of the “W” of Cassiopeia. It spins so fast that it throws off a disc of gas (radius given at the equator), and in 1866 it was the first star seen with emission lines. In 2026 the XRISM satellite showed that its strong X-rays come from gas falling onto a white-dwarf companion.`,fr:`L’étoile centrale du « W » de Cassiopée. Elle tourne si vite qu’elle éjecte un disque de gaz (rayon donné à l’équateur), et en 1866 ce fut la première étoile observée avec des raies d’émission. En 2026, le satellite XRISM a montré que ses puissants rayons X viennent du gaz qui tombe sur une naine blanche compagne.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+gam+Cas`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0744`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629932`]},{id:`markab`,name:{en:`Markab`,fr:`Markab`},designation:`α Pegasi`,constellation:{en:`Pegasus`,fr:`Pégase`},raDeg:346.19022,decDeg:15.20527,magnitude:2.48,distanceLy:140,spectralType:`A0IV`,kind:{en:`white subgiant`,fr:`sous-géante blanche`},radiusSun:4.62,massSun:3.5,temperatureK:10100,luminositySun:165,notes:{en:`One of the four corners of the Great Square of Pegasus; its name may come from the Arabic for “the saddle of the horse”. This white star has used up the hydrogen in its core and swelled to almost five times the Sun’s width. It spins fast, at least 130 km/s at its equator.`,fr:`L’un des quatre coins du grand carré de Pégase ; son nom viendrait de l’arabe « la selle du cheval ». Cette étoile blanche a épuisé l’hydrogène de son cœur et a gonflé jusqu’à presque cinq fois la largeur du Soleil. Elle tourne vite, à au moins 130 km/s à son équateur.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+alf+Peg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Pegasi`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1932`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b2`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`aljanah`,name:{en:`Aljanah`,fr:`Aljanah`},designation:`ε Cygni`,constellation:{en:`Cygnus`,fr:`Cygne`},raDeg:311.5528,decDeg:33.97033,magnitude:2.48,distanceLy:72,spectralType:`K0III`,kind:{en:`orange giant`,fr:`géante orange`},radiusSun:11.13,massSun:1.1,temperatureK:4699,luminositySun:56.4,notes:{en:`Its name means “the wing” in Arabic: it sits on one wing of Cygnus, the Swan. This nine-billion-year-old orange giant now burns helium in its core. An unseen companion circles it every 53 years on a very stretched orbit; the values given are for Aljanah (ε Cygni Aa). The Veil Nebula lies 3° to the south.`,fr:`Son nom signifie « l’aile » en arabe : elle se trouve sur une aile du Cygne. Cette géante orange de neuf milliards d’années brûle maintenant de l’hélium en son cœur. Une compagne invisible tourne autour d’elle en 53 ans sur une orbite très allongée ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles d’Aljanah (ε du Cygne Aa). La nébuleuse du Voile est à 3° au sud.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+eps+Cyg`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Cygni`,`https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fce`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040087`,`https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1433`]},{id:`acrab`,name:{en:`Acrab`,fr:`Acrab`},designation:`β Scorpii`,constellation:{en:`Scorpius`,fr:`Scorpion`},raDeg:241.35929,decDeg:-19.80539,magnitude:2.5,distanceLy:404,spectralType:`B1V+B2V`,kind:{en:`six-star system`,fr:`système de six étoiles`},radiusSun:6.3,massSun:15,temperatureK:28e3,luminositySun:31600,notes:{en:`Its name comes from the Arabic for “the scorpion”. A small telescope splits it in two, but it is a family of six young stars; the values given are for the main one, Acrab (β Scorpii Aa). Lying close to the ecliptic, it is often hidden by the Moon. It is one of the stars on the flag of Brazil.`,fr:`Son nom vient de l’arabe « le scorpion ». Un petit télescope la sépare en deux, mais c’est une famille de six jeunes étoiles ; les valeurs indiquées sont celles de la principale, Acrab (β du Scorpion Aa). Proche de l’écliptique, elle est souvent cachée par la Lune. Elle figure sur le drapeau du Brésil.`},verified:`2026-10-21`,sources:[`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=*+bet+Sco`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Scorpii`,`https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913332`,`https://scixplorer.org/abs/1997A%26A...322..565H/abstract`]}]}).stars,moonSites:ft.parse({verified:`2026-09-26`,sites:[{id:`apollo-11`,name:{en:`Apollo 11`,fr:`Apollo 11`},mission:`apollo-11`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1969-07-20`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:.67416,lonDeg:23.47314,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-12`,name:{en:`Apollo 12`,fr:`Apollo 12`},mission:`apollo-12`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1969-11-19`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-3.0128,lonDeg:-23.4219,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-14`,name:{en:`Apollo 14`,fr:`Apollo 14`},mission:`apollo-14`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-02-05`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-3.64589,lonDeg:-17.47194,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-15`,name:{en:`Apollo 15`,fr:`Apollo 15`},mission:`apollo-15`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-07-30`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:26.13239,lonDeg:3.6333,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-16`,name:{en:`Apollo 16`,fr:`Apollo 16`},mission:`apollo-16`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-04-21`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:-8.9734,lonDeg:15.5011,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-17`,name:{en:`Apollo 17`,fr:`Apollo 17`},mission:`apollo-17`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-12-11`,type:`crewed`,latDeg:20.1911,lonDeg:30.7723,note:{en:`Lunar Module descent stage`,fr:`Étage de descente du module lunaire`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-9`,name:{en:`Luna 9`,fr:`Luna 9`},mission:`luna-9`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1966-02-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:7.08,lonDeg:-64.37,note:{en:`Historical tracking estimate (Oceanus Procellarum); lander never positively identified in LROC images, uncertainty up to tens of km`,fr:`Estimation historique d’après la poursuite (Oceanus Procellarum); atterrisseur jamais formellement identifié sur les images LROC, incertitude pouvant atteindre des dizaines de km`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-13`,name:{en:`Luna 13`,fr:`Luna 13`},mission:`luna-13`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1966-12-24`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.87,lonDeg:-62.05,note:{en:`Historical tracking estimate; lander never positively identified in LROC images`,fr:`Estimation historique d’après la poursuite; atterrisseur jamais formellement identifié sur les images LROC`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-16`,name:{en:`Luna 16`,fr:`Luna 16`},mission:`luna-16`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1970-09-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-.5137,lonDeg:56.3638,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-17`,name:{en:`Luna 17`,fr:`Luna 17`},mission:`luna-17`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1970-11-17`,type:`soft`,latDeg:38.23764,lonDeg:-35.00163,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`lunokhod-1`,name:{en:`Lunokhod 1`,fr:`Lunokhod 1`},mission:`luna-17`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1971-09-14`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:38.315,lonDeg:-35.0081,note:{en:`Final rover position; date is last contact`,fr:`Dernière position du rover; la date est celle du dernier contact`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-20`,name:{en:`Luna 20`,fr:`Luna 20`},mission:`luna-20`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1972-02-21`,type:`soft`,latDeg:3.7863,lonDeg:56.6242,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`luna-21`,name:{en:`Luna 21`,fr:`Luna 21`},mission:`luna-21`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1973-01-15`,type:`soft`,latDeg:25.9994,lonDeg:30.4076,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`lunokhod-2`,name:{en:`Lunokhod 2`,fr:`Lunokhod 2`},mission:`luna-21`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1973-05-11`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:25.8323,lonDeg:30.9222,note:{en:`Final rover position; date is end of operations`,fr:`Dernière position du rover; la date est celle de la fin des opérations`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-23`,name:{en:`Luna 23`,fr:`Luna 23`},mission:`luna-23`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1974-11-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:12.6667,lonDeg:62.1511,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`luna-24`,name:{en:`Luna 24`,fr:`Luna 24`},mission:`luna-24`,agency:`USSR`,country:`su`,date:`1976-08-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:12.7142,lonDeg:62.2129,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html`]},{id:`surveyor-1`,name:{en:`Surveyor 1`,fr:`Surveyor 1`},mission:`surveyor-1`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1966-06-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-2.4745,lonDeg:-43.3398,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-3`,name:{en:`Surveyor 3`,fr:`Surveyor 3`},mission:`surveyor-3`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-04-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-3.0162,lonDeg:-23.418,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-5`,name:{en:`Surveyor 5`,fr:`Surveyor 5`},mission:`surveyor-5`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-09-11`,type:`soft`,latDeg:1.4551,lonDeg:23.1943,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-6`,name:{en:`Surveyor 6`,fr:`Surveyor 6`},mission:`surveyor-6`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1967-11-10`,type:`soft`,latDeg:.4742,lonDeg:-1.4275,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`surveyor-7`,name:{en:`Surveyor 7`,fr:`Surveyor 7`},mission:`surveyor-7`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1968-01-10`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-40.9812,lonDeg:-11.5127,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`change-3`,name:{en:`Chang'e 3`,fr:`Chang'e 3`},mission:`change-3`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2013-12-14`,type:`soft`,latDeg:44.1214,lonDeg:-19.5117,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`yutu`,name:{en:`Yutu`,fr:`Yutu`},mission:`change-3`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2016-08-03`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:44.1208,lonDeg:-19.5122,note:{en:`Rover immobile since early 2014; date is end of mission`,fr:`Rover immobile depuis le début de 2014; la date est celle de la fin de mission`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`change-4`,name:{en:`Chang'e 4 (Statio Tianhe)`,fr:`Chang'e 4 (Statio Tianhe)`},mission:`change-4`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2019-01-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-45.4562,lonDeg:177.5885,note:{en:`LROC refined value (Dec 2020, +/-13 m); LROC Jan 2019 gave 45.457S 177.589E`,fr:`Valeur affinée par LROC (déc. 2020, ±13 m); LROC donnait en janv. 2019 45,457° S 177,589° E`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1168`,`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1087`]},{id:`change-5`,name:{en:`Chang'e 5`,fr:`Chang'e 5`},mission:`change-5`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2020-12-01`,type:`soft`,latDeg:43.0576,lonDeg:-51.9161,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1172`]},{id:`change-6`,name:{en:`Chang'e 6`,fr:`Chang'e 6`},mission:`change-6`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2024-06-01`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-41.6385,lonDeg:-153.9852,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1374`]},{id:`chandrayaan-3-vikram`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-3 Vikram (Shiv Shakti Point)`,fr:`Chandrayaan-3 Vikram (point Shiv Shakti)`},mission:`chandrayaan-3`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2023-08-23`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-69.3741,lonDeg:32.32,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1314`]},{id:`chandrayaan-2-vikram`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-2 Vikram`,fr:`Chandrayaan-2 Vikram`},mission:`chandrayaan-2`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2019-09-06`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-70.881,lonDeg:22.784,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1131`]},{id:`chandrayaan-1-mip`,name:{en:`Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe (Jawahar Point)`,fr:`Sonde d'impact lunaire de Chandrayaan-1 (point Jawahar)`},mission:`chandrayaan-1`,agency:`ISRO`,country:`in`,date:`2008-11-14`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-89.55,lonDeg:-122.93,note:{en:`Refined estimate (Stooke et al., LPSC 2021); crater not identified; earlier published estimates 89.76S 39.40W and 89.54S 44.71W`,fr:`Estimation affinée (Stooke et al., LPSC 2021); cratère non identifié; estimations publiées auparavant\xA0: 89,76° S 39,40° O et 89,54° S 44,71° O`},sources:[`https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf`]},{id:`slim`,name:{en:`SLIM`,fr:`SLIM`},mission:`slim`,agency:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,date:`2024-01-19`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-13.316,lonDeg:25.251,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1358`]},{id:`im-1-odysseus`,name:{en:`IM-1 Odysseus`,fr:`IM-1 Odysseus`},mission:`im-1`,agency:`Intuitive Machines`,country:`us`,date:`2024-02-22`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-80.13,lonDeg:1.44,note:{en:`Came to rest tipped over`,fr:`Immobilisé renversé`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1360`]},{id:`im-2-athena`,name:{en:`IM-2 Athena`,fr:`IM-2 Athena`},mission:`im-2`,agency:`Intuitive Machines`,country:`us`,date:`2025-03-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-84.7906,lonDeg:29.1957,note:{en:`Came to rest on its side in a crater near Mons Mouton`,fr:`Immobilisé sur le flanc dans un cratère près de Mons Mouton`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1408`]},{id:`blue-ghost-m1`,name:{en:`Blue Ghost Mission 1`,fr:`Blue Ghost mission 1`},mission:`blue-ghost-m1`,agency:`Firefly Aerospace`,country:`us`,date:`2025-03-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.5623,lonDeg:61.8103,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1407`]},{id:`beresheet`,name:{en:`Beresheet`,fr:`Beresheet`},mission:`beresheet`,agency:`SpaceIL / IAI`,country:`il`,date:`2019-04-11`,type:`hard`,latDeg:32.5956,lonDeg:19.3496,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1101`]},{id:`hakuto-r-m1`,name:{en:`HAKUTO-R Mission 1`,fr:`HAKUTO-R mission 1`},mission:`hakuto-r-m1`,agency:`ispace`,country:`jp`,date:`2023-04-25`,type:`hard`,latDeg:47.581,lonDeg:44.094,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1302`]},{id:`luna-25`,name:{en:`Luna 25`,fr:`Luna 25`},mission:`luna-25`,agency:`Roscosmos`,country:`ru`,date:`2023-08-19`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-57.865,lonDeg:61.36,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1311`]},{id:`ispace-m2-resilience`,name:{en:`ispace Mission 2 Resilience`,fr:`ispace mission 2 Resilience`},mission:`ispace-m2`,agency:`ispace`,country:`jp`,date:`2025-06-05`,type:`hard`,latDeg:60.4445,lonDeg:-4.588,note:{en:`Impact 2025-06-05 18:13 UTC (2025-06-06 JST)`,fr:`Impact le 2025-06-05 à 18 h 13 UTC (2025-06-06 heure du Japon)`},sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1456`]},{id:`lcross-centaur`,name:{en:`LCROSS Centaur upper stage`,fr:`Étage Centaur de LCROSS`},mission:`lcross`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2009-10-09`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-84.678,lonDeg:-48.725,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031B`]},{id:`lcross-ssc`,name:{en:`LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft`,fr:`Vaisseau berger de LCROSS`},mission:`lcross`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2009-10-09`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-84.72,lonDeg:-49.62,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031B`]},{id:`grail-a-ebb`,name:{en:`GRAIL-A (Ebb)`,fr:`GRAIL-A (Ebb)`},mission:`grail`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-12-17`,type:`impact`,latDeg:75.6088,lonDeg:-26.594,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`grail-b-flow`,name:{en:`GRAIL-B (Flow)`,fr:`GRAIL-B (Flow)`},mission:`grail`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-12-17`,type:`impact`,latDeg:75.6508,lonDeg:-26.8341,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ladee`,name:{en:`LADEE`,fr:`LADEE`},mission:`ladee`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2014-04-18`,type:`impact`,latDeg:11.8494,lonDeg:-93.2494,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`smart-1`,name:{en:`SMART-1`,fr:`SMART-1`},mission:`smart-1`,agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,date:`2006-09-03`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-34.4,lonDeg:-46.2,note:{en:`Approximate impact point published by ESA`,fr:`Point d’impact approximatif publié par l’ESA`},sources:[`https://sci.esa.int/web/smart-1-lunar-impact/`]},{id:`ranger-6`,name:{en:`Ranger 6`,fr:`Ranger 6`},mission:`ranger-6`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1964-02-02`,type:`impact`,latDeg:9.3864,lonDeg:21.4806,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-7`,name:{en:`Ranger 7`,fr:`Ranger 7`},mission:`ranger-7`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1964-07-31`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-10.634,lonDeg:-20.677,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-8`,name:{en:`Ranger 8`,fr:`Ranger 8`},mission:`ranger-8`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1965-02-20`,type:`impact`,latDeg:2.6376,lonDeg:24.7881,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`ranger-9`,name:{en:`Ranger 9`,fr:`Ranger 9`},mission:`ranger-9`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1965-03-24`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-12.8281,lonDeg:-2.3884,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-13-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 13 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 13`},mission:`apollo-13`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1970-04-15`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-2.555,lonDeg:-27.8875,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-14-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 14 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 14`},mission:`apollo-14`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-02-04`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-8.181,lonDeg:-26.0305,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-15-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 15 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 15`},mission:`apollo-15`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1971-07-29`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-1.2897,lonDeg:-11.8245,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-16-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 16 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 16`},mission:`apollo-16`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-04-19`,type:`impact`,latDeg:1.921,lonDeg:-24.623,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]},{id:`apollo-17-sivb`,name:{en:`Apollo 17 S-IVB`,fr:`Étage S-IVB d'Apollo 17`},mission:`apollo-17`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1972-12-10`,type:`impact`,latDeg:-4.1681,lonDeg:-12.3307,sources:[`https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938`]}]}).sites,marsSites:ft.parse({verified:`2026-09-27`,sites:[{id:`viking-1`,name:{en:`Viking 1 Lander (Thomas Mutch Memorial Station)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Viking 1 (station Thomas Mutch)`},mission:`viking-1`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1976-07-20`,type:`soft`,latDeg:22.27,lonDeg:-47.95,note:{en:`NSSDCA explicitly: 22.27 N, 312.05 E planetocentric; 312.05 E -> -47.95. VL1 longitude is the IAU prime-meridian tie (47.95137 W, Kuchynka et al. 2014).`,fr:`NSSDCA explicitement\xA0: 22,27° N, 312,05° E planétocentrique; 312,05° E → −47,95. La longitude de VL1 est le point de rattachement du méridien origine de l’UAI (47,95137° O, Kuchynka et al. 2014).`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`viking-2`,name:{en:`Viking 2 Lander (Gerald Soffen Memorial Station)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Viking 2 (station Gerald Soffen)`},mission:`viking-2`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1976-09-03`,type:`soft`,latDeg:47.6673,lonDeg:134.2809,note:{en:`NSSDCA value (frame not stated); corroborated by HiRISE PSP_001501_2280 (lander located in image; image centre 47.673 N, 134.300 E planetocentric). Mars24 gives 48.27 N, 134.28 E, inconsistent with both, not used.`,fr:`Valeur NSSDCA (repère non précisé); corroborée par HiRISE PSP_001501_2280 (atterrisseur repéré sur l’image; centre de l’image 47,673° N, 134,300° E planétocentrique). Mars24 donne 48,27° N, 134,28° E, incompatible avec les deux, non retenu.`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C`,`https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001501_2280`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-pathfinder`,name:{en:`Mars Pathfinder (Carl Sagan Memorial Station) and Sojourner`,fr:`Mars Pathfinder (station Carl Sagan) et Sojourner`},mission:`mars-pathfinder`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`1997-07-04`,type:`soft`,latDeg:19.0972,lonDeg:-33.2539,note:{en:`Wikipedia 19.09722 N, 33.25389 W (citation unclear); corroborated by HiRISE PSP_001890_1995 image centre 19.086 N, 326.763 E (planetocentric) and PIA09105 (19.1 N, 326.8 E). NSSDCA 19.33 N 33.55 W and Mars24 19.47 N 326.75 E are older/inconsistent. Sojourner stayed within ~10 m of the lander.`,fr:`Wikipédia 19,09722° N, 33,25389° O (référence peu claire); corroboré par le centre de l’image HiRISE PSP_001890_1995, 19,086° N, 326,763° E (planétocentrique), et par PIA09105 (19,1° N, 326,8° E). NSSDCA 19,33° N 33,55° O et Mars24 19,47° N 326,75° E sont plus anciens ou incohérents. Sojourner est resté à moins de ~10 m de l’atterrisseur.`},sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder`,`https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001890_1995`,`https://pds-rings.seti.org/press_releases/pages/PIA09xxx/PIA09105.html`]},{id:`spirit-landing`,name:{en:`Spirit landing site (Columbia Memorial Station)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Spirit (station Columbia)`},mission:`mer-spirit`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2004-01-04`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-14.572,lonDeg:175.478,note:{en:`NSSDCA 14.572 S, 175.478 E; Mars24 175.48 E, -14.57 (from Li et al.).`,fr:`NSSDCA 14,572° S, 175,478° E; Mars24 175,48° E, −14,57 (d’après Li et al.).`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-027A`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`spirit-last`,name:{en:`Spirit last position (Troy)`,fr:`Dernière position de Spirit (Troy)`},mission:`mer-spirit`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2010-03-22`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:-14.6,lonDeg:175.5,note:{en:`Rounded to 0.1 deg (~6 km) in JPL caption of HiRISE image of 2009-06-13; Spirit was stuck at Troy from May 2009. Date = last communication (Mars24).`,fr:`Arrondi à 0,1° (~6 km) dans la légende JPL de l’image HiRISE du 2009-06-13; Spirit était enlisé à Troy depuis mai 2009. Date = dernière communication (Mars24).`},sources:[`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia12205-orbital-view-of-spirit-at-troy/`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`opportunity-landing`,name:{en:`Opportunity landing site (Challenger Memorial Station)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage d'Opportunity (station Challenger)`},mission:`mer-opportunity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2004-01-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-1.946,lonDeg:-5.527,note:{en:`NSSDCA 1.946 S, 354.473 E (IAU 2000 body-centred); 354.473 E -> -5.527. Last position (Perseverance Valley) unverified, see unverified list.`,fr:`NSSDCA 1,946° S, 354,473° E (UAI 2000, centré sur le corps); 354,473° E → −5,527. Dernière position (Perseverance Valley) non vérifiée, voir la liste des non vérifiés.`},sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-032A`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`phoenix`,name:{en:`Phoenix`,fr:`Phoenix`},mission:`phoenix`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2008-05-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:68.22,lonDeg:-125.75,note:{en:`Mars24 234.25 E, 68.22 N (provided by D. Bass); 234.25 E -> -125.75. NSSDCA 'nominally 68.15 N, 125.9 W' is a pre-landing/older value.`,fr:`Mars24 234,25° E, 68,22° N (fourni par D. Bass); 234,25° E → −125,75. La valeur NSSDCA « nominally 68.15 N, 125.9 W » est antérieure à l’atterrissage ou plus ancienne.`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-034A`]},{id:`curiosity-landing`,name:{en:`Curiosity landing site (Bradbury Landing)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Curiosity (Bradbury Landing)`},mission:`msl-curiosity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2012-08-06`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-4.5895,lonDeg:137.4416,note:{en:`First localized waypoint in NASA MMGIS feed (sol 3, before first drive): 137.441633 E, -4.589467. Mars24: 137.44 E, 4.59 S.`,fr:`Premier point de passage localisé dans le flux NASA MMGIS (sol 3, avant le premier déplacement)\xA0: 137,441633° E, −4,589467. Mars24\xA0: 137,44° E, 4,59° S.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints.json`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`curiosity-current`,name:{en:`Curiosity (recent position)`,fr:`Curiosity (position récente)`},mission:`msl-curiosity`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2026-09-21`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:-4.82514,lonDeg:137.38885,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS current waypoint fetched 2026-09-27: sol 5021, site 125 drive 558, 137.3888471 E, -4.82513971. Date computed from sol number (approx +/-1 d). Changes as the rover drives; refresh from feed.`,fr:`Point de passage actuel NASA MMGIS récupéré le 2026-09-27\xA0: sol 5021, site 125, trajet 558, 137,3888471° E, −4,82513971. Date calculée à partir du numéro de sol (±1 j environ). Change à mesure que le rover se déplace; mise à jour depuis le flux.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints_current.json`],feed:{url:`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints_current.json`,solZeroDate:`2012-08-06`}},{id:`insight`,name:{en:`InSight`,fr:`InSight`},mission:`insight`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2018-11-26`,type:`soft`,latDeg:4.5,lonDeg:135.62,note:{en:`Mars24 135.62 E, 4.50 N (planetocentric). Golombek et al. 2020 (Earth Space Sci., doi:10.1029/2020EA001248) reports 4.502384 N, 135.623447 E, but that page could not be opened (HTTP 403).`,fr:`Mars24 135,62° E, 4,50° N (planétocentrique). Golombek et al. 2020 (Earth Space Sci., doi:10.1029/2020EA001248) donnent 4,502384° N, 135,623447° E, mais cette page n’a pas pu être ouverte (HTTP 403).`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`perseverance-landing`,name:{en:`Perseverance landing site (Octavia E. Butler Landing)`,fr:`Site d'atterrissage de Perseverance (Octavia E. Butler Landing)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2021-02-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.4446,lonDeg:77.4509,note:{en:`First MMGIS waypoint (sol 13, before first drive): 77.45088572 E, 18.44462715 N. Mars24: 77.45 E, 18.44 N.`,fr:`Premier point de passage MMGIS (sol 13, avant le premier déplacement)\xA0: 77,45088572° E, 18,44462715° N. Mars24\xA0: 77,45° E, 18,44° N.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`perseverance-current`,name:{en:`Perseverance (recent position)`,fr:`Perseverance (position récente)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2026-09-15`,type:`rover-last-known`,latDeg:18.43687,lonDeg:77.23205,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS current waypoint fetched 2026-09-27: sol 1980, end-of-drive localization, 77.23205444 E, 18.43687407 N. Date computed from sol number (approx +/-1 d); refresh from feed.`,fr:`Point de passage actuel NASA MMGIS récupéré le 2026-09-27\xA0: sol 1980, localisation en fin de trajet, 77,23205444° E, 18,43687407° N. Date calculée à partir du numéro de sol (±1 j environ); mise à jour depuis le flux.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints_current.json`],feed:{url:`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints_current.json`,solZeroDate:`2021-02-18`}},{id:`ingenuity-final`,name:{en:`Ingenuity final resting place (Valinor Hills)`,fr:`Emplacement final d'Ingenuity (Valinor Hills)`},mission:`mars-2020`,agency:`NASA`,country:`us`,date:`2024-01-18`,type:`soft`,latDeg:18.49727,lonDeg:77.32253,note:{en:`NASA MMGIS helicopter waypoint for flight 72 (sol 1036, 'Jan. 18, 2024'): 77.32253449 E, 18.49726866 N. Name 'Valinor Hills' per JPL PIA26237. Rotor blades damaged on this landing; final position.`,fr:`Point de passage NASA MMGIS de l’hélicoptère pour le vol 72 (sol 1036, « Jan. 18, 2024 »)\xA0: 77,32253449° E, 18,49726866° N. Nom « Valinor Hills » selon le JPL, PIA26237. Pales du rotor endommagées à cet atterrissage; position finale.`},sources:[`https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/m20_heli_waypoints.json`,`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia26237-ingenuity-at-valinor-hills/`]},{id:`tianwen-1-lander`,name:{en:`Tianwen-1 lander / Zhurong landing site`,fr:`Atterrisseur Tianwen-1 / site d'atterrissage de Zhurong`},mission:`tianwen-1`,agency:`CNSA`,country:`cn`,date:`2021-05-14`,type:`soft`,latDeg:25.066,lonDeg:109.925,note:{en:`109.925 E, 25.066 N per EurekAlert (CAS) release / Liu et al. 2022; Mars24 109.93 E, 25.07 N. Touchdown late 14 May UTC (15 May Beijing time). Zhurong last-known position (~1.9 km south) unverified.`,fr:`109,925° E, 25,066° N selon le communiqué EurekAlert (CAS) et Liu et al. 2022; Mars24 109,93° E, 25,07° N. Contact avec le sol tard le 14 mai UTC (15 mai heure de Pékin). Dernière position connue de Zhurong (~1,9 km au sud) non vérifiée.`},sources:[`https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/987713`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-3`,name:{en:`Mars 3 lander`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 3`},mission:`mars-3`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1971-12-02`,type:`soft`,latDeg:-45,lonDeg:-158,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: predicted landing site 45 S, 202 E (-> -158). Candidate hardware identified in HiRISE ESP_031036_1345 (2013) but no coordinates published in sources opened. Soft landing, silent after ~20 s.`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: site d’atterrissage prévu 45° S, 202° E (→ −158). Matériel candidat repéré sur HiRISE ESP_031036_1345 (2013), mais aucune coordonnée publiée dans les sources consultées. Atterrissage en douceur, silence après ~20 s.`},sources:[`https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia16920-could-this-be-the-mars-soviet-3-lander/`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-2`,name:{en:`Mars 2 lander (crash)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 2 (écrasement)`},mission:`mars-2`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1971-11-27`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-45,lonDeg:47,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: Mars24 'impacted at about 47 E -45 N' (Hellas). Never imaged/located. First human-made object on Mars (crash).`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: Mars24 « impacted at about 47 E -45 N » (Hellas). Jamais photographié ni localisé. Premier objet humain sur Mars (écrasement).`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`mars-6`,name:{en:`Mars 6 lander (crash)`,fr:`Atterrisseur Mars 6 (écrasement)`},mission:`mars-6`,agency:`Soviet Union`,country:`su`,date:`1974-03-12`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-23.9,lonDeg:-19.42,note:{en:`APPROXIMATE: Mars24 'impacted at about 19.42 W -23.90 N' near Samara Valles. Not located in orbital imagery.`,fr:`APPROXIMATIF\xA0: Mars24 « impacted at about 19.42 W -23.90 N » près de Samara Valles. Non localisé sur les images orbitales.`},sources:[`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`beagle-2`,name:{en:`Beagle 2`,fr:`Beagle 2`},mission:`beagle-2`,agency:`ESA/UK`,country:`gb`,date:`2003-12-25`,type:`soft`,latDeg:11.52879,lonDeg:90.43139,note:{en:`Bridges et al. 2017 (R. Soc. Open Sci. 4:170785): 'more exactly 90.43139 E, 11.52879 N' from HiRISE-CTX-HRSC co-registration. Landed intact, only partially deployed.`,fr:`Bridges et al. 2017 (R. Soc. Open Sci. 4:170785)\xA0: « more exactly 90.43139 E, 11.52879 N » d’après le recalage HiRISE-CTX-HRSC. Posé intact, seulement partiellement déployé.`},sources:[`https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10026075/1/Identification%20of%20the%20Beagle.pdf`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]},{id:`schiaparelli`,name:{en:`Schiaparelli EDM (crash)`,fr:`Schiaparelli EDM (écrasement)`},mission:`exomars-2016`,agency:`ESA`,country:`eu`,date:`2016-10-19`,type:`hard`,latDeg:-2.07,lonDeg:-6.21,note:{en:`ESA: 353.79 E, 2.07 S (dark impact mark, HiRISE/CTX); 353.79 E -> -6.21. Crashed ~5.4 km west of target.`,fr:`ESA\xA0: 353,79° E, 2,07° S (tache sombre d’impact, HiRISE/CTX); 353,79° E → −6,21. Écrasé à ~5,4 km à l’ouest de la cible.`},sources:[`https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_views_Schiaparelli_landing_site`,`https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/landers.html`]}]}).sites,launchSites:pt.parse({verified:`2026-10-03`,sites:[{id:`cape-canaveral`,name:{en:`Cape Canaveral / Kennedy Space Center`,fr:`Cap Canaveral / Centre spatial Kennedy`},operator:`U.S. Space Force / NASA`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`AFETR`],latDeg:28.4889,lonDeg:-80.5778,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1958-02-01`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center`]},{id:`vandenberg`,name:{en:`Vandenberg Space Force Base`,fr:`Base de la Space Force de Vandenberg`},operator:`U.S. Space Force`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`AFWTR`],latDeg:34.7513,lonDeg:-120.5202,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1959-02-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base`]},{id:`wallops`,name:{en:`Wallops Island / Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport`,fr:`Île de Wallops / Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport`},operator:`NASA / Virginia Spaceport Authority`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`WLPIS`],latDeg:37.8433,lonDeg:-75.4781,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1961-02-16`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_9`]},{id:`starbase`,name:{en:`Starbase (Boca Chica)`,fr:`Starbase (Boca Chica)`},operator:`SpaceX`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`STARB`],latDeg:25.997,lonDeg:-97.157,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2026-09-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches`,`https://www.npr.org/2026/09/28/nx-s1-5983418/spacex-starship-first-orbital-flight-14-nasa`],note:{en:`First orbital launch (Starship Flight 14, 2026-09-28) deployed 26 Starlink V3 satellites, giving Starbase its own SATCAT launch-site code (STARB).`,fr:`Le premier lancement orbital (vol 14 de Starship, 2026-09-28) a déployé 26 satellites Starlink V3, ce qui a donné à Starbase son propre code de site de lancement SATCAT (STARB).`}},{id:`kodiak`,name:{en:`Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (Kodiak)`,fr:`Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (Kodiak)`},operator:`Alaska Aerospace Corporation`,country:`us`,satcatCodes:[`KODAK`],latDeg:57.4353,lonDeg:-152.34,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2001-09-30`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska`]},{id:`kourou`,name:{en:`Guiana Space Centre (Kourou)`,fr:`Centre spatial guyanais (Kourou)`},operator:`CNES / ESA / Arianespace`,country:`gf`,satcatCodes:[`FRGUI`],latDeg:5.169,lonDeg:-52.6903,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-03-10`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre`]},{id:`baikonur`,name:{en:`Baikonur Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome de Baïkonour`},operator:`Roscosmos`,country:`kz`,satcatCodes:[`TYMSC`],latDeg:45.965,lonDeg:63.305,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1957-10-04`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome`]},{id:`plesetsk`,name:{en:`Plesetsk Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome de Plessetsk`},operator:`Russian Aerospace Forces`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`PLMSC`],latDeg:62.9256,lonDeg:40.5778,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1966-03-17`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome`]},{id:`vostochny`,name:{en:`Vostochny Cosmodrome`,fr:`Cosmodrome Vostotchny`},operator:`Roscosmos`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`VOSTO`],latDeg:51.8846,lonDeg:128.3348,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2016-04-28`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight`]},{id:`kapustin-yar`,name:{en:`Kapustin Yar`,fr:`Kapoustine Iar`},operator:`Russian Aerospace Forces`,country:`ru`,satcatCodes:[`KYMSC`],latDeg:48.59,lonDeg:45.72,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1962-03-16`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar`]},{id:`jiuquan`,name:{en:`Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Jiuquan`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`JSC`],latDeg:40.9581,lonDeg:100.2911,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-04-24`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_1`]},{id:`taiyuan`,name:{en:`Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Taiyuan`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`TAISC`],latDeg:38.8491,lonDeg:111.608,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1988-09-06`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center`]},{id:`xichang`,name:{en:`Xichang Satellite Launch Center`,fr:`Centre de lancement de satellites de Xichang`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`XICLF`],latDeg:28.2456,lonDeg:102.0267,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1984-01-29`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center`]},{id:`wenchang`,name:{en:`Wenchang Space Launch Site`,fr:`Centre de lancement de Wenchang`},operator:`CASC / PLA`,country:`cn`,satcatCodes:[`WSC`],latDeg:19.6145,lonDeg:110.9511,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2016-06-25`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site`]},{id:`sriharikota`,name:{en:`Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota)`,fr:`Centre spatial Satish-Dhawan (Sriharikota)`},operator:`ISRO`,country:`in`,satcatCodes:[`SRILR`],latDeg:13.72,lonDeg:80.23,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1980-07-18`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre`]},{id:`tanegashima`,name:{en:`Tanegashima Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial de Tanegashima`},operator:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,satcatCodes:[`TANSC`],latDeg:30.4,lonDeg:130.97,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1975-09-09`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaki_Launch_Complex`]},{id:`uchinoura`,name:{en:`Uchinoura Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial d'Uchinoura`},operator:`JAXA`,country:`jp`,satcatCodes:[`KSCUT`],latDeg:31.2519,lonDeg:131.0819,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1970-02-11`,active:!1,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohsumi_(satellite)`]},{id:`naro`,name:{en:`Naro Space Center`,fr:`Centre spatial de Naro`},operator:`KARI / KASA`,country:`kr`,satcatCodes:[`NSC`],latDeg:34.4319,lonDeg:127.535,firstOrbitalLaunch:`2013-01-30`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center`,`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight`]},{id:`palmachim`,name:{en:`Palmachim Airbase`,fr:`Base aérienne de Palmachim`},operator:`Israeli Air Force / Israel Space Agency`,country:`il`,satcatCodes:[`YAVNE`],latDeg:31.8978,lonDeg:34.6906,firstOrbitalLaunch:`1988-09-19`,active:!0,sources:[`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase`]},{id:`semnan`,name:{en:`Semnan Space Center (Imam Khomeini Spaceport)`,fr:`Centre spatial de Semnan (spatioport 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n=[{id:`sun`,kind:`sun`,name:{en:`Sun`,fr:`Soleil`}},...xe.map(e=>({id:e.id,kind:`planet`,name:e.name})),...I.moons.map(e=>({id:`moon:${e.id}`,kind:`moon`,name:e.name})),...I.missions.map(e=>({id:e.id,kind:`mission`,name:e.name})),...I.science.map(e=>({id:String(e.norad),kind:`satellite`,name:e.name})),...I.moonSites.map(e=>({id:`site:${e.id}`,kind:`site`,name:e.name})),...I.marsSites.map(e=>({id:`site:${e.id}`,kind:`site`,name:e.name})),...I.launchSites.map(e=>({id:`launch:${e.id}`,kind:`launch`,name:e.name})),...I.stars.map(e=>({id:`star:${e.id}`,kind:`star`,name:e.name}))],r=e=>{let n=[e.name.en,e.name.fr,e.id].map(Et);return n.some(e=>e===t)?3:n.some(e=>e.startsWith(t))?2:+!!n.some(e=>e.includes(t))};return n.map(e=>[e,r(e)]).filter(([,e])=>e>0).sort((e,t)=>t[1]-e[1]).map(([e])=>e)}function Ot(e){let t=e.kind===`mission`?`mission:${e.id}`:e.kind===`satellite`?`norad:${e.norad}`:e.kind===`site`||e.kind===`launch`?e.id:void 0;return t?I.images.find(e=>e.target===t):void 0}function kt(e){switch(e.kind){case`satellite`:return{view:`earth`,sel:String(e.norad)};case`launch`:return{view:`earth`,sel:`site:${e.site.id}`};case`site`:return{view:e.body,sel:`site:${e.site.id}`};case`mission`:return{view:e.mission.centralBody===`sun`?`solar`:e.mission.centralBody,sel:e.mission.id};case`moon`:return e.moon.id===`moon`?{view:`earth`,sel:`moon`}:{view:`solar`,sel:`moon:${e.moon.id}`};case`planet`:return{view:`solar`,sel:e.planet.id};case`star`:return{view:`solar`,sel:`star:${e.star.id}`};case`sun`:return{view:`solar`,sel:`sun`}}}var At={name:`CelesTrak (T.S. Kelso), US Space Force tracking`,url:`https://celestrak.org`},jt={name:`CelesTrak supplemental GP (fits to operator ephemerides)`,url:`https://celestrak.org/NORAD/elements/supplemental/`},Mt={name:`NASA/JPL Horizons`,url:`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/`},Nt={name:`astronomy-engine (Don Cross, MIT)`,url:`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`},Pt={name:`NASA/JPL SSD planetary satellite mean elements`,url:`https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/elem/`},Ft={name:`SIMBAD (CDS, Strasbourg)`,url:`https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/`},It={"sgp4-gp":{typicalKm:1,note:`SGP4 from US Space Force general perturbations elements: about 1 km near the element epoch, growing by roughly 1 to 3 km per day for low orbits (more during strong solar activity).`},"sgp4-supgp":{typicalKm:.1,note:`SGP4 fitted by CelesTrak to the operator’s own ephemerides: about ten times more accurate than GP near the epoch.`},"horizons-interpolated":{typicalKm:.01,note:`Cubic Hermite interpolation between JPL Horizons state vectors: reproduces the ephemeris to well under 1 km; the ephemeris’ own uncertainty depends on the mission’s orbit determination.`},"kepler-extrapolated":{note:`Two-body Kepler motion from the last Horizons state, beyond the published window: the error grows with time, from kilometres after hours to thousands of kilometres after days for low or perturbed orbits.`},vsop87:{note:`astronomy-engine (VSOP87 series): documented to agree with JPL within about 1 arcminute in sky position; heliocentric distances are good to a small fraction of a percent.`},"astronomy-engine-moon":{typicalKm:50,note:`astronomy-engine analytical theory (the Moon, the Galilean moons): typically 10 to 90 km from JPL Horizons.`},"moon-horizons":{typicalKm:1,note:`Interpolation of JPL Horizons vectors of the moon relative to its planet (refreshed daily).`},"moon-mean-elements":{note:`JPL mean orbital elements with uniform precession, re-anchored on Horizons about once a year: within a few degrees along the orbit (at most about 7° after a year).`},"site-coordinates":{typicalKm:.1,note:`Catalogued surface coordinates (cited source) turned with the body’s IAU rotation model.`},"star-catalogue":{note:`ICRS J2000 position from SIMBAD; the distance comes from the cited literature (parallax); proper motion is ignored.`},"catalogue-counts":{note:`Exact counts of the active satellites in the published CelesTrak data at its fetch time. Operators come from CelesTrak groups and curated name rules (unattributed satellites are counted apart); owners are SATCAT country or organisation codes; regimes from the mean elements.`},origin:{typicalKm:0,note:`The reference point itself.`}},R=`Educational use only: not intended for navigation, collision avoidance or conjunction assessment.`,Lt={source:`Natural Earth 1:110m cultural (admin-0 countries) and physical (marine polygons) vectors, v5.1.2`,url:`https://www.naturalearthdata.com/`,licence:`public domain`,note:`Coordinates in hundredths of a degree: [lon, lat, lon, lat, …] rings, outer ring first. De facto boundaries as drawn by Natural Earth.`,countries:[{iso:`FJ`,en:`Fiji`,fr:`Fidji`,polygons:[[[18e3,-1607,18e3,-1656,17936,-1680,17873,-1701,17860,-1664,17910,-1643,17941,-1638,18e3,-1607]],[[17813,-1750,17837,-1734,17872,-1763,17855,-1815,17793,-1829,17738,-1816,17729,-1772,17767,-1738,17813,-1750]],[[-17979,-1602,-17992,-1650,-18e3,-1656,-18e3,-1607,-17979,-1602]]]},{iso:`TZ`,en:`Tanzania`,fr:`Tanzanie`,polygons:[[[3390,-95,3407,-106,3770,-310,3777,-368,3920,-468,3874,-591,3880,-648,3944,-684,3947,-710,3919,-770,3925,-801,3919,-849,3954,-911,3995,-1010,4032,-1032,4032,-1032,3952,-1090,3843,-1129,3783,-1127,3747,-1157,3678,-1159,3651,-1172,3531,-1144,3456,-1152,3428,-1016,3394,-969,3374,-942,3276,-923,3219,-893,3156,-876,3116,-859,3074,-834,3074,-834,3020,-708,2962,-652,2942,-594,2952,-542,2934,-450,2975,-445,3012,-409,3051,-357,3075,-336,3074,-303,3053,-281,3047,-241,3047,-241,3076,-229,3082,-170,3042,-113,3077,-101,3187,-103,3390,-95]]]},{iso:`EH`,en:`Western Sahara`,fr:`Sahara 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t=e.start.toISOString().slice(0,10),n=e.end.toISOString().slice(0,10);for(let r of I.missions){let i=r.nextEvent;if(!i?.date)continue;let o=i.date.padEnd(10,i.date.length===4?`-01-01`:`-01`).slice(0,10);(i.date.length===10?i.date:i.date.length===7?`${i.date}-31`:`${i.date}-12-31`)<t||o>n||a.push({time:`${i.date.length===10?i.date:o<t?t:o}T00:00:00.000Z`,kind:`mission`,title:`${r.name[e.lang]}: ${i[e.lang]}`,details:{mission:r.id,date:i.date,...i.date.length<10?{approximate:!0}:{},verified:r.verified}})}}return a.sort((e,t)=>e.time.localeCompare(t.time))}var nn=[{en:`new Moon`,fr:`nouvelle lune`},{en:`waxing crescent`,fr:`premier croissant`},{en:`first quarter`,fr:`premier quartier`},{en:`waxing gibbous`,fr:`gibbeuse croissante`},{en:`full Moon`,fr:`pleine lune`},{en:`waning gibbous`,fr:`gibbeuse décroissante`},{en:`last quarter`,fr:`dernier quartier`},{en:`waning crescent`,fr:`dernier croissant`}];function rn(e){let t=(e%360+360)%360;return nn[t<6||t>=354?0:t<84?1:t<96?2:t<174?3:t<186?4:t<264?5:t<276?6:7]??{en:``,fr:``}}var an={day:{en:`daytime`,fr:`jour`},civil:{en:`civil twilight`,fr:`crépuscule civil`},nautical:{en:`nautical twilight`,fr:`crépuscule nautique`},astronomical:{en:`astronomical twilight`,fr:`crépuscule astronomique`},night:{en:`night (dark sky)`,fr:`nuit noire`}};function on(e){return e>-.833?`day`:e>-6?`civil`:e>-12?`nautical`:e>-18?`astronomical`:`night`}var sn={day:void 0,civil:0,nautical:3,astronomical:5,night:6};function cn(e){let n=new t.Observer(e.latDeg,e.lonDeg,e.heightM??0),r=t.MakeTime(e.date),i=t=>t?{time:t.date.toISOString(),...e.local?{local:e.local(t.date.getTime())}:{}}:void 0,a=e=>{let i=t.Equator(e,r,n,!0,!0);return{eq:i,hor:t.Horizon(r,n,i.ra,i.dec,`normal`)}},o=e=>({altitudeDeg:B(e.altitude,1),azimuthDeg:B(e.azimuth,1),direction:qt(e.azimuth*Math.PI/180),aboveHorizon:e.altitude>0}),s=(e,a=!1)=>{let o=t.SearchRiseSet(e,n,1,r,1),s=t.SearchRiseSet(e,n,-1,r,1),c=a?t.SearchHourAngle(e,n,0,r,1):void 0;return{...o?{rise:i(o)}:{},...c&&c.time.ut-r.ut<=1?{culmination:{...i(c.time),altitudeDeg:B(c.hor.altitude,1)}}:{},...s?{set:i(s)}:{}}},c=a(t.Body.Sun),l=on(c.hor.altitude),u=sn[l],d=(e,t)=>u!==void 0&&e>0&&t<=u,f=(e,a)=>i(t.SearchAltitude(t.Body.Sun,n,e,r,1,a)),p=a(t.Body.Moon),m=t.Illumination(t.Body.Moon,r),h=t.MoonPhase(r),g=t.SearchMoonQuarter(r),_=e=>{let i=t.Equator(e,r,n,!1,!0);return t.Constellation(i.ra,i.dec).name},v=xe.filter(e=>!e.dwarf&&e.id!==`earth`).map(n=>{let{hor:i}=a(n.body),c=t.Illumination(n.body,r),l=d(i.altitude,c.mag);return{id:n.id,name:n.name[e.lang],...o(i),magnitude:B(c.mag,1),nakedEyeNow:l,angleFromSunDeg:B(t.AngleFromSun(n.body,r),1),constellation:_(n.body),...s(n.body)}}),y=t.Rotation_EQJ_HOR(r,n),b=I.stars.map(e=>{let n=e.raDeg*Math.PI/180,i=e.decDeg*Math.PI/180,a=new t.Vector(Math.cos(i)*Math.cos(n),Math.cos(i)*Math.sin(n),Math.sin(i),r),o=t.HorizonFromVector(t.RotateVector(y,a),`normal`),s=o.lon;return{s:e,altitudeDeg:o.lat,azimuthDeg:s}}).filter(e=>e.altitudeDeg>0).sort((e,t)=>e.s.magnitude-t.s.magnitude).map(t=>({id:`star:${t.s.id}`,name:t.s.name[e.lang],constellation:t.s.constellation[e.lang],magnitude:t.s.magnitude,altitudeDeg:B(t.altitudeDeg,1),azimuthDeg:B(t.azimuthDeg,1),direction:qt(t.azimuthDeg*Math.PI/180),nakedEyeNow:d(t.altitudeDeg,t.s.magnitude)}));return{observer:{latDeg:e.latDeg,lonDeg:e.lonDeg,heightM:e.heightM??0},...i(r),sky:an[l]?.[e.lang],sun:{...o(c.hor),...s(t.Body.Sun,!0),...c.hor.altitude>-6?{nextDusk:f(-1,-6),nextAstronomicalNight:f(-1,-18)}:{},...c.hor.altitude<=-6?{nextDawn:f(1,-6)}:{}},moon:{...o(p.hor),phase:rn(h)[e.lang],phaseAngleDeg:B(h,1),illuminatedPercent:B(m.phase_fraction*100,0),magnitude:B(m.mag,1),distanceKm:Math.round(p.eq.dist*149597870.7),constellation:_(t.Body.Moon),nextQuarter:{...i(g.time),phase:nn[g.quarter*2]?.[e.lang]},...s(t.Body.Moon,!0)},planets:v,brightStars:b,notes:{en:`Altitudes include standard atmospheric refraction; rise and set are those of the upper limb of the Sun and the Moon and of a planet’s centre, within the next 24 hours. “nakedEyeNow”: above the horizon, Sun set, and bright enough for the sky at that time (magnitude 0 or brighter in civil twilight, 3 in nautical twilight, 5 in astronomical twilight, 6 at night); city lights, haze and the horizon’s relief are not known. Magnitudes: smaller is brighter.`,fr:`Les hauteurs tiennent compte de la réfraction atmosphérique moyenne ; le lever et le coucher sont ceux du bord supérieur du Soleil et de la Lune, et du centre des planètes, dans les 24 heures qui suivent. « nakedEyeNow » : au-dessus de l’horizon, Soleil couché, et assez brillant pour le ciel du moment (magnitude 0 ou moins au crépuscule civil, 3 au crépuscule nautique, 5 au crépuscule astronomique, 6 de nuit) ; l’éclairage urbain, la brume et le relief de l’horizon ne sont pas connus. Magnitudes : plus petit est plus brillant.`}[e.lang]}}var ln=[`earth`,`moon`,`mars`,`solar`];function un(e){return ln.includes(e)}function dn(e){let t=new URLSearchParams(e),n=t.get(`lang`),r=t.get(`view`),i=t.get(`t`),a=i?new Date(i):void 0,o=Number(t.get(`rate`)??`1`);return{view:un(r)?r:`earth`,lang:Ee(n)?n:void 0,frame:t.get(`frame`)===`inertial`?`inertial`:`fixed`,time:a&&!Number.isNaN(a.getTime())?a:void 0,rate:Number.isFinite(o)&&Math.abs(o)<=1e5?o:1}}function fn(e,t){return e===`earth`&&t.startsWith(`site:`)?`launch:${t.slice(5)}`:t===`moon`?`moon:moon`:t}var pn=398600.8,mn=[`LEO`,`MEO`,`GEO`,`HEO`];function hn(e){let t=e*x/y;return Math.cbrt(pn/(t*t))}function gn(e){return 1440/e}function _n(e,t){let n=hn(e);return{perigeeAltKm:n*(1-t)-m,apogeeAltKm:n*(1+t)-m}}function vn(e,t){return t>=.25?`HEO`:e>=.9&&e<=1.1&&t<.1?`GEO`:_n(e,t).apogeeAltKm<2e3?`LEO`:`MEO`}var U={science:`sci`,operators:`op`,owners:`own`,groups:`grp`,regimes:`reg`,types:`type`,launchSites:`site`};function yn(e){let t=t=>(e.get(t)??``).split(`,`).map(e=>e.trim()).filter(Boolean);return{science:t(U.science),operators:t(U.operators),owners:t(U.owners),groups:t(U.groups),regimes:t(U.regimes).filter(e=>mn.includes(e)),types:t(U.types),launchSites:t(U.launchSites),query:e.get(`q`)??``}}var bn={earth:{name:{en:`Earth view`,fr:`vue de la Terre`},shows:{en:`the Earth with every active catalogued satellite (each a dot moving along its orbit), the launch sites and the Moon`,fr:`la Terre avec tous les satellites actifs catalogués (chacun un point qui suit son orbite), les sites de lancement et la Lune`}},moon:{name:{en:`Moon view`,fr:`vue de la Lune`},shows:{en:`the Moon with the spacecraft orbiting it and the landing and impact sites on its surface, the Earth in the distance`,fr:`la Lune avec les sondes en orbite autour d’elle et les sites d’alunissage et d’impact à sa surface, la Terre au loin`}},mars:{name:{en:`Mars view`,fr:`vue de Mars`},shows:{en:`Mars with its orbiters, its moons Phobos and Deimos, and the landing sites and rover positions on its surface`,fr:`Mars avec ses orbiteurs, ses lunes Phobos et Deimos, et les sites d’atterrissage et positions des rovers à sa surface`}},solar:{name:{en:`solar system view`,fr:`vue du Système solaire`},shows:{en:`the Sun, the planets and dwarf planets with their orbits and moons, and the interplanetary probes with their trajectories`,fr:`le Soleil, les planètes et planètes naines avec leurs orbites et leurs lunes, et les sondes interplanétaires avec leurs trajectoires`}}},xn={earth:{en:`the Earth`,fr:`la Terre`},moon:{en:`the Moon`,fr:`la Lune`},mars:{en:`Mars`,fr:`Mars`},solar:{en:`the planets`,fr:`les planètes`}},Sn={active:{en:`active`,fr:`en activité`},inactive:{en:`inactive`,fr:`inactif`},ended:{en:`mission ended`,fr:`mission terminée`},cruise:{en:`in cruise`,fr:`en croisière`},planned:{en:`planned`,fr:`prévue`},unknown:{en:`status unknown`,fr:`statut inconnu`}},Cn={soft:{en:`soft landing site`,fr:`site d’atterrissage en douceur`},hard:{en:`crash site`,fr:`site d’écrasement`},impact:{en:`impact site`,fr:`site d’impact`},crewed:{en:`crewed landing site`,fr:`site d’atterrissage habité`},"rover-last-known":{en:`last known rover position`,fr:`dernière position connue du rover`}},wn=149597870.7,Tn={vsop87:{en:`computed from a planetary theory (VSOP87, astronomy-engine), valid for any date`,fr:`calculée par une théorie planétaire (VSOP87, astronomy-engine), valable à toute date`},"astronomy-engine-moon":{en:`computed from an analytical lunar or satellite theory (astronomy-engine)`,fr:`calculée par une théorie analytique de la Lune ou des satellites (astronomy-engine)`},"moon-mean-elements":{en:`modelled from mean orbital elements (JPL)`,fr:`modélisée à partir d’éléments orbitaux moyens (JPL)`}};function En(e,t){if(e===0)return t===`fr`?`temps arrêté`:`time paused`;if(e===1)return t===`fr`?`temps réel`:`real time`;let n=Math.abs(e),r=[[86400,{en:`day`,fr:`jour`}],[3600,{en:`hour`,fr:`heure`}],[60,{en:`minute`,fr:`minute`}],[1,{en:`second`,fr:`seconde`}]],[i,a]=r.find(([e])=>n>=e)??r[3]??[1,{en:`second`,fr:`seconde`}],o=Math.round(n/i*10)/10,s=o>=2,c=`${o.toLocaleString(t===`fr`?`fr-FR`:`en-GB`)} ${a[t]}${s?`s`:``}`,l=t===`fr`?`${c} par seconde (×${n.toLocaleString(`fr-FR`)})`:`${c} per second (×${n.toLocaleString(`en-GB`)})`;return e<0?t===`fr`?`${l}, à rebours`:`${l}, backwards`:l}function W(e,t,n){return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t===`fr`?`fr-CA`:`en-GB`,{year:`numeric`,month:`long`,day:`numeric`,hour:`2-digit`,minute:`2-digit`,timeZone:n??`UTC`,timeZoneName:`short`}).format(e)}var G=(e,t)=>e.length<=1?e[0]??``:`${e.slice(0,-1).join(`, `)} ${t===`fr`?`et`:`and`} ${e[e.length-1]}`;function Dn(e,t){let n=yn(e),r=I.operators,i=[],a=t===`fr`;return n.science.length&&i.push(a?`satellites scientifiques choisis`:`selected science satellites`),n.operators.length&&i.push(`${a?`opérateur`:`operator`} ${G(n.operators.map(e=>r.operators[e]?.name??e),t)}`),n.owners.length&&i.push(`${a?`propriétaire`:`owner`} ${G(n.owners.map(e=>r.owners[e]?.[t]??e),t)}`),n.groups.length&&i.push(`${a?`groupe`:`group`} ${G(n.groups.map(e=>r.groups[e]?.[t]??e),t)}`),n.regimes.length&&i.push(`${a?`orbites`:`orbits`} ${G(n.regimes,t)}`),n.types.length&&i.push(`type ${G(n.types,t)}`),n.launchSites.length&&i.push(`${a?`lancés depuis`:`launched from`} ${G(n.launchSites,t)}`),n.query.trim()&&i.push(a?`recherche « ${n.query.trim()} »`:`search “${n.query.trim()}”`),i}var On={fresh:{en:`computed from recent orbital elements`,fr:`calculée à partir d’éléments orbitaux récents`},interpolated:{en:`interpolated from published ephemerides`,fr:`interpolée entre des éphémérides publiées`},stale:{en:`computed from orbital elements more than two weeks old (less accurate)`,fr:`calculée à partir d’éléments orbitaux de plus de deux semaines (moins précise)`},extrapolated:{en:`extrapolated beyond the published ephemeris (approximate; drawn dimmed with a dashed path)`,fr:`extrapolée au-delà de l’éphéméride publiée (approximative ; dessinée atténuée, trajectoire en tirets)`},hidden:{en:`unknown at this date (too far beyond its ephemeris: only its last known path is drawn, in grey)`,fr:`inconnue à cette date (trop loin au-delà de son éphéméride : seule sa dernière trajectoire connue est tracée, en gris)`},modelled:{en:`modelled from mean orbital elements`,fr:`modélisée à partir d’éléments orbitaux moyens`},none:{en:`not available (no public ephemeris)`,fr:`indisponible (pas d’éphéméride publique)`}};async function kn(e,t,n,r){let i=t.includes(`?`)?t.slice(t.indexOf(`?`)):t.startsWith(`?`)?t:`?${t}`,a=new URLSearchParams(i.split(`#`)[0]),o=dn(i),s=n===`fr`,c=bn[o.view],l=o.time===void 0,u=o.time??new Date,d=[],f={view:o.view,live:l,date:u.toISOString(),rate:o.rate,frame:o.frame},p=a.get(`sel`),m,h;if(p){let t=fn(o.view,p);try{let r=await e.describe(t,n);m=typeof r.name==`string`?r.name:t;let i=await e.state(t,u).catch(()=>void 0),a=i?.provenance[0];h={id:t,name:m,kind:r.kind,...i?.distanceKm===void 0?{}:{distanceKm:Math.round(i.distanceKm),centre:i.centre},...i?.altitudeKm===void 0?{}:{altitudeKm:Math.round(i.altitudeKm)},...i?.groundPoint?{groundPoint:i.groundPoint}:{},...a?{positionState:a.state,model:a.model}:{}};let o=typeof r.status==`string`?r.status:void 0,c=o?Sn[o]?.[n]??o:void 0,l=[],f=(e,t=0)=>e.toLocaleString(s?`fr-FR`:`en-GB`,{maximumFractionDigits:t});if(r.kind===`site`&&typeof r.type==`string`){let e=Cn[r.type]?.[n]??r.type;l.push(typeof r.date==`string`?`${e}, ${r.date}`:e)}else if(i?.centre===`sun`&&i.distanceKm!==void 0){let e=i.distanceKm/wn;l.push(s?`à ${f(e,e<10?2:1)} ua du Soleil (${f(i.distanceKm/1e6)} millions de km)`:`${f(e,e<10?2:1)} au from the Sun (${f(i.distanceKm/1e6)} million km)`)}else i?.altitudeKm!==void 0&&i.altitudeKm>0&&r.kind!==`launch`&&l.push(s?`à ${f(i.altitudeKm)} km d’altitude`:`${f(i.altitudeKm)} km up`);let p=i?.groundPoint?.over;p&&l.push(s?`au-dessus de : ${p.name.fr}`:`over ${p.name.en}`),d.push(s?`Objet sélectionné : ${m}${c?` (${c})`:``}${l.length?`, ${G(l,n)}`:``}.`:`The selected object is ${m}${c?` (${c})`:``}${l.length?`, ${G(l,n)}`:``}.`),a&&r.kind!==`site`&&r.kind!==`launch`&&r.kind!==`star`&&d.push(s?`Sa position est ${(Tn[a.model]??On[a.state]).fr}.`:`Its position is ${(Tn[a.model]??On[a.state]).en}.`)}catch{d.push(s?`L’objet « ${p} » n’est pas reconnu.`:`The object “${p}” is not recognised.`),h={id:p,unknown:!0}}}let g=a.get(`follow`)===`1`&&p!==null,_=l?s?`en temps réel (${W(u,n,r)})`:`in real time (${W(u,n,r)})`:s?`au ${W(u,n,r)}`:`on ${W(u,n,r)}`,v=s?`Vue 3D de Périgée : ${c.name.fr} ${_}${m?`, ${g?`objet suivi`:`centrée sur l’objet`} : ${m}`:``}.`:`Perigee 3D ${c.name.en} ${_}${m?`, ${g?`following`:`centred on`} ${m}`:``}.`,y=s?`La ${c.name.fr} montre ${c.shows.fr}.`:`The ${c.name.en} shows ${c.shows.en}.`,b=l?s?`Le temps avance en temps réel.`:`Time runs in real time.`:s?`La date affichée est le ${W(u,n,r)} ; ${En(o.rate,n)}.`:`The date shown is ${W(u,n,r)}; ${En(o.rate,n)}.`,x=o.frame===`inertial`?s?`Repère inertiel : les étoiles restent fixes et ${xn[o.view].fr} tourne${o.view===`solar`?`nt`:``} sur ${o.view===`solar`?`elles-mêmes`:`elle-même`}.`:`Inertial frame: the stars stay fixed and ${xn[o.view].en} turn${o.view===`solar`?``:`s`}.`:o.view===`solar`?``:s?`Repère lié à ${xn[o.view].fr} : elle paraît immobile et le ciel tourne autour d’elle.`:`Frame fixed to ${xn[o.view].en}: it looks still while the sky turns around it.`,S=[];if(o.view===`earth`){let e=Dn(a,n);e.length&&(S.push(s?`Seuls les satellites répondant à ces filtres sont affichés : ${e.join(` ; `)}.`:`Only the satellites matching these filters are shown: ${e.join(`; `)}.`),f.filters=e),a.get(`ls`)===`0`&&S.push(s?`Les sites de lancement sont masqués.`:`Launch sites are hidden.`)}(o.view===`moon`||o.view===`mars`)&&a.get(`sites`)===`0`&&S.push(s?`Les sites au sol sont masqués.`:`Surface sites are hidden.`),o.view===`solar`&&(a.get(`log`)===`1`&&(S.push(s?`Les distances sont en échelle logarithmique : elles ne sont pas à l’échelle.`:`Distances are on a logarithmic scale: they are not to scale.`),f.logScale=!0),a.get(`stars`)===`1`&&S.push(s?`Les étoiles brillantes sont nommées sur le ciel.`:`The bright stars are named on the sky.`),a.get(`nearby`)===`1`&&S.push(s?`Les étoiles à moins de 20 années-lumière du Soleil sont nommées sur le ciel.`:`The stars within 20 light-years of the Sun are named on the sky.`));let C=(a.get(`hide`)??``).split(`,`).filter(Boolean);if(C.length){let e=C.map(e=>I.missions.find(t=>t.id===e)?.name[n]??e);S.push(s?`Missions masquées : ${G(e,n)}.`:`Missions not drawn: ${G(e,n)}.`),f.hidden=C}if(a.get(`embed`)===`1`){let e=(a.get(`ui`)??``).split(`,`),t=[...e.includes(`panel`)?[s?`le panneau d’information`:`the information panel`]:[],...e.includes(`time`)?[s?`la barre de temps`:`the time bar`]:[]];S.push(s?`Vue intégrée${t.length?`, avec ${G(t,n)}`:`, sans barres ni panneaux`}, et un lien vers l’application complète.`:`Embedded view${t.length?` with ${G(t,n)}`:` without bars or panels`}, with a link to the full app.`),f.embed={ui:e.filter(Boolean)}}g&&S.push(s?`La caméra suit l’objet sélectionné dans son mouvement.`:`The camera follows ${m} as it moves.`);let ee=[y,...d,b,x,...S].filter(Boolean).join(` `),w=new URL(e.data.baseUrl);for(let[e,t]of a)e!==`embed`&&e!==`ui`&&w.searchParams.set(e,t);return{altText:v,description:ee,...h?{selection:h}:{},parameters:f,url:w.href,caveat:s?`L’orientation et le zoom de la caméra ne sont pas dans le lien : le cadrage exact n’est pas connu (la vue s’ouvre centrée sur l’objet sélectionné, sinon sur le corps central).`:`The camera’s orientation and zoom are not in the link: the exact framing is unknown (the view opens centred on the selected object, else on the central body).`}}function An(e,t,n,r){let i=A(e);if(i<=t)return 0;let a=Math.asin(Math.min(1,ye/r)),o=Math.asin(t/i),s=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,re(e,n)/i)));return s>=a+o?1:s<=o-a?0:s<=a-o?1-o*o/(a*a):1-jn(a,o,s)/(Math.PI*a*a)}function jn(e,t,n){let r=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,(n*n+e*e-t*t)/(2*n*e)))),i=Math.acos(Math.min(1,Math.max(-1,(n*n+t*t-e*e)/(2*n*t)))),a=.5*Math.sqrt(Math.max(0,(-n+e+t)*(n+e-t)*(n-e+t)*(n+e+t)));return e*e*r+t*t*i-a}var Mn={earth:398600.435436,moon:4902.800118,mars:42828.375214,sun:132712440041.27942};function Nn(e){return e>1e-8?(1-Math.cos(Math.sqrt(e)))/e:e<-1e-8?(Math.cosh(Math.sqrt(-e))-1)/-e:1/2-e/24+e*e/720}function Pn(e){if(e>1e-8){let t=Math.sqrt(e);return(t-Math.sin(t))/(t*t*t)}if(e<-1e-8){let t=Math.sqrt(-e);return(Math.sinh(t)-t)/(t*t*t)}return 1/6-e/120+e*e/5040}function Fn(e,t,n){if(t===0)return e;let r=e.posKm,i=e.velKmS,a=A(r),o=A(i),s=re(r,i)/a,c=2/a-o*o/n,l=Math.sqrt(n),u=l*Math.abs(c)*t;(!Number.isFinite(u)||u===0)&&(u=l*t/a);for(let e=0;e<60;e++){let e=c*u*u,n=Nn(e),r=Pn(e),i=(a*s/l*u*u*n+(1-c*a)*u*u*u*r+a*u-l*t)/(a*s/l*u*(1-e*r)+(1-c*a)*u*u*n+a);if(u-=i,Math.abs(i)<1e-10*Math.max(1,Math.abs(u)))break}let d=c*u*u,f=Nn(d),p=Pn(d),m=1-u*u/a*f,h=t-1/l*u*u*u*p,g=D(k(r,m),k(i,h)),_=A(g),v=l/(_*a)*(c*u*u*u*p-u),y=1-u*u/_*f;return{posKm:g,velKmS:D(k(r,v),k(i,y))}}function In(e,t){let n=e.posKm,r=e.velKmS,i=A(n),a=A(r),o=ie(n,r),s=A(o),c=A(O(k(n,a*a/t-1/i),k(r,re(n,r)/t))),l=a*a/2-t/i,u=-t/(2*l),d=l<0;return{semiMajorAxisKm:u,eccentricity:c,inclinationRad:Math.acos(Math.max(-1,Math.min(1,(o[2]??0)/s))),periodS:d?2*Math.PI*Math.sqrt(u*u*u/t):void 0,periapsisRadiusKm:s*s/t/(1+c),apoapsisRadiusKm:d?u*(1+c):void 0}}function Ln(e){return{OBJECT_NAME:e.OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID:e.OBJECT_ID,EPOCH:e.EPOCH,MEAN_MOTION:e.MEAN_MOTION,ECCENTRICITY:e.ECCENTRICITY,INCLINATION:e.INCLINATION,RA_OF_ASC_NODE:e.RA_OF_ASC_NODE,ARG_OF_PERICENTER:e.ARG_OF_PERICENTER,MEAN_ANOMALY:e.MEAN_ANOMALY,NORAD_CAT_ID:e.NORAD_CAT_ID,ELEMENT_SET_NO:e.ELEMENT_SET_NO,BSTAR:e.BSTAR,MEAN_MOTION_DOT:e.MEAN_MOTION_DOT,MEAN_MOTION_DDOT:e.MEAN_MOTION_DDOT,...e.REV_AT_EPOCH===void 0?{}:{REV_AT_EPOCH:e.REV_AT_EPOCH},...e.CLASSIFICATION_TYPE===void 0?{}:{CLASSIFICATION_TYPE:e.CLASSIFICATION_TYPE}}}function Rn(e){try{let t=r(Ln(e));return t.error===0?t:void 0}catch{return}}function zn(e,t){let n=i(e,t);if(!n||e.error!==0)return;let{position:r,velocity:a}=n;if(Number.isFinite(r.x)&&Number.isFinite(r.y)&&Number.isFinite(r.z))return{posKm:[r.x,r.y,r.z],velKmS:[a.x,a.y,a.z]}}var Bn=-6*Math.PI/180;function Vn([e,t,n],r){let i=Math.cos(r),a=Math.sin(r);return[i*e+a*t,-a*e+i*t,n]}function Hn(e,t,n){let r=O(e,t),i=Math.sin(n.latRad),a=Math.cos(n.latRad),o=Math.sin(n.lonRad),s=Math.cos(n.lonRad),c=-o*r[0]+s*r[1],l=-i*s*r[0]-i*o*r[1]+a*r[2],u=a*s*r[0]+a*o*r[1]+i*r[2],d=A(r);return{elevationRad:Math.asin(u/d),azimuthRad:(Math.atan2(c,l)+2*Math.PI)%(2*Math.PI),rangeKm:d}}function Un(e){let t=e.getTime()/864e5+2440587.5-2451545,n=Math.PI/180,r=(357.528+.9856003*t)*n,i=(280.46+.9856474*t+1.915*Math.sin(r)+.02*Math.sin(2*r))*n,a=(23.439-4e-7*t)*n,o=(1.00014-.01671*Math.cos(r)-14e-5*Math.cos(2*r))*h;return[o*Math.cos(i),o*Math.cos(a)*Math.sin(i),o*Math.sin(a)*Math.sin(i)]}function Wn(e){let{satrec:t,observer:n,startMs:r,endMs:i}=e,a=Bt(n.latRad,n.lonRad,n.heightKm),o=ae(a),s=e=>{let r=new Date(e),i=zn(t,r);if(!i)return;let o=Vn(i.posKm,de(r));return{...Hn(o,a,n),teme:i.posKm,ecef:o}},c=e=>s(e)?.elevationRad??-Math.PI/2,l=(e,t)=>{let n=c(e)>=0;for(;t-e>1e3;){let r=(e+t)/2;c(r)>=0===n?e=r:t=r}return 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h=Math.round((o+l)/2e3)*1e3,g=s(h),_=s(t),v=s(n);if(!g||!_||!v||g.elevationRad<e.minElevationRad)return;let y=Un(new Date(h)),b=A(y),x=ae(y),S=e=>An([-e[0],-e[1],-e[2]],m,ae(O(y,e)),b)>.5,C=te(h,x),ee=Math.min(te(t,x),C,te(n,x))<Bn,w=0,T=0,E;if(ee){let r=Math.max(1e3,Math.min(15e3,(n-t)/40));for(let i=t;i<=n;i+=r){let t=s(i);if(!t)continue;T++;let n=S(t.teme);n&&w++,n&&t.elevationRad>=e.minElevationRad&&te(i,x)<Bn&&(E=E?{fromMs:E.fromMs,toMs:i,maxElevationRad:Math.max(E.maxElevationRad,t.elevationRad)}:{fromMs:i,toMs:i,maxElevationRad:t.elevationRad})}}else for(let e of[_,g,v])T++,S(e.teme)&&w++;return{rise:{...Gn(_),timeMs:t},culmination:{...Gn(g),timeMs:h},set:{...Gn(v),timeMs:n},inProgress:r,unfinished:i,sunElevationRad:C,sunlitShare:T?w/T:0,...E?{visible:E}:{}}}function te(e,t){let r=Vn(t,de(new Date(e))),i=[Math.cos(n.latRad)*Math.cos(n.lonRad),Math.cos(n.latRad)*Math.sin(n.lonRad),Math.sin(n.latRad)];return Math.asin(re(r,[i[0],i[1],i[2]]))}}var Gn=e=>({elevationRad:e.elevationRad,azimuthRad:e.azimuthRad,rangeKm:e.rangeKm});function Kn(e,n){let r=t.RotateVector(t.Rotation_EQJ_EQD(t.MakeTime(n)),new t.Vector(e[0],e[1],e[2],t.MakeTime(n)));return[r.x,r.y,r.z]}function qn(e,n,r,i){if(e===`earth`){let e=zt(Vn(i??Kn(n,r),de(r))),t=Kt(e.latRad,e.lonRad);return{body:`earth`,latDeg:V(e.latRad),lonDeg:V(e.lonRad),heightKm:B(e.heightKm,2),...t?{over:t}:{},note:`Geodetic coordinates on WGS 84 (Earth-fixed frame by GMST, polar motion neglected: well under 1 km); country or sea from Natural Earth 1:110m maps (borders to ~10 km).`}}if(e===`moon:moon`||e===`mars`){let i=e===`moon:moon`,a=Vt(se(ce(me(i?t.Body.Moon:t.Body.Mars,r)),n));return{body:i?`moon`:`mars`,latDeg:V(a.latRad),lonDeg:V(a.lonRad),heightKm:B(A(n)-(i?fe:pe),2),note:`Planetocentric coordinates (east longitude) in the IAU rotation model of the body, above its mean radius.`}}}function Jn(e,t,n){return An([t[0]-e[0],t[1]-e[1],t[2]-e[2]],n,ae(k(e,-1)),A(e))}function Yn(e){let t=_n(e.MEAN_MOTION,e.ECCENTRICITY);return{centre:`earth`,kind:`mean-elements`,semiMajorAxisKm:B(hn(e.MEAN_MOTION),1),eccentricity:B(e.ECCENTRICITY,6),inclinationDeg:B(e.INCLINATION,3),plane:`Earth equator (TEME)`,periodMin:B(gn(e.MEAN_MOTION),2),periapsisAltitudeKm:B(t.perigeeAltKm,1),apoapsisAltitudeKm:B(t.apogeeAltKm,1),regime:vn(e.MEAN_MOTION,e.ECCENTRICITY),raanDeg:B(e.RA_OF_ASC_NODE,3),argumentOfPeriapsisDeg:B(e.ARG_OF_PERICENTER,3),epoch:new Date(Date.parse(`${e.EPOCH}Z`)).toISOString(),note:`Mean orbital elements of the published element set (perigee and apogee as heights above the equatorial radius, 6378.137 km). Regimes: LEO apogee below 2000 km, GEO about one revolution a day, HEO eccentricity of 0.25 or more, MEO otherwise.`}}function Xn(e){if(e.kind===`sun`)return Mn.sun;if(e.kind===`planet`)return e.id===`earth`?Mn.earth:e.planet.gmKm3S2;if(e.kind===`moon`&&e.moon.id===`moon`)return Mn.moon}function Zn(e,n){if(e.kind===`sun`){let e=Math.cos(be),t=Math.sin(be);return{rotate:([n,r,i])=>[n,e*r+t*i,-t*r+e*i],plane:`ecliptic (J2000)`}}if(e.kind===`planet`&&e.id===`earth`)return{rotate:e=>Kn(e,n),plane:`Earth equator of date`};let r=e.kind===`planet`?e.planet.body:e.kind===`moon`&&e.moon.id===`moon`?t.Body.Moon:void 0;if(r!==void 0)try{let t=ce(me(r,n));return{rotate:e=>se(t,e),plane:`equator of ${e.kind===`planet`?e.planet.name.en:`the Moon`} (IAU)`}}catch{}return{rotate:e=>e,plane:`Earth equator J2000 (ICRF)`}}function Qn(e,t,n,r,i){let a=Xn(e);if(a===void 0)return;let{rotate:o,plane:s}=Zn(e,r),c=In({posKm:o(t),velKmS:o(n)},a),l=i??0;return{centre:e.id,kind:`osculating`,...c.periodS===void 0?{}:{semiMajorAxisKm:B(c.semiMajorAxisKm,1)},eccentricity:B(c.eccentricity,6),inclinationDeg:B(c.inclinationRad*C,3),plane:s,...c.periodS===void 0?{}:{periodMin:B(c.periodS/60,2)},periapsisAltitudeKm:B(c.periapsisRadiusKm-l,1),...c.apoapsisRadiusKm===void 0?{}:{apoapsisAltitudeKm:B(c.apoapsisRadiusKm-l,1)},note:`Two-body elements of the instantaneous state around ${e.id} (osculating): an orbit perturbed by other bodies or by the centre's shape drifts away from them over time${c.periodS===void 0?`; the trajectory is unbound (hyperbolic)`:``}. Altitudes above the centre's mean radius${l?``:` (unknown radius: distances from its centre)`}.`}}var $n=new Map,er=9e5;function tr(e){let t=$n.get(e);t||(t=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(`en-CA`,{timeZone:e,year:`numeric`,month:`2-digit`,day:`2-digit`,hour:`2-digit`,minute:`2-digit`,second:`2-digit`,hourCycle:`h23`}),$n.set(e,t));let n=t,r=new Map,i=e=>{let t=Math.floor(e/er),i=r.get(t);if(i===void 0){let e=t*er,a=Object.fromEntries(n.formatToParts(new Date(e)).map(e=>[e.type,Number(e.value)]));i=Date.UTC(a.year??0,(a.month??1)-1,a.day,a.hour,a.minute,a.second)-e,r.set(t,i)}return i},a=e=>String(e).padStart(2,`0`);return e=>{let t=new Date(e+i(e));return`${t.getUTCFullYear()}-${a(t.getUTCMonth()+1)}-${a(t.getUTCDate())} ${a(t.getUTCHours())}:${a(t.getUTCMinutes())}:${a(t.getUTCSeconds())}`}}function nr(e,t){let n=Math.cos(e);return[n*Math.cos(t),n*Math.sin(t),Math.sin(e)]}var rr=365.25,ir=h/y;function ar(e,t){let n=(e%(2*Math.PI)+3*Math.PI)%(2*Math.PI)-Math.PI,r=t<.8?n:Math.PI*Math.sign(n||1);for(let e=0;e<30;e++){let e=(r-t*Math.sin(r)-n)/(1-t*Math.cos(r));if(r-=e,Math.abs(e)<1e-13)break}return r}function or(e){switch(e.referencePlane){case`icrf`:return{x:0,y:0,z:0,w:1};case`ecliptic`:return j([1,0,0],be);case`laplace`:case`equator`:if(e.laplacePoleRaDeg===void 0||e.laplacePoleDecDeg===void 0)throw Error(`${e.referencePlane} plane needs its pole`);return he(e.laplacePoleRaDeg*S,e.laplacePoleDecDeg*S,0)}}function sr(e,t){let n=t-e.epochJdTdb,r=e=>e?2*Math.PI/(e*rr):0,i=e.nDegPerDay*S,a=r(e.apsidalPeriodYears),o=(e.iDeg>90?1:-1)*r(e.nodalPeriodYears),s=e.nodeDeg*S+o*n,c=e.wDeg*S+(a-o)*n,l=e.MDeg*S+(i-a)*n,u=e.nDegPerDay*S,d=e.iDeg*S,f=ar(l,e.e),p=e.aKm*Math.sqrt(1-e.e*e.e),m=u/y,h=1-e.e*Math.cos(f),g=[e.aKm*(Math.cos(f)-e.e),p*Math.sin(f),0],_=[-e.aKm*m*Math.sin(f)/h,p*m*Math.cos(f)/h,0],v=oe(or(e),oe(j([0,0,1],s),oe(j([1,0,0],d),j([0,0,1],c))));return{posKm:se(v,g),velKmS:se(v,_)}}var cr=[`io`,`europa`,`ganymede`,`callisto`];function lr(e){return{posKm:[e.x*h,e.y*h,e.z*h],velKmS:[e.vx*ir,e.vy*ir,e.vz*ir]}}function ur(e,n,r,i={}){if(e.model===`mean-elements`)return e.elements?sr(e.elements,r):void 0;if(e.id===`moon`)return lr(t.GeoMoonState(n));let a=cr.find(t=>t===e.id);if(a)return(i.jupiterDateMs!==n.getTime()||!i.jupiter)&&(i.jupiter=t.JupiterMoons(n),i.jupiterDateMs=n.getTime()),lr(i.jupiter[a])}function dr(e,t,n,r,i=1.35){let a=Math.min(Math.max(n,e),t),o=(e,t)=>{if(e<=0)return[];let n=[],o=(i**+r-1)/(i-1),s=0;for(let c=0;c<r;c++)s+=i**+c/o,n.push(a+t*e*Math.min(s,1));return n},s=o(a-e,-1).reverse(),c=o(t-a,1);return[...s,a,...c]}function fr(e,t,n,r,i=24){if(!(t>e)||r<1)return[e];let a=(t-e)/r,o=Math.min(Math.max(n,e),t),s=Math.max(e,o-a),c=Math.min(t,o+a),l=[];for(let t=0;t<=r;t++){let n=e+t*a;n<s&&l.push(n)}l.push(...dr(s,c,o,i));for(let t=0;t<=r;t++){let n=e+t*a;n>c&&l.push(n)}return l}var pr=class{table;options;constructor(e,t){this.table=e,this.options=t}sample(e){let t=this.table;if(!t)return{kind:`none`,state:void 0,beyondS:0};let n=t.interpolate(e);if(n)return{kind:`interpolated`,state:n,beyondS:0};let r=e>t.endTdbJd?t.rows-1:0,i=(e-t.time(r))*y,a=Math.abs(i);return a>this.options.maxExtrapolationDays*86400?{kind:`hidden`,state:void 0,beyondS:a}:{kind:`extrapolated`,state:Fn(t.state(r),i,this.options.muKm3S2),beyondS:a}}periodS(e){let t=this.sample(e).state??this.lastState();return t?In(t,this.options.muKm3S2).periodS:void 0}lastState(){return this.table?this.table.state(this.table.rows-1):void 0}trajectory(e,t,n){let r=this.table;if(!r)return new Float64Array;let i=e,a=this.sample(e).kind===`hidden`;a&&(i=e>r.endTdbJd?r.endTdbJd-t/2/y:r.startTdbJd);let o=t/2/y,s=a?Array.from({length:n+1},(e,t)=>i-o+2*o*t/n):fr(i-o,i+o,i,n),c=[];for(let e of s){let t=this.sample(e).state;t&&c.push(t.posKm[0],t.posKm[1],t.posKm[2])}return Float64Array.from(c)}},mr=14,hr=9460730472580.8,gr=864e5;function K(e,t,n,r,i={}){return{model:e,method:t,state:n,sources:r,...i,accuracy:It[e]}}function _r(e){return new Date((e-g)*gr+Date.UTC(2e3,0,1,12)-69184).toISOString()}function vr(e){let t=h/y;return{posKm:[e.x*h,e.y*h,e.z*h],velKmS:[e.vx*t,e.vy*t,e.vz*t]}}function q(e,t){return{posKm:D(e.posKm,t.posKm),velKmS:D(e.velKmS,t.velKmS)}}var yr={posKm:[0,0,0],velKmS:[0,0,0]};function br(e,t){let n=xe.find(t=>t.id===e);if(!n)throw Error(`No planet ${e}`);return Se(n.body,t)}function xr(e){return q(br(`earth`,e),vr(t.GeoMoonState(e)))}function Sr(e,n){let r=t.Rotation_EQD_EQJ(t.MakeTime(n)),i=t.RotateVector(r,new t.Vector(e[0],e[1],e[2],t.MakeTime(n)));return[i.x,i.y,i.z]}var Cr=new WeakMap;function wr(e){return Cr.has(e)||Cr.set(e,Rn(e)),Cr.get(e)}async function Tr(e,t,n){let{entry:r,omm:i}=await n.satelliteElements(e);if(!i)return{provenance:K(`sgp4-gp`,`Not among the active satellites published by CelesTrak.`,`none`,[At],{dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt})};let a=i.SOURCE!==void 0,o=Date.parse(`${i.EPOCH}Z`),s=(t.getTime()-o)/gr,c=wr(i);return{omm:i,...c?{satrec:c}:{},provenance:K(a?`sgp4-supgp`:`sgp4-gp`,a?`SGP4 from CelesTrak's fit to the operator's ephemerides (${i.SOURCE}).`:`SGP4 from CelesTrak general perturbations elements (US Space Force tracking).`,c?Math.abs(s)>mr?`stale`:`fresh`:`none`,a?[jt,At]:[At],{dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt,elementEpoch:new Date(o).toISOString(),elementAgeDays:s})}}async function Er(e,n,r){let i=ue(n);switch(e.kind){case`sun`:return{state:yr,provenance:K(`origin`,`The Sun’s centre (heliocentric frame).`,`fresh`,[])};case`planet`:return{state:Se(e.planet.body,n),provenance:K(`vsop87`,e.planet.id===`pluto`?`astronomy-engine: numerical integration under the giant planets’ attraction.`:`astronomy-engine: VSOP87 planetary theory.`,`fresh`,[Nt])};case`moon`:{let t=e.moon;if(t.id===`moon`)return{state:xr(n),provenance:K(`astronomy-engine-moon`,`astronomy-engine lunar theory.`,`fresh`,[Nt])};let a=br(t.planet,n),o=(await r.manifest()).moons[t.id];if(o){let e=(await r.table(o)).interpolate(i);if(e)return{state:q(a,e),provenance:K(`moon-horizons`,`JPL Horizons vectors relative to ${t.planet}, interpolated (step ${o.stepMin} min).`,`interpolated`,[Mt],{dataFetchedAt:o.fetchedAt,validFrom:_r(o.startTdbJd),validTo:_r(o.endTdbJd)})}}let s=ur(t,n,i);if(!s)return{state:void 0,provenance:K(`moon-mean-elements`,`No model for this moon.`,`none`,[])};let c=t.model===`mean-elements`;return{state:q(a,s),provenance:c?K(`moon-mean-elements`,`JPL mean orbital elements (two-body motion with uniform precession).`,`modelled`,[Pt]):K(`astronomy-engine-moon`,`astronomy-engine analytical theory.`,`fresh`,[Nt])}}case`mission`:{let t=e.mission,a=(await r.manifest()).ephemerides[t.id];if(!a)return{state:void 0,provenance:K(`horizons-interpolated`,t.ephemeris===`horizons`?`JPL Horizons ephemeris not published right now.`:`No public ephemeris: the mission is listed but has no position.`,`none`,t.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))};let o=new pr(await r.table(a),{muKm3S2:Mn[t.centralBody],maxExtrapolationDays:t.lowOrbit?7:14}).sample(i),s=t.centralBody===`sun`?yr:t.centralBody===`moon`?xr(n):br(`mars`,n),c={dataFetchedAt:a.fetchedAt,validFrom:_r(a.startTdbJd),validTo:_r(a.endTdbJd),...o.beyondS>0?{hoursBeyondWindow:o.beyondS/3600}:{}};return o.kind===`interpolated`&&o.state?{state:q(s,o.state),provenance:K(`horizons-interpolated`,`JPL Horizons state vectors (Horizons id ${a.horizonsId}, centre ${a.center}), cubic Hermite interpolation between samples ${a.stepMin} min apart.`,`interpolated`,[Mt],c)}:o.kind===`extrapolated`&&o.state?{state:q(s,o.state),provenance:K(`kepler-extrapolated`,`Two-body extrapolation from the last JPL Horizons state, ${(o.beyondS/3600).toFixed(1)} h beyond the published window.`,`extrapolated`,[Mt],c)}:{state:void 0,provenance:K(`kepler-extrapolated`,`Too far beyond the published ephemeris (${(o.beyondS/y).toFixed(0)} days): no position.`,`hidden`,[Mt],c)}}case`satellite`:{let t=await Tr(e.norad,n,r),i=t.satrec?zn(t.satrec,n):void 0;return!t.omm||!i?{state:void 0,provenance:t.omm?{...t.provenance,state:`none`,method:`SGP4 failed for these elements (decayed or invalid).`}:t.provenance}:{teme:i,omm:t.omm,state:q(br(`earth`,n),{posKm:Sr(i.posKm,n),velKmS:Sr(i.velKmS,n)}),provenance:t.provenance}}case`site`:{let r=e.body===`moon`?t.Body.Moon:t.Body.Mars,i=e.body===`moon`?fe:pe,a=e.body===`moon`?xr(n):br(`mars`,n),o=k(nr(e.site.latDeg*S,e.site.lonDeg*S),i);return{state:{posKm:D(a.posKm,se(me(r,n),o)),velKmS:a.velKmS},provenance:K(`site-coordinates`,`Catalogued planetocentric coordinates (${e.site.latDeg.toFixed(3)}°, ${e.site.lonDeg.toFixed(3)}°) on the IAU rotation model.`,`fresh`,e.site.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))}}case`launch`:{let r=t.MakeTime(n),i=new t.Observer(e.site.latDeg,e.site.lonDeg,0),a=t.ObserverVector(r,i,!1),o=br(`earth`,n);return{state:{posKm:D(o.posKm,[a.x*h,a.y*h,a.z*h]),velKmS:o.velKmS},provenance:K(`site-coordinates`,`Launch site coordinates (${e.site.latDeg.toFixed(3)}°, ${e.site.lonDeg.toFixed(3)}°) on the Earth's rotation.`,`fresh`,e.site.sources.map(e=>({name:new URL(e).hostname,url:e})))}}case`star`:{let t=e.star;return{state:{posKm:k(nr(t.decDeg*S,t.raDeg*S),t.distanceLy*hr),velKmS:[0,0,0]},provenance:K(`star-catalogue`,`ICRS J2000 position (SIMBAD) and literature distance.`,`fresh`,[Ft])}}}}var Dr=299792.458;function Or(e,t){if(!(Math.abs(e)<=90)||!(t>=-180&&t<=360))throw Error(`latitude must be within 90 degrees of the equator and longitude within -180 to 360`)}var kr={model:`vsop87`,method:`astronomy-engine: VSOP87 planets, its lunar theory and IAU constellation boundaries, seen from the place with standard refraction; star positions from the catalogue (SIMBAD, J2000, proper motion ignored).`,state:`fresh`,sources:[Nt,Ft],accuracy:{note:`Positions of the Sun, the Moon and the planets to about an arcminute; rise, set and twilight times to within a minute (refraction near the horizon varies with the weather).`}};function Ar(e){switch(e.kind){case`satellite`:case`launch`:return`earth`;case`site`:return e.body===`moon`?`moon:moon`:`mars`;case`mission`:return e.mission.centralBody===`moon`?`moon:moon`:e.mission.centralBody;case`moon`:return e.moon.id===`moon`?`earth`:e.moon.planet;default:return`sun`}}function jr(e){if(e.kind===`sun`)return ye;if(e.kind===`planet`)return e.planet.radiusKm;if(e.kind===`moon`)return e.moon.id===`moon`?fe:e.moon.radiusKm;if(e.kind===`mission`&&e.mission.objectType===`natural`)return e.mission.radiusKm}function J(e){let t=e===void 0?new Date:typeof e==`string`?new Date(e):e;if(Number.isNaN(t.getTime()))throw Error(`Invalid date: ${String(e)}`);return t}var Mr=class{data;constructor(e){this.data=e}async find(e,t=10){let n=Dt(e);if(n.length<t&&e.trim().length>=2)for(let r of await this.data.searchSatellites(e,t+n.length)){if(n.length>=t)break;n.some(e=>e.id===String(r.norad))||n.push({id:String(r.norad),kind:`satellite`,name:{en:r.name,fr:r.name}})}return n.slice(0,t)}async describe(e,t=`en`){let n=L(e),r=Ot(n),i={id:n.id,kind:n.kind,view:this.viewUrl(n.id,{lang:t}),embed:this.viewUrl(n.id,{lang:t,embed:!0}),...r?{image:{url:`${this.data.baseUrl}images/${r.id}.webp`,large:`${this.data.baseUrl}images/${r.id}-large.webp`,kind:r.kind,credit:r.credit,licence:ke[r.licence].name,licenceUrl:ke[r.licence].url,source:r.sources[0]}}:{}},a=e=>e?.[t];switch(n.kind){case`mission`:{let e=n.mission;return{...i,name:e.name[t],agency:e.agency,country:e.country,launchDate:e.launchDate,centralBody:e.centralBody,status:e.status,orbit:a(e.orbit),goals:a(e.goals),notes:a(e.notes),website:e.website,model3d:e.model3d,horizonsId:e.horizonsId,norad:e.norad,ephemeris:e.ephemeris,verified:e.verified,sources:e.sources}}case`satellite`:{let[{omm:e,entry:r},o]=await Promise.all([this.data.satelliteElements(n.norad),this.data.satcatRecord(n.norad)]),s=n.curated;return{...i,name:s?.name[t]??e?.OBJECT_NAME??o?.OBJECT_NAME,norad:n.norad,cospar:e?.OBJECT_ID??o?.OBJECT_ID,...s?{agency:s.agency,country:s.country}:{},owner:o?.OWNER,launchDate:o?.LAUNCH_DATE??s?.launchDate,launchSite:o?.LAUNCH_SITE,objectType:o?.OBJECT_TYPE,status:s?.status??o?.OPS_STATUS_CODE,purpose:a(s?.purpose),goals:a(s?.goals),notes:a(s?.notes),website:s?.website,model3d:s?.model3d,elementEpoch:e?new Date(Date.parse(`${e.EPOCH}Z`)).toISOString():void 0,elementsSource:e?.SOURCE?`CelesTrak SupGP (${e.SOURCE})`:`CelesTrak GP`,dataFetchedAt:r.fetchedAt,active:e!==void 0,sources:s?.sources??[`https://celestrak.org`]}}case`moon`:return{...i,name:n.moon.name[t],planet:n.moon.planet,radiusKm:n.moon.radiusKm,model:n.moon.model,notes:a(n.moon.notes),sources:n.moon.sources};case`planet`:return{...i,name:n.planet.name[t],radiusKm:n.planet.radiusKm,orbitalPeriodDays:n.planet.periodDays,dwarf:n.planet.dwarf??!1,sources:[`https://github.com/cosinekitty/astronomy`,`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/`]};case`site`:return{...i,name:n.site.name[t],body:n.body,type:n.site.type,date:n.site.date,agency:n.site.agency,country:n.site.country,latDeg:n.site.latDeg,lonDeg:n.site.lonDeg,note:a(n.site.note),sources:n.site.sources};case`launch`:return{...i,name:n.site.name[t],operator:n.site.operator,country:n.site.country,latDeg:n.site.latDeg,lonDeg:n.site.lonDeg,firstOrbitalLaunch:n.site.firstOrbitalLaunch,active:n.site.active,satcatCodes:n.site.satcatCodes,sources:n.site.sources};case`star`:return{...i,name:n.star.name[t],designation:n.star.designation,constellation:n.star.constellation[t],spectralType:n.star.spectralType,magnitude:n.star.magnitude,distanceLy:n.star.distanceLy,raDeg:n.star.raDeg,decDeg:n.star.decDeg,notes:a(n.star.notes),sources:n.star.sources};case`sun`:return{...i,name:t===`fr`?`Soleil`:`Sun`,radiusKm:ye,sources:[`https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html`]}}}async state(e,t,n){let r=J(t),i=L(e),a=L(n??Ar(i)),[o,s]=await Promise.all([Er(i,r,this.data),Er(a,r,this.data)]),c=a.kind===`sun`||a.id===L(Ar(i)).id?[o.provenance]:[o.provenance,s.provenance],l={id:i.id,date:r.toISOString(),centre:a.id,provenance:c,disclaimer:R};if(!o.state||!s.state)return l;let u=O(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm),d=O(o.state.velKmS,s.state.velKmS),f=A(u),p=jr(a),m=qn(a.id,u,r,a.id===`earth`?o.teme?.posKm:void 0),g=p!==void 0&&a.kind!==`sun`?Jn(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm,p):void 0;return{...l,positionKm:u,velocityKmS:d,distanceKm:f,distanceAu:f/h,...p===void 0?{}:{altitudeKm:f-p},speedKmS:A(d),lightTimeS:f/Dr,...m?{groundPoint:m}:{},...g===void 0?{}:{sunlitFraction:B(g,3)}}}async orbit(e,t,n){let r=J(t),i=L(e);if(i.kind===`satellite`&&(n===void 0||L(n).id===`earth`)){let e=await Er(i,r,this.data);if(!e.omm)throw Error(`No published elements for ${i.id}: ${e.provenance.method}`);return{id:i.id,date:r.toISOString(),...Yn(e.omm),provenance:[e.provenance],disclaimer:R}}let a=await this.state(e,r,n),o=L(a.centre);if(!a.positionKm||!a.velocityKmS)throw Error(`No position for ${i.id} at ${a.date} (${a.provenance[0]?.state??`unknown`}).`);let s=Qn(o,a.positionKm,a.velocityKmS,r,jr(o));if(!s)throw Error(`Orbits are given around the Sun, the planets and the Moon, not around ${o.id}.`);return{id:i.id,date:a.date,...s,provenance:a.provenance,disclaimer:R}}async passes(e,t,n=10){let r=L(e);if(r.kind!==`satellite`)throw Error(`Passes are computed for Earth satellites (a NORAD number).`);let{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a}=t;Or(i,a);let o=t.days??3;if(!(o>0&&o<=n))throw Error(`days must be between 0 and ${n}`);let s=t.minElevationDeg??10;if(!(s>=0&&s<90))throw Error(`min_elevation must be between 0 and 90`);let c=t.timeZone,l=c?tr(c):void 0,u=J(t.start),d=u.getTime()+o*864e5,f=await Tr(r.norad,u,this.data),p=f.satrec;if(!f.omm||!p)throw Error(`No usable elements for ${r.id}: ${f.provenance.method}`);let m=Wn({satrec:p,observer:{latRad:Jt(i),lonRad:Jt(a),heightKm:(t.heightM??0)/1e3},startMs:u.getTime(),endMs:d,minElevationRad:Jt(s),limit:60}),h=e=>({time:new Date(e.timeMs).toISOString(),...l?{local:l(e.timeMs)}:{},elevationDeg:V(e.elevationRad,1),azimuthDeg:V(e.azimuthRad,1),direction:qt(e.azimuthRad),rangeKm:Math.round(e.rangeKm)}),g=Date.parse(`${f.omm.EPOCH}Z`);return{id:r.id,name:r.curated?.name??{en:f.omm.OBJECT_NAME,fr:f.omm.OBJECT_NAME},observer:{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a,heightM:t.heightM??0},from:u.toISOString(),to:new Date(d).toISOString(),...c?{timeZone:c}:{},minElevationDeg:s,...m.alwaysAbove&&m.atStart?{alwaysAboveHorizon:{elevationDeg:V(m.atStart.elevationRad,1),azimuthDeg:V(m.atStart.azimuthRad,1),direction:qt(m.atStart.azimuthRad)}}:{},count:m.passes.length,passes:m.passes.map(e=>({rise:h(e.rise),culmination:h(e.culmination),set:h(e.set),durationS:Math.round((e.set.timeMs-e.rise.timeMs)/1e3),...e.inProgress?{inProgressAtStart:!0}:{},...e.unfinished?{endsAfterWindow:!0}:{},visibleToNakedEye:e.visible!==void 0,...e.visible?{visible:{from:new Date(e.visible.fromMs).toISOString(),to:new Date(e.visible.toMs).toISOString(),...l?{localFrom:l(e.visible.fromMs),localTo:l(e.visible.toMs)}:{},maxElevationDeg:V(e.visible.maxElevationRad,1)}}:{},sunElevationDeg:V(e.sunElevationRad,1),sunlitShare:B(e.sunlitShare,2)})),elementAgeDaysAtEnd:B((d-g)/864e5,2),accuracy:`Times to within seconds for elements a few days old (low orbits drift by roughly a second per day of element age, more during strong solar activity); azimuth and elevation to a fraction of a degree. Refraction is ignored (it lifts objects by about 0.5 degrees at the horizon). Visible to the naked eye: the satellite is sunlit while the Sun is more than 6 degrees below the observer's horizon, above the minimum elevation; brightness is not estimated.`,provenance:[f.provenance],disclaimer:R}}async distance(e,t,n){let r=J(n),[i,a]=[L(e),L(t)],[o,s]=await Promise.all([Er(i,r,this.data),Er(a,r,this.data)]),c={from:i.id,to:a.id,date:r.toISOString(),provenance:[o.provenance,s.provenance],disclaimer:R};if(!o.state||!s.state)return c;let l=A(O(o.state.posKm,s.state.posKm));return{...c,distanceKm:l,distanceAu:l/h,lightTimeS:l/Dr}}async series(e,t,n,r,i=50){let a=J(n).getTime(),o=J(r).getTime(),s=Math.max(1,Math.min(1e3,Math.round(i))),c=[],l=[];for(let n=0;n<=s;n++){let r=await this.distance(e,t,new Date(a+(o-a)*n/s));(n===0||n===s)&&(l=[...l,...r.provenance]),c.push({date:r.date,...r.distanceKm===void 0?{}:{distanceKm:r.distanceKm}})}let u=c.filter(e=>e.distanceKm!==void 0),d=e=>u.reduce((t,n)=>!t||e(n.distanceKm,t.distanceKm)?n:t,void 0),f=d((e,t)=>e<t),p=d((e,t)=>e>t);return{from:L(e).id,to:L(t).id,points:c,...f?{closest:f}:{},...p?{farthest:p}:{},provenance:l,disclaimer:R}}sky(e){Or(e.latDeg,e.lonDeg);let t=e.timeZone;return{...cn({latDeg:e.latDeg,lonDeg:e.lonDeg,...e.heightM===void 0?{}:{heightM:e.heightM},date:J(e.date),lang:e.lang??`en`,...t?{local:tr(t)}:{}}),...t?{timeZone:t}:{},provenance:[kr],disclaimer:R}}events(e={},t=366){let n=J(e.start),r=e.days??30;if(!(r>0&&r<=t))throw Error(`days must be between 0 and ${t}`);let i=new Date(n.getTime()+r*864e5),a=e.place;a&&Or(a.latDeg,a.lonDeg);let o=a?.timeZone,s=tn({start:n,end:i,lang:e.lang??`en`,...e.kinds?{kinds:e.kinds}:{},...a?{observer:{latDeg:a.latDeg,lonDeg:a.lonDeg,...a.heightM===void 0?{}:{heightM:a.heightM}}}:{},...o?{local:tr(o)}:{}});return{from:n.toISOString(),to:i.toISOString(),...a?{place:{latDeg:a.latDeg,lonDeg:a.lonDeg}}:{},...o?{timeZone:o}:{},count:s.length,events:s,notes:`Times in UTC (and local time when a zone is given); astronomical events from astronomy-engine to within a minute. Supermoon: full Moon nearer than 360,000 km; micromoon: farther than 405,000 km. Mission events come from the curated catalogue (verified date given); a partial date ("2026-11") is placed at the start of its overlap with the period.`,provenance:[kr],disclaimer:R}}async stats(e={}){let t=await this.data.stats();if(!t)throw Error(`The satellite statistics are not published yet.`);let{stats:n,entry:r}=t,i=e.lang??`en`,a=e.limit??25,o=e=>e.normalize(`NFD`).replace(/\p{Diacritic}/gu,``).toLowerCase(),s=(e,t)=>{let n=t?o(t):void 0,r=n?e.filter(e=>o(e.id)===n||o(e.name.en).includes(n)||o(e.name.fr).includes(n)):e.slice(0,a);return{count:e.length,...n?{}:{shown:r.length},rows:r.map(e=>({id:e.id,name:e.name[i],...e.country?{country:e.country}:{},total:e.total,regimes:e.regimes}))}};return{asOf:n.asOf,total:n.total,regimes:n.regimes,objectTypes:n.objectTypes,owners:s(n.owners,e.owner),operators:{...s(n.operators,e.operator),withoutOperator:n.withoutOperator},groups:s(n.groups,e.group),launchYears:n.launchYears,launchedLast30Days:n.launchedLast30Days,launchedLast365Days:n.launchedLast365Days,leoPerigeeBandsKm:n.leoPerigeeBands,staleElements:n.staleElements,supplementalElements:n.supplementalElements,notes:`Active satellites as CelesTrak lists them (its "active" group: operational payloads, no debris or rocket bodies). Regimes: LEO apogee below 2000 km, GEO about one revolution a day, HEO eccentricity of 0.25 or more, MEO otherwise. Object types (SATCAT): PAY payload, R/B rocket body, DEB debris, UNK unknown. Owner codes: SATCAT (US, PRC for China, CIS for Russia, ESA…).`,provenance:[{model:`catalogue-counts`,method:`Counted by Perigee’s pipeline from the published CelesTrak elements, SATCAT and group lists.`,state:`fresh`,sources:[At],dataFetchedAt:r.gpFetchedAt??n.asOf,accuracy:It[`catalogue-counts`]}],disclaimer:R}}define(e,t=`en`){let n=t===`fr`?Te:we,r=e=>e.normalize(`NFD`).replace(/\p{Diacritic}/gu,``).toLowerCase(),i=Object.keys(De).map(e=>{let i=Object.entries(Oe).filter(([,t])=>t===e).map(([e])=>e);return{term:e,labels:[...new Set(i.map(e=>n[e]))],all:[e,...i.flatMap(e=>[we[e],Te[e]])].map(r),definition:De[e][t]}}),a=e?r(e.trim()):``;return i.filter(e=>!a||e.all.some(e=>e.includes(a))).map(({all:e,...t})=>t)}describeView(e,t=`en`,n){return n&&new Intl.DateTimeFormat(`en`,{timeZone:n}),kn(this,e,t,n).then(e=>({...e,disclaimer:R}))}viewUrl(e,t={}){let{view:n,sel:r}=kt(L(e)),i=new URLSearchParams;return n!==`earth`&&i.set(`view`,n),i.set(`sel`,r),t.lang&&i.set(`lang`,t.lang),t.date&&i.set(`t`,t.date.toISOString().replace(/\.\d{3}Z$/,`Z`)),t.rate!==void 0&&t.rate!==1&&i.set(`rate`,String(t.rate)),t.follow&&i.set(`follow`,`1`),t.embed&&i.set(`embed`,`1`),`${this.data.baseUrl}?${i.toString()}`}async about(){let e=await this.data.manifest().catch(()=>void 0);return{site:this.data.baseUrl,dataGeneratedAt:e?.generatedAt,datasets:e?Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(e.datasets).map(([e,t])=>[e,{fetchedAt:t.fetchedAt,source:t.source}])):void 0,models:It,catalogues:{missions:I.missions.length,scienceSatellites:I.science.length,landingSites:I.moonSites.length+I.marsSites.length,launchSites:I.launchSites.length},frame:`Positions are in the ICRF/J2000 equatorial frame (EQJ), in km; centres as named in each answer.`,attribution:`CelesTrak (T.S. Kelso) / 18th & 19th SDS via Space-Track, NASA/JPL-Caltech Horizons, astronomy-engine (MIT), satellite.js (MIT); curated catalogues in https://github.com/dlamarre-dev/Perigee/tree/master/catalog`,disclaimer:R}}};function Nr(e={}){return new Mr(new wt(e))}function Pr(){let e=process.env.XDG_CACHE_HOME??(process.platform===`win32`?process.env.LOCALAPPDATA??f(d(),`AppData`,`Local`):process.platform===`darwin`?f(d(),`Library`,`Caches`):f(d(),`.cache`));return f(e,`perigee-mcp`)}var Fr=e=>e.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9.@-]/g,`_`),Ir=class{dir;constructor(e){this.dir=e}async get(e){try{let t=await o(f(this.dir,Fr(e)));return t.buffer.slice(t.byteOffset,t.byteOffset+t.byteLength)}catch{return}}async set(e,t){let n=Fr(e),r=n.slice(0,n.lastIndexOf(`@`)+1);try{await a(this.dir,{recursive:!0});for(let e of await s(this.dir))(r&&e.startsWith(r)&&e!==n||e.endsWith(`.tmp`))&&await l(f(this.dir,e),{force:!0});let e=f(this.dir,`${n}.${process.pid}.${Date.now()}.tmp`);await u(e,new Uint8Array(t)),await c(e,f(this.dir,n))}catch{}}async delete(e){await l(f(this.dir,Fr(e)),{force:!0}).catch(()=>void 0)}},Lr=`perigee`,Rr=`Perigee (https://perigee.info/) shows in 3D, in real time, the artificial objects orbiting the Earth, the Moon and Mars and the spacecraft crossing the solar system, for education.
 Use perigee_find to get an object's id (NORAD number, mission id, planet, "moon:<id>", "site:<id>", "launch:<id>", "star:<id>"), then perigee_object for facts (goals, status, sources, an image with its credit), perigee_state (with the ground point below) / perigee_orbit / perigee_distance / perigee_distance_series for computed values, perigee_passes for when a satellite can be seen from a place, perigee_sky for what is in the sky from a place, perigee_events for Moon phases, eclipses, oppositions and mission milestones, perigee_stats for counts of active satellites, perigee_view for a link or an embeddable live 3D view (perigee_describe_view puts one into words, e.g. for alternative text), perigee_define for student-level definitions.
-Always tell the student how reliable a number is: quote the provenance (model, data state, data age, typical accuracy) and the sources. Positions are for education, not navigation.`,Y=n.enum([`en`,`fr`]).optional().describe(`Language of names and texts (default en).`),X=n.string().optional().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC instant, e.g. 2026-12-01T00:00:00Z (default: now).`),Z=n.string().min(1).max(100);function Q(e){return{content:[{type:`text`,text:JSON.stringify(e,null,1)}],structuredContent:e}}function Rr(e){return{content:[{type:`text`,text:e instanceof Error?e.message:String(e)}],isError:!0}}var $=e=>async t=>{try{return await e(t)}catch(e){return Rr(e)}};function zr(e){let t=``;for(let n=0;n<e.length;n+=32768)t+=String.fromCharCode(...e.subarray(n,n+32768));return btoa(t)}function Br(e,t){let r=new p({name:Ir,version:t.version},{instructions:Lr}),i=new Map,a=r.registerTool.bind(r);r.registerTool=((e,t,n)=>{let r=a(e,t,n);return i.set(e,r),r});let o={readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!0},s=t.maxSeriesSteps??1e3,c=t.maxPassDays??10,l=t.maxEventDays??366,u=n.number().min(-90).max(90).describe(`Observer latitude, degrees (north positive).`),d=n.number().min(-180).max(360).describe(`Observer longitude, degrees (east positive).`),f=n.number().min(-500).max(9e3).optional().describe(`Observer height above sea level, m.`),m=n.string().max(64).optional().describe(`IANA time zone for local times, e.g. "Europe/Paris".`);r.registerTool(`perigee_find`,{title:`Find an object`,description:`Looks up objects by name or identifier (English or French, accents optional): planets, moons, missions beyond Earth orbit, featured science satellites, any active Earth satellite (by name, NORAD or COSPAR id), landing and launch sites, named stars. Returns ids for the other tools.`,inputSchema:{query:n.string().min(1).max(100),limit:n.number().int().min(1).max(50).optional()},annotations:o},$(async({query:t,limit:n})=>Q({results:await e.find(t,n??10)}))),r.registerTool(`perigee_object`,{title:`Object facts`,description:`Facts about an object: name, agency, country, launch date, status, mission goals and notes, identifiers (NORAD, COSPAR, Horizons), official website, sources and verification date, a catalogue image with credit and licence, and links to its view in Perigee. include_image also returns the image itself.`,inputSchema:{id:Z,lang:Y,include_image:n.boolean().optional()},annotations:o},$(async({id:n,lang:r,include_image:i})=>{let a=await e.describe(n,r??`en`),o=Q(a),s=a.image;if(i&&s?.url&&t.fetchImage){let e=await t.fetchImage(s.url);o.content.push({type:`image`,data:zr(e),mimeType:`image/webp`})}return o})),r.registerTool(`perigee_state`,{title:`Position and velocity`,description:`Position (km, ICRF/J2000 equatorial axes) and velocity (km/s) of an object at a date, relative to a centre (default: the body it orbits or stands on), with distance, altitude above the centre, speed, light time, whether it is in sunlight, and provenance. Around the Earth, the Moon or Mars it also gives the ground point below it (latitude, longitude; on the Earth the country or sea, e.g. "over Brazil", "over the Indian Ocean").`,inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,centre:n.string().optional().describe(`Reference object id, e.g. "earth", "sun", "moon:moon", "mars".`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,date:n,centre:r})=>Q(await e.state(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_orbit`,{title:`Orbit`,description:`Orbit of an object: perigee and apogee altitudes (periapsis/apoapsis), period, inclination, eccentricity, semi-major axis. Earth satellites: the mean elements of their published element set, with the orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO); other objects: instantaneous two-body elements around their centre at a date (default: the body they orbit; inclination on its equator, on the ecliptic around the Sun).`,inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,centre:n.string().optional().describe(`Body the orbit is around, e.g. "sun" for a planet or a probe.`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,date:n,centre:r})=>Q(await e.orbit(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_passes`,{title:`Satellite passes over a place`,description:`When an Earth satellite (ISS = 25544, Tiangong = 48274, Hubble = 20580, or any NORAD number) passes over a place: rise, highest point and set times with direction (azimuth, compass point) and elevation, and whether it can be seen with the naked eye (sunlit satellite, dark sky) and when. Give the place's latitude and longitude (degrees, east positive) and, for local times, its IANA time zone. Up to ${c} days ahead.`,inputSchema:{id:Z,latitude:n.number().min(-90).max(90).describe(`Observer latitude, degrees (north positive).`),longitude:n.number().min(-180).max(360).describe(`Observer longitude, degrees (east positive).`),height_m:n.number().min(-500).max(9e3).optional().describe(`Observer height above sea level, m.`),start:X,days:n.number().min(.05).max(c).optional().describe(`Search length in days (default 3).`),min_elevation:n.number().min(0).max(80).optional().describe(`Lowest culmination kept and lowest elevation counted as visible, degrees (default 10).`),time_zone:n.string().max(64).optional().describe(`IANA time zone for local times, e.g. "America/Toronto".`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,latitude:n,longitude:r,height_m:i,start:a,days:o,min_elevation:s,time_zone:l})=>Q(await e.passes(t,{latDeg:n,lonDeg:r,...i===void 0?{}:{heightM:i},...a?{start:a}:{},...o===void 0?{}:{days:o},...s===void 0?{}:{minElevationDeg:s},...l?{timeZone:l}:{}},c)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_sky`,{title:`The sky from a place`,description:`What is in the sky from a place at a date (default: now): day, twilight or night; the Sun with its next rise, set and twilights; the Moon with its phase, illuminated share, rise and set; each planet with its altitude, direction, brightness (magnitude), constellation and whether it can be seen with the naked eye; and the bright named stars above the horizon. For "what can I see tonight", give the evening time.`,inputSchema:{latitude:u,longitude:d,height_m:f,date:X,time_zone:m,lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({latitude:t,longitude:n,height_m:r,date:i,time_zone:a,lang:o})=>Q(e.sky({latDeg:t,lonDeg:n,...r===void 0?{}:{heightM:r},...i?{date:i}:{},...a?{timeZone:a}:{},lang:o??`en`})))),r.registerTool(`perigee_events`,{title:`Astronomical and mission events`,description:`Events over a period (default: the next 30 days, at most ${l}): Moon phases (super and micro full Moons), lunar perigee and apogee, lunar and solar eclipses (with a place: how they look from there), equinoxes and solstices, the Earth's perihelion and aphelion, planet oppositions, conjunctions and greatest elongations, and the next key events of the missions (flybys, arrivals, launches) from Perigee's catalogue.`,inputSchema:{start:X,days:n.number().min(1).max(l).optional().describe(`Length of the period in days (default 30).`),kinds:n.array(n.enum([`moon`,`eclipse`,`season`,`planet`,`mission`])).optional().describe(`Kinds of events to include (default: all).`),latitude:u.optional(),longitude:d.optional(),time_zone:m,lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({start:t,days:n,kinds:r,latitude:i,longitude:a,time_zone:o,lang:s})=>{if(i===void 0!=(a===void 0))throw Error(`Give both latitude and longitude, or neither.`);return Q(e.events({...t?{start:t}:{},...n===void 0?{}:{days:n},...r?{kinds:r}:{},lang:s??`en`,...i!==void 0&&a!==void 0?{place:{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a,...o?{timeZone:o}:{}}}:{}},l))})),r.registerTool(`perigee_stats`,{title:`Satellite statistics`,description:`Counts of the active satellites: total, by owner (country or organisation, e.g. US, PRC, CIS, ESA), by operator (SpaceX, OneWeb, Amazon Kuiper…), by CelesTrak group (constellations, navigation, weather…), by orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO), object type, launch year, recent launches and low-orbit altitude bands. owner, operator or group narrow a list to matching entries (code or name).`,inputSchema:{owner:n.string().max(60).optional(),operator:n.string().max(60).optional(),group:n.string().max(60).optional(),limit:n.number().int().min(1).max(200).optional().describe(`Largest entries listed per category (default 25).`),lang:Y},annotations:o},$(async({owner:t,operator:n,group:r,limit:i,lang:a})=>Q(await e.stats({lang:a??`en`,...t?{owner:t}:{},...n?{operator:n}:{},...r?{group:r}:{},...i===void 0?{}:{limit:i}})))),r.registerTool(`perigee_distance`,{title:`Distance between two objects`,description:`Centre-to-centre distance between two objects at a date (km and astronomical units) and the light travel time, with the provenance of both positions. Example: from "earth" to "mars".`,inputSchema:{from:Z,to:Z,date:X},annotations:o},$(async({from:t,to:n,date:r})=>Q(await e.distance(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_distance_series`,{title:`Distance over a period`,description:`Distances between two objects sampled evenly over a period (for a table or a chart), with the closest and farthest samples. The step limits their precision: use more steps for a precise closest approach.`,inputSchema:{from:Z,to:Z,start:n.string().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC start.`),end:n.string().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC end.`),steps:n.number().int().min(1).max(s).optional().describe(`Number of intervals (default 50, at most ${s}).`)},annotations:o},$(async({from:t,to:n,start:r,end:i,steps:a})=>Q(await e.series(t,n,r,i,Math.min(a??50,s))))),r.registerTool(`perigee_view`,{title:`Link or embed a 3D view`,description:"Link to Perigee showing an object (optionally at a date, paused or accelerated, followed), and an iframe snippet for a lesson page: the live 3D view without bars or panels. The embedding page can then drive the view and take PNG snapshots with postMessage (protocol perigee:v1, documented in `embedApi`).",inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,lang:Y,rate:n.number().min(-1e5).max(1e5).optional().describe(`Time multiplier: 1 real time, 0 paused.`),follow:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Follow the object (default true).`),panel:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Keep the information panel in the embed.`),time_bar:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Keep the time bar in the embed.`)},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({id:t,date:n,lang:r,rate:i,follow:a,panel:o,time_bar:s})=>{let c=n?new Date(n):void 0;if(c&&Number.isNaN(c.getTime()))throw Error(`Invalid date: ${n}`);let l={...c?{date:c}:{},...r?{lang:r}:{},...i===void 0?{}:{rate:i},follow:a??!0},u=new URL(e.viewUrl(t,{...l,embed:!0})),d=[o&&`panel`,s&&`time`].filter(Boolean).join(`,`);return d&&u.searchParams.set(`ui`,d),Q({url:e.viewUrl(t,l),embedUrl:u.href,iframe:`<iframe src="${u.href.replaceAll(`&`,`&amp;`)}" width="800" height="500" style="border:0" allow="fullscreen" title="Perigee"></iframe>`,embedApi:{protocol:`perigee:v1`,snapshot:`iframe.contentWindow.postMessage({ type: 'perigee:v1', id: 1, method: 'snapshot', params: { kind: 'shown' } }, '*'); the reply { type: 'perigee:v1', id: 1, ok: true, result: { dataUrl } } carries a PNG.`,methods:[`get`,`set`,`snapshot`,`ping`],events:[`ready`,`view`,`selection`,`time`],documentation:new URL(`api/interface.json`,e.data.baseUrl).href},note:`Pictures of the 3D view are taken by the browser showing the embed (snapshot); the server cannot render them.`})})),r.registerTool(`perigee_describe_view`,{title:`Describe a view`,description:`Turns a Perigee link or embed URL (from perigee_view or a shared link) into words: a one-sentence alternative text for the image or iframe, and a description for lesson notes (which view, the selected object, where it is and how reliable its position is, the date and speed of time, the frame, the filters and what is hidden). The camera framing is not in the link.`,inputSchema:{url:n.string().min(1).max(2e3).describe(`A Perigee URL, e.g. https://perigee.info/?view=solar&sel=mars`),lang:Y,time_zone:m},annotations:o},$(async({url:t,lang:n,time_zone:r})=>Q(await e.describeView(t,n??`en`,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_define`,{title:`Define a term`,description:`Student-level definitions (secondary school) of the terms shown in Perigee: NORAD number, COSPAR id, apogee and perigee, inclination, orbital period, element epoch, ephemeris window, phase… Without a term, lists them all.`,inputSchema:{term:n.string().max(60).optional(),lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({term:t,lang:n})=>Q({definitions:e.define(t,n??`en`)}))),r.registerTool(`perigee_about`,{title:`Sources, models and accuracy`,description:`What every answer rests on: data sources and when they were fetched, the models and their typical accuracy, catalogue sizes, frame, attribution and the educational-use disclaimer.`,annotations:o},$(async()=>Q(await e.about())));let h=`Temporarily unavailable on this server (protection against overload). The same tool works in the local server: npx -y perigee-mcp`;for(let e of Vr([...i.keys()],t.disabledTools??[])){let t=i.get(e);t?.update({description:`[${h}] ${t.description??``}`,callback:(()=>Rr(Error(`${e}: ${h}`)))})}return r}function Vr(e,t){let n=t.map(e=>e.trim().toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean);return n.includes(`*`)?[...e]:e.filter(e=>n.some(t=>e===t||e.endsWith(`_${t}`)))}var Hr=`1.1.5`,Ur=process.env.PERIGEE_SITE??`https://perigee.info/`,Wr=`perigee-mcp/${Hr} (+https://github.com/dlamarre-dev/Perigee)`,Gr=e=>fetch(e,{headers:{"User-Agent":Wr}});await Br(Mr({baseUrl:Ur.endsWith(`/`)?Ur:`${Ur}/`,fetch:Gr,cache:new Fr(process.env.PERIGEE_MCP_CACHE??Nr())}),{version:Hr,fetchImage:async e=>{let t=await Gr(e);if(!t.ok)throw Error(`HTTP ${t.status} for ${e}`);return new Uint8Array(await t.arrayBuffer())}}).connect(new e);export{};
+Always tell the student how reliable a number is: quote the provenance (model, data state, data age, typical accuracy) and the sources. Positions are for education, not navigation.`,Y=n.enum([`en`,`fr`]).optional().describe(`Language of names and texts (default en).`),X=n.string().optional().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC instant, e.g. 2026-12-01T00:00:00Z (default: now).`),Z=n.string().min(1).max(100);function Q(e){return{content:[{type:`text`,text:JSON.stringify(e,null,1)}],structuredContent:e}}function zr(e){return{content:[{type:`text`,text:e instanceof Error?e.message:String(e)}],isError:!0}}var $=e=>async t=>{try{return await e(t)}catch(e){return zr(e)}};function Br(e){let t=``;for(let n=0;n<e.length;n+=32768)t+=String.fromCharCode(...e.subarray(n,n+32768));return btoa(t)}function Vr(e,t){let r=new p({name:Lr,version:t.version},{instructions:Rr}),i=new Map,a=r.registerTool.bind(r);r.registerTool=((e,t,n)=>{let r=a(e,t,n);return i.set(e,r),r});let o={readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!0},s=t.maxSeriesSteps??1e3,c=t.maxPassDays??10,l=t.maxEventDays??366,u=n.number().min(-90).max(90).describe(`Observer latitude, degrees (north positive).`),d=n.number().min(-180).max(360).describe(`Observer longitude, degrees (east positive).`),f=n.number().min(-500).max(9e3).optional().describe(`Observer height above sea level, m.`),m=n.string().max(64).optional().describe(`IANA time zone for local times, e.g. "Europe/Paris".`);r.registerTool(`perigee_find`,{title:`Find an object`,description:`Looks up objects by name or identifier (English or French, accents optional): planets, moons, missions beyond Earth orbit, featured science satellites, any active Earth satellite (by name, NORAD or COSPAR id), landing and launch sites, named stars. Returns ids for the other tools.`,inputSchema:{query:n.string().min(1).max(100),limit:n.number().int().min(1).max(50).optional()},annotations:o},$(async({query:t,limit:n})=>Q({results:await e.find(t,n??10)}))),r.registerTool(`perigee_object`,{title:`Object facts`,description:`Facts about an object: name, agency, country, launch date, status, mission goals and notes, identifiers (NORAD, COSPAR, Horizons), official website, sources and verification date, a catalogue image with credit and licence, and links to its view in Perigee. include_image also returns the image itself.`,inputSchema:{id:Z,lang:Y,include_image:n.boolean().optional()},annotations:o},$(async({id:n,lang:r,include_image:i})=>{let a=await e.describe(n,r??`en`),o=Q(a),s=a.image;if(i&&s?.url&&t.fetchImage){let e=await t.fetchImage(s.url);o.content.push({type:`image`,data:Br(e),mimeType:`image/webp`})}return o})),r.registerTool(`perigee_state`,{title:`Position and velocity`,description:`Position (km, ICRF/J2000 equatorial axes) and velocity (km/s) of an object at a date, relative to a centre (default: the body it orbits or stands on), with distance, altitude above the centre, speed, light time, whether it is in sunlight, and provenance. Around the Earth, the Moon or Mars it also gives the ground point below it (latitude, longitude; on the Earth the country or sea, e.g. "over Brazil", "over the Indian Ocean").`,inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,centre:n.string().optional().describe(`Reference object id, e.g. "earth", "sun", "moon:moon", "mars".`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,date:n,centre:r})=>Q(await e.state(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_orbit`,{title:`Orbit`,description:`Orbit of an object: perigee and apogee altitudes (periapsis/apoapsis), period, inclination, eccentricity, semi-major axis. Earth satellites: the mean elements of their published element set, with the orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO); other objects: instantaneous two-body elements around their centre at a date (default: the body they orbit; inclination on its equator, on the ecliptic around the Sun).`,inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,centre:n.string().optional().describe(`Body the orbit is around, e.g. "sun" for a planet or a probe.`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,date:n,centre:r})=>Q(await e.orbit(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_passes`,{title:`Satellite passes over a place`,description:`When an Earth satellite (ISS = 25544, Tiangong = 48274, Hubble = 20580, or any NORAD number) passes over a place: rise, highest point and set times with direction (azimuth, compass point) and elevation, and whether it can be seen with the naked eye (sunlit satellite, dark sky) and when. Give the place's latitude and longitude (degrees, east positive) and, for local times, its IANA time zone. Up to ${c} days ahead.`,inputSchema:{id:Z,latitude:n.number().min(-90).max(90).describe(`Observer latitude, degrees (north positive).`),longitude:n.number().min(-180).max(360).describe(`Observer longitude, degrees (east positive).`),height_m:n.number().min(-500).max(9e3).optional().describe(`Observer height above sea level, m.`),start:X,days:n.number().min(.05).max(c).optional().describe(`Search length in days (default 3).`),min_elevation:n.number().min(0).max(80).optional().describe(`Lowest culmination kept and lowest elevation counted as visible, degrees (default 10).`),time_zone:n.string().max(64).optional().describe(`IANA time zone for local times, e.g. "America/Toronto".`)},annotations:o},$(async({id:t,latitude:n,longitude:r,height_m:i,start:a,days:o,min_elevation:s,time_zone:l})=>Q(await e.passes(t,{latDeg:n,lonDeg:r,...i===void 0?{}:{heightM:i},...a?{start:a}:{},...o===void 0?{}:{days:o},...s===void 0?{}:{minElevationDeg:s},...l?{timeZone:l}:{}},c)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_sky`,{title:`The sky from a place`,description:`What is in the sky from a place at a date (default: now): day, twilight or night; the Sun with its next rise, set and twilights; the Moon with its phase, illuminated share, rise and set; each planet with its altitude, direction, brightness (magnitude), constellation and whether it can be seen with the naked eye; and the bright named stars above the horizon. For "what can I see tonight", give the evening time.`,inputSchema:{latitude:u,longitude:d,height_m:f,date:X,time_zone:m,lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({latitude:t,longitude:n,height_m:r,date:i,time_zone:a,lang:o})=>Q(e.sky({latDeg:t,lonDeg:n,...r===void 0?{}:{heightM:r},...i?{date:i}:{},...a?{timeZone:a}:{},lang:o??`en`})))),r.registerTool(`perigee_events`,{title:`Astronomical and mission events`,description:`Events over a period (default: the next 30 days, at most ${l}): Moon phases (super and micro full Moons), lunar perigee and apogee, lunar and solar eclipses (with a place: how they look from there), equinoxes and solstices, the Earth's perihelion and aphelion, planet oppositions, conjunctions and greatest elongations, and the next key events of the missions (flybys, arrivals, launches) from Perigee's catalogue.`,inputSchema:{start:X,days:n.number().min(1).max(l).optional().describe(`Length of the period in days (default 30).`),kinds:n.array(n.enum([`moon`,`eclipse`,`season`,`planet`,`mission`])).optional().describe(`Kinds of events to include (default: all).`),latitude:u.optional(),longitude:d.optional(),time_zone:m,lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({start:t,days:n,kinds:r,latitude:i,longitude:a,time_zone:o,lang:s})=>{if(i===void 0!=(a===void 0))throw Error(`Give both latitude and longitude, or neither.`);return Q(e.events({...t?{start:t}:{},...n===void 0?{}:{days:n},...r?{kinds:r}:{},lang:s??`en`,...i!==void 0&&a!==void 0?{place:{latDeg:i,lonDeg:a,...o?{timeZone:o}:{}}}:{}},l))})),r.registerTool(`perigee_stats`,{title:`Satellite statistics`,description:`Counts of the active satellites: total, by owner (country or organisation, e.g. US, PRC, CIS, ESA), by operator (SpaceX, OneWeb, Amazon Kuiper…), by CelesTrak group (constellations, navigation, weather…), by orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO), object type, launch year, recent launches and low-orbit altitude bands. owner, operator or group narrow a list to matching entries (code or name).`,inputSchema:{owner:n.string().max(60).optional(),operator:n.string().max(60).optional(),group:n.string().max(60).optional(),limit:n.number().int().min(1).max(200).optional().describe(`Largest entries listed per category (default 25).`),lang:Y},annotations:o},$(async({owner:t,operator:n,group:r,limit:i,lang:a})=>Q(await e.stats({lang:a??`en`,...t?{owner:t}:{},...n?{operator:n}:{},...r?{group:r}:{},...i===void 0?{}:{limit:i}})))),r.registerTool(`perigee_distance`,{title:`Distance between two objects`,description:`Centre-to-centre distance between two objects at a date (km and astronomical units) and the light travel time, with the provenance of both positions. Example: from "earth" to "mars".`,inputSchema:{from:Z,to:Z,date:X},annotations:o},$(async({from:t,to:n,date:r})=>Q(await e.distance(t,n,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_distance_series`,{title:`Distance over a period`,description:`Distances between two objects sampled evenly over a period (for a table or a chart), with the closest and farthest samples. The step limits their precision: use more steps for a precise closest approach.`,inputSchema:{from:Z,to:Z,start:n.string().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC start.`),end:n.string().describe(`ISO 8601 UTC end.`),steps:n.number().int().min(1).max(s).optional().describe(`Number of intervals (default 50, at most ${s}).`)},annotations:o},$(async({from:t,to:n,start:r,end:i,steps:a})=>Q(await e.series(t,n,r,i,Math.min(a??50,s))))),r.registerTool(`perigee_view`,{title:`Link or embed a 3D view`,description:"Link to Perigee showing an object (optionally at a date, paused or accelerated, followed), and an iframe snippet for a lesson page: the live 3D view without bars or panels. The embedding page can then drive the view and take PNG snapshots with postMessage (protocol perigee:v1, documented in `embedApi`).",inputSchema:{id:Z,date:X,lang:Y,rate:n.number().min(-1e5).max(1e5).optional().describe(`Time multiplier: 1 real time, 0 paused.`),follow:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Follow the object (default true).`),panel:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Keep the information panel in the embed.`),time_bar:n.boolean().optional().describe(`Keep the time bar in the embed.`)},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({id:t,date:n,lang:r,rate:i,follow:a,panel:o,time_bar:s})=>{let c=n?new Date(n):void 0;if(c&&Number.isNaN(c.getTime()))throw Error(`Invalid date: ${n}`);let l={...c?{date:c}:{},...r?{lang:r}:{},...i===void 0?{}:{rate:i},follow:a??!0},u=new URL(e.viewUrl(t,{...l,embed:!0})),d=[o&&`panel`,s&&`time`].filter(Boolean).join(`,`);return d&&u.searchParams.set(`ui`,d),Q({url:e.viewUrl(t,l),embedUrl:u.href,iframe:`<iframe src="${u.href.replaceAll(`&`,`&amp;`)}" width="800" height="500" style="border:0" allow="fullscreen" title="Perigee"></iframe>`,embedApi:{protocol:`perigee:v1`,snapshot:`iframe.contentWindow.postMessage({ type: 'perigee:v1', id: 1, method: 'snapshot', params: { kind: 'shown' } }, '*'); the reply { type: 'perigee:v1', id: 1, ok: true, result: { dataUrl } } carries a PNG.`,methods:[`get`,`set`,`snapshot`,`ping`],events:[`ready`,`view`,`selection`,`time`],documentation:new URL(`api/interface.json`,e.data.baseUrl).href},note:`Pictures of the 3D view are taken by the browser showing the embed (snapshot); the server cannot render them.`})})),r.registerTool(`perigee_describe_view`,{title:`Describe a view`,description:`Turns a Perigee link or embed URL (from perigee_view or a shared link) into words: a one-sentence alternative text for the image or iframe, and a description for lesson notes (which view, the selected object, where it is and how reliable its position is, the date and speed of time, the frame, the filters and what is hidden). The camera framing is not in the link.`,inputSchema:{url:n.string().min(1).max(2e3).describe(`A Perigee URL, e.g. https://perigee.info/?view=solar&sel=mars`),lang:Y,time_zone:m},annotations:o},$(async({url:t,lang:n,time_zone:r})=>Q(await e.describeView(t,n??`en`,r)))),r.registerTool(`perigee_define`,{title:`Define a term`,description:`Student-level definitions (secondary school) of the terms shown in Perigee: NORAD number, COSPAR id, apogee and perigee, inclination, orbital period, element epoch, ephemeris window, phase… Without a term, lists them all.`,inputSchema:{term:n.string().max(60).optional(),lang:Y},annotations:{readOnlyHint:!0,openWorldHint:!1}},$(({term:t,lang:n})=>Q({definitions:e.define(t,n??`en`)}))),r.registerTool(`perigee_about`,{title:`Sources, models and accuracy`,description:`What every answer rests on: data sources and when they were fetched, the models and their typical accuracy, catalogue sizes, frame, attribution and the educational-use disclaimer.`,annotations:o},$(async()=>Q(await e.about())));let h=`Temporarily unavailable on this server (protection against overload). The same tool works in the local server: npx -y perigee-mcp`;for(let e of Hr([...i.keys()],t.disabledTools??[])){let t=i.get(e);t?.update({description:`[${h}] ${t.description??``}`,callback:(()=>zr(Error(`${e}: ${h}`)))})}return r}function Hr(e,t){let n=t.map(e=>e.trim().toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean);return n.includes(`*`)?[...e]:e.filter(e=>n.some(t=>e===t||e.endsWith(`_${t}`)))}var Ur=`1.2.0`,Wr=process.env.PERIGEE_SITE??`https://perigee.info/`,Gr=`perigee-mcp/${Ur} (+https://github.com/dlamarre-dev/Perigee)`,Kr=e=>fetch(e,{headers:{"User-Agent":Gr}});await Vr(Nr({baseUrl:Wr.endsWith(`/`)?Wr:`${Wr}/`,fetch:Kr,cache:new Ir(process.env.PERIGEE_MCP_CACHE??Pr())}),{version:Ur,fetchImage:async e=>{let t=await Kr(e);if(!t.ok)throw Error(`HTTP ${t.status} for ${e}`);return new Uint8Array(await t.arrayBuffer())}}).connect(new e);export{};