parseman 0.27.0 → 0.28.0

package/dist/plugin/index.js

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // src/plugin/index.ts
 import * as fs from "node:fs";
+import * as path from "node:path";
 import { createUnplugin } from "unplugin";
-import { parseSync } from "oxc-parser";
+import { parseSync as parseSync2 } from "oxc-parser";
 import { ResolverFactory } from "oxc-resolver";
 import MagicString from "magic-string";
 
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ function matchesEmpty(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "label":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "expect":
     case "withCtx":
     case "node":
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@ function firstSetOf(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "label":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "node":
     case "grammar":
     case "expect":
@@ -234,10 +237,10 @@ function beginCstNodeCapture(ctx) {
 }
 function finishCstBuf(buf) {
   if (!buf) return { children: EMPTY, rawChildren: EMPTY, triviaLog: EMPTY_TL };
-  const children = buf.ch ?? (buf.single !== void 0 ? [buf.single] : EMPTY);
+  const children2 = buf.ch ?? (buf.single !== void 0 ? [buf.single] : EMPTY);
   const rawChildren = buf.raw ?? (buf.rawSingle !== void 0 ? [buf.rawSingle] : EMPTY);
   const triviaLog = buf.tl ?? EMPTY_TL;
-  return { children, rawChildren, triviaLog };
+  return { children: children2, rawChildren, triviaLog };
 }
 function endCstNodeCapture(ctx, saved) {
   const materialized = finishCstBuf(ctx._cstBuf);
@@ -249,8 +252,8 @@ function endCstNodeCapture(ctx, saved) {
   ctx.captureTrivia = saved.cap;
   return materialized;
 }
-function pushCstLeaf(ctx, leaf) {
-  pushCstChild(ctx, leaf, leaf);
+function pushCstLeaf(ctx, leaf2) {
+  pushCstChild(ctx, leaf2, leaf2);
 }
 function pushCstChild(ctx, built, rawEntry) {
   const b = ctx._cstBuf;
@@ -980,10 +983,13 @@ function deriveExpected(c) {
       return def.parsers.flatMap(deriveExpected);
     case "sequence":
       return def.parsers.length > 0 ? deriveExpected(def.parsers[0]) : [];
+    case "attempt":
+      return deriveExpected(def.parser);
     case "node":
     case "grammar":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "optional":
     case "many":
     case "oneOrMore":
@@ -1474,6 +1480,12 @@ function scanTrivia(input, cur, ctx) {
   const tr = triviaP.parse(input, cur, { trackLines: ctx.trackLines, state: ctx.state });
   return { end: tr.ok ? tr.span.end : cur, commit: NOOP_COMMIT };
 }
+function consumeTrivia(input, cur, ctx) {
+  if (!needsDeferredTriviaCommit(ctx)) return advanceTrivia(input, cur, ctx);
+  const scan = scanTrivia(input, cur, ctx);
+  scan.commit();
+  return scan.end;
+}
 function fastTriviaScanner(trivia2) {
   const cached = fastTriviaCache.get(trivia2);
   if (cached !== void 0) return cached;
@@ -1752,6 +1764,24 @@ function sequence(...parsers) {
   };
 }
 
+// src/combinators/attempt.ts
+function attempt(parser2) {
+  return {
+    _tag: "attempt",
+    _meta: parser2._meta,
+    _def: { tag: "attempt", parser: parser2 },
+    parse(input, pos, ctx) {
+      const mark = saveCstMark(ctx);
+      const log = ctx._triviaLog?.length;
+      const result = parser2.parse(input, pos, ctx);
+      if (result.ok) return result;
+      rollbackCstCapture(ctx, mark);
+      if (log !== void 0 && ctx._triviaLog) ctx._triviaLog.length = log;
+      return { ok: false, expected: result.expected, span: { start: pos, end: pos } };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 // src/combinators/repeat.ts
 function repItem(combinator, input, cur, ctx) {
   const mark = saveTriviaMark(ctx);
@@ -1927,19 +1957,19 @@ function sepBy(combinator, separator) {
             sepPos = advanceTrivia(input, cur, ctx);
           }
         }
-        const sep = separator.parse(input, sepPos, ctx);
-        if (!sep.ok) {
+        const sep2 = separator.parse(input, sepPos, ctx);
+        if (!sep2.ok) {
           rollbackTrivia(ctx, loopMark);
           break;
         }
-        let nextPos = sep.span.end;
+        let nextPos = sep2.span.end;
         if (ctx.trivia) {
           if (needsDeferredTriviaCommit(ctx)) {
-            const scan = scanTrivia(input, sep.span.end, ctx);
+            const scan = scanTrivia(input, sep2.span.end, ctx);
             scan.commit();
             nextPos = scan.end;
           } else {
-            nextPos = advanceTrivia(input, sep.span.end, ctx);
+            nextPos = advanceTrivia(input, sep2.span.end, ctx);
           }
         }
         const next = combinator.parse(input, nextPos, ctx);
@@ -2024,10 +2054,14 @@ function markUnusedValues(root) {
       case "label":
       case "trivia":
       case "token":
+      case "attempt":
       case "withCtx":
       case "expect":
         visit(def.parser, consumed);
         return;
+      case "leaf":
+        visit(def.parser, true);
+        return;
       case "lazy":
         return;
       default:
@@ -2150,6 +2184,20 @@ function confirmedBuildArity(src) {
   if (/\barguments\b/.test(s)) return null;
   return parts.length;
 }
+function buildReadsChildren(def) {
+  if (!def.build) return true;
+  const src = def.buildSrc ?? def.build.toString();
+  const arity = confirmedBuildArity(src);
+  if (arity === null) return true;
+  return arity >= 1;
+}
+function buildReadsRaw(def) {
+  if (!def.build) return true;
+  const src = def.buildSrc ?? def.build.toString();
+  const arity = confirmedBuildArity(src);
+  if (arity === null) return true;
+  return arity >= 4;
+}
 function buildReadsTrivia(def) {
   if (!def.build) return true;
   const src = def.buildSrc ?? def.build.toString();
@@ -2205,9 +2253,11 @@ function parserHasOwnFields(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "many":
     case "oneOrMore":
     case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
     case "transform":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "label":
     case "expect":
     case "withCtx":
@@ -2240,9 +2290,11 @@ function parserHasTriviaSite(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "keywords":
     case "guard":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
       return false;
     // Transparent single-child wrappers: recurse.
     case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
     case "transform":
     case "trivia":
     case "label":
@@ -2266,6 +2318,54 @@ function parserHasTriviaSite(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
       return true;
   }
 }
+function parserEnablesTriviaCapture(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
+  if (seen.has(p)) return false;
+  seen.add(p);
+  const d = p._def;
+  switch (d.tag) {
+    case "grammar":
+      return d.captureTrivia === true || parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.parser, seen);
+    case "node":
+      return false;
+    case "sequence":
+    case "choice":
+      return d.parsers.some((x) => parserEnablesTriviaCapture(x, seen));
+    case "sepBy":
+      return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.parser, seen) || parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.separator, seen);
+    case "skip":
+      return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.main, seen) || parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.skipped, seen);
+    case "scanTo":
+      return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.sentinel, seen) || d.skip.some((x) => parserEnablesTriviaCapture(x, seen));
+    case "recover":
+      return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.parser, seen) || parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.sentinel, seen);
+    case "many":
+    case "oneOrMore":
+    case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
+    case "transform":
+    case "trivia":
+    case "token":
+    case "label":
+    case "field":
+    case "expect":
+    case "withCtx":
+    case "not":
+      return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.parser, seen);
+    // leaf() clears the inner CST/trivia collector and publishes only its own
+    // terminal result. An inner parser() capture cannot reach this node.
+    case "leaf":
+      return false;
+    case "lazy": {
+      try {
+        return parserEnablesTriviaCapture(d.thunk(), seen);
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
 function buildFieldMap(captures) {
   if (!captures?.length) return void 0;
   const out = {};
@@ -2303,11 +2403,13 @@ function node(typeOrCombinator, combinatorOrBuild, buildOrOpts, maybeOpts) {
   };
   const unwrap = opts?.unwrap === true;
   const collapse = opts?.collapse === true;
+  const captureTrivia = opts?.captureTrivia === true;
+  const trailingTrivia = opts?.trailingTrivia === true;
   if (unwrap && collapse) {
     throw new Error("node() options cannot set both unwrap and collapse");
   }
-  const def = unwrap || collapse ? { ...baseDef, ...unwrap ? { unwrap: true } : {}, ...collapse ? { collapse: true } : {} } : baseDef;
-  const capturesTrivia = build ? buildReadsTrivia(def) : true;
+  const def = unwrap || collapse || captureTrivia || trailingTrivia ? { ...baseDef, ...unwrap ? { unwrap: true } : {}, ...collapse ? { collapse: true } : {}, ...captureTrivia ? { captureTrivia: true } : {}, ...trailingTrivia ? { trailingTrivia: true } : {} } : baseDef;
+  const capturesTrivia = captureTrivia || trailingTrivia || (build ? buildReadsTrivia(def) : true);
   const clonesState = build ? buildReadsState(def) : true;
   const capturesFields = parserHasOwnFields(combinator) && (build ? buildReadsFields(def) : true);
   return {
@@ -2323,16 +2425,21 @@ function node(typeOrCombinator, combinatorOrBuild, buildOrOpts, maybeOpts) {
         ctx._triviaCaptureMask = ctx.build._parsemanTriviaKinds(def.type);
       }
       if (!capturesTrivia) ctx.captureTrivia = false;
-      const r = combinator.parse(input, pos, ctx);
+      let r = combinator.parse(input, pos, ctx);
+      if (r.ok && trailingTrivia && ctx.trivia) {
+        const end = consumeTrivia(input, r.span.end, ctx);
+        r = { ...r, span: { start: r.span.start, end } };
+      }
       const fields = capturesFields ? buildFieldMap(ctx._fields) : void 0;
       ctx._fields = savedFields;
       ctx._triviaCaptureMask = savedMask;
-      const { children, rawChildren, triviaLog } = endCstNodeCapture(ctx, saved);
+      const { children: children2, rawChildren, triviaLog } = endCstNodeCapture(ctx, saved);
       if (!r.ok) return r;
       const st = clonesState && ctx.state !== void 0 ? Object.assign({}, ctx.state) : void 0;
       const nodeType = def.type ?? missingInferredType();
-      const built = unwrap && children.length === 1 ? unwrapChild(children[0]) : collapse && children.length === 1 ? children[0] : !build && ctx.build?._parsemanCstCollapse && children.length === 1 && rawChildren.length === 1 && ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse(nodeType, children[0], children, rawChildren) ? children[0] : build ? build(children, fields, r.span, rawChildren, triviaLog, st) : ctx.build ? ctx.build(nodeType, children, fields, r.span, rawChildren, triviaLog, st) : { _tag: "node", type: nodeType, span: { start: r.span.start, end: r.span.end }, state: st ?? null, children };
-      const rawEntry = isCstChild(built) ? built : { _tag: "leaf", value: typeof built === "string" ? built : "", span: r.span };
+      const cstOutput = ctx.build?._parsemanCstOutput === true;
+      const built = unwrap && children2.length === 1 ? unwrapChild(children2[0]) : collapse && children2.length === 1 ? children2[0] : !build && ctx.build?._parsemanCstCollapse && children2.length === 1 && rawChildren.length === 1 && ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse(nodeType, children2[0], children2, rawChildren) ? children2[0] : build ? cstOutput && ctx.build ? ctx.build(nodeType, children2, fields, r.span, rawChildren, triviaLog, st) : build(children2, fields, r.span, rawChildren, triviaLog, st) : ctx.build ? ctx.build(nodeType, children2, fields, r.span, rawChildren, triviaLog, st) : { _tag: "node", type: nodeType, span: { start: r.span.start, end: r.span.end }, state: st ?? null, children: children2 };
+      const rawEntry = isCstChild(built) ? built : { _tag: "leaf", value: typeof built === "string" ? built : typeof built === "object" && built !== null ? input.slice(r.span.start, r.span.end) : "", span: r.span };
       if (saved.buf !== void 0 || saved.ch !== void 0) {
         pushCstChild(ctx, built, rawEntry);
       }
@@ -2449,6 +2556,7 @@ function parser(opts, root) {
       parser: root,
       triviaParser: clearTrivia ? void 0 : opts.trivia ?? void 0,
       clearTrivia,
+      ...opts.captureTrivia ? { captureTrivia: true } : {},
       trackLines: opts.trackLines ?? false
     },
     parse(input, pos, _ctx) {
@@ -2536,6 +2644,141 @@ function token(root) {
     }
   };
 }
+function leaf(root, fn) {
+  const meta = {
+    firstSet: root._meta.firstSet,
+    canMatchNewline: root._meta.canMatchNewline,
+    isTrivia: false
+  };
+  return {
+    _tag: "leaf",
+    _meta: meta,
+    _def: { tag: "leaf", parser: root, fn },
+    parse(input, pos, ctx) {
+      const savedBuf = ctx._cstBuf;
+      const savedChildren = ctx._cstChildren;
+      const savedLeaves = ctx._cstLeaves;
+      const savedRaw = ctx._cstRawChildren;
+      const savedTriviaLog = ctx._cstTriviaLog;
+      const savedOuterTriviaLog = ctx._triviaLog;
+      const wasCapturing = cstCaptureActive(ctx);
+      ctx._cstBuf = void 0;
+      ctx._cstChildren = void 0;
+      ctx._cstLeaves = void 0;
+      ctx._cstRawChildren = void 0;
+      ctx._cstTriviaLog = void 0;
+      delete ctx._triviaLog;
+      let result;
+      try {
+        result = root.parse(input, pos, ctx);
+      } finally {
+        ctx._cstBuf = savedBuf;
+        ctx._cstChildren = savedChildren;
+        ctx._cstLeaves = savedLeaves;
+        ctx._cstRawChildren = savedRaw;
+        ctx._cstTriviaLog = savedTriviaLog;
+        if (savedOuterTriviaLog === void 0) delete ctx._triviaLog;
+        else ctx._triviaLog = savedOuterTriviaLog;
+      }
+      if (!result.ok) return result;
+      const value = fn(result.value, result.span);
+      if (wasCapturing) pushCstLeaf(ctx, { _tag: "leaf", value, span: result.span });
+      return { ok: true, value, span: result.span };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// src/compiler/grammar-coverage-ids.ts
+function children(def, winners) {
+  switch (def.tag) {
+    case "sequence":
+    case "choice":
+      return def.parsers;
+    case "many":
+    case "oneOrMore":
+    case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
+    case "transform":
+    case "trivia":
+    case "token":
+    case "leaf":
+    case "label":
+    case "field":
+    case "grammar":
+    case "not":
+    case "node":
+    case "guard":
+    case "withCtx":
+    case "recover":
+    case "expect":
+      return "parser" in def ? [def.parser] : [];
+    case "sepBy":
+      return [def.parser, def.separator];
+    case "skip":
+      return [def.main, def.skipped];
+    case "scanTo":
+      return [def.sentinel, ...def.skip];
+    case "lazy": {
+      let resolved;
+      try {
+        resolved = def.thunk();
+      } catch {
+        return [];
+      }
+      const name = resolved._ruleName;
+      return name && winners?.[name] ? [winners[name]] : [resolved];
+    }
+    default:
+      return [];
+  }
+}
+function buildGrammarPlan(entry, winners) {
+  const definitions = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const choices = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+  const attempts = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+  const labels = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+  const rules2 = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+  const winnerNames = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  if (winners) {
+    for (const [name, winner] of Object.entries(winners)) {
+      winnerNames.set(winner, name);
+      if (winner._def.tag === "lazy") {
+        try {
+          winnerNames.set(winner._def.thunk(), name);
+        } catch {
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const visit = (parser2, path2) => {
+    if (seen.has(parser2)) return;
+    seen.add(parser2);
+    const rule = winnerNames.get(parser2) ?? parser2._ruleName;
+    if (rule && (winnerNames.has(parser2) || parser2._def.tag !== "lazy")) {
+      const id = `rule:${rule}`;
+      definitions.set(id, { id, kind: "rule" });
+      rules2.set(parser2, id);
+    }
+    if (parser2._def.tag === "choice") {
+      const ids = parser2._def.parsers.map((_, index) => `choice:${path2}/arm:${index}`);
+      choices.set(parser2, ids);
+      ids.forEach((id) => definitions.set(id, { id, kind: "choice-arm" }));
+    }
+    if (parser2._def.tag === "attempt") attempts.set(parser2, `attempt:${path2}`);
+    if (parser2._def.tag === "label") {
+      const id = `label:${path2}`;
+      labels.set(parser2, [id]);
+      definitions.set(id, { id, kind: "label" });
+    }
+    children(parser2._def, winners).forEach((child, index) => visit(child, `${path2}/${parser2._def.tag}:${index}`));
+  };
+  const roots = Array.isArray(entry) ? entry : [entry];
+  for (const root of roots) {
+    visit(root, winnerNames.get(root) ?? root._ruleName ?? "entry");
+  }
+  return { definitions: [...definitions.values()].sort((a, b) => a.id.localeCompare(b.id)), choices, attempts, labels, rules: rules2 };
+}
 
 // src/compiler/scannable-run.ts
 var BACKSLASH = 92;
@@ -3585,7 +3828,7 @@ function scanBranchLabeled(shape, kindIndex, mint) {
     `    if (${m.end} > _e) {`,
     `      if (_cap) {`,
     `        if (_ctx._triviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._triviaLog.push(_e, ${m.end}, ${kindIndex})`,
-    `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << kindIndex}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, ${m.end}, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${kindIndex})`,
+    `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && _ctx.captureTrivia && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << kindIndex}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, ${m.end}, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${kindIndex})`,
     `      }`,
     `      _e = ${m.end}`,
     `      continue`,
@@ -3641,7 +3884,7 @@ function analyzeTriviaFastPath(trivia2) {
 var CAP_RECORD = [
   `  if (_cap && _e > _pos) {`,
   `    if (_ctx._triviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._triviaLog.push(_pos, _e)`,
-  `    if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_pos, _e, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0)`,
+  `    if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && _ctx.captureTrivia) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_pos, _e, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0)`,
   `  }`
 ].join("\n");
 function composeFastLoop(shapes) {
@@ -3701,7 +3944,7 @@ function buildLabeledRegexTriviaFnDecl(fnName, spec, reNames) {
       `      const _ce = _e + _m${i}[0].length`,
       `      if (_cap) {`,
       `        if (_ctx._triviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._triviaLog.push(_e, _ce, ${k})`,
-      `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << k}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, _ce, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${k})`,
+      `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && _ctx.captureTrivia && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << k}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, _ce, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${k})`,
       `      }`,
       `      _e = _ce`,
       `      _matched = true`,
@@ -3739,7 +3982,7 @@ function buildLabeledRuntimeTriviaFnDecl(fnName, spec, rpStartIndex) {
       `      const _ce = _r${i}.span.end`,
       `      if (_cap) {`,
       `        if (_ctx._triviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._triviaLog.push(_e, _ce, ${k})`,
-      `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << k}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, _ce, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${k})`,
+      `        if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && _ctx.captureTrivia && (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask === undefined || (_ctx._triviaCaptureMask & ${1 << k}))) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_e, _ce, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0, ${k})`,
       `      }`,
       `      _e = _ce`,
       `      _matched = true`,
@@ -3928,21 +4171,23 @@ function probeUpdate(ctx, expectedArr, posExpr, constant = true) {
 }
 function failBody(ctx, expected, posExpr) {
   const probe = probeUpdate(ctx, `[${expected}]`, posExpr);
+  const trace = ctx.activeCoverageRuleId === void 0 ? "" : `_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ctx.activeCoverageRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: ${posExpr} }); `;
   if (ctx.failLabel) {
-    if (!ctx.recordFail) return probe ? `{ ${probe}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : `break ${ctx.failLabel}`;
-    return `{ ${probe}_ctx._fe = ${posExpr}; _ctx._fx = ${hoistExpected(ctx, `[${expected}]`)}; break ${ctx.failLabel} }`;
+    if (!ctx.recordFail) return probe ? `{ ${probe}${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : trace ? `{ ${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : `break ${ctx.failLabel}`;
+    return `{ ${probe}_ctx._fe = ${posExpr}; _ctx._fx = ${hoistExpected(ctx, `[${expected}]`)}; ${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }`;
   }
-  return probe + failReturn(expected, posExpr);
+  return probe + trace + failReturn(expected, posExpr);
 }
 function failArrBody(ctx, expectedArr, posExpr, constant = true) {
   const probe = probeUpdate(ctx, expectedArr, posExpr, constant);
+  const trace = ctx.activeCoverageRuleId === void 0 ? "" : `_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ctx.activeCoverageRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: ${posExpr} }); `;
   if (ctx.failLabel) {
-    if (!ctx.recordFail) return probe ? `{ ${probe}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : `break ${ctx.failLabel}`;
+    if (!ctx.recordFail) return probe ? `{ ${probe}${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : trace ? `{ ${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }` : `break ${ctx.failLabel}`;
     const fx = constant ? hoistExpected(ctx, expectedArr) : expectedArr;
-    return `{ ${probe}_ctx._fe = ${posExpr}; _ctx._fx = ${fx}; break ${ctx.failLabel} }`;
+    return `{ ${probe}_ctx._fe = ${posExpr}; _ctx._fx = ${fx}; ${trace}break ${ctx.failLabel} }`;
   }
-  if (!constant) return `${probe}return { ok: false, expected: [...${expectedArr}], span: { start: ${posExpr}, end: ${posExpr} } }`;
-  return probe + failReturnArr(expectedArr, posExpr);
+  if (!constant) return `${probe}${trace}return { ok: false, expected: [...${expectedArr}], span: { start: ${posExpr}, end: ${posExpr} } }`;
+  return probe + trace + failReturnArr(expectedArr, posExpr);
 }
 function resultFromRecorded(feExpr = "_ctx._fe", fxExpr = "_ctx._fx") {
   return `return { ok: false, expected: [...${fxExpr}], span: { start: ${feExpr}, end: ${feExpr} } }`;
@@ -3977,7 +4222,7 @@ var NAMED_FN_END = "_pfEnd";
 function namedFnPrelude() {
   return [`const ${NAMED_FN_FAIL} = {}`, `let ${NAMED_FN_END}`];
 }
-function pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName, bodyStmts, valueVar, endVar) {
+function pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName, bodyStmts, valueVar, endVar, failureRuleId) {
   ctx.namedFnDecls.push([
     `function ${fnName}(input, _pos, _ctx) {`,
     `  _pfail: {`,
@@ -3985,6 +4230,7 @@ function pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName, bodyStmts, valueVar, endVar) {
     `    ${NAMED_FN_END} = ${endVar}`,
     `    return ${valueVar}`,
     `  }`,
+    ...failureRuleId === void 0 ? [] : [`  _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(failureRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: _ctx._fe ?? _pos })`],
     `  return ${NAMED_FN_FAIL}`,
     `}`
   ].join("\n"));
@@ -4090,7 +4336,7 @@ function ensureTriviaFn(ctx) {
     `  }`,
     `  if (_cap && _e > _pos) {`,
     `    if (_ctx._triviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._triviaLog.push(_pos, _e)`,
-    `    if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_pos, _e, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0)`,
+    `    if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog !== undefined && _ctx.captureTrivia) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.push(_pos, _e, _ctx._cstRawChildren ? _ctx._cstRawChildren.length : 0)`,
     `  }`,
     `  return _e`,
     `}`
@@ -4146,6 +4392,7 @@ function mayLeavePartialCapture(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "not":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "scanTo":
     case "unknown":
       return false;
@@ -4157,6 +4404,8 @@ function mayLeavePartialCapture(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     // nothing committed remains.
     case "choice":
       return false;
+    case "attempt":
+      return false;
     // optional never fails; many/oneOrMore only "fail" with zero captured items.
     case "optional":
     case "many":
@@ -4209,6 +4458,7 @@ function capturesLeaf(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "keywords":
     case "node":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
       return true;
     case "not":
     case "guard":
@@ -4223,6 +4473,7 @@ function capturesLeaf(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "many":
     case "oneOrMore":
     case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
     case "transform":
     case "label":
     case "field":
@@ -4564,35 +4815,55 @@ function needsFirstSetGuard(p) {
   const fs2 = p._meta.firstSet;
   return fs2.kind !== "any" && !canMatchEmptyAtStart(p);
 }
-function emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV) {
-  if (failsAtStart(p)) {
+function coverageHit(ctx, id, offset = "_pos", end) {
+  return id === void 0 ? [] : [
+    `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarCoverage?.(${JSON.stringify(id)})`,
+    `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'selected', offset: ${offset}${end === void 0 ? "" : `, end: ${end}`} })`,
+    `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'success', offset: ${offset}${end === void 0 ? "" : `, end: ${end}`} })`
+  ];
+}
+function coverageAttempt(ctx, id, offset) {
+  return id === void 0 ? [] : [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'attempt', offset: ${offset} })`];
+}
+function coverageFailureBacktrack(ctx, id, failureOffset, startOffset) {
+  return id === void 0 ? [] : [
+    `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'failure', offset: ${failureOffset} })`,
+    `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'backtrack', offset: ${startOffset} })`
+  ];
+}
+function emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageId) {
+  if (failsAtStart(p) && coverageId === void 0) {
     const r = emit(p, ctx, pos);
-    return [...r.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${r.valueVar}`, `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${r.endVar}`];
+    return [...coverageAttempt(ctx, coverageId, pos), ...r.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${r.valueVar}`, `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${r.endVar}`, ...coverageHit(ctx, coverageId, pos, r.endVar)];
   }
   const { stmts, okVar, valVar, endVar } = emitFallible(p, ctx, pos);
   return [
+    ...coverageAttempt(ctx, coverageId, pos),
     ...stmts,
-    ...emitIfFail(ctx, `!${okVar}`, failArrBody(ctx, "_ctx._fx", pos, false)),
+    ...emitIfFail(ctx, `!${okVar}`, `${coverageFailureBacktrack(ctx, coverageId, "_ctx._fe", pos).join("; ")}; ${failArrBody(ctx, "_ctx._fx", pos, false)}`),
     `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${valVar}`,
-    `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${endVar}`
+    `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${endVar}`,
+    ...coverageHit(ctx, coverageId, pos, endVar)
   ];
 }
-function emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV) {
+function emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageId) {
   const p = def.parsers[i];
   const gate = def.gates[i];
-  if (!gate) return emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV);
+  if (!gate) return emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageId);
   const gateIdx = ctx.mapFns.length;
   ctx.mapFns.push(gate);
   ctx.mapFnSrcs.push(def.gateSrcs?.[i] ?? null);
   const gateCond = `${mfRef(ctx)}[${gateIdx}](_ctx.state)`;
   const stmts = [`${ind(ctx)}if (${gateCond}) {`];
   ctx.indent++;
-  stmts.push(...emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV));
+  stmts.push(...emitDisjointArm(p, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageId));
   ctx.indent--;
   stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}} else { ${failArrBody(ctx, deriveExpectedArr([p]), pos)} }`);
   return stmts;
 }
-function emitChoice(def, ctx, pos) {
+function emitChoice(parser2, def, ctx, pos) {
+  const coverageIds = ctx.coverage?.plan.choices.get(parser2);
+  const coverageBase = coverageIds?.[0]?.slice(0, -1);
   const allExpected = deriveExpectedArr(def.parsers);
   if (def.disjoint) {
     const codeV = v(ctx, "_code");
@@ -4611,7 +4882,7 @@ function emitChoice(def, ctx, pos) {
         stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}{`);
         ctx.indent++;
         stmts.push(
-          ...emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV),
+          ...emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageIds?.[i]),
           `${ind(ctx)}break`
         );
         ctx.indent--;
@@ -4630,16 +4901,16 @@ function emitChoice(def, ctx, pos) {
       first = false;
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}${kw} (${cond}) {`);
       ctx.indent++;
-      stmts.push(...emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV));
+      stmts.push(...emitDisjointArmGated(def, i, ctx, pos, valV, endV, coverageIds?.[i]));
       ctx.indent--;
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}}`);
     }
     stmts.push(...emitElseFail(ctx, failArrBody(ctx, allExpected, pos)));
     return { stmts, valueVar: valV, endVar: endV };
   }
-  return emitNonDisjoint(def, def.strategy, allExpected, ctx, pos);
+  return emitNonDisjoint(def, def.strategy, allExpected, ctx, pos, coverageBase);
 }
-function emitGreedyClassify(def, superIndex, ctx, pos) {
+function emitGreedyClassify(def, superIndex, ctx, pos, coverageBase) {
   const superParser = def.parsers[superIndex];
   const regexDef = getCoreRegexDef(superParser);
   const cleanFlags = "y" + regexDef.flags.replace(/[gy]/g, "");
@@ -4655,10 +4926,12 @@ function emitGreedyClassify(def, superIndex, ctx, pos) {
   const endV = v(ctx, "_ge");
   const valV = v(ctx, "_gcv");
   const regexExpected = JSON.stringify(deriveExpected(superParser));
+  const superCoverageId = coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${superIndex}`;
   const stmts = [
+    ...coverageAttempt(ctx, superCoverageId, pos),
     `${ind(ctx)}${reVar}.lastIndex = ${pos}`,
     `${ind(ctx)}const ${matchV} = ${reVar}.exec(input)`,
-    ...emitIfFail(ctx, `${matchV} === null`, failArrBody(ctx, regexExpected, pos)),
+    ...emitIfFail(ctx, `${matchV} === null`, `${coverageFailureBacktrack(ctx, superCoverageId, pos, pos).join("; ")}; ${failArrBody(ctx, regexExpected, pos)}`),
     `${ind(ctx)}const ${wordV} = ${matchV}[0]`,
     `${ind(ctx)}const ${endV} = ${pos} + ${wordV}.length`,
     `${ind(ctx)}let ${valV}`
@@ -4674,8 +4947,9 @@ function emitGreedyClassify(def, superIndex, ctx, pos) {
     stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}${kw} (${wordV} === ${JSON.stringify(litVal)}) {`);
     ctx.indent++;
     const tR = emitTransformChain(p, JSON.stringify(litVal), endV, pos, ctx);
+    stmts.push(...coverageFailureBacktrack(ctx, superCoverageId, pos, pos));
     stmts.push(...emitLeafCapture(ctx, JSON.stringify(litVal), pos, endV));
-    stmts.push(...tR.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${tR.valueVar}`);
+    stmts.push(...tR.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${tR.valueVar}`, ...coverageHit(ctx, coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${i}`, pos, endV));
     ctx.indent--;
     stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}}`);
   }
@@ -4683,12 +4957,12 @@ function emitGreedyClassify(def, superIndex, ctx, pos) {
   const regexKw = first ? "if" : "else";
   stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}${regexKw} {`);
   ctx.indent++;
-  stmts.push(...emitLeafCapture(ctx, wordV, pos, endV), ...rR.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${rR.valueVar}`);
+  stmts.push(...emitLeafCapture(ctx, wordV, pos, endV), ...rR.stmts, `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${rR.valueVar}`, ...coverageHit(ctx, coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${superIndex}`, pos, endV));
   ctx.indent--;
   stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}}`);
   return { stmts, valueVar: valV, endVar: endV };
 }
-function emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos) {
+function emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos, coverageBase) {
   const valV = v(ctx, "_llv");
   const endV = v(ctx, "_lle");
   const stmts = [`${ind(ctx)}let ${valV}, ${endV} = ${pos}`];
@@ -4705,10 +4979,12 @@ function emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos) {
     ctx.indent++;
     const tR = emitTransformChain(p, JSON.stringify(litVal), litEnd, pos, ctx);
     stmts.push(
+      ...coverageAttempt(ctx, coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${idx}`, pos),
       ...emitLeafCapture(ctx, JSON.stringify(litVal), pos, litEnd),
       ...tR.stmts,
       `${ind(ctx)}${valV} = ${tR.valueVar}`,
-      `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${litEnd}`
+      `${ind(ctx)}${endV} = ${litEnd}`,
+      ...coverageHit(ctx, coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${idx}`, pos, litEnd)
     );
     ctx.indent--;
     stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}}`);
@@ -4716,16 +4992,18 @@ function emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos) {
   stmts.push(...emitElseFail(ctx, failArrBody(ctx, allExpected, pos)));
   return { stmts, valueVar: valV, endVar: endV };
 }
-function emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos) {
+function emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos, coverageBase) {
   const resValV = v(ctx, "_crv");
   const resEndV = v(ctx, "_cre");
   const resOkV = v(ctx, "_crok");
   const codeV = v(ctx, "_chcode");
   const slots = def.parsers.map(() => v(ctx, "_cfx"));
+  const autoRejectedV = coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : v(ctx, "_carej");
   const ind0 = ind(ctx);
   const stmts = [
     `${ind0}let ${resValV}, ${resEndV} = ${pos}, ${resOkV} = false`,
     `${ind0}let ${slots.join(", ")}`,
+    ...autoRejectedV === void 0 ? [] : [`${ind0}const ${autoRejectedV} = []`],
     `${ind0}const ${codeV} = ${pos} < input.length ? (input.codePointAt(${pos}) ?? -1) : -1`
   ];
   for (let i = 0; i < def.parsers.length; i++) {
@@ -4761,6 +5039,7 @@ function emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos) {
     stmts.push(`${ind0}if (${skipCond}) {`);
     if (fsGuard) stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}if (${fsGuard}) {`);
     ctx.indent += fsGuard ? 2 : 1;
+    if (coverageBase !== void 0) stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'attempt', offset: ${pos} })`);
     if (markLeaves) {
       stmts.push(
         `${ind(ctx)}const ${markLeaves} = _ctx._cstLeaves?.length ?? 0`,
@@ -4783,13 +5062,21 @@ function emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos) {
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}    ${resValV} = ${valVar}`);
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}    ${resEndV} = ${endVar}`);
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}    ${resOkV} = true`);
+      if (autoRejectedV !== void 0) {
+        stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}    for (const _rejectedId of ${autoRejectedV}) { _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: _rejectedId, phase: 'failure', offset: ${pos} }); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: _rejectedId, phase: 'backtrack', offset: ${pos} }) }`);
+      }
+      stmts.push(...coverageHit(ctx, coverageBase === void 0 ? void 0 : `${coverageBase}${i}`, pos, endVar));
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}  }`);
+      if (autoRejectedV !== void 0) {
+        stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}  else { ${autoRejectedV}.push(${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}) }`);
+      }
       stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}}`);
-      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}else { ${slots[i]} = ${failSlot} }`);
+      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}else { ${slots[i]} = ${failSlot}; ${coverageBase === void 0 ? "" : `_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'failure', offset: ${atStart ? pos : "_ctx._fe"} }); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'backtrack', offset: ${pos} });`} }`);
       if (rollback) stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}if (!${resOkV}) { ${rollback} }`);
     } else {
-      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}if (${okVar}) { ${resValV} = ${valVar}; ${resEndV} = ${endVar}; ${resOkV} = true }`);
-      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}else { ${slots[i]} = ${failSlot}${rollback ? `; ${rollback}` : ""} }`);
+      const rejectedFlush = autoRejectedV === void 0 ? "" : `; for (const _rejectedId of ${autoRejectedV}) { _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: _rejectedId, phase: 'failure', offset: ${pos} }); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: _rejectedId, phase: 'backtrack', offset: ${pos} }) }`;
+      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}if (${okVar}) { ${resValV} = ${valVar}; ${resEndV} = ${endVar}; ${resOkV} = true${coverageBase === void 0 ? "" : `${rejectedFlush}; _ctx._grammarCoverage?.(${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'selected', offset: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} }); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'success', offset: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} })`} }`);
+      stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}else { ${slots[i]} = ${failSlot}${rollback ? `; ${rollback}` : ""}${coverageBase === void 0 ? "" : `; _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'failure', offset: ${atStart ? pos : "_ctx._fe"} }); _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(`${coverageBase}${i}`)}, phase: 'backtrack', offset: ${pos} })`} }`);
     }
     ctx.indent -= fsGuard ? 2 : 1;
     if (fsGuard) stmts.push(`${ind(ctx)}} else { ${slots[i]} = ${staticFx} }`);
@@ -4799,12 +5086,12 @@ function emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos) {
   stmts.push(...emitIfFail(ctx, `!${resOkV}`, failArrBody(ctx, concatExpr, pos, false)));
   return { stmts, valueVar: resValV, endVar: resEndV };
 }
-function emitNonDisjoint(def, strategy, allExpected, ctx, pos) {
+function emitNonDisjoint(def, strategy, allExpected, ctx, pos, coverageBase) {
   if (strategy.tag === "greedyClassify")
-    return emitGreedyClassify(def, strategy.superIndex, ctx, pos);
+    return emitGreedyClassify(def, strategy.superIndex, ctx, pos, coverageBase);
   if (strategy.tag === "literalsLongestFirst")
-    return emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, strategy.sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos);
-  return emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos);
+    return emitLiteralsLongestFirst(def, strategy.sortedIndices, allExpected, ctx, pos, coverageBase);
+  return emitFirstMatch(def, ctx, pos, coverageBase);
 }
 function pushMapFn(ctx, fn, src) {
   if (src !== null && ctx.mapFns.length === ctx.mapFnSrcs.length) {
@@ -4922,6 +5209,27 @@ function emitOptional(def, ctx, pos) {
   ];
   return { stmts, valueVar: valV, endVar: endV };
 }
+function emitAttempt(p, def, ctx, pos) {
+  const inner = emitFallible(def.parser, ctx, pos);
+  const leaves = v(ctx, "_atl");
+  const raw = v(ctx, "_atr");
+  const trivia2 = v(ctx, "_att");
+  const log = v(ctx, "_atg");
+  const fields = v(ctx, "_atf");
+  const errors = v(ctx, "_ate");
+  const rollback = `if (_ctx._cstLeaves) _ctx._cstLeaves.length = ${leaves}; if (_ctx._cstRawChildren) _ctx._cstRawChildren.length = ${raw}; if (_ctx._cstTriviaLog) _ctx._cstTriviaLog.length = ${trivia2}; if (_ctx._triviaLog) _ctx._triviaLog.length = ${log}; if (_ctx._fields) _ctx._fields.length = ${fields}; if (_ctx._errors) _ctx._errors.length = ${errors}`;
+  const traceId = ctx.coverage?.plan.attempts.get(p);
+  const traceRollback = traceId === void 0 ? "" : ` _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(traceId)}, phase: 'rollback', offset: ${pos} });`;
+  return {
+    stmts: [
+      `${ind(ctx)}const ${leaves} = _ctx._cstLeaves?.length ?? 0, ${raw} = _ctx._cstRawChildren?.length ?? 0, ${trivia2} = _ctx._cstTriviaLog?.length ?? 0, ${log} = _ctx._triviaLog?.length ?? 0, ${fields} = _ctx._fields?.length ?? 0, ${errors} = _ctx._errors?.length ?? 0`,
+      ...inner.stmts,
+      ...emitIfFail(ctx, `!${inner.okVar}`, `{ ${rollback};${traceRollback} _ctx._fe = ${pos}; ${propagateFailBody(ctx)} }`)
+    ],
+    valueVar: inner.valVar,
+    endVar: inner.endVar
+  };
+}
 function emitSepBy(_p, def, ctx, pos) {
   const arrV = v(ctx, "_arr");
   const curV = v(ctx, "_cur");
@@ -5167,11 +5475,11 @@ function tokenNullableRegex(def) {
   }
   if (inner.tag === "sepBy") {
     const item = tokenSequenceSource(inner.parser);
-    const sep = tokenSequenceSource(inner.separator);
-    if (!item || !sep) return null;
-    const combined = combineTokenRegexSources([item, sep]);
+    const sep2 = tokenSequenceSource(inner.separator);
+    if (!item || !sep2) return null;
+    const combined = combineTokenRegexSources([item, sep2]);
     if (!combined) return null;
-    return { tag: "regex", source: `(?:${item.source}(?:${sep.source}${item.source})*)?`, flags: combined.flags };
+    return { tag: "regex", source: `(?:${item.source}(?:${sep2.source}${item.source})*)?`, flags: combined.flags };
   }
   return null;
 }
@@ -5212,6 +5520,36 @@ function emitToken(def, ctx, pos) {
     endVar: inner.endVar
   };
 }
+function emitLeaf(def, ctx, pos) {
+  const inner = emitFallible(def.parser, ctx, pos);
+  const i = ind(ctx);
+  const sc = v(ctx, "_leafCh");
+  const sl = v(ctx, "_leafLv");
+  const sr = v(ctx, "_leafRaw");
+  const stl = v(ctx, "_leafTl");
+  const sol = v(ctx, "_leafLog");
+  const sb = v(ctx, "_leafBuf");
+  const rawV = v(ctx, "_leafRawValue");
+  const valV = v(ctx, "_leaf");
+  const fnIdx = pushMapFn(ctx, def.fn, def.fnSrc ?? null);
+  return {
+    stmts: [
+      `${i}const ${sc} = _ctx._cstChildren, ${sl} = _ctx._cstLeaves, ${sr} = _ctx._cstRawChildren, ${stl} = _ctx._cstTriviaLog, ${sol} = _ctx._triviaLog, ${sb} = _ctx._cstBuf`,
+      `${i}_ctx._cstChildren = undefined; _ctx._cstLeaves = undefined; _ctx._cstRawChildren = undefined; _ctx._cstTriviaLog = undefined; _ctx._triviaLog = undefined; _ctx._cstBuf = undefined`,
+      `${i}try {`,
+      ...reindentStmts(inner.stmts, ctx.indent + 1).map((stmt) => stmt.replace(/^(\s*)(?:const|let)\s+/, "$1var ")),
+      `${i}} finally {`,
+      `${i}  _ctx._cstChildren = ${sc}; _ctx._cstLeaves = ${sl}; _ctx._cstRawChildren = ${sr}; _ctx._cstTriviaLog = ${stl}; _ctx._triviaLog = ${sol}; _ctx._cstBuf = ${sb}`,
+      `${i}}`,
+      ...emitIfFail(ctx, `!${inner.okVar}`, propagateFailBody(ctx)),
+      `${i}const ${rawV} = ${inner.valVar}`,
+      `${i}const ${valV} = ${mfRef(ctx)}[${fnIdx}](${rawV}, { start: ${pos}, end: ${inner.endVar} })`,
+      ...emitLeafCapture(ctx, valV, pos, inner.endVar)
+    ],
+    valueVar: valV,
+    endVar: inner.endVar
+  };
+}
 function emitNode(def, ctx, pos) {
   if (def.type === void 0) {
     throw new Error('node(): inferred node type requires a rules() key; pass node("Type", parser) outside rules()');
@@ -5225,17 +5563,20 @@ function emitNode(def, ctx, pos) {
     ctx.buildSrcs.push(def.buildSrc ?? null);
   }
   const i = ind(ctx);
-  const capturesTrivia = mkType !== null || !structural && buildReadsTrivia(def);
+  const capturesTrivia = mkType !== null || def.captureTrivia === true || def.trailingTrivia === true || !structural && buildReadsTrivia(def);
   const clonesState = !structural && buildReadsState(def);
+  const capturesChildren = !structural && (mkType !== null || def.unwrap || def.collapse || buildReadsChildren(def));
+  const capturesRaw = !structural && (mkType !== null || buildReadsRaw(def));
   const hasFields = parserHasOwnFields(def.parser);
   const capturesFields = hasFields && !structural && buildReadsFields(def);
+  const innerEnablesTriviaCapture = parserEnablesTriviaCapture(def.parser);
   const chV = v(ctx, "_ch");
   const rawV = v(ctx, "_raw");
-  const capTLv = structural ? v(ctx, "_ctl") : null;
+  const capTLv = structural || capturesTrivia ? v(ctx, "_ctl") : null;
   const capSTv = structural ? v(ctx, "_cst") : null;
   const capFv = structural && hasFields ? v(ctx, "_cf") : null;
   const tlV = capturesTrivia || structural ? v(ctx, "_tl") : "_EMPTY_TL";
-  if (!capturesTrivia) ctx.needsEmptyTl = true;
+  if (!capturesTrivia || structural) ctx.needsEmptyTl = true;
   const sc = v(ctx, "_sc"), sl = v(ctx, "_sl"), sr = v(ctx, "_sr"), st = v(ctx, "_st"), stl = v(ctx, "_stl");
   const smk = structural ? v(ctx, "_smk") : null;
   if (structural) ctx.needsHostReads = true;
@@ -5244,16 +5585,21 @@ function emitNode(def, ctx, pos) {
   const profHoist = `${i}const ${pmV} = _ctx._pmProfile, ${recV} = ${pmV}?.phase === 'recognizer', ${capV} = ${pmV}?.phase === 'capture'`;
   const profileRecognizer = recV;
   const profileCapture = capV;
-  const allocStmt = structural ? `${i}const ${capTLv} = !(${profileRecognizer}) && (${profileCapture} || ${hostTriviaGate}), ${capSTv} = !(${profileRecognizer} || ${profileCapture}) && (_ctx._pmCapST ??= (_ctx.build === undefined || _hostReads(_ctx.build, 6)))${capFv ? `, ${capFv} = !(${profileRecognizer}) && (${profileCapture} || (_ctx.build !== undefined && _hostReads(_ctx.build, 2)))` : ""}
-${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${tlV} = ${capTLv} ? [] : _EMPTY_TL` : capturesTrivia ? `${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${tlV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : []` : `${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : []`;
-  const innerTl = structural ? `${capTLv} ? ${tlV} : undefined` : capturesTrivia ? tlV : "undefined";
+  const directCstV = !structural && (!capturesChildren || !capturesRaw) ? v(ctx, "_dcst") : null;
+  const directCstGate = directCstV === null ? "false" : `${profileCapture} || _ctx.build?._parsemanCstOutput === true`;
+  const structuralCapturesTrivia = structural && (def.captureTrivia === true || def.trailingTrivia === true);
+  const allocStmt = structural ? `${i}const ${capTLv} = !(${profileRecognizer}) && (${profileCapture} || ${structuralCapturesTrivia ? "true" : hostTriviaGate}), ${capSTv} = !(${profileRecognizer} || ${profileCapture}) && (_ctx._pmCapST ??= (_ctx.build === undefined || _hostReads(_ctx.build, 6)))${capFv ? `, ${capFv} = !(${profileRecognizer}) && (${profileCapture} || (_ctx.build !== undefined && _hostReads(_ctx.build, 2)))` : ""}
+${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${tlV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : ${innerEnablesTriviaCapture ? "[]" : `${capTLv} ? [] : _EMPTY_TL`}` : capturesTrivia ? `${directCstV ? `${i}const ${directCstV} = ${directCstGate}
+` : ""}${i}const ${capTLv} = !(${profileRecognizer}), ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : ${capturesChildren ? "[]" : `${directCstV} ? [] : undefined`}, ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : ${capturesRaw ? "[]" : `${directCstV} ? [] : undefined`}, ${tlV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : []` : `${directCstV ? `${i}const ${directCstV} = ${directCstGate}
+` : ""}${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : ${capturesChildren ? "[]" : `${directCstV} ? [] : undefined`}, ${rawV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : ${capturesRaw ? "[]" : `${directCstV} ? [] : undefined`}`;
+  const innerTl = structural || capturesTrivia ? structural && !innerEnablesTriviaCapture ? `${capTLv} ? ${tlV} : undefined` : tlV : "undefined";
   const fieldsOn = structural ? capFv ?? "false" : `${profileRecognizer} ? false : ${capturesFields ? "true" : "false"}`;
   const sf = hasFields ? v(ctx, "_sf") : null;
   const fArr = hasFields ? v(ctx, "_fa") : null;
   const fObj = hasFields ? v(ctx, "_fields") : "undefined";
-  const needsTriviaFrame = parserHasTriviaSite(def.parser);
+  const needsTriviaFrame = def.trailingTrivia === true || parserHasTriviaSite(def.parser);
   const saveTrivia = needsTriviaFrame ? `, ${st} = _ctx.captureTrivia, ${stl} = _ctx._cstTriviaLog${smk ? `, ${smk} = _ctx._triviaCaptureMask` : ""}` : "";
-  const installTrivia = needsTriviaFrame ? `; _ctx.captureTrivia = true; _ctx._cstTriviaLog = ${innerTl}${smk ? `; _ctx._triviaCaptureMask = ${capTLv} && _ctx.build._parsemanTriviaKinds !== undefined ? _ctx.build._parsemanTriviaKinds(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}) : ${smk}` : ""}` : "";
+  const installTrivia = needsTriviaFrame ? `; _ctx.captureTrivia = ${capTLv ?? "false"}; _ctx._cstTriviaLog = ${innerTl}${smk ? `; _ctx._triviaCaptureMask = ${capTLv} && _ctx.build !== undefined && _ctx.build._parsemanTriviaKinds !== undefined ? _ctx.build._parsemanTriviaKinds(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}) : ${smk}` : ""}` : "";
   const restoreTrivia = needsTriviaFrame ? `; _ctx.captureTrivia = ${st}; _ctx._cstTriviaLog = ${stl}${smk ? `; _ctx._triviaCaptureMask = ${smk}` : ""}` : "";
   const stmts = [
     profHoist,
@@ -5261,8 +5607,13 @@ ${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRec
     `${i}const ${sc} = _ctx._cstChildren, ${sl} = _ctx._cstLeaves, ${sr} = _ctx._cstRawChildren${saveTrivia}${sf ? `, ${sf} = _ctx._fields` : ""}`,
     `${i}_ctx._cstChildren = ${chV}; _ctx._cstLeaves = ${chV}; _ctx._cstRawChildren = ${rawV}${installTrivia}${sf ? `; _ctx._fields = ${fieldsOn} ? [] : undefined` : ""}`
   ];
-  const { stmts: innerStmts, okVar, endVar } = emitFallible(def.parser, ctx, pos);
+  const { stmts: innerStmts, okVar, endVar: innerEndVar } = emitFallible(def.parser, ctx, pos);
+  const endVar = def.trailingTrivia === true && ctx.activeTrivia ? v(ctx, "_trailend") : innerEndVar;
   stmts.push(...innerStmts);
+  if (def.trailingTrivia === true && ctx.activeTrivia) {
+    const triviaFn = ensureTriviaFn(ctx);
+    stmts.push(`${i}const ${endVar} = ${okVar} ? ${triviaFn}(input, ${innerEndVar}, _ctx, 1) : ${innerEndVar}`);
+  }
   if (sf && fArr) {
     stmts.push(`${i}const ${fArr} = _ctx._fields`);
   }
@@ -5302,8 +5653,9 @@ ${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRec
   }
   const ndV = v(ctx, "_nd");
   const buildExpr = structural ? `{ _tag: 'node', type: ${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, span: { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} }, state: ${stV} ?? null, children: ${chV} }` : mkType ? emitInlineMkNodeExpr(mkType, chV, rawV, pos, endVar, tlV) : `${buildRef(ctx)}[${buildIdx}](${chV}, ${fObj}, { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} }, ${rawV}, ${tlV}, ${stV})`;
-  const ndExpr = ctx.ns || structural ? `_ctx.build !== undefined ? (_ctx._pmProfile?.phase === 'host' && _ctx._pmProfile.hostCalls++, _ctx.build(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${chV}, ${fObj}, { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} }, ${rawV}, ${tlV}, ${stV})) : (${buildExpr})` : buildExpr;
-  const hostCollapseExpr = ctx.ns || structural ? `_ctx.build !== undefined && _ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse !== undefined && ${chV}.length === 1 && ${rawV}.length === 1 && _ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${chV}[0], ${chV}, ${rawV}) ? ${chV}[0] : (${ndExpr})` : ndExpr;
+  const hostBuildExpr = `_ctx._pmProfile?.phase === 'host' && _ctx._pmProfile.hostCalls++, _ctx.build(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${chV}, ${fObj}, { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} }, ${rawV}, ${tlV}, ${stV})`;
+  const ndExpr = structural ? `_ctx.build !== undefined ? (${hostBuildExpr}) : (${buildExpr})` : `_ctx.build?._parsemanCstOutput === true ? (${hostBuildExpr}) : (${buildExpr})`;
+  const hostCollapseExpr = structural ? `_ctx.build !== undefined && _ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse !== undefined && ${chV}.length === 1 && ${rawV}.length === 1 && _ctx.build._parsemanCstCollapse(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${chV}[0], ${chV}, ${rawV}) ? ${chV}[0] : (${ndExpr})` : ndExpr;
   const unwrapExpr = `${chV}.length === 1 ? (${chV}[0] !== null && typeof ${chV}[0] === 'object' && ${chV}[0]._tag === 'leaf' ? ${chV}[0].value : ${chV}[0]) : (${ndExpr})`;
   const collapseExpr = `${chV}.length === 1 ? ${chV}[0] : (${ndExpr})`;
   const finalExpr = def.unwrap ? unwrapExpr : def.collapse ? collapseExpr : hostCollapseExpr;
@@ -5311,7 +5663,7 @@ ${i}const ${chV} = ${profileRecognizer} ? undefined : [], ${rawV} = ${profileRec
     `${i}const ${ndV} = (${profileRecognizer} || ${profileCapture}) ? undefined : (${finalExpr})`,
     `${i}if (!(${profileRecognizer})) {`,
     `${i}  if (${sc}) ${sc}.push(${ndV})`,
-    `${i}  if (${sr}) ${sr}.push((typeof ${ndV} === 'object' && ${ndV} !== null && (${ndV}._tag === 'node' || ${ndV}._tag === 'leaf' || ${ndV}._tag === 'parseError')) ? ${ndV} : { _tag: 'leaf', value: typeof ${ndV} === 'string' ? ${ndV} : '', span: { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} } })`,
+    `${i}  if (${sr}) ${sr}.push((typeof ${ndV} === 'object' && ${ndV} !== null && (${ndV}._tag === 'node' || ${ndV}._tag === 'leaf' || ${ndV}._tag === 'parseError')) ? ${ndV} : { _tag: 'leaf', value: typeof ${ndV} === 'string' ? ${ndV} : (typeof ${ndV} === 'object' && ${ndV} !== null ? input.slice(${pos}, ${endVar}) : ''), span: { start: ${pos}, end: ${endVar} } })`,
     `${i}}`
   );
   return { stmts, valueVar: ndV, endVar };
@@ -5356,14 +5708,23 @@ function emitLazy(p, def, ctx, pos) {
     const savedIndent = ctx.indent;
     const savedFailLabel = ctx.failLabel;
     const savedRecord = ctx.recordFail;
+    const failureRuleId = p === ctx.coverage?.entry ? void 0 : ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(p) ?? ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(resolved);
+    const savedActiveRule = ctx.activeCoverageRuleId;
+    const savedSuppressFailure = ctx.suppressCoverageFailure;
     ctx.indent = 1;
     ctx.failLabel = "_pfail";
     ctx.recordFail = true;
+    if (failureRuleId !== void 0) {
+      ctx.activeCoverageRuleId = void 0;
+      ctx.suppressCoverageFailure = true;
+    }
     const r = emit(resolved, ctx, "_pos");
     ctx.indent = savedIndent;
     ctx.failLabel = savedFailLabel;
     ctx.recordFail = savedRecord;
-    pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName2, r.stmts, r.valueVar, r.endVar);
+    ctx.activeCoverageRuleId = savedActiveRule;
+    ctx.suppressCoverageFailure = savedSuppressFailure;
+    pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName2, r.stmts, r.valueVar, r.endVar, failureRuleId);
   }
   const fnName = ctx.namedParsers.get(p);
   return emitNamedFnCall(ctx, fnName, pos);
@@ -5414,6 +5775,30 @@ function emitExpect(def, ctx, pos) {
   return { stmts, valueVar: valVar, endVar };
 }
 function emit(p, ctx, pos) {
+  const dispatch = (emissionPos = pos) => {
+    const savedRule = ctx.activeCoverageRuleId;
+    const rule = ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(p);
+    if (rule && p !== ctx.coverage?.entry && !ctx.suppressCoverageFailure) ctx.activeCoverageRuleId = rule;
+    const result = emitDispatch(p, ctx, emissionPos);
+    ctx.activeCoverageRuleId = savedRule;
+    return result;
+  };
+  const instrument = (r) => {
+    const ruleId = ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(p);
+    const labelIds = ctx.coverage?.plan.labels.get(p);
+    if (!ruleId && !labelIds) return r;
+    return {
+      ...r,
+      stmts: [
+        ...ruleId ? [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarCoverage?.(${JSON.stringify(ruleId)})`] : [],
+        ...ruleId ? [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ruleId)}, phase: 'enter', offset: ${pos} })`] : [],
+        ...r.stmts,
+        ...ruleId ? [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ruleId)}, phase: 'success', offset: ${pos}, end: ${r.endVar} })`] : [],
+        ...labelIds?.flatMap((id) => [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarCoverage?.(${JSON.stringify(id)})`]) ?? [],
+        ...labelIds?.flatMap((id) => [`${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(id)}, phase: 'success', offset: ${pos}, end: ${r.endVar} })`]) ?? []
+      ]
+    };
+  };
   const usage = ctx.lazyUsage;
   if (usage && !ctx.noHoist && !ctx.capAsTrivia && !ctx.ruleNames?.has(p) && isHoistableTag(p._def.tag) && (usage.counts.get(p) ?? 0) > 1 && // Only hoist subtrees big enough that de-duplicating them beats the call
   // overhead. A tiny shared wrapper (e.g. `optional(literal(';'))`) inlines
@@ -5430,14 +5815,14 @@ function emit(p, ctx, pos) {
     ctx.indent = 1;
     ctx.failLabel = "_pfail";
     ctx.recordFail = true;
-    const r = emitDispatch(p, ctx, "_pos");
+    const r = dispatch("_pos");
     ctx.indent = savedIndent;
     ctx.failLabel = savedFailLabel;
     ctx.recordFail = savedRecord;
     pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fnName, r.stmts, r.valueVar, r.endVar);
-    return emitNamedFnCall(ctx, fnName, pos);
+    return instrument(emitNamedFnCall(ctx, fnName, pos));
   }
-  return emitDispatch(p, ctx, pos);
+  return instrument(dispatch());
 }
 function emitDispatch(p, ctx, pos) {
   const def = p._def;
@@ -5451,7 +5836,9 @@ function emitDispatch(p, ctx, pos) {
     case "sequence":
       return emitSeq(def, ctx, pos);
     case "choice":
-      return emitChoice(def, ctx, pos);
+      return emitChoice(p, def, ctx, pos);
+    case "attempt":
+      return emitAttempt(p, def, ctx, pos);
     case "many":
     case "oneOrMore":
       return emitMany(def, ctx, pos);
@@ -5520,6 +5907,8 @@ function emitDispatch(p, ctx, pos) {
       return emit(def.parser, ctx, pos);
     case "token":
       return emitToken(def, ctx, pos);
+    case "leaf":
+      return emitLeaf(def, ctx, pos);
     case "label": {
       const inner = emitFallible(def.parser, ctx, pos);
       return {
@@ -5554,10 +5943,19 @@ function emitDispatch(p, ctx, pos) {
           ctx.triviaKindLabels = def.triviaParser._meta.triviaKindLabels;
         }
       }
+      const savedCapture = def.captureTrivia ? v(ctx, "_gcap") : null;
       const r = emit(def.parser, ctx, pos);
       ctx.activeTrivia = savedTrivia;
       ctx.triviaKindLabels = savedKindLabels;
-      return r;
+      if (!savedCapture) return r;
+      return {
+        ...r,
+        stmts: [
+          `${ind(ctx)}const ${savedCapture} = _ctx.captureTrivia; _ctx.captureTrivia = true`,
+          ...r.stmts,
+          `${ind(ctx)}_ctx.captureTrivia = ${savedCapture}`
+        ]
+      };
     }
     case "not":
       return emitNot(def, ctx, pos);
@@ -5642,6 +6040,7 @@ function hasNodeDef(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
     case "grammar":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "label":
     case "field":
     case "optional":
@@ -5669,16 +6068,32 @@ function hasNodeDef(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
       return false;
   }
 }
+function hasDirectBuildDef(p, seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set()) {
+  if (seen.has(p)) return false;
+  seen.add(p);
+  const d = p._def;
+  if (d.tag === "node" && d.build !== void 0) return true;
+  if (d.tag === "lazy") {
+    try {
+      return hasDirectBuildDef(d.thunk(), seen);
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return childrenOf(d).some((child) => hasDirectBuildDef(child, seen));
+}
 function childrenOf(def) {
   switch (def.tag) {
     case "sequence":
     case "choice":
       return def.parsers;
     case "many":
+    case "attempt":
     case "optional":
     case "transform":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "label":
     case "field":
     case "grammar":
@@ -5853,10 +6268,25 @@ function compile(combinator, mapFnSources, opts) {
     namedFnDecls: [],
     capturing: hasNodeDef(combinator),
     recovery: opts?.recovery ?? false,
+    ...opts?.coverage ? { coverage: { plan: buildGrammarPlan(combinator), entry: combinator } } : {},
     lazyUsage: analyzeLazyUsage(combinator),
     ...grammarTrivia ? { activeTrivia: grammarTrivia, triviaKindLabels: grammarTrivia._meta.triviaKindLabels } : {}
   };
   const r = emit(combinator, ctx, "_pos");
+  const coverageRootRuleId = ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(combinator);
+  const resultBody = coverageRootRuleId === void 0 ? [
+    `  let pos = _pos`,
+    ...r.stmts,
+    `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`
+  ] : [
+    `  const _coverageResult = (() => {`,
+    `    let pos = _pos`,
+    ...r.stmts,
+    `    return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
+    `  })()`,
+    `  if (!_coverageResult.ok) _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(coverageRootRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: _coverageResult.span.start })`,
+    `  return _coverageResult`
+  ];
   const namedPrelude = ctx.namedFnDecls.length > 0 ? [...namedFnPrelude(), ""] : [];
   const emptyTlDecls = ctx.needsEmptyTl ? ["const _EMPTY_TL = Object.freeze([])"] : [];
   const hostReadsDecls = ctx.needsHostReads ? [HOST_READS_DECL] : [];
@@ -5869,9 +6299,7 @@ function compile(combinator, mapFnSources, opts) {
     ...namedPrelude,
     ctx.namedFnDecls.join("\n\n"),
     `function _parse(input, _pos, _rp, _mf, _build, _ctx) {`,
-    `  let pos = _pos`,
-    ...r.stmts,
-    `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
+    ...resultBody,
     `}`
   ].join("\n");
   const fn = new Function("input", "_pos", "_rp", "_mf", "_build", "_ctx", [
@@ -5881,9 +6309,15 @@ function compile(combinator, mapFnSources, opts) {
     ...ctx.expectedDecls,
     ...namedPrelude,
     ...ctx.namedFnDecls.flatMap((decl, i) => i > 0 ? ["", decl] : [decl]),
-    `let pos = _pos`,
-    ...r.stmts,
-    `return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`
+    ...coverageRootRuleId === void 0 ? [`let pos = _pos`, ...r.stmts, `return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`] : [
+      `const _coverageResult = (() => {`,
+      `  let pos = _pos`,
+      ...r.stmts,
+      `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
+      `})()`,
+      `if (!_coverageResult.ok) _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(coverageRootRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: _coverageResult.span.start })`,
+      `return _coverageResult`
+    ]
   ].join("\n"));
   const defaultCtx = {
     trackLines: false,
@@ -5895,10 +6329,11 @@ function compile(combinator, mapFnSources, opts) {
   const buildSources = ctx.buildFns.length === 0 ? void 0 : ctx.buildSrcs;
   const mfCovered = ctx.mapFns.length === 0 || effectiveSources !== void 0 && effectiveSources.length === ctx.mapFns.length;
   const canInline = ctx.runtimeParsers.length === 0 && mfCovered && buildCovered;
-  const inlineExpression = canInline ? buildInlineExpression(ctx, r, effectiveSources, buildSources) : null;
+  const inlineExpression = canInline ? buildInlineExpression(ctx, r, effectiveSources, buildSources, coverageRootRuleId) : null;
   return {
     source,
     inlineExpression,
+    ...ctx.coverage === void 0 ? {} : { coverageDefinitions: ctx.coverage.plan.definitions },
     parse(input, pos = 0) {
       return fn(input, pos, ctx.runtimeParsers, ctx.mapFns, ctx.buildFns, defaultCtx);
     },
@@ -5932,6 +6367,7 @@ function publicRuleWrapperSource(rule, fnSource) {
 }
 function compileRuleMap(ruleMap, opts) {
   for (const [, rule] of ruleMap) markUnusedValues(rule);
+  const coverageWinners = opts?.coverage ? Object.fromEntries(ruleMap.filter(([, rule]) => rule._def.tag !== "lazy")) : void 0;
   const grammarTrivia = opts?.trivia;
   const ctx = {
     vars: 0,
@@ -5952,6 +6388,7 @@ function compileRuleMap(ruleMap, opts) {
     namedFnDecls: [],
     capturing: ruleMap.some(([, rule]) => hasNodeDef(rule)),
     recovery: opts?.recovery ?? false,
+    ...opts?.coverage ? { coverage: { plan: buildGrammarPlan(ruleMap.map(([, rule]) => rule), coverageWinners) } } : {},
     lazyUsage: analyzeLazyUsageMulti(ruleMap.map(([, rule]) => rule)),
     ...grammarTrivia ? { activeTrivia: grammarTrivia, triviaKindLabels: grammarTrivia._meta.triviaKindLabels } : {}
   };
@@ -5994,15 +6431,34 @@ function compileRuleMap(ruleMap, opts) {
       return i > 0 ? ["", ...lines] : lines;
     })
   ].filter(Boolean);
-  const entryFnText = (r) => [
-    `function(input, _pos, _ctx) {`,
-    `  let pos = _pos`,
-    ...r.stmts,
-    `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
-    `}`
-  ].join("\n");
+  const entryRuleId = (rule) => {
+    const direct = ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(rule);
+    if (direct !== void 0 || rule._def.tag !== "lazy") return direct;
+    try {
+      return ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(rule._def.thunk());
+    } catch {
+      return void 0;
+    }
+  };
+  const entryFnText = (r, rule) => {
+    const ruleId = entryRuleId(rule);
+    const body = ruleId === void 0 ? [
+      `  let pos = _pos`,
+      ...r.stmts,
+      `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`
+    ] : [
+      `  const _coverageResult = (() => {`,
+      `    let pos = _pos`,
+      ...r.stmts,
+      `    return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
+      `  })()`,
+      `  if (!_coverageResult.ok) _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ruleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: _coverageResult.span.start })`,
+      `  return _coverageResult`
+    ];
+    return [`function(input, _pos, _ctx) {`, ...body, `}`].join("\n");
+  };
   const objBody = perEntry.map(({ key, rule, r }) => {
-    const src = publicRuleWrapperSource(rule, entryFnText(r));
+    const src = publicRuleWrapperSource(rule, entryFnText(r, rule));
     return `    ${JSON.stringify(key)}: ${src.split("\n").join("\n    ")}`;
   }).join(",\n");
   const replacement = [
@@ -6013,7 +6469,11 @@ function compileRuleMap(ruleMap, opts) {
     `  }`,
     `})()`
   ].join("\n");
-  return { keys: perEntry.map((e) => e.key), replacement };
+  return {
+    keys: perEntry.map((e) => e.key),
+    replacement,
+    ...ctx.coverage === void 0 ? {} : { coverageDefinitions: ctx.coverage.plan.definitions }
+  };
 }
 function compileLinkable(ruleMapArg, ns, opts) {
   if (!ns) throw new Error("compileLinkable: ns must be a non-empty namespace");
@@ -6046,8 +6506,13 @@ function compileLinkable(ruleMapArg, ns, opts) {
     triviaCaptureNames: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
     triviaFnNames: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
     namedFnDecls: [],
-    capturing: ruleMap.some(([, rule]) => hasNodeDef(rule)),
+    // A recognition-only fragment normally has no node collector of its own.
+    // Leaf composition can re-lower it beneath a local semantic node, though;
+    // in that case its terminals must feed the caller's collector rather than
+    // merely returning their scalar parse values.
+    capturing: opts?.captureTerminals === true || ruleMap.some(([, rule]) => hasNodeDef(rule)),
     recovery: opts?.recovery ?? false,
+    ...opts?.coverage ? { coverage: { plan: opts.coverage } } : {},
     lazyUsage: analyzeLazyUsageMulti(ruleMap.map(([, rule]) => rule)),
     ns,
     deferFirstSetRefs: true,
@@ -6121,7 +6586,14 @@ function compileLinkable(ruleMapArg, ns, opts) {
       ctx.indent = savedIndent;
       ctx.failLabel = savedFail;
       ctx.recordFail = savedRec;
-      pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fn, body.stmts, body.valueVar, body.endVar);
+      const ruleId = ctx.coverage?.plan.rules.get(rule);
+      const stmts = ruleId === void 0 ? body.stmts : [
+        `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarCoverage?.(${JSON.stringify(ruleId)})`,
+        `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ruleId)}, phase: 'enter', offset: _pos })`,
+        ...body.stmts,
+        `${ind(ctx)}_ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(ruleId)}, phase: 'success', offset: _pos, end: ${body.endVar} })`
+      ];
+      pushNamedFnDecl(ctx, fn, stmts, body.valueVar, body.endVar);
     }
     perEntry.push({ key, rule, r: emitNamedFnCall(ctx, fn, "_pos") });
   }
@@ -6178,15 +6650,46 @@ function compileLinkable(ruleMapArg, ns, opts) {
     deps: ruleDependencies(ruleMap),
     needsEmptyTl: !!ctx.needsEmptyTl,
     needsHostReads: !!ctx.needsHostReads,
+    hasDirectBuilders: ruleMap.some(([, rule]) => hasDirectBuildDef(rule)),
+    isRecognitionOnly: !hasSemanticReduction(ruleMap.map(([, rule]) => rule)),
     mfFns: mfSrcs ? [] : ctx.mapFns,
     buildFns: buildSrcs ? [] : ctx.buildFns
   };
 }
-function buildInlineExpression(ctx, r, mapFnSources, buildSources) {
-  const bodyLines = [
+function hasSemanticReduction(roots) {
+  const seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const visit = (parser2) => {
+    if (seen.has(parser2)) return false;
+    seen.add(parser2);
+    const def = parser2._def;
+    if (def.tag === "transform" && !def.recognitionOnly) return true;
+    if (def.tag === "choice" && def.gates.some(Boolean)) return true;
+    if (def.tag === "guard" || def.tag === "withCtx") return true;
+    if (def.tag === "node" && def.build !== void 0) return true;
+    if (def.tag === "lazy") {
+      try {
+        return visit(def.thunk());
+      } catch {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return childrenOf(def).some(visit);
+  };
+  return roots.some(visit);
+}
+function buildInlineExpression(ctx, r, mapFnSources, buildSources, coverageRootRuleId) {
+  const bodyLines = coverageRootRuleId === void 0 ? [
     `  let pos = _pos`,
     ...r.stmts,
     `  return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`
+  ] : [
+    `  const _coverageResult = (() => {`,
+    `    let pos = _pos`,
+    ...r.stmts,
+    `    return { ok: true, value: ${r.valueVar}, span: { start: _pos, end: ${r.endVar} } }`,
+    `  })()`,
+    `  if (!_coverageResult.ok) _ctx._grammarTrace?.write({ id: ${JSON.stringify(coverageRootRuleId)}, phase: 'failure', offset: _coverageResult.span.start })`,
+    `  return _coverageResult`
   ];
   const innerFn = [
     `function(input, _pos, _ctx) {`,
@@ -6241,8 +6744,8 @@ function scanTo(sentinel, { skip: skip2 = [], orEOF = false } = {}) {
       };
       const emit2 = (end) => {
         if (end > pos && cstCaptureActive(ctx)) {
-          const leaf = { _tag: "leaf", value: input.slice(pos, end), span: { start: pos, end } };
-          pushCstLeaf(ctx, leaf);
+          const leaf2 = { _tag: "leaf", value: input.slice(pos, end), span: { start: pos, end } };
+          pushCstLeaf(ctx, leaf2);
         }
       };
       while (cur < input.length) {
@@ -6296,6 +6799,7 @@ function balanced(open, close, options = {}) {
   );
   if (combi._def.tag === "transform") {
     combi._def.fnSrc = '([o, parts, c]) => o + parts.map(p => typeof p === "string" ? p : Array.isArray(p) ? p.join("") : "").join("") + (typeof c === "string" ? c : "")';
+    combi._def.recognitionOnly = true;
   }
   self.define(combi);
   return combi;
@@ -6341,9 +6845,11 @@ function childrenOf2(def) {
     case "many":
     case "oneOrMore":
     case "optional":
+    case "attempt":
     case "transform":
     case "trivia":
     case "token":
+    case "leaf":
     case "label":
     case "field":
     case "not":
@@ -6392,7 +6898,7 @@ function serializeRuleMap(ruleMap) {
   }
 }
 function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
-  const _tf = (child, src) => {
+  const _tf = (child, src, recognitionOnly = false) => {
     let fn2;
     try {
       fn2 = (0, eval)(`(${src})`);
@@ -6403,11 +6909,31 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     }
     const t = transform(child, fn2);
     t._def.fnSrc = src;
+    if (recognitionOnly) t._def.recognitionOnly = true;
     return t;
   };
-  const _nd = (type, child, src, opts) => {
-    const n = node(type, child, void 0, opts);
+  const _lf = (child, src) => {
+    let fn2;
+    try {
+      fn2 = (0, eval)(`(${src})`);
+    } catch {
+      fn2 = () => {
+        throw new Error("IR leaf fn not materialized");
+      };
+    }
+    const l = leaf(child, fn2);
+    l._def.fnSrc = src;
+    return l;
+  };
+  const _nd = (type, child, src, opts, staticError) => {
+    if (staticError !== void 0 && staticError.length > 0) {
+      throw new Error(`IR direct node builder for ${type} must be macro-static and self-contained; unsupported binding(s): ${staticError.join(", ")}`);
+    }
+    const n = node(type, child, (() => {
+      throw new Error("IR node build requires static re-lowering");
+    }), opts);
     n._def.buildSrc = src;
+    if (staticError !== void 0) n._def.buildStaticError = staticError;
     return n;
   };
   const _gch = (items) => {
@@ -6457,6 +6983,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     "keywords",
     "sequence",
     "choice",
+    "attempt",
     "many",
     "oneOrMore",
     "optional",
@@ -6466,6 +6993,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     "parser",
     "scanTo",
     "token",
+    "leaf",
     "transform",
     "skip",
     "trivia",
@@ -6473,6 +7001,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     "field",
     "expect",
     "_tf",
+    "_lf",
     "_nd",
     "_gch",
     "_wc",
@@ -6486,6 +7015,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     keywords,
     sequence,
     choice,
+    attempt,
     many,
     oneOrMore,
     optional,
@@ -6495,6 +7025,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     parser,
     scanTo,
     token,
+    leaf,
     transform,
     skip,
     trivia,
@@ -6502,6 +7033,7 @@ function evalRuleMapIR(ir) {
     field,
     expect,
     _tf,
+    _lf,
     _nd,
     _gch,
     _wc
@@ -6633,6 +7165,8 @@ ${body}
         return `oneOrMore(${kid(def.parser)})`;
       case "optional":
         return `optional(${kid(def.parser)})`;
+      case "attempt":
+        return `attempt(${kid(def.parser)})`;
       case "sepBy":
         return `sepBy(${kid(def.parser)}, ${kid(def.separator)})`;
       case "not":
@@ -6641,6 +7175,10 @@ ${body}
         return `trivia(${kid(def.parser)})`;
       case "token":
         return `token(${kid(def.parser)})`;
+      case "leaf": {
+        if (def.fnSrc === void 0) throw new Unserializable("leaf without fnSrc");
+        return `_lf(${kid(def.parser)}, ${JSON.stringify(def.fnSrc)})`;
+      }
       case "label":
         return `label(${JSON.stringify(def.label)}, ${kid(def.parser)})`;
       case "field":
@@ -6653,21 +7191,30 @@ ${body}
         return `scanTo(${kid(def.sentinel)}, { skip: [${def.skip.map(kid).join(", ")}], orEOF: ${def.orEOF} })`;
       case "transform": {
         if (def.fnSrc === void 0) throw new Unserializable("transform without fnSrc");
-        return `_tf(${kid(def.parser)}, ${JSON.stringify(def.fnSrc)})`;
+        return `_tf(${kid(def.parser)}, ${JSON.stringify(def.fnSrc)}${def.recognitionOnly ? ", true" : ""})`;
       }
       case "node": {
         if (def.build !== void 0 && def.buildSrc === void 0) throw new Unserializable("node build without buildSrc");
-        const opts = def.unwrap || def.collapse ? `, { ${def.unwrap ? "unwrap: true" : "collapse: true"} }` : "";
+        const optEntries = [
+          ...def.unwrap ? ["unwrap: true"] : [],
+          ...def.collapse ? ["collapse: true"] : [],
+          ...def.captureTrivia ? ["captureTrivia: true"] : [],
+          ...def.trailingTrivia ? ["trailingTrivia: true"] : []
+        ];
+        const opts = optEntries.length > 0 ? `, { ${optEntries.join(", ")} }` : "";
         if (def.type === void 0) {
           if (def.buildSrc !== void 0) throw new Unserializable("inferred node build without inferred type");
           return opts ? `node(${kid(def.parser)}, undefined${opts})` : `node(${kid(def.parser)})`;
         }
-        if (def.buildSrc !== void 0) return `_nd(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${kid(def.parser)}, ${JSON.stringify(def.buildSrc)}${opts})`;
+        if (def.buildSrc !== void 0) {
+          const staticError = def.buildStaticError === void 0 ? "" : `${opts ? "" : ", undefined"}, ${JSON.stringify(def.buildStaticError)}`;
+          return `_nd(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${kid(def.parser)}, ${JSON.stringify(def.buildSrc)}${opts}${staticError})`;
+        }
         return opts ? `node(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${kid(def.parser)}, undefined${opts})` : `node(${JSON.stringify(def.type)}, ${kid(def.parser)})`;
       }
       case "grammar": {
         const trivia2 = def.clearTrivia ? "null" : def.triviaParser ? kid(def.triviaParser) : "undefined";
-        return `parser({ trivia: ${trivia2}${def.trackLines ? ", trackLines: true" : ""} }, ${kid(def.parser)})`;
+        return `parser({ trivia: ${trivia2}${def.captureTrivia ? ", captureTrivia: true" : ""}${def.trackLines ? ", trackLines: true" : ""} }, ${kid(def.parser)})`;
       }
       case "withCtx": {
         if (def.extraSrc === void 0) throw new Unserializable("withCtx without extraSrc");
@@ -6682,6 +7229,28 @@ ${body}
 };
 
 // src/compiler/linker.ts
+function normalizeCstCollapse(collapse) {
+  if (collapse === true) return () => true;
+  if (Array.isArray(collapse)) {
+    const types = new Set(collapse);
+    return (type) => types.has(type);
+  }
+  return typeof collapse === "function" ? collapse : void 0;
+}
+function buildCstNode(type, children2, _fields, span, _rawChildren, _triviaLog, state) {
+  return { _tag: "node", type, span: { start: span.start, end: span.end }, state: state ?? null, children: [...children2] };
+}
+function cstBuildHost(typeOrOptions, children2, _fields, span, rawChildren, triviaLog, state) {
+  if (typeof typeOrOptions === "string") {
+    return buildCstNode(typeOrOptions, children2 ?? [], _fields, span ?? { start: 0, end: 0 }, rawChildren, triviaLog, state);
+  }
+  const collapse = normalizeCstCollapse(typeOrOptions?.collapse);
+  const host = (type, children3, fields, span2, rawChildren2, triviaLog2, state2) => buildCstNode(type, children3, fields, span2, rawChildren2, triviaLog2, state2);
+  host._parsemanCstOutput = true;
+  if (collapse) host._parsemanCstCollapse = collapse;
+  return host;
+}
+cstBuildHost._parsemanCstOutput = true;
 function pickPieces(pieces, names) {
   const winner = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   for (const pc of pieces) for (const k of pc.keys) winner.set(k, pc);
@@ -6759,9 +7328,12 @@ ${body}
 function isIRPiece(p) {
   return !!p && typeof p === "object" && typeof p.ir === "string" && typeof p.ns === "string" && !("ruleFns" in p);
 }
-function materializePiece(p, trivia2) {
+function materializePiece(p, trivia2, captureTerminals = false) {
   if (!isIRPiece(p)) return p;
-  const pieces = compileLinkable(evalRuleMapIR(p.ir), p.ns, trivia2 ? { trivia: trivia2 } : void 0);
+  const pieces = compileLinkable(evalRuleMapIR(p.ir), p.ns, {
+    ...trivia2 ? { trivia: trivia2 } : {},
+    ...captureTerminals ? { captureTerminals: true } : {}
+  });
   if (!pieces) throw new Error(`compose: carried IR for ns "${p.ns}" could not be re-lowered`);
   return pieces;
 }
@@ -6791,6 +7363,152 @@ var { isFinite } = Number;
 // src/index.ts
 registerRegexAnalyzer(firstSetFromRegex);
 
+// src/plugin/direct-builder-static.ts
+import { parseSync } from "oxc-parser";
+var STATIC_BUILDER_GLOBALS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+  "Array",
+  "Boolean",
+  "Date",
+  "JSON",
+  "Math",
+  "NaN",
+  "Number",
+  "Object",
+  "String",
+  "Infinity",
+  "parseFloat",
+  "parseInt",
+  "undefined"
+]);
+function astArray(value) {
+  return Array.isArray(value) ? value : [];
+}
+function astChild(value) {
+  return value !== null && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value) ? value : null;
+}
+function unwrapCallbackExpression(node2) {
+  let current = node2;
+  while (current?.type === "ParenthesizedExpression") current = astChild(current.expression) ?? void 0;
+  return current;
+}
+function directBuilderUnsupportedBindings(src) {
+  let init;
+  try {
+    const parsed = parseSync("parseman-direct-builder.ts", `const _direct = (${src})`);
+    if (parsed.errors.length > 0) return ["invalid callback source"];
+    const program = parsed.program;
+    const statement = program.body?.[0];
+    const declaration = statement?.declarations?.[0];
+    init = unwrapCallbackExpression(declaration?.init);
+  } catch {
+    return ["invalid callback source"];
+  }
+  if (init?.type !== "ArrowFunctionExpression" || !Array.isArray(init.params)) return ["unsupported callback shape"];
+  const allowed = new Set(STATIC_BUILDER_GLOBALS);
+  for (const param of init.params) {
+    if (param.type !== "Identifier" || typeof param.name !== "string") return ["unsupported parameter pattern"];
+    allowed.add(param.name);
+  }
+  const unsupported = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  const reportUnsupportedNode = (ast) => {
+    unsupported.add(`unsupported ${ast.type}`);
+  };
+  const read = (ast, allowedNames) => {
+    if (typeof ast.name === "string" && allowedNames.has(ast.name)) return;
+    unsupported.add(typeof ast.name === "string" ? ast.name : "identifier");
+  };
+  const expression = (node2, allowedNames) => {
+    const ast = astChild(node2);
+    if (!ast) return;
+    switch (ast.type) {
+      case "Literal":
+        return;
+      case "Identifier":
+        read(ast, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "ParenthesizedExpression":
+      case "ChainExpression":
+      case "TSAsExpression":
+      case "TSTypeAssertion":
+      case "TSNonNullExpression":
+        expression(ast.expression, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "ArrayExpression":
+        for (const element of astArray(ast.elements)) expression(element, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "ObjectExpression":
+        for (const property of astArray(ast.properties)) {
+          if (property.type === "SpreadElement") {
+            expression(property.argument, allowedNames);
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (property.type !== "Property" || property.method === true || property.kind !== "init") {
+            reportUnsupportedNode(property);
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (property.computed === true) expression(property.key, allowedNames);
+          expression(property.value, allowedNames);
+        }
+        return;
+      case "MemberExpression":
+        expression(ast.object, allowedNames);
+        if (ast.computed === true) expression(ast.property, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "CallExpression":
+      case "NewExpression":
+        expression(ast.callee, allowedNames);
+        for (const argument of astArray(ast.arguments)) expression(argument, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "UnaryExpression":
+      case "UpdateExpression":
+        expression(ast.argument, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "BinaryExpression":
+      case "LogicalExpression":
+      case "AssignmentExpression":
+        expression(ast.left, allowedNames);
+        expression(ast.right, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "ConditionalExpression":
+        expression(ast.test, allowedNames);
+        expression(ast.consequent, allowedNames);
+        expression(ast.alternate, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "SequenceExpression":
+        for (const value of astArray(ast.expressions)) expression(value, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "TemplateLiteral":
+        for (const value of astArray(ast.expressions)) expression(value, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "SpreadElement":
+        expression(ast.argument, allowedNames);
+        return;
+      case "ArrowFunctionExpression": {
+        const nested = new Set(allowedNames);
+        for (const param of astArray(ast.params)) {
+          if (param.type !== "Identifier" || typeof param.name !== "string") {
+            reportUnsupportedNode(param);
+            continue;
+          }
+          nested.add(param.name);
+        }
+        if (astChild(ast.body)?.type === "BlockStatement") {
+          reportUnsupportedNode(astChild(ast.body));
+          return;
+        }
+        expression(ast.body, nested);
+        return;
+      }
+      default:
+        reportUnsupportedNode(ast);
+        return;
+    }
+  };
+  if (astChild(init.body)?.type === "BlockStatement") unsupported.add("unsupported BlockStatement");
+  else expression(init.body, allowed);
+  return [...unsupported];
+}
+
 // src/plugin/evaluator.ts
 function stripTsFromSource(node2, code) {
   const cuts = [];
@@ -6844,15 +7562,18 @@ var SUPPORTED = {
   word: (...a) => word(a[0], a[1]),
   sequence: (...a) => sequence(...a),
   choice: (...a) => choice(...a),
+  attempt: (...a) => attempt(a[0]),
   many: (...a) => many(a[0]),
   oneOrMore: (...a) => oneOrMore(a[0]),
   optional: (...a) => optional(a[0]),
+  skip: (...a) => skip(a[0], a[1]),
   sepBy: (...a) => sepBy(a[0], a[1]),
   trivia: (...a) => trivia(a[0]),
   label: (...a) => label(a[0], a[1]),
   field: (...a) => field(a[0], a[1]),
   noTrivia: (...a) => noTrivia(a[0]),
   token: (...a) => token(a[0]),
+  leaf: (...a) => leaf(a[0], a[1]),
   expect: (...a) => expect(a[0], a[1])
 };
 function isScopeEntry(v2) {
@@ -6908,12 +7629,12 @@ function staticNodeOptions(expr) {
     if (p.computed) continue;
     const key = p.key;
     const name = key.type === "Identifier" ? key.name : key.type === "Literal" ? String(key.value) : void 0;
-    if (name === "unwrap" || name === "collapse") {
+    if (name === "unwrap" || name === "collapse" || name === "captureTrivia" || name === "trailingTrivia") {
       const val = p.value;
       if ((val.type === "Literal" || val.type === "BooleanLiteral") && val.value === true) opts[name] = true;
     }
   }
-  return opts.unwrap || opts.collapse ? opts : void 0;
+  return opts.unwrap || opts.collapse || opts.captureTrivia || opts.trailingTrivia ? opts : void 0;
 }
 function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
   if (node2.type === "Identifier") return scopeGet(scope, node2.name, mfs);
@@ -6952,7 +7673,7 @@ function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
     if (!parserArg || !fnArg || parserArg.type === "SpreadElement" || fnArg.type === "SpreadElement") return null;
     const inner = anyValue(parserArg, scope, code, mfs);
     if (!isCombinator(inner)) return null;
-    const fnSrc = code.slice(fnArg.start, fnArg.end);
+    const fnSrc = stripTsFromSource(fnArg, code);
     mfs.push(fnSrc);
     try {
       const combi = transform(inner, (v2) => v2);
@@ -6962,6 +7683,21 @@ function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
       return null;
     }
   }
+  if (callee.name === "leaf" && code !== void 0 && mfs !== void 0) {
+    const [parserArg, fnArg] = node2.arguments;
+    if (!parserArg || !fnArg || parserArg.type === "SpreadElement" || fnArg.type === "SpreadElement") return null;
+    const inner = anyValue(parserArg, scope, code, mfs);
+    if (!isCombinator(inner)) return null;
+    const fnSrc = stripTsFromSource(fnArg, code);
+    mfs.push(fnSrc);
+    try {
+      const combi = leaf(inner, (v2) => v2);
+      if (combi._def.tag === "leaf") combi._def.fnSrc = fnSrc;
+      return combi;
+    } catch {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
   if (callee.name === "node" && code !== void 0) {
     const [firstArg, secondArg, thirdArg, fourthArg] = node2.arguments;
     if (!firstArg || firstArg.type === "SpreadElement") return null;
@@ -6975,11 +7711,15 @@ function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
     if (!isCombinator(inner)) return null;
     const be = buildArg;
     const hasBuild = be !== void 0 && be.type !== "SpreadElement" && !(be.type === "Identifier" && be.name === "undefined");
-    const buildSrc = hasBuild ? code.slice(be.start, be.end) : void 0;
+    const buildSrc = hasBuild ? stripTsFromSource(be, code) : void 0;
     const opts = optsArg !== void 0 && optsArg.type !== "SpreadElement" ? staticNodeOptions(optsArg) : void 0;
     try {
       const combi = explicitType !== void 0 ? node(explicitType, inner, hasBuild ? () => null : void 0, opts) : node(inner, hasBuild ? () => null : void 0, opts);
-      if (combi._def.tag === "node" && buildSrc !== void 0) combi._def.buildSrc = buildSrc;
+      if (combi._def.tag === "node" && buildSrc !== void 0) {
+        combi._def.buildSrc = buildSrc;
+        const staticError = directBuilderUnsupportedBindings(buildSrc);
+        if (staticError.length > 0) combi._def.buildStaticError = staticError;
+      }
       return combi;
     } catch {
       return null;
@@ -7072,7 +7812,7 @@ function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
     if (code === void 0 || mfs === void 0) return null;
     const [predArg] = node2.arguments;
     if (!predArg || predArg.type === "SpreadElement") return null;
-    const predSrc = code.slice(predArg.start, predArg.end);
+    const predSrc = stripTsFromSource(predArg, code);
     mfs.push(predSrc);
     try {
       const combi = guard(() => true);
@@ -7087,7 +7827,7 @@ function exprToCombi(node2, scope, code, mfs) {
     if (code === void 0 || mfs === void 0) return null;
     const [extraArg, innerArg] = node2.arguments;
     if (!extraArg || !innerArg || extraArg.type === "SpreadElement" || innerArg.type === "SpreadElement") return null;
-    const extraSrc = code.slice(extraArg.start, extraArg.end);
+    const extraSrc = stripTsFromSource(extraArg, code);
     mfs.push(extraSrc);
     const inner = anyValue(innerArg, scope, code, mfs);
     if (!isCombinator(inner)) return null;
@@ -7410,6 +8150,63 @@ function getCompiledResolver() {
     mainFields: ["module", "main"]
   });
 }
+var PRIVATE_SOURCE_EXTENSIONS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([".ts", ".tsx", ".mts", ".cts"]);
+function nearestPackageRoot(file) {
+  let dir = path.dirname(file);
+  for (; ; ) {
+    try {
+      if (fs.statSync(path.join(dir, "package.json")).isFile()) return fs.realpathSync(dir);
+    } catch {
+    }
+    const parent = path.dirname(dir);
+    if (parent === dir) return null;
+    dir = parent;
+  }
+}
+function isWithinPackageRoot(file, root) {
+  const relative2 = path.relative(root, file);
+  return relative2 !== ".." && !relative2.startsWith(`..${path.sep}`) && !path.isAbsolute(relative2);
+}
+function resolvePrivateSourceModule(from, specifier) {
+  if (!specifier.startsWith(".") && !path.isAbsolute(specifier)) return null;
+  const packageRoot = nearestPackageRoot(from);
+  if (!packageRoot) return null;
+  const base = path.resolve(path.dirname(from), specifier);
+  const ext = path.extname(base);
+  const candidates = [
+    base,
+    ...ext ? [".ts", ".tsx", ".mts", ".cts"].map((next) => `${base.slice(0, -ext.length)}${next}`) : [],
+    ...!ext ? [".ts", ".tsx", ".mts", ".cts"].map((next) => `${base}${next}`) : [],
+    ...!ext ? ["index.ts", "index.tsx", "index.mts", "index.cts"].map((next) => path.join(base, next)) : []
+  ];
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    try {
+      if (!fs.statSync(candidate).isFile()) continue;
+      const real = fs.realpathSync(candidate);
+      if (isWithinPackageRoot(real, packageRoot)) return real;
+    } catch {
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+function resolveGrammarModule(from, specifier) {
+  if (PRIVATE_SOURCE_EXTENSIONS.has(path.extname(specifier))) {
+    const file2 = resolvePrivateSourceModule(from, specifier);
+    return file2 ? { file: file2, source: true } : null;
+  }
+  try {
+    const file2 = getCompiledResolver().resolveFileSync(from, specifier).path;
+    if (file2) return { file: file2, source: false };
+  } catch {
+  }
+  const file = resolvePrivateSourceModule(from, specifier);
+  return file ? { file, source: true } : null;
+}
+var _sourceLowering = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+var _sourceLoweringCache = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+function sourceLoweringCacheKey(file, moduleAliases, warnUnloweredRegex, recovery) {
+  return `${file}\0${[...moduleAliases].sort().join("\0")}\0${warnUnloweredRegex ? "warn" : ""}\0${recovery ? "recovery" : ""}`;
+}
 var _moduleParseCache = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
 function parseModuleCached(filePath) {
   let mtimeMs;
@@ -7423,7 +8220,7 @@ function parseModuleCached(filePath) {
   let parsed = null;
   try {
     const src = fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8");
-    const r = parseSync(filePath, src);
+    const r = parseSync2(filePath, src);
     if (r.errors.length === 0) parsed = { body: r.program.body, src };
   } catch {
   }
@@ -7443,7 +8240,7 @@ var plugin_default = createUnplugin((opts = {}) => ({
     if (!code.includes("parseman")) return null;
     if (!code.includes("macro")) return null;
     const moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSEMAN_MODULE, ...opts.moduleAliases ?? []]);
-    const result = transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases, opts.warnUnloweredRegex === true, opts.recovery === true);
+    const result = transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases, opts.warnUnloweredRegex === true, opts.recovery === true, opts.grammarCoverage === true);
     if (result?.warnings.length) {
       for (const w of result.warnings) {
         if (typeof this?.warn === "function") this.warn(`[parseman] ${w}`);
@@ -7547,10 +8344,37 @@ function extractImportBindings(body) {
   }
   return out;
 }
-function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSEMAN_MODULE]), warnUnloweredRegex = false, recovery = false) {
+function lowerPrivateSourceModule(file, moduleAliases, warnUnloweredRegex, recovery) {
+  if (_sourceLowering.has(file)) return null;
+  let mtimeMs;
+  try {
+    mtimeMs = fs.statSync(file).mtimeMs;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const cacheKey = sourceLoweringCacheKey(file, moduleAliases, warnUnloweredRegex, recovery);
+  const hit = _sourceLoweringCache.get(cacheKey);
+  if (hit && hit.mtimeMs === mtimeMs) return hit.parsed;
+  _sourceLowering.add(file);
+  let parsedModule = null;
+  try {
+    const source = fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8");
+    const transformed = transformMacro(source, file, moduleAliases, warnUnloweredRegex, recovery);
+    if (!transformed || transformed.warnings.length > 0) return null;
+    const parsed = parseSync2(file, transformed.code);
+    parsedModule = parsed.errors.length === 0 ? { body: parsed.program.body, src: transformed.code } : null;
+    return parsedModule;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  } finally {
+    _sourceLoweringCache.set(cacheKey, { mtimeMs, parsed: parsedModule });
+    _sourceLowering.delete(file);
+  }
+}
+function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSEMAN_MODULE]), warnUnloweredRegex = false, recovery = false, grammarCoverage = false) {
   let result;
   try {
-    result = parseSync(id, code);
+    result = parseSync2(id, code);
   } catch {
     return null;
   }
@@ -7588,6 +8412,7 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
   const warnings = [];
   beginLoweringCapture();
   let anyUnresolved = false;
+  let runtimeComposeFallback = false;
   let ruleMapHolderCounter = 0;
   const lineOf = (pos) => {
     let line = 1;
@@ -7598,7 +8423,7 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
     anyUnresolved = true;
     warnings.push(`${id}:${lineOf(pos)} \u2014 ${msg} (running via the interpreter; add the plugin or simplify the declaration to compile it)`);
   };
-  const compileRulesFactory = (init, label2) => {
+  const evaluateRulesFactory = (init, label2) => {
     const args = init.arguments;
     const arg0 = args[0];
     const arg1 = args[1];
@@ -7618,15 +8443,21 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
       (p) => p.key?.name === "trivia"
     )?.value : void 0;
     const gTrivia = triviaValue ? evaluateExpr(triviaValue, scope, code, []) : void 0;
-    const compiled = compileRuleMap([...ruleMap], { ...gTrivia ? { trivia: gTrivia } : {}, recovery });
+    return { ruleMap, ...gTrivia ? { trivia: gTrivia } : {} };
+  };
+  const compileRulesFactory = (init, label2) => {
+    const evaluated = evaluateRulesFactory(init, label2);
+    if (!evaluated) return null;
+    const compiled = compileRuleMap([...evaluated.ruleMap], { ...evaluated.trivia ? { trivia: evaluated.trivia } : {}, recovery, coverage: grammarCoverage });
     if (!compiled) {
       warn(init.start, `${label2}: rule map couldn't be inlined`);
       return null;
     }
-    return { replacement: compiled.replacement, ruleMap, ...gTrivia ? { trivia: gTrivia } : {} };
+    return { replacement: compiled.replacement, ruleMap: evaluated.ruleMap, ...compiled.coverageDefinitions ? { coverageDefinitions: compiled.coverageDefinitions } : {}, ...evaluated.trivia ? { trivia: evaluated.trivia } : {} };
   };
   const isRulesCall = (init) => init.type === "CallExpression" && init.callee.type === "Identifier" && init.callee.name === "rules";
   const isComposeCall = (init) => init.type === "CallExpression" && init.callee.type === "Identifier" && init.callee.name === "compose";
+  const isComposeLeafCall = (init) => init.type === "CallExpression" && init.callee.type === "Identifier" && init.callee.name === "composeLeaf";
   const isPickCall = (init) => init.type === "CallExpression" && init.callee.type === "Identifier" && init.callee.name === "pick";
   const localRuleMaps = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   const localGrammarTrivia = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
@@ -7636,18 +8467,29 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
     const mapLit = (m, stripVals = false) => `new Map([${[...m].map(
       ([k, v2]) => `[${JSON.stringify(k)}, ${JSON.stringify(stripVals && typeof v2 === "string" ? stripIndent(v2) : v2)}]`
     ).join(", ")}])`;
-    return `{ ns: ${JSON.stringify(p.ns)}, keys: ${JSON.stringify(p.keys)}, prelude: ${JSON.stringify(p.prelude.map(stripIndent))}, ruleFns: ${mapLit(p.ruleFns, true)}, wrappers: ${mapLit(p.wrappers, true)}, firstSets: ${mapLit(p.firstSets)}, deps: ${mapLit(p.deps)}, needsEmptyTl: ${p.needsEmptyTl}, needsHostReads: ${p.needsHostReads}, mfFns: [], buildFns: [] }`;
+    return `{ ns: ${JSON.stringify(p.ns)}, keys: ${JSON.stringify(p.keys)}, prelude: ${JSON.stringify(p.prelude.map(stripIndent))}, ruleFns: ${mapLit(p.ruleFns, true)}, wrappers: ${mapLit(p.wrappers, true)}, firstSets: ${mapLit(p.firstSets)}, deps: ${mapLit(p.deps)}, needsEmptyTl: ${p.needsEmptyTl}, needsHostReads: ${p.needsHostReads}, hasDirectBuilders: ${p.hasDirectBuilders === true}, isRecognitionOnly: ${p.isRecognitionOnly === true}, mfFns: [], buildFns: [] }`;
   };
   const isSpread = (it) => "__spreadLocal" in it;
   const isIR = (it) => "ir" in it && !("ruleFns" in it);
   const serializeItem = (it) => isSpread(it) ? `...(${it.__spreadLocal}[Symbol.for('parseman.composedPieces')] ?? [])` : isIR(it) ? `{ ns: ${JSON.stringify(it.ns)}, ir: ${JSON.stringify(it.ir)} }` : serializePieces(it);
   const serializeList = (list) => `[${list.map(serializeItem).join(", ")}]`;
   const withCarriedPieces = (grammarExpr, list) => `/* @__PURE__ */ Object.defineProperty(${grammarExpr}, Symbol.for('parseman.composedPieces'), { value: ${serializeList(list)}, enumerable: false })`;
+  const withLeafMarker = (grammarExpr) => `/* @__PURE__ */ Object.defineProperty(${grammarExpr}, Symbol.for('parseman.leafComposed'), { value: true, enumerable: false })`;
+  const withCoverageDefinitions = (grammarExpr, definitions) => !grammarCoverage ? grammarExpr : `/* @__PURE__ */ Object.defineProperty(${grammarExpr}, Symbol.for('parseman.grammarCoverageDefinitions'), { value: Object.freeze(${JSON.stringify(definitions)}.map(Object.freeze)), enumerable: false })`;
+  const emittedCoverageDefinitions = (source) => {
+    const ids = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+    for (const match of source.matchAll(/id:\s*"([^"]+)"/g)) ids.add(match[1]);
+    return [...ids].sort().map((id2) => ({
+      id: id2,
+      kind: id2.startsWith("rule:") ? "rule" : id2.startsWith("label:") ? "label" : "choice-arm"
+    }));
+  };
   const localComposedCarried = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   const localComposedTrivia = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   const importedPiecesCache = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  const resolveModulePieces = (file, exportName, seen) => {
-    const mod = parseModuleCached(file);
+  const resolveModulePieces = (module, exportName, seen) => {
+    const { file } = module;
+    const mod = module.source ? lowerPrivateSourceModule(file, moduleAliases, warnUnloweredRegex, recovery) : parseModuleCached(file);
     if (!mod) return null;
     const localFor = exportLocalName(mod.body, exportName);
     const initNode = localFor ? topLevelInit(mod.body, localFor) : null;
@@ -7666,12 +8508,10 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
       const b = imports.get(local);
       let subPieces = [];
       if (b) {
-        let subFile = null;
-        try {
-          subFile = getCompiledResolver().resolveFileSync(file, b.source).path ?? null;
-        } catch {
+        const subModule = resolveGrammarModule(file, b.source);
+        if (subModule && !seen.has(subModule.file)) {
+          subPieces = resolveModulePieces(subModule, b.imported, new Set(seen).add(subModule.file)) ?? [];
         }
-        if (subFile && !seen.has(subFile)) subPieces = resolveModulePieces(subFile, b.imported, new Set(seen).add(subFile)) ?? [];
       }
       stubNames.push(local);
       stubVals.push({ [/* @__PURE__ */ Symbol.for("parseman.composedPieces")]: subPieces });
@@ -7688,29 +8528,56 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
     let result2 = null;
     const binding = importBindings.get(localName);
     if (binding) {
-      let file = null;
-      try {
-        file = getCompiledResolver().resolveFileSync(id, binding.source).path ?? null;
-      } catch {
-      }
-      result2 = file ? resolveModulePieces(file, binding.imported, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([file])) : null;
+      const module = resolveGrammarModule(id, binding.source);
+      result2 = module ? resolveModulePieces(module, binding.imported, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([module.file])) : null;
     }
     importedPiecesCache.set(localName, result2);
     return result2;
   };
-  const materializeCarried = (items, composing) => {
+  const materializeCarried = (items, composing, captureTerminals = false) => {
     const out = [];
     for (const it of items) {
       if (isSpread(it)) {
-        for (const p of importedPieces(it.__spreadLocal) ?? []) out.push(materializePiece(p, composing));
+        for (const p of importedPieces(it.__spreadLocal) ?? []) out.push(materializePiece(p, composing, captureTerminals));
       } else if (isIR(it)) {
-        out.push(materializePiece(it, composing));
+        out.push(materializePiece(it, composing, captureTerminals));
       } else {
         out.push(it);
       }
     }
     return out;
   };
+  const materializeLeafCoverage = (items, localRules, localNs, composing, captureTerminals = false) => {
+    const sources = [];
+    const add = (item) => {
+      if (!isIR(item)) return false;
+      sources.push({ ns: item.ns, rules: evalRuleMapIR(item.ir) });
+      return true;
+    };
+    for (const item of items) {
+      if (isSpread(item)) {
+        const imported = importedPieces(item.__spreadLocal);
+        if (!imported || !imported.every(add)) return null;
+      } else if (!add(item)) return null;
+    }
+    sources.push({ ns: localNs, rules: [...localRules] });
+    const winners = {};
+    for (const source of sources) for (const [name, rule] of source.rules) winners[name] = rule;
+    const plan = buildGrammarPlan(Object.values(winners), winners);
+    const pieces = [];
+    for (let index = 0; index < sources.length; index++) {
+      const source = sources[index];
+      const piece = compileLinkable(source.rules, source.ns, {
+        ...composing ? { trivia: composing } : {},
+        recovery,
+        ...index < sources.length - 1 && captureTerminals ? { captureTerminals: true } : {},
+        coverage: plan
+      });
+      if (!piece) return null;
+      pieces.push(piece);
+    }
+    return pieces;
+  };
   const localCarried = (rm, label2, composing) => {
     const entries = [...rm];
     const ns = nsFor(label2);
@@ -7826,6 +8693,64 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
       return null;
     }
   };
+  const compileComposeLeafCall = (init) => {
+    const args = init.arguments;
+    const arr = args[0];
+    if (!arr || arr.type !== "ArrayExpression") {
+      warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): expected a static array of grammars");
+      return null;
+    }
+    const elements = arr.elements;
+    if (elements.length < 2) {
+      warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): needs imported recognition grammar(s) and one local rules() map");
+      return null;
+    }
+    const localArg = elements[elements.length - 1];
+    let localRules = null;
+    if (isRulesCall(localArg)) {
+      const evaluated = evaluateRulesFactory(localArg, `composeLeaf${init.start}`);
+      localRules = evaluated?.ruleMap ?? null;
+    } else if (localArg.type === "Identifier") {
+      localRules = localRuleMaps.get(localArg.name) ?? null;
+    }
+    if (!localRules) {
+      warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): final argument must be a local rules() map");
+      return null;
+    }
+    const composing = composingTrivia(elements);
+    const carried = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < elements.length - 1; i++) {
+      const r = argPieces(elements[i], `composeLeaf${init.start}_${i}`, composing);
+      if (!r) {
+        warn(init.start, `composeLeaf(): argument ${i} isn't a build-resolvable recognition grammar`);
+        return null;
+      }
+      carried.push(...r.carried);
+    }
+    try {
+      const localNs = nsFor(`composeLeaf${init.start}`);
+      const plainLocalPiece = compileLinkable([...localRules], localNs, { ...composing ? { trivia: composing } : {}, recovery });
+      if (!plainLocalPiece) {
+        warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): local rules could not be statically compiled");
+        return null;
+      }
+      const recognitionPieces = grammarCoverage ? materializeLeafCoverage(carried, localRules, localNs, composing, plainLocalPiece.hasDirectBuilders === true) : materializeCarried(carried, composing, plainLocalPiece.hasDirectBuilders === true);
+      if (!recognitionPieces) {
+        warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): coverage needs re-lowerable recognition IR");
+        return null;
+      }
+      const importedRecognitionPieces = grammarCoverage ? recognitionPieces.slice(0, -1) : recognitionPieces;
+      if (importedRecognitionPieces.some((piece) => piece.hasDirectBuilders !== false || piece.isRecognitionOnly !== true)) {
+        warn(init.start, "composeLeaf(): every pre-final grammar must explicitly prove recognition-only");
+        return null;
+      }
+      const replacement = withLeafMarker(emitFusedSource(grammarCoverage ? recognitionPieces : [...recognitionPieces, plainLocalPiece]));
+      return { replacement: withCoverageDefinitions(replacement, emittedCoverageDefinitions(replacement)) };
+    } catch (e) {
+      warn(init.start, `composeLeaf(): ${e.message}`);
+      return null;
+    }
+  };
   const unwrapVd = (stmt) => stmt.type === "VariableDeclaration" ? stmt : stmt.type === "ExportNamedDeclaration" && stmt.declaration?.type === "VariableDeclaration" ? stmt.declaration : null;
   const refNames = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
   for (const stmt of body) {
@@ -7892,7 +8817,7 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
           const refEntry = scope.get(varName);
           const refCombi = refEntry?.combi ?? null;
           if (refCombi) {
-            const compiled2 = compile(refCombi, void 0, { recovery });
+            const compiled2 = compile(refCombi, void 0, { recovery, coverage: grammarCoverage });
             if (compiled2.inlineExpression === null) {
               warn(init.start, `"${varName}" is a ref() that couldn't be inlined (was .define() called with a static combinator?)`);
               continue;
@@ -7906,7 +8831,10 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
           if (!compiledRules) continue;
           localRuleMaps.set(varName, compiledRules.ruleMap);
           if (compiledRules.trivia) localGrammarTrivia.set(varName, compiledRules.trivia);
-          let replacement = compiledRules.replacement;
+          let replacement = withCoverageDefinitions(
+            compiledRules.replacement,
+            compiledRules.coverageDefinitions?.length ? compiledRules.coverageDefinitions : emittedCoverageDefinitions(compiledRules.replacement)
+          );
           if (exportPrefix) {
             const ns = nsFor(varName);
             const pieces = compileLinkable([...compiledRules.ruleMap], ns, { recovery });
@@ -7920,11 +8848,22 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
         }
         if (isComposeCall(init)) {
           const fused = compileComposeCall(init);
-          if (!fused) continue;
+          if (!fused) {
+            runtimeComposeFallback = true;
+            continue;
+          }
           localComposedCarried.set(varName, fused.carried);
           if (fused.trivia) localComposedTrivia.set(varName, fused.trivia);
           const replacement = exportPrefix ? withCarriedPieces(fused.replacement, fused.carried) : fused.replacement;
-          replacements.push({ start: init.start, end: init.end, replacement });
+          replacements.push({ start: init.start, end: init.end, replacement: withCoverageDefinitions(replacement, emittedCoverageDefinitions(replacement)) });
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (isComposeLeafCall(init)) {
+          const fused = compileComposeLeafCall(init);
+          if (!fused) {
+            throw new Error(`${id}:${lineOf(init.start)} \u2014 composeLeaf() must macro-fuse; runtime composition is forbidden`);
+          }
+          replacements.push({ start: init.start, end: init.end, replacement: fused.replacement });
           continue;
         }
         const mapFnSources = [];
@@ -7945,7 +8884,7 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
           warn(init.start, `"${varName}" references a parseman macro import but isn't a statically-evaluable combinator`);
           continue;
         }
-        const compiled = compile(parser2, void 0, { recovery });
+        const compiled = compile(parser2, void 0, { recovery, coverage: grammarCoverage });
         if (compiled.inlineExpression === null) {
           warn(init.start, `"${varName}" couldn't be inlined (likely closes over a runtime value)`);
           continue;
@@ -8020,7 +8959,7 @@ function transformMacro(code, id, moduleAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([PARSE
       ms.overwrite(imp.start, imp.end, stripped);
     }
   }
-  for (const { start, end, replacement } of [...replacements].sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start)) {
+  for (const { start, end, replacement } of (runtimeComposeFallback ? [] : replacements).sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start)) {
     ms.overwrite(start, end, replacement);
   }
   const unlowered = endLoweringCapture();