ox 1.7.1 → 1.7.2

package/src/tempo/MultisigOperation.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+import { Address, Hash, Hex, P256 } from 'ox'
+import {
+  KeyAuthorization,
+  MultisigConfig,
+  MultisigOperation,
+  SignatureEnvelope,
+  TxEnvelopeTempo,
+} from 'ox/tempo'
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'vp/test'
+
+const owners = [1n, 2n, 3n]
+  .map((value, index) => {
+    const privateKey = `0x${value.toString(16).padStart(64, '0')}` as const
+    const publicKey = P256.getPublicKey({
+      privateKey,
+    })
+    return {
+      address: Address.fromPublicKey(publicKey),
+      privateKey,
+      publicKey,
+      signature: {
+        prehash: false,
+        publicKey,
+        signature: {
+          r: `0x${(index * 2 + 1).toString(16).padStart(64, '0')}`,
+          s: `0x${(index * 2 + 2).toString(16).padStart(64, '0')}`,
+        },
+        type: 'p256',
+      },
+    } as const
+  })
+  .sort((a, b) => a.address.localeCompare(b.address))
+const owner_1 = owners[0]!.address
+const owner_2 = owners[1]!.address
+const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+  owners: [
+    { owner: owner_1, weight: 1 },
+    { owner: owner_2, weight: 1 },
+  ],
+  threshold: 2,
+})
+const initializedConfig = MultisigConfig.from({ ...config, version: 1n })
+const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+const ownerSignature_1 = owners[0]!.signature
+const approval_1 = SignatureEnvelope.serialize(ownerSignature_1)
+const approval_2 = SignatureEnvelope.serialize(owners[1]!.signature)
+const approval_3 = SignatureEnvelope.serialize(owners[2]!.signature)
+const transaction = TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+  TxEnvelopeTempo.from({
+    calls: [{ data: '0x1234', to: owner_1 }],
+    chainId: 4217,
+  }),
+)
+const transactionHash = `0x${'aa'.repeat(32)}` as const
+const submissionId = `0x${'bb'.repeat(32)}` as const
+const keyAuthorization = KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+  KeyAuthorization.from({
+    account,
+    address: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+    chainId: 4217n,
+    expiry: 1_800_000_000,
+    isAdmin: false,
+    type: 'secp256k1',
+  }),
+)
+
+const transactionHash_ = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+  account,
+  config: initializedConfig,
+  payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+    TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(transaction),
+  ),
+})
+const keyAuthorizationHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+  account,
+  config: initializedConfig,
+  payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(
+    KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization),
+  ),
+})
+
+const base = {
+  account,
+  approvals: [approval_1],
+  config: initializedConfig,
+  configVersion: 1n,
+  createdAt: 1,
+  init: false,
+  signatureCount: 1,
+  threshold: 2,
+  updatedAt: 2,
+  weight: 1,
+} as const
+
+const transactionPending = {
+  ...base,
+  hash: transactionHash_,
+  status: 'pending',
+  transaction,
+  type: 'transaction',
+} as const
+
+const keyAuthorizationPending = {
+  ...base,
+  hash: keyAuthorizationHash,
+  keyAuthorization,
+  status: 'pending',
+  type: 'keyAuthorization',
+} as const
+
+function signApproval(
+  owner: (typeof owners)[number],
+  hash: `0x${string}`,
+  extraEntropy: false | `0x${string}` = false,
+) {
+  return SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+    prehash: false,
+    publicKey: owner.publicKey,
+    signature: P256.sign({
+      extraEntropy,
+      payload: hash,
+      privateKey: owner.privateKey,
+    }),
+    type: 'p256',
+  })
+}
+
+function approvalAddresses(
+  approvals: readonly `0x${string}`[],
+  hash: `0x${string}`,
+) {
+  return approvals.map((approval) =>
+    SignatureEnvelope.extractAddress({
+      payload: hash,
+      signature: SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval),
+    }),
+  )
+}
+
+describe('getHash', () => {
+  test('transaction and key authorization', () => {
+    expect({
+      keyAuthorization: MultisigOperation.getHash({
+        account,
+        configVersion: 1n,
+        keyAuthorization,
+        type: 'keyAuthorization',
+      }),
+      transaction: MultisigOperation.getHash({
+        account,
+        configVersion: 1n,
+        transaction,
+        type: 'transaction',
+      }),
+    }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "keyAuthorization": "0xf6995eb69c12c03d3d13b357abf7cac22b4effe52fba8ff02e5aef26161f77a0",
+        "transaction": "0xcdbc24a8fb192f799c5d166b13a99fb29cbb15e71a5e730988d6f8b3c5959d02",
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('selectApprovals', () => {
+  test('selects a deterministic weighted quorum', async () => {
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [
+        { owner: owners[0]!.address, weight: 2 },
+        { owner: owners[1]!.address, weight: 1 },
+        { owner: owners[2]!.address, weight: 1 },
+      ],
+      threshold: 3,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const approvals = owners.map((owner) => signApproval(owner, hash))
+    const alternate = signApproval(owners[0]!, hash, `0x${'01'.repeat(32)}`)
+    const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [
+        approvals[2]!,
+        approvals[0]!,
+        approvals[1]!,
+        alternate,
+        approvals[0]!,
+      ],
+      config,
+      hash,
+    })
+    const reversed = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [
+        approvals[0]!,
+        alternate,
+        approvals[1]!,
+        approvals[0]!,
+        approvals[2]!,
+      ],
+      config,
+      hash,
+    })
+
+    expect(reversed).toStrictEqual(selection)
+    expect({
+      ...selection,
+      approvals: approvalAddresses(selection.approvals, hash),
+      selectedApprovals: approvalAddresses(selection.selectedApprovals, hash),
+    }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "approvals": [
+          "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+          "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+          "0xd3a9f047ad43d7e2e4e7e491f1fe2e657a2651b6",
+        ],
+        "selectedApprovals": [
+          "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+          "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+        ],
+        "signatureCount": 2,
+        "threshold": 3,
+        "weight": 3,
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('counts a nested owner only after its quorum', async () => {
+    const childConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [
+        { owner: owners[1]!.address, weight: 1 },
+        { owner: owners[2]!.address, weight: 1 },
+      ],
+      threshold: 2,
+    })
+    const child = MultisigConfig.getAddress(childConfig)
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [
+        { owner: owners[0]!.address, weight: 1 },
+        { owner: child, weight: 2 },
+      ],
+      threshold: 2,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const childHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: child,
+      config: { version: 2n },
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+    const childApprovals = [
+      signApproval(owners[1]!, childHash),
+      signApproval(owners[2]!, childHash),
+    ]
+    const rootApproval = signApproval(owners[0]!, hash)
+    const resolveConfig: MultisigOperation.selectApprovals.ResolveConfig = ({
+      account,
+    }) => {
+      if (!Address.isEqual(account, child)) throw new Error('unknown account')
+      return {
+        config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 2n }),
+        version: 2n,
+      }
+    }
+    const partial = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [
+        rootApproval,
+        SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+          account: child,
+          config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 2n }),
+          signatures: [SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(childApprovals[0]!)],
+          type: 'multisig',
+        }),
+      ],
+      config,
+      hash,
+      resolveConfig,
+    })
+    const complete = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [
+        rootApproval,
+        SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+          account: child,
+          config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 2n }),
+          signatures: childApprovals.map((approval) =>
+            SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval),
+          ),
+          type: 'multisig',
+        }),
+      ],
+      config,
+      hash,
+      resolveConfig,
+    })
+
+    expect({
+      complete: {
+        ...complete,
+        approvals: approvalAddresses(complete.approvals, hash),
+        selectedApprovals: approvalAddresses(complete.selectedApprovals, hash),
+      },
+      partial: {
+        ...partial,
+        approvals: approvalAddresses(partial.approvals, hash),
+        selectedApprovals: approvalAddresses(partial.selectedApprovals, hash),
+      },
+    }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "complete": {
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+            "0xe2d2c3c2fc4b17af341cc5c1a459af9606167e8a",
+          ],
+          "selectedApprovals": [
+            "0xe2d2c3c2fc4b17af341cc5c1a459af9606167e8a",
+          ],
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "weight": 2,
+        },
+        "partial": {
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+            "0xe2d2c3c2fc4b17af341cc5c1a459af9606167e8a",
+          ],
+          "selectedApprovals": [
+            "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+          ],
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "weight": 1,
+        },
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('rejects mismatched nested config versions', async () => {
+    const childConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: owners[1]!.address, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const child = MultisigConfig.getAddress(childConfig)
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: child, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const resolvedConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      ...childConfig,
+      version: 2n,
+    })
+    const childHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: child,
+      config: resolvedConfig,
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            account: child,
+            config: resolvedConfig,
+            signatures: [
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(
+                signApproval(owners[1]!, childHash),
+              ),
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          }),
+        ],
+        config,
+        hash,
+        resolveConfig: () => ({ config: childConfig, version: 2n }),
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: resolved config.version must equal version for nested multisig owner 0x7888d60e9cc26c8569d394fce435c248f1e49c3b.]`,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects invalid and non-owner approvals', async () => {
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const invalid = signApproval(
+      owners[0]!,
+      `0x${'ff'.repeat(32)}` as `0x${string}`,
+    )
+    const nonOwner = signApproval(owners[2]!, hash)
+
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [invalid],
+        config,
+        hash,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: signature from owner 0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407 is invalid.]`,
+    )
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [nonOwner],
+        config,
+        hash,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: signature is from non-owner 0xd3a9f047ad43d7e2e4e7e491f1fe2e657a2651b6.]`,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('requires a resolver for nested owners', async () => {
+    const childConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: owners[1]!.address, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const child = MultisigConfig.getAddress(childConfig)
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: child, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const childHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: child,
+      config: { version: 1n },
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            account: child,
+            config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 1n }),
+            signatures: [
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(
+                signApproval(owners[1]!, childHash),
+              ),
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          }),
+        ],
+        config,
+        hash,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: nested multisig owner 0x7888d60e9cc26c8569d394fce435c248f1e49c3b requires a config resolver.]`,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects keychain and accepts initial nested approvals', async () => {
+    const childConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: owners[1]!.address, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const child = MultisigConfig.getAddress(childConfig)
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [
+        { owner: owners[0]!.address, weight: 1 },
+        { owner: child, weight: 1 },
+      ],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const childHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: child,
+      config: childConfig,
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            inner: SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(
+              signApproval(owners[0]!, hash),
+            ),
+            type: 'keychain',
+            userAddress: owners[0]!.address,
+          }),
+        ],
+        config,
+        hash,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: keychain signatures cannot approve a multisig operation.]`,
+    )
+    const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [
+        SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+          account: child,
+          config: childConfig,
+          signatures: [
+            SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(signApproval(owners[1]!, childHash)),
+          ],
+          type: 'multisig',
+        }),
+      ],
+      config,
+      hash,
+      resolveConfig: () => ({ config: childConfig, version: 0n }),
+    })
+    expect({
+      signatureCount: selection.signatureCount,
+      threshold: selection.threshold,
+      weight: selection.weight,
+    }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "signatureCount": 1,
+        "threshold": 1,
+        "weight": 1,
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('rejects nested account cycles while serializing', () => {
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: account, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 2n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const nestedHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account,
+      config: { version: 2n },
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+
+    expect(() =>
+      SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+        account,
+        config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...config, version: 2n }),
+        signatures: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(signApproval(owners[0]!, nestedHash)),
+        ],
+        type: 'multisig',
+      }),
+    ).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[SignatureEnvelope.InvalidMultisigApprovalError: Invalid native multisig owner approval: multisig account cannot be an owner.]`,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects excess nesting depth', async () => {
+    const grandchildConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: owners[2]!.address, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const grandchild = MultisigConfig.getAddress(grandchildConfig)
+    const childConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: grandchild, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const child = MultisigConfig.getAddress(childConfig)
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: child, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const childHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: child,
+      config: { version: 1n },
+      payload: hash,
+    })
+    const grandchildHash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+      account: grandchild,
+      config: { version: 1n },
+      payload: childHash,
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            account: child,
+            config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 1n }),
+            signatures: [
+              {
+                account: grandchild,
+                config: MultisigConfig.from({
+                  ...grandchildConfig,
+                  version: 1n,
+                }),
+                signatures: [
+                  SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(
+                    signApproval(owners[2]!, grandchildHash),
+                  ),
+                ],
+                type: 'multisig',
+              },
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          }),
+        ],
+        config,
+        hash,
+        resolveConfig: ({ account }) => {
+          if (Address.isEqual(account, child))
+            return {
+              config: MultisigConfig.from({ ...childConfig, version: 1n }),
+              version: 1n,
+            }
+          return {
+            config: MultisigConfig.from({
+              ...grandchildConfig,
+              version: 1n,
+            }),
+            version: 1n,
+          }
+        },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError: Invalid multisig approval: nested multisig owner 0xf529c8f6b2b4c72102af4cfe5eeb55b7d45dede2 is invalid.]`,
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('serializeTransaction', () => {
+  test('initialized and bootstrap transactions', async () => {
+    const results = []
+    for (const init of [false, true]) {
+      const configVersion = init ? 0n : 1n
+      const applicableConfig = init ? config : initializedConfig
+      const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+        account,
+        configVersion,
+        transaction,
+        type: 'transaction',
+      })
+      const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          signApproval(owners[1]!, hash),
+          signApproval(owners[0]!, hash),
+        ],
+        config: applicableConfig,
+        hash,
+      })
+      const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+        account,
+        approvals: selection.approvals,
+        config: applicableConfig,
+        configVersion,
+        createdAt: 1,
+        hash,
+        init,
+        signatureCount: selection.signatureCount,
+        status: 'pending',
+        threshold: selection.threshold,
+        transaction,
+        type: 'transaction',
+        updatedAt: 1,
+        weight: selection.weight,
+      })
+      const serialized = MultisigOperation.serializeTransaction(operation, {
+        approvals: selection.selectedApprovals,
+      })
+      const value = TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(serialized)
+      results.push({
+        account: value.signature?.account,
+        configVersion:
+          value.signature?.type === 'multisig'
+            ? value.signature.config.version
+            : undefined,
+        hash: Hash.keccak256(serialized),
+        signatureCount:
+          value.signature?.type === 'multisig'
+            ? value.signature.signatures.length
+            : 0,
+        type: serialized.slice(0, 4),
+      })
+    }
+
+    expect(results).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "hash": "0x8309740edaf304284186f7bcfe4527745cd4eb48e7441795ebdd970798091f8f",
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "type": "0x76",
+        },
+        {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "configVersion": 0n,
+          "hash": "0x636af84d8445d87cbcd33039d5a3a2274a5911036b1b7ceb740ac41e2f638611",
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "type": "0x76",
+        },
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('fee-payer transactions', async () => {
+    const envelope = TxEnvelopeTempo.from({
+      calls: [{ data: '0x1234', to: owner_1 }],
+      chainId: 4217,
+    })
+    const transactions = [
+      TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(envelope, {
+        format: 'feePayer',
+        sender: account,
+      }),
+      TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+        {
+          ...envelope,
+          feePayerSignature: {
+            r: `0x${'05'.padStart(64, '0')}`,
+            s: `0x${'06'.padStart(64, '0')}`,
+            yParity: 0,
+          },
+        },
+        { format: 'feePayer' },
+      ),
+    ] as const
+    const results = []
+    for (const transaction of transactions) {
+      const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+        account,
+        configVersion: 1n,
+        transaction,
+        type: 'transaction',
+      })
+      const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+        account,
+        approvals: [
+          signApproval(owners[0]!, hash),
+          signApproval(owners[1]!, hash),
+        ],
+        config: initializedConfig,
+        hash,
+      })
+      const serialized = MultisigOperation.serializeTransaction(
+        MultisigOperation.from({
+          account,
+          approvals: selection.approvals,
+          config: initializedConfig,
+          configVersion: 1n,
+          createdAt: 1,
+          hash,
+          init: false,
+          signatureCount: selection.signatureCount,
+          status: 'pending',
+          threshold: selection.threshold,
+          transaction,
+          type: 'transaction',
+          updatedAt: 1,
+          weight: selection.weight,
+        }),
+        { approvals: selection.selectedApprovals },
+      )
+      const value = TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(serialized)
+      results.push({
+        feePayerSignature: value.feePayerSignature,
+        from: value.from,
+        signatureCount:
+          value.signature?.type === 'multisig'
+            ? value.signature.signatures.length
+            : 0,
+        type: serialized.slice(0, 4),
+      })
+    }
+
+    expect(results).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        {
+          "feePayerSignature": null,
+          "from": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "type": "0x78",
+        },
+        {
+          "feePayerSignature": {
+            "r": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+            "s": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+            "yParity": 0,
+          },
+          "from": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "type": "0x78",
+        },
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('rejects an approval not retained by the operation', async () => {
+    const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+      account,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+    })
+    const approval_1 = signApproval(owners[0]!, hash)
+    const approval_2 = signApproval(owners[1]!, hash)
+    const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+      account,
+      approvals: [approval_1],
+      config: initializedConfig,
+      hash,
+    })
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      account,
+      approvals: selection.approvals,
+      config: initializedConfig,
+      configVersion: 1n,
+      createdAt: 1,
+      hash,
+      init: false,
+      signatureCount: selection.signatureCount,
+      status: 'pending',
+      threshold: selection.threshold,
+      transaction,
+      type: 'transaction',
+      updatedAt: 1,
+      weight: selection.weight,
+    })
+
+    expect(() =>
+      MultisigOperation.serializeTransaction(operation, {
+        approvals: [approval_2],
+      }),
+    ).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidOperationError: Invalid multisig operation: transaction signature is not a retained approval.]`,
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('from', () => {
+  test('transaction states', () => {
+    const pending = MultisigOperation.from(transactionPending)
+    const submitting = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      expiresAt: 10,
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'submitting',
+      submissionId,
+      weight: 2,
+    })
+    const success = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      transactionHash,
+      weight: 2,
+    })
+
+    expect({ pending, submitting, success }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "pending": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": 1n,
+          },
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xcdbc24a8fb192f799c5d166b13a99fb29cbb15e71a5e730988d6f8b3c5959d02",
+          "init": false,
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "status": "pending",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "transaction": "0x76e9821079808080dad99407e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df360140780821234c0808080808080c0",
+          "type": "transaction",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 1,
+        },
+        "submitting": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000047cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc4766997807775510db8ed040293d9ac69f7430dbba7dade63ce982299e04b79d227873d100",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": 1n,
+          },
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "expiresAt": 10,
+          "hash": "0xcdbc24a8fb192f799c5d166b13a99fb29cbb15e71a5e730988d6f8b3c5959d02",
+          "init": false,
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "status": "submitting",
+          "submissionId": "0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "transaction": "0x76e9821079808080dad99407e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df360140780821234c0808080808080c0",
+          "type": "transaction",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 2,
+        },
+        "success": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000047cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc4766997807775510db8ed040293d9ac69f7430dbba7dade63ce982299e04b79d227873d100",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": 1n,
+          },
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xcdbc24a8fb192f799c5d166b13a99fb29cbb15e71a5e730988d6f8b3c5959d02",
+          "init": false,
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "status": "success",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "transaction": "0x76e9821079808080dad99407e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df360140780821234c0808080808080c0",
+          "transactionHash": "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+          "type": "transaction",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 2,
+        },
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('fee-payer transaction', () => {
+    const transaction = TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+      TxEnvelopeTempo.from({
+        calls: [{ data: '0x1234', to: owner_1 }],
+        chainId: 4217,
+      }),
+      { format: 'feePayer', sender: account },
+    )
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config: initializedConfig,
+        payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(
+            Hex.concat(
+              TxEnvelopeTempo.serializedType,
+              Hex.slice(transaction, 1),
+            ) as TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized,
+          ),
+        ),
+      }),
+      transaction,
+    })
+
+    expect(operation).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      {
+        hash: expect.any(String),
+        transaction: expect.stringMatching(/^0x78/),
+      },
+      `
+      {
+        "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+        "approvals": [
+          "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+        ],
+        "config": {
+          "owners": [
+            {
+              "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+            {
+              "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+          ],
+          "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "version": 1n,
+        },
+        "configVersion": 1n,
+        "createdAt": 1,
+        "hash": Any<String>,
+        "init": false,
+        "signatureCount": 1,
+        "status": "pending",
+        "threshold": 2,
+        "transaction": StringMatching /\\^0x78/,
+        "type": "transaction",
+        "updatedAt": 2,
+        "weight": 1,
+      }
+    `,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('fee-payer-signed transaction', () => {
+    const transaction = TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+      TxEnvelopeTempo.from({
+        calls: [{ data: '0x1234', to: owner_1 }],
+        chainId: 4217,
+        feePayerSignature: {
+          r: `0x${'05'.padStart(64, '0')}`,
+          s: `0x${'06'.padStart(64, '0')}`,
+          yParity: 0,
+        },
+      }),
+      { format: 'feePayer' },
+    )
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config: initializedConfig,
+        payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(
+            Hex.concat(
+              TxEnvelopeTempo.serializedType,
+              Hex.slice(transaction, 1),
+            ) as TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized,
+          ),
+        ),
+      }),
+      transaction,
+    })
+
+    expect(operation.transaction).toBe(transaction)
+  })
+
+  test('bootstrap transaction', () => {
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      config,
+      configVersion: 0n,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config,
+        payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(transaction),
+        ),
+      }),
+      init: true,
+    })
+
+    expect(operation).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      {
+        hash: expect.any(String),
+        transaction: expect.any(String),
+      },
+      `
+      {
+        "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+        "approvals": [
+          "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+        ],
+        "config": {
+          "owners": [
+            {
+              "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+            {
+              "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+          ],
+          "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "version": 0n,
+        },
+        "configVersion": 0n,
+        "createdAt": 1,
+        "hash": Any<String>,
+        "init": true,
+        "signatureCount": 1,
+        "status": "pending",
+        "threshold": 2,
+        "transaction": Any<String>,
+        "type": "transaction",
+        "updatedAt": 2,
+        "weight": 1,
+      }
+    `,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('initialized transaction at config version zero', () => {
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...transactionPending,
+      config,
+      configVersion: 0n,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config,
+        payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(transaction),
+        ),
+      }),
+    })
+
+    expect({
+      configVersion: operation.configVersion,
+      init: operation.init,
+    }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "configVersion": 0n,
+        "init": false,
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('key authorization states', () => {
+    const pending = MultisigOperation.from(keyAuthorizationPending)
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const success = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config: initializedConfig,
+            signatures: [
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2),
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    })
+
+    expect({ pending, success }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "pending": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": 1n,
+          },
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xf6995eb69c12c03d3d13b357abf7cac22b4effe52fba8ff02e5aef26161f77a0",
+          "init": false,
+          "keyAuthorization": "0xf838f782107980943333333333333333333333333333333333333333846b49d2008080808094f81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "status": "pending",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "type": "keyAuthorization",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 1,
+        },
+        "success": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000047cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc4766997807775510db8ed040293d9ac69f7430dbba7dade63ce982299e04b79d227873d100",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": 1n,
+          },
+          "configVersion": 1n,
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xf6995eb69c12c03d3d13b357abf7cac22b4effe52fba8ff02e5aef26161f77a0",
+          "init": false,
+          "keyAuthorization": "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",
+          "signatureCount": 2,
+          "status": "success",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "type": "keyAuthorization",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 2,
+        },
+      }
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('bootstrap key authorization', () => {
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const keyAuthorization_ = KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+      KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+        signature: {
+          account,
+          config,
+          signatures: [
+            SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+            SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2),
+          ],
+          type: 'multisig',
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      config,
+      configVersion: 0n,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config,
+        payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(authorization),
+      }),
+      init: true,
+      keyAuthorization: keyAuthorization_,
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    })
+
+    expect(operation).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      {
+        hash: expect.any(String),
+        keyAuthorization: expect.any(String),
+      },
+      `
+      {
+        "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+        "approvals": [
+          "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+          "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000047cf27b188d034f7e8a52380304b51ac3c08969e277f21b35a60b48fc4766997807775510db8ed040293d9ac69f7430dbba7dade63ce982299e04b79d227873d100",
+        ],
+        "config": {
+          "owners": [
+            {
+              "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+            {
+              "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+              "weight": 1,
+            },
+          ],
+          "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "version": 0n,
+        },
+        "configVersion": 0n,
+        "createdAt": 1,
+        "hash": Any<String>,
+        "init": true,
+        "keyAuthorization": Any<String>,
+        "signatureCount": 2,
+        "status": "success",
+        "threshold": 2,
+        "type": "keyAuthorization",
+        "updatedAt": 2,
+        "weight": 2,
+      }
+    `,
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('RPC conversion', () => {
+  test('round-trips transaction and key authorization operations', () => {
+    const transactionRpc = MultisigOperation.toRpc(transactionPending)
+    const keyAuthorizationRpc = MultisigOperation.toRpc(keyAuthorizationPending)
+
+    expect(() =>
+      JSON.stringify({ keyAuthorizationRpc, transactionRpc }),
+    ).not.toThrow()
+    expect({ keyAuthorizationRpc, transactionRpc }).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "keyAuthorizationRpc": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": "0x1",
+          },
+          "configVersion": "0x1",
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xf6995eb69c12c03d3d13b357abf7cac22b4effe52fba8ff02e5aef26161f77a0",
+          "init": false,
+          "keyAuthorization": "0xf838f782107980943333333333333333333333333333333333333333846b49d2008080808094f81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "status": "pending",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "type": "keyAuthorization",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 1,
+        },
+        "transactionRpc": {
+          "account": "0xf81b7763d3a6876195d780865bd783dbd97dd36e",
+          "approvals": [
+            "0x01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065ecbe4d1a6330a44c8f7ef951d4bf165e6c6b721efada985fb41661bc6e7fd6c8734640c4998ff7e374b06ce1a64a2ecd82ab036384fb83d9a79b127a27d503200",
+          ],
+          "config": {
+            "owners": [
+              {
+                "owner": "0x07e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df3601407",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+              {
+                "owner": "0x288f0cd85005f34168f731a468aef268c2f9456f",
+                "weight": 1,
+              },
+            ],
+            "salt": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "threshold": 2,
+            "version": "0x1",
+          },
+          "configVersion": "0x1",
+          "createdAt": 1,
+          "hash": "0xcdbc24a8fb192f799c5d166b13a99fb29cbb15e71a5e730988d6f8b3c5959d02",
+          "init": false,
+          "signatureCount": 1,
+          "status": "pending",
+          "threshold": 2,
+          "transaction": "0x76e9821079808080dad99407e1ed8ea0e9601e5546b0a03aed683df360140780821234c0808080808080c0",
+          "type": "transaction",
+          "updatedAt": 2,
+          "weight": 1,
+        },
+      }
+    `)
+    expect(MultisigOperation.fromRpc(transactionRpc)).toStrictEqual(
+      MultisigOperation.from(transactionPending),
+    )
+    expect(MultisigOperation.fromRpc(keyAuthorizationRpc)).toStrictEqual(
+      MultisigOperation.from(keyAuthorizationPending),
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('validation', () => {
+  test.each([
+    {
+      name: 'mismatched hash',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, hash: transactionHash },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'outer transaction signature',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        transaction: TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(transaction),
+          { signature: SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1) },
+        ),
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'pending transaction submission fields',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, submissionId },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'submitting transaction without lease',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, status: 'submitting', weight: 2 },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'successful transaction without hash',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, status: 'success', weight: 2 },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'signed pending key authorization',
+      operation: {
+        ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+        keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+          KeyAuthorization.from(
+            KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization),
+            {
+              signature: ownerSignature_1,
+            },
+          ),
+        ),
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'successful key authorization without quorum',
+      operation: { ...keyAuthorizationPending, status: 'success' },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'pending key authorization with quorum',
+      operation: {
+        ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+        approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+        signatureCount: 2,
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'key authorization with transaction fields',
+      operation: { ...keyAuthorizationPending, transaction },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'transaction with key authorization fields',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, keyAuthorization },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'selected signature without weight',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, weight: 0 },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'string config threshold',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        config: { ...config, threshold: '2' },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'bigint config owner weight',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        config: {
+          ...config,
+          owners: config.owners.map((owner) => ({ ...owner, weight: 1n })),
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'weight unreachable by the selected signature count',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, weight: 2 },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'weight unreachable by the retained owner approvals',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        config: MultisigConfig.from({
+          owners: [
+            { owner: owner_1, weight: 1 },
+            { owner: owner_2, weight: 2 },
+          ],
+          threshold: 2,
+        }),
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'non-owner approval',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, approvals: [approval_3] },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'zero account',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        account: '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
+        hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+          account: '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
+          config: initializedConfig,
+          payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+            TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(transaction),
+          ),
+        }),
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'non-hex transaction hash',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+        signatureCount: 2,
+        status: 'success',
+        transactionHash: `0x${'gg'.repeat(32)}`,
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'non-hex submission ID',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+        expiresAt: 10,
+        signatureCount: 2,
+        status: 'submitting',
+        submissionId: `0x${'gg'.repeat(32)}`,
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'odd-length transaction hash',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+        signatureCount: 2,
+        status: 'success',
+        transactionHash: `0x${'a'.repeat(63)}`,
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'odd-length submission ID',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+        expiresAt: 10,
+        signatureCount: 2,
+        status: 'submitting',
+        submissionId: `0x${'b'.repeat(63)}`,
+        weight: 2,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'keychain owner approval',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            inner: ownerSignature_1,
+            type: 'keychain',
+            userAddress: owner_1,
+          }),
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'nested bootstrap owner approval',
+      operation: {
+        ...transactionPending,
+        approvals: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.serialize({
+            account,
+            config,
+            signatures: [ownerSignature_1],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          }),
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'bootstrap with initialized version',
+      operation: { ...transactionPending, init: true },
+    },
+  ])('rejects $name', ({ operation }) => {
+    expect(() =>
+      MultisigOperation.from(operation as MultisigOperation.Operation),
+    ).toThrowError(MultisigOperation.InvalidOperationError)
+  })
+
+  test('rejects mismatched config versions', () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      MultisigOperation.from({
+        ...transactionPending,
+        config: { ...initializedConfig, version: 2n },
+      }),
+    ).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `[MultisigOperation.InvalidOperationError: Invalid multisig operation: config.version must equal configVersion.]`,
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects noncanonical RPC quantities', () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      MultisigOperation.fromRpc({
+        ...MultisigOperation.toRpc(transactionPending),
+        configVersion: '0x01',
+      }),
+    ).toThrowError(
+      'Invalid multisig operation: configVersion must use canonical quantity encoding.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects key authorization signatures absent from retained approvals', () => {
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const operation = {
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config: initializedConfig,
+            signatures: [
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_3),
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    } as const
+
+    expect(() => MultisigOperation.from(operation)).toThrowError(
+      'Invalid multisig operation: key authorization signature is not a retained approval.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects unordered key authorization approvals', () => {
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const signatures = [
+      ...SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals({
+        account,
+        config: initializedConfig,
+        payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(authorization),
+        signatures: [
+          SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+          SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2),
+        ],
+      }),
+    ].reverse()
+    const operation = {
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_2],
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config: initializedConfig,
+            signatures,
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    } as const
+
+    expect(() => MultisigOperation.from(operation)).toThrowError(
+      'Invalid multisig operation: key authorization approvals are not canonically ordered.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects duplicate key authorization approvals', () => {
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const operation = {
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [approval_1, approval_1],
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config: initializedConfig,
+            signatures: [
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+              SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+            ],
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    } as const
+
+    expect(() => MultisigOperation.from(operation)).toThrowError(
+      'Invalid multisig operation: key authorization contains duplicate owner approvals.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('rejects reordered nested key authorization approvals', () => {
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.deserialize(keyAuthorization)
+    const nestedConfig = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [{ owner: owner_2, weight: 1 }],
+      threshold: 1,
+      version: 1n,
+    })
+    const childSignatures = SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals({
+      account: owner_1,
+      config: nestedConfig,
+      payload: keyAuthorizationHash,
+      signatures: [
+        SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+        SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2),
+      ],
+    })
+    const retainedNested = SignatureEnvelope.from({
+      account: owner_1,
+      config: nestedConfig,
+      signatures: childSignatures,
+      type: 'multisig',
+    })
+    const selectedNested = SignatureEnvelope.from({
+      account: owner_1,
+      config: nestedConfig,
+      signatures: [...childSignatures].reverse(),
+      type: 'multisig',
+    })
+    const selected = SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals({
+      account,
+      config: initializedConfig,
+      payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(authorization),
+      signatures: [selectedNested, SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2)],
+    })
+    const operation = {
+      ...keyAuthorizationPending,
+      approvals: [SignatureEnvelope.serialize(retainedNested), approval_2],
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config: initializedConfig,
+            signatures: selected,
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      weight: 2,
+    } as const
+
+    expect(() => MultisigOperation.from(operation)).toThrowError(
+      'Invalid multisig operation: key authorization signature is not a retained approval.',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('accepts case-insensitive bootstrap configs', () => {
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from({
+      owners: [
+        {
+          owner: Address.checksum(owner_1),
+          weight: 1,
+        },
+        {
+          owner: Address.checksum(owner_2),
+          weight: 1,
+        },
+      ],
+      salt: `0x${'AB'.repeat(32)}`,
+      threshold: 2,
+    })
+    const account = MultisigConfig.getAddress(config)
+    const authorization = KeyAuthorization.from({
+      account,
+      address: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      chainId: 4217n,
+      expiry: 1_800_000_000,
+      isAdmin: false,
+      type: 'secp256k1',
+    })
+    const signatures = SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals({
+      account,
+      config,
+      payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(authorization),
+      signatures: [
+        SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_1),
+        SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval_2),
+      ],
+    })
+    const approvals = signatures.map((signature) =>
+      SignatureEnvelope.serialize(signature),
+    )
+
+    const operation = MultisigOperation.from({
+      account,
+      approvals,
+      config,
+      configVersion: 0n,
+      createdAt: 1,
+      hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+        account,
+        config,
+        payload: KeyAuthorization.getSignPayload(authorization),
+      }),
+      init: true,
+      keyAuthorization: KeyAuthorization.serialize(
+        KeyAuthorization.from(authorization, {
+          signature: {
+            account,
+            config,
+            signatures,
+            type: 'multisig',
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+      signatureCount: 2,
+      status: 'success',
+      threshold: 2,
+      type: 'keyAuthorization',
+      updatedAt: 2,
+      weight: 2,
+    })
+
+    expect(operation.config).toStrictEqual(config)
+  })
+})