ox 0.14.36 → 0.14.38

package/tempo/MultisigOperation.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1245 @@
+import * as Address from '../core/Address.js'
+import * as Errors from '../core/Errors.js'
+import * as Hash from '../core/Hash.js'
+import * as Hex from '../core/Hex.js'
+import * as KeyAuthorization_ from './KeyAuthorization.js'
+import * as MultisigConfig from './MultisigConfig.js'
+import * as SignatureEnvelope from './SignatureEnvelope.js'
+import * as TxEnvelopeTempo from './TxEnvelopeTempo.js'
+
+/** Fields shared by every multisig operation. */
+export type Base<quantity = bigint> = {
+  /** Root multisig account. */
+  account: Address.Address
+  /** Every retained serialized owner approval. */
+  approvals: readonly Hex.Hex[]
+  /** Root configuration used to verify approvals. */
+  config: MultisigConfig.Config
+  /** Root configuration version. */
+  configVersion: quantity
+  /** Unix creation time in milliseconds. */
+  createdAt: number
+  /** Deterministic multisig operation hash. */
+  hash: Hex.Hex
+  /** Whether the operation initializes the root multisig account. */
+  init: boolean
+  /** Number of approvals selected for quorum evaluation. */
+  signatureCount: number
+  /** Required root owner weight. */
+  threshold: number
+  /** Unix time of the last update in milliseconds. */
+  updatedAt: number
+  /** Root owner weight reached by the selected approvals. */
+  weight: number
+}
+
+/** Multisig transaction approval operation. */
+export type TransactionOperation<quantity = bigint> = Base<quantity> & {
+  /** Time when another relay may reclaim the submission lease. */
+  expiresAt?: number | undefined
+  /** Current operation state. */
+  status: 'pending' | 'submitting' | 'success'
+  /** Fencing token owned by the current submitter. */
+  submissionId?: Hex.Hex | undefined
+  /** Canonical serialized Tempo envelope without its outer sender signature. */
+  transaction: Hex.Hex
+  /** Hash returned after the downstream submitter accepts the transaction. */
+  transactionHash?: Hex.Hex | undefined
+  /** Operation kind. */
+  type: 'transaction'
+}
+
+/** Multisig key authorization approval operation. */
+export type KeyAuthorizationOperation<quantity = bigint> = Base<quantity> & {
+  /** Canonical serialized key authorization. */
+  keyAuthorization: Hex.Hex
+  /** Current operation state. */
+  status: 'pending' | 'success'
+  /** Operation kind. */
+  type: 'keyAuthorization'
+}
+
+/** Transaction or key authorization multisig operation. */
+export type Operation<quantity = bigint> =
+  | TransactionOperation<quantity>
+  | KeyAuthorizationOperation<quantity>
+
+/** JSON-RPC multisig transaction operation. */
+export type TransactionRpc = TransactionOperation<Hex.Hex>
+
+/** JSON-RPC multisig key authorization operation. */
+export type KeyAuthorizationRpc = KeyAuthorizationOperation<Hex.Hex>
+
+/** JSON-RPC multisig operation. */
+export type Rpc = Operation<Hex.Hex>
+
+/** Maximum supported multisig configuration version. */
+const maxConfigVersion = 2n ** 64n - 1n
+
+/**
+ * Derives the deterministic hash for a multisig operation.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const hash = MultisigOperation.getHash({
+ *   account,
+ *   configVersion: 1n,
+ *   transaction,
+ *   type: 'transaction',
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param options - Operation payload and multisig identity.
+ * @returns The operation hash signed by each owner.
+ */
+export function getHash(options: getHash.Options): Hex.Hex {
+  const { account, configVersion } = options
+  const payload =
+    options.type === 'transaction'
+      ? TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(
+          TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(
+            options.transaction as TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized,
+          ),
+        )
+      : KeyAuthorization_.getSignPayload(
+          KeyAuthorization_.deserialize(options.keyAuthorization),
+        )
+  return MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+    account,
+    payload,
+    version: configVersion,
+  })
+}
+
+export declare namespace getHash {
+  /** Parameters for `getHash`. */
+  export type Options = {
+    /** Root multisig account. */
+    account: Address.Address
+    /** Root configuration version. */
+    configVersion: bigint
+  } & (
+    | {
+        /** Canonical serialized key authorization. */
+        keyAuthorization: Hex.Hex
+        /** Operation kind. */
+        type: 'keyAuthorization'
+      }
+    | {
+        /** Canonical serialized Tempo envelope without its outer sender signature. */
+        transaction: Hex.Hex
+        /** Operation kind. */
+        type: 'transaction'
+      }
+  )
+
+  /** Error type for `getHash`. */
+  export type ErrorType =
+    | KeyAuthorization_.deserialize.ErrorType
+    | KeyAuthorization_.getSignPayload.ErrorType
+    | MultisigConfig.getSignPayload.ErrorType
+    | TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize.ErrorType
+    | TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload.ErrorType
+    | Errors.GlobalErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates, deduplicates, and selects owner approvals for an operation.
+ *
+ * The function retains one canonical approval per owner. It selects the
+ * smallest deterministic quorum by owner weight, then orders the selected
+ * approvals by owner address for serialization.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const selection = await MultisigOperation.selectApprovals({
+ *   account,
+ *   approvals,
+ *   config,
+ *   hash,
+ *   resolveConfig,
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param options - Approval selection parameters.
+ * @returns The retained approvals and deterministic quorum selection.
+ */
+export async function selectApprovals(
+  options: selectApprovals.Options,
+): Promise<selectApprovals.ReturnValue> {
+  const { account, approvals, hash, resolveConfig } = options
+  if (!Address.validate(account) || Hex.toBigInt(account) === 0n)
+    throw new InvalidApprovalError({ reason: 'account is invalid' })
+  if (!Hash.validate(hash))
+    throw new InvalidApprovalError({ reason: 'hash is invalid' })
+  return selectApprovals_internal(
+    {
+      account,
+      approvals,
+      config: MultisigConfig.from(options.config),
+      hash,
+      resolveConfig,
+    },
+    [account.toLowerCase()],
+  )
+}
+
+export declare namespace selectApprovals {
+  /** Parameters for `selectApprovals`. */
+  export type Options = {
+    /** Root multisig account. */
+    account: Address.Address
+    /** Serialized primitive or nested owner approvals. */
+    approvals: readonly SignatureEnvelope.Serialized[]
+    /** Current root multisig configuration. */
+    config: MultisigConfig.Config
+    /** Deterministic operation hash approved by root owners. */
+    hash: Hex.Hex
+    /** Resolves the current configuration of a nested multisig owner. */
+    resolveConfig?: ResolveConfig | undefined
+  }
+
+  /** Resolves an initialized nested multisig configuration. */
+  export type ResolveConfig = (
+    options: ResolveConfigOptions,
+  ) => ResolvedConfig | Promise<ResolvedConfig>
+
+  /** Nested multisig configuration lookup parameters. */
+  export type ResolveConfigOptions = {
+    /** Nested multisig account. */
+    account: Address.Address
+  }
+
+  /** Resolved nested multisig configuration. */
+  export type ResolvedConfig = {
+    /** Current nested multisig configuration. */
+    config: MultisigConfig.Config
+    /** Current nested multisig configuration version. */
+    version: bigint
+  }
+
+  /** Result of validating and selecting approvals. */
+  export type ReturnValue = {
+    /** Every retained approval, ordered by owner address. */
+    approvals: readonly SignatureEnvelope.Serialized[]
+    /** Number of approvals selected for quorum evaluation. */
+    signatureCount: number
+    /** Approvals selected for serialization, ordered by owner address. */
+    selectedApprovals: readonly SignatureEnvelope.Serialized[]
+    /** Required owner weight. */
+    threshold: number
+    /** Owner weight reached by the selected approvals. */
+    weight: number
+  }
+
+  /** Error type for `selectApprovals`. */
+  export type ErrorType =
+    | InvalidApprovalError
+    | MultisigConfig.assert.ErrorType
+    | MultisigConfig.getSignPayload.ErrorType
+    | SignatureEnvelope.CoercionError
+    | SignatureEnvelope.extractAddress.ErrorType
+    | SignatureEnvelope.serialize.ErrorType
+    | SignatureEnvelope.VerificationError
+    | Errors.GlobalErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Serializes a multisig transaction operation with selected owner approvals.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const transaction = MultisigOperation.serializeTransaction(operation, {
+ *   approvals: selection.selectedApprovals,
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param operation - Multisig transaction operation.
+ * @param options - Transaction serialization options.
+ * @returns The signed serialized Tempo transaction.
+ */
+export function serializeTransaction(
+  operation: TransactionOperation,
+  options: serializeTransaction.Options,
+): TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized {
+  const value = from(operation)
+  const envelope = TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(
+    value.transaction as TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized,
+  )
+  const approvals = options.approvals.map((approval) =>
+    SignatureEnvelope.from(approval),
+  )
+  assertRetainedApprovals(value, approvals)
+  const signatures = SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals({
+    account: value.account,
+    payload: TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(envelope),
+    signatures: approvals,
+    version: value.configVersion,
+  })
+  const signature = value.init
+    ? SignatureEnvelope.from({
+        init: true,
+        initialConfig: value.config,
+        signatures,
+      })
+    : SignatureEnvelope.from({
+        account: value.account,
+        signatures,
+      })
+  return TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+    envelope,
+    value.transaction.startsWith(TxEnvelopeTempo.feePayerMagic)
+      ? {
+          format: 'feePayer',
+          sender: envelope.from,
+          signature,
+        }
+      : { signature },
+  )
+}
+
+export declare namespace serializeTransaction {
+  /** Options for `serializeTransaction`. */
+  export type Options = {
+    /** Selected retained approvals to attach to the transaction. */
+    approvals: readonly SignatureEnvelope.Serialized[]
+  }
+
+  /** Error type for `serializeTransaction`. */
+  export type ErrorType =
+    | from.ErrorType
+    | InvalidOperationError
+    | SignatureEnvelope.sortMultisigApprovals.ErrorType
+    | TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize.ErrorType
+    | TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload.ErrorType
+    | TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize.ErrorType
+    | Errors.GlobalErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates and normalizes a multisig operation.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const operation = MultisigOperation.from(value)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param operation - Multisig operation.
+ * @returns The validated operation.
+ */
+export function from<const operation extends Operation>(
+  operation: operation,
+): from.ReturnValue<operation> {
+  try {
+    const config = MultisigConfig.from(operation.config)
+    if (
+      typeof config.threshold !== 'number' ||
+      config.owners.some((owner) => typeof owner.weight !== 'number')
+    )
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'config threshold and owner weights must be numbers',
+      })
+    assertBase(operation, config)
+    if (operation.type === 'transaction') assertTransaction(operation)
+    else if (operation.type === 'keyAuthorization')
+      assertKeyAuthorization(operation, config)
+    else throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'unknown operation type' })
+    return { ...operation, config } as never
+  } catch (cause) {
+    if (cause instanceof InvalidOperationError) throw cause
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ cause })
+  }
+}
+
+export declare namespace from {
+  /** Return type for `from`. */
+  export type ReturnValue<operation extends Operation> =
+    operation extends TransactionOperation
+      ? TransactionOperation
+      : KeyAuthorizationOperation
+
+  /** Error type for `from`. */
+  export type ErrorType = InvalidOperationError | Errors.GlobalErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a JSON-RPC multisig operation to its domain representation.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const operation = MultisigOperation.fromRpc(value)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param operation - JSON-RPC multisig operation.
+ * @returns The validated operation.
+ */
+export function fromRpc<const operation extends Rpc>(
+  operation: operation,
+): fromRpc.ReturnValue<operation> {
+  try {
+    if (
+      typeof operation.configVersion !== 'string' ||
+      !Hex.validate(operation.configVersion)
+    )
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'configVersion must be a hexadecimal quantity',
+      })
+    const configVersion = Hex.toBigInt(operation.configVersion)
+    if (Hex.fromNumber(configVersion) !== operation.configVersion)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'configVersion must use canonical quantity encoding',
+      })
+    return from({ ...operation, configVersion } as Operation) as never
+  } catch (cause) {
+    if (cause instanceof InvalidOperationError) throw cause
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ cause })
+  }
+}
+
+export declare namespace fromRpc {
+  /** Return type for `fromRpc`. */
+  export type ReturnValue<operation extends Rpc> =
+    operation extends TransactionRpc
+      ? TransactionOperation
+      : KeyAuthorizationOperation
+
+  /** Error type for `fromRpc`. */
+  export type ErrorType = InvalidOperationError | Errors.GlobalErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a multisig operation to its JSON-RPC representation.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts twoslash
+ * // @noErrors
+ * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+ *
+ * const operationRpc = MultisigOperation.toRpc(operation)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param operation - Multisig operation.
+ * @returns The JSON-RPC operation.
+ */
+export function toRpc<const operation extends Operation>(
+  operation: operation,
+): toRpc.ReturnValue<operation> {
+  const value = from(operation)
+  return {
+    ...value,
+    configVersion: Hex.fromNumber(value.configVersion),
+  } as never
+}
+
+export declare namespace toRpc {
+  /** Return type for `toRpc`. */
+  export type ReturnValue<operation extends Operation> =
+    operation extends TransactionOperation
+      ? TransactionRpc
+      : KeyAuthorizationRpc
+
+  /** Error type for `toRpc`. */
+  export type ErrorType = from.ErrorType | Hex.fromNumber.ErrorType
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates and selects approvals recursively.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+async function selectApprovals_internal(
+  options: selectApprovals.Options,
+  path: readonly string[],
+): Promise<selectApprovals.ReturnValue> {
+  const owners = new Map(
+    options.config.owners.map((owner) => [
+      owner.owner.toLowerCase(),
+      { address: owner.owner, weight: Number(owner.weight) },
+    ]),
+  )
+  const groups = new Map<string, ApprovalGroup>()
+  for (const serialized of options.approvals) {
+    const signature = SignatureEnvelope.from(serialized)
+    if (signature.type === 'keychain')
+      throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+        reason: 'keychain signatures cannot approve a multisig operation',
+      })
+    const address =
+      signature.type === 'multisig'
+        ? signature.account
+        : SignatureEnvelope.extractAddress({
+            payload: options.hash,
+            signature,
+          })
+    const owner = owners.get(address.toLowerCase())
+    if (!owner)
+      throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+        reason: `signature is from non-owner ${address}`,
+      })
+    const key = address.toLowerCase()
+    const group = groups.get(key)
+    if (group) group.signatures.push(signature)
+    else
+      groups.set(key, {
+        address: owner.address,
+        signatures: [signature],
+        weight: owner.weight,
+      })
+  }
+
+  const valid: SelectedApproval[] = []
+  const retained: RetainedApproval[] = []
+  for (const group of groups.values()) {
+    const nested = group.signatures.filter(
+      (signature) => signature.type === 'multisig',
+    )
+    if (nested.length > 0) {
+      if (nested.length !== group.signatures.length)
+        throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+          reason: `owner ${group.address} has conflicting signature types`,
+        })
+      if (nested.some((signature) => signature.init))
+        throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+          reason: `nested multisig owner ${group.address} cannot carry init`,
+        })
+      if (
+        path.length >= MultisigConfig.maxNestingDepth ||
+        path.includes(group.address.toLowerCase())
+      )
+        throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+          reason: `nested multisig owner ${group.address} is invalid`,
+        })
+      if (!options.resolveConfig)
+        throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+          reason: `nested multisig owner ${group.address} requires a config resolver`,
+        })
+      const resolved = await options.resolveConfig({ account: group.address })
+      const selected = await selectApprovals_internal(
+        {
+          account: group.address,
+          approvals: nested.flatMap((signature) =>
+            signature.signatures.map((approval) =>
+              SignatureEnvelope.serialize(approval),
+            ),
+          ),
+          config: MultisigConfig.from(resolved.config),
+          hash: MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+            account: group.address,
+            payload: options.hash,
+            version: resolved.version,
+          }),
+          resolveConfig: options.resolveConfig,
+        },
+        [...path, group.address.toLowerCase()],
+      )
+      retained.push({
+        address: group.address,
+        signature: SignatureEnvelope.serialize(
+          SignatureEnvelope.from({
+            account: group.address,
+            signatures: selected.approvals.map((approval) =>
+              SignatureEnvelope.from(approval),
+            ),
+          }),
+        ),
+      })
+      if (selected.weight >= selected.threshold)
+        valid.push({
+          address: group.address,
+          signature: SignatureEnvelope.serialize(
+            SignatureEnvelope.from({
+              account: group.address,
+              signatures: selected.selectedApprovals.map((approval) =>
+                SignatureEnvelope.from(approval),
+              ),
+            }),
+          ),
+          weight: group.weight,
+        })
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const signatures = group.signatures.map((signature) => {
+      if (
+        !SignatureEnvelope.verify(signature, {
+          address: group.address,
+          payload: options.hash,
+        })
+      )
+        throw new InvalidApprovalError({
+          reason: `signature from owner ${group.address} is invalid`,
+        })
+      return SignatureEnvelope.serialize(signature)
+    })
+    const signature = signatures.sort(compareHex)[0]!
+    valid.push({
+      address: group.address,
+      signature,
+      weight: group.weight,
+    })
+    retained.push({ address: group.address, signature })
+  }
+
+  const ranked = valid.sort(
+    (a, b) => b.weight - a.weight || compareApprovalAddress(a, b),
+  )
+  const selected: typeof ranked = []
+  let weight = 0
+  for (const approval of ranked.slice(0, MultisigConfig.maxSignatures)) {
+    if (weight >= Number(options.config.threshold)) break
+    selected.push(approval)
+    weight += approval.weight
+  }
+  selected.sort(compareApprovalAddress)
+
+  return {
+    approvals: retained
+      .sort(compareApprovalAddress)
+      .map((approval) => approval.signature),
+    selectedApprovals: selected.map((approval) => approval.signature),
+    signatureCount: selected.length,
+    threshold: Number(options.config.threshold),
+    weight,
+  }
+}
+
+/** Approval selected for quorum evaluation. @internal */
+type SelectedApproval = {
+  /** Configured owner address. */
+  address: Address.Address
+  /** Serialized owner signature. */
+  signature: SignatureEnvelope.Serialized
+  /** Configured owner weight. */
+  weight: number
+}
+
+/** Approvals submitted for one configured owner. @internal */
+type ApprovalGroup = {
+  /** Configured owner address. */
+  address: Address.Address
+  /** Submitted signatures that resolve to the owner. */
+  signatures: SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope[]
+  /** Configured owner weight. */
+  weight: number
+}
+
+/** Approval retained in operation storage. @internal */
+type RetainedApproval = {
+  /** Configured owner address. */
+  address: Address.Address
+  /** Serialized primitive or normalized nested approval. */
+  signature: SignatureEnvelope.Serialized
+}
+
+/**
+ * Orders approval records by owner address.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function compareApprovalAddress(
+  a: SelectedApproval | RetainedApproval,
+  b: SelectedApproval | RetainedApproval,
+) {
+  const addressA = Hex.toBigInt(a.address)
+  const addressB = Hex.toBigInt(b.address)
+  return addressA < addressB ? -1 : addressA > addressB ? 1 : 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Orders hexadecimal data bytewise.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function compareHex(a: Hex.Hex, b: Hex.Hex) {
+  const hexA = a.toLowerCase()
+  const hexB = b.toLowerCase()
+  return hexA < hexB ? -1 : hexA > hexB ? 1 : 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates fields shared by every operation.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertBase(operation: Operation, config: MultisigConfig.Config): void {
+  if (!Address.validate(operation.account))
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'account is invalid' })
+  if (Hex.toBigInt(operation.account) === 0n)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'account cannot be zero' })
+  if (!Hash.validate(operation.hash))
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'hash is invalid' })
+  if (typeof operation.init !== 'boolean')
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'init must be a boolean' })
+  if (
+    typeof operation.configVersion !== 'bigint' ||
+    operation.configVersion < 0n ||
+    operation.configVersion > maxConfigVersion
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'configVersion must be an unsigned 64-bit integer',
+    })
+  assertInteger(operation.createdAt, 'createdAt')
+  assertInteger(operation.updatedAt, 'updatedAt')
+  if (operation.updatedAt < operation.createdAt)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'updatedAt cannot precede createdAt',
+    })
+  assertInteger(operation.signatureCount, 'signatureCount')
+  assertInteger(operation.threshold, 'threshold')
+  assertInteger(operation.weight, 'weight')
+  if (operation.threshold !== Number(config.threshold))
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'threshold must equal config.threshold',
+    })
+  if (operation.weight > 0xff)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'weight exceeds u8 max' })
+  if (operation.signatureCount > MultisigConfig.maxSignatures)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'too many selected signatures' })
+  if (!Array.isArray(operation.approvals))
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'approvals must be an array' })
+  if (operation.approvals.length > config.owners.length)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'too many retained approvals' })
+  if (operation.signatureCount > operation.approvals.length)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'signatureCount exceeds retained approvals',
+    })
+  if ((operation.signatureCount === 0) !== (operation.weight === 0))
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'signatureCount and weight must both be zero or nonzero',
+    })
+  const owners = new Map(
+    config.owners.map((owner) => [
+      owner.owner.toLowerCase(),
+      Number(owner.weight),
+    ]),
+  )
+  const approvalWeights: number[] = []
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+  for (const approval of operation.approvals) {
+    if (
+      typeof approval !== 'string' ||
+      !Hex.validate(approval, { strict: true })
+    )
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'approval is invalid' })
+    const signature = assertApproval(
+      operation.account,
+      approval as SignatureEnvelope.Serialized,
+    )
+    const address = SignatureEnvelope.extractAddress({
+      payload: operation.hash,
+      signature,
+    })
+    const key = address.toLowerCase()
+    const weight = owners.get(key)
+    if (weight === undefined)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'approval is from a non-owner',
+      })
+    if (seen.has(key))
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason:
+          operation.type === 'keyAuthorization'
+            ? 'key authorization contains duplicate owner approvals'
+            : 'duplicate owner approval',
+      })
+    seen.add(key)
+    approvalWeights.push(weight)
+  }
+  if (
+    !isWeightReachable(
+      approvalWeights,
+      operation.signatureCount,
+      operation.weight,
+    )
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason:
+        'weight is not reachable by signatureCount retained owner approvals',
+    })
+  if (operation.init) {
+    if (operation.configVersion !== 0n)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'bootstrap operations must use config version zero',
+      })
+    if (
+      MultisigConfig.getAddress(config).toLowerCase() !==
+      operation.account.toLowerCase()
+    )
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'bootstrap config does not derive the operation account',
+      })
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates a transaction operation and its state-specific fields.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertTransaction(operation: TransactionOperation): void {
+  if (
+    'keyAuthorization' in operation &&
+    operation.keyAuthorization !== undefined
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'transaction operations cannot contain keyAuthorization',
+    })
+  const expiresAt = operation.expiresAt
+  const submissionId = operation.submissionId
+  const transactionHash = operation.transactionHash
+  if (operation.status === 'pending') {
+    if (
+      expiresAt !== undefined ||
+      submissionId !== undefined ||
+      transactionHash !== undefined
+    )
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'pending transactions cannot contain submission fields',
+      })
+  } else if (operation.status === 'submitting') {
+    assertInteger(expiresAt, 'expiresAt')
+    if (!Hash.validate(submissionId ?? ''))
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'submissionId is invalid' })
+    if (submissionId!.toLowerCase() === operation.hash.toLowerCase())
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'submissionId must differ from the operation hash',
+      })
+    if (transactionHash !== undefined)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'submitting transactions cannot contain transactionHash',
+      })
+  } else if (operation.status === 'success') {
+    if (!Hash.validate(transactionHash ?? ''))
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'transactionHash is invalid' })
+    if (expiresAt !== undefined || submissionId !== undefined)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'successful transactions cannot contain submission fields',
+      })
+  } else
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'invalid transaction status' })
+  if (
+    operation.status !== 'pending' &&
+    (operation.weight < operation.threshold || operation.signatureCount === 0)
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'submitted transactions must have quorum',
+    })
+
+  if (typeof operation.transaction !== 'string')
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'transaction is invalid' })
+  const transaction = TxEnvelopeTempo.deserialize(
+    operation.transaction as TxEnvelopeTempo.Serialized,
+  )
+  if (transaction.signature)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'transaction must not contain an outer sender signature',
+    })
+  if (
+    transaction.from &&
+    transaction.from.toLowerCase() !== operation.account.toLowerCase()
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'transaction sender does not match the operation account',
+    })
+  assertOperationHash(operation, TxEnvelopeTempo.getSignPayload(transaction))
+  const feePayer = operation.transaction.startsWith(
+    TxEnvelopeTempo.feePayerMagic,
+  )
+  const serialized = TxEnvelopeTempo.serialize(
+    transaction,
+    feePayer
+      ? transaction.from
+        ? { format: 'feePayer', sender: transaction.from }
+        : { format: 'feePayer' }
+      : {},
+  )
+  if (serialized.toLowerCase() !== operation.transaction.toLowerCase())
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'transaction is not canonically serialized',
+    })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates a key authorization operation and its serialized payload.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertKeyAuthorization(
+  operation: KeyAuthorizationOperation,
+  config: MultisigConfig.Config,
+): void {
+  const transactionFields = operation as KeyAuthorizationOperation & {
+    expiresAt?: unknown
+    submissionId?: unknown
+    transaction?: unknown
+    transactionHash?: unknown
+  }
+  if (
+    transactionFields.expiresAt !== undefined ||
+    transactionFields.submissionId !== undefined ||
+    transactionFields.transaction !== undefined ||
+    transactionFields.transactionHash !== undefined
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'key authorization operations cannot contain transaction fields',
+    })
+  if (operation.status !== 'pending' && operation.status !== 'success')
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'invalid key authorization status',
+    })
+  if (
+    operation.status === 'success' &&
+    (operation.weight < operation.threshold || operation.signatureCount === 0)
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'successful key authorizations must have quorum',
+    })
+  if (operation.status === 'pending' && operation.weight >= operation.threshold)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'pending key authorizations cannot have quorum',
+    })
+  if (typeof operation.keyAuthorization !== 'string')
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'keyAuthorization is invalid' })
+  const authorization = KeyAuthorization_.deserialize(
+    operation.keyAuthorization,
+  )
+  if (
+    !authorization.account ||
+    authorization.account.toLowerCase() !== operation.account.toLowerCase()
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'key authorization account does not match the operation account',
+    })
+  const signature = authorization.signature
+  if (operation.status === 'pending' && signature)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'pending key authorizations must be unsigned',
+    })
+  if (operation.status === 'success') {
+    if (signature?.type !== 'multisig')
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'successful key authorizations require a multisig signature',
+      })
+    if (signature.account.toLowerCase() !== operation.account.toLowerCase())
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization signature account does not match',
+      })
+    if (signature.signatures.length !== operation.signatureCount)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization signatureCount does not match its signature',
+      })
+    assertSelectedApprovals(operation, signature.signatures, authorization)
+    if (!!signature.init !== operation.init)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization bootstrap state does not match',
+      })
+    if (signature.init && !sameConfig(signature.init, config))
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization bootstrap config does not match',
+      })
+  }
+  assertOperationHash(
+    operation,
+    KeyAuthorization_.getSignPayload(authorization),
+  )
+  if (
+    KeyAuthorization_.serialize(authorization).toLowerCase() !==
+    operation.keyAuthorization.toLowerCase()
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'keyAuthorization is not canonically serialized',
+    })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates a retained signature in the root owner's approval context.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertApproval(
+  account: Address.Address,
+  serialized: SignatureEnvelope.Serialized,
+): SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope {
+  const approval = SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(serialized)
+  SignatureEnvelope.assert({
+    account,
+    signatures: [approval],
+    type: 'multisig',
+  })
+  if (
+    SignatureEnvelope.serialize(approval).toLowerCase() !==
+    serialized.toLowerCase()
+  )
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({ reason: 'approval is not canonical' })
+  return approval
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks that selected transaction approvals are retained by the operation.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertRetainedApprovals(
+  operation: TransactionOperation,
+  selected: readonly SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope[],
+): void {
+  const retained = operation.approvals.map((approval) =>
+    SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval),
+  )
+  for (const approval of selected) {
+    const index = retained.findIndex((candidate) =>
+      includesApproval(candidate, approval),
+    )
+    if (index === -1)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'transaction signature is not a retained approval',
+      })
+    retained.splice(index, 1)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks that a successful key authorization uses retained approvals in canonical order.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertSelectedApprovals(
+  operation: KeyAuthorizationOperation,
+  selected: readonly SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope[],
+  authorization: KeyAuthorization_.KeyAuthorization,
+): void {
+  const retained = operation.approvals.map((approval) =>
+    SignatureEnvelope.deserialize(approval),
+  )
+  for (const approval of selected) {
+    const index = retained.findIndex((candidate) =>
+      includesApproval(candidate, approval),
+    )
+    if (index === -1)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization signature is not a retained approval',
+      })
+    retained.splice(index, 1)
+  }
+
+  const digest = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+    account: operation.account,
+    payload: KeyAuthorization_.getSignPayload(authorization),
+    version: operation.configVersion,
+  })
+  const addresses = selected.map((signature) =>
+    SignatureEnvelope.extractAddress({ payload: digest, signature }),
+  )
+  for (let index = 1; index < addresses.length; index++) {
+    const previous = Hex.toBigInt(addresses[index - 1]!)
+    const current = Hex.toBigInt(addresses[index]!)
+    if (previous === current)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization contains duplicate owner approvals',
+      })
+    if (previous > current)
+      throw new InvalidOperationError({
+        reason: 'key authorization approvals are not canonically ordered',
+      })
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether a selected approval is contained in a retained approval tree.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function includesApproval(
+  retained: SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope,
+  selected: SignatureEnvelope.SignatureEnvelope,
+): boolean {
+  if (retained.type !== 'multisig' || selected.type !== 'multisig')
+    return (
+      SignatureEnvelope.serialize(retained).toLowerCase() ===
+      SignatureEnvelope.serialize(selected).toLowerCase()
+    )
+  if (retained.account.toLowerCase() !== selected.account.toLowerCase())
+    return false
+  // Nested versions are not serialized, so selected child approvals must preserve the validated retained order.
+  let index = 0
+  for (const approval of selected.signatures) {
+    while (
+      index < retained.signatures.length &&
+      !includesApproval(retained.signatures[index]!, approval)
+    )
+      index++
+    if (index === retained.signatures.length) return false
+    index++
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether exactly `signatureCount` retained owners can produce `weight`.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function isWeightReachable(
+  weights: readonly number[],
+  signatureCount: number,
+  weight: number,
+): boolean {
+  const reachable = Array.from(
+    { length: signatureCount + 1 },
+    () => new Set<number>(),
+  )
+  reachable[0]!.add(0)
+  for (const ownerWeight of weights)
+    for (let count = signatureCount; count > 0; count--)
+      for (const current of reachable[count - 1]!)
+        reachable[count]!.add(current + ownerWeight)
+  return reachable[signatureCount]!.has(weight)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates the deterministic operation hash.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertOperationHash(operation: Operation, payload: Hex.Hex): void {
+  const hash = MultisigConfig.getSignPayload({
+    account: operation.account,
+    payload,
+    version: operation.configVersion,
+  })
+  if (hash.toLowerCase() !== operation.hash.toLowerCase())
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: 'hash does not match the operation payload',
+    })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates a nonnegative safe integer field.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function assertInteger(value: unknown, field: string): asserts value is number {
+  if (typeof value !== 'number' || !Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < 0)
+    throw new InvalidOperationError({
+      reason: `${field} must be a nonnegative safe integer`,
+    })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares normalized multisig configurations.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+function sameConfig(
+  a: MultisigConfig.Config,
+  b: MultisigConfig.Config,
+): boolean {
+  const configA = MultisigConfig.from(a)
+  const configB = MultisigConfig.from(b)
+  return (
+    Hex.isEqual(
+      configA.salt ?? MultisigConfig.zeroSalt,
+      configB.salt ?? MultisigConfig.zeroSalt,
+    ) &&
+    configA.threshold === configB.threshold &&
+    configA.owners.length === configB.owners.length &&
+    configA.owners.every((owner, index) => {
+      const other = configB.owners[index]!
+      return (
+        Address.isEqual(owner.owner, other.owner) &&
+        owner.weight === other.weight
+      )
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/** Thrown when a multisig owner approval is invalid. */
+export class InvalidApprovalError extends Errors.BaseError<Error | undefined> {
+  override readonly name = 'MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError'
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an invalid multisig approval error.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts twoslash
+   * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+   *
+   * throw new MultisigOperation.InvalidApprovalError({
+   *   reason: 'signature is from a non-owner',
+   * })
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param options - Error options.
+   */
+  constructor(options: InvalidApprovalError.Options = {}) {
+    super(
+      options.reason
+        ? `Invalid multisig approval: ${options.reason}.`
+        : 'Invalid multisig approval.',
+      { cause: options.cause as Error | undefined },
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export declare namespace InvalidApprovalError {
+  /** Error construction options. */
+  export type Options = {
+    /** Underlying error. */
+    cause?: unknown | undefined
+    /** Validation failure. */
+    reason?: string | undefined
+  }
+}
+
+/** Thrown when a multisig operation is malformed or internally inconsistent. */
+export class InvalidOperationError extends Errors.BaseError<Error | undefined> {
+  override readonly name = 'MultisigOperation.InvalidOperationError'
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an invalid multisig operation error.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts twoslash
+   * import { MultisigOperation } from 'ox/tempo'
+   *
+   * throw new MultisigOperation.InvalidOperationError({
+   *   reason: 'hash does not match the operation payload',
+   * })
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param options - Error options.
+   */
+  constructor(options: InvalidOperationError.Options = {}) {
+    super(
+      options.reason
+        ? `Invalid multisig operation: ${options.reason}.`
+        : 'Invalid multisig operation.',
+      { cause: options.cause as Error | undefined },
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export declare namespace InvalidOperationError {
+  /** Error construction options. */
+  export type Options = {
+    /** Underlying error. */
+    cause?: unknown | undefined
+    /** Validation failure. */
+    reason?: string | undefined
+  }
+}