outlet-orm 5.0.0 → 5.5.2

package/src/Model.js

@@ -1,1118 +1,1141 @@
-const QueryBuilder = require('./QueryBuilder');
-
-/**
- * Base Model class inspired by Laravel Eloquent
- */
-class Model {
-  static table = '';
-  static primaryKey = 'id';
-  static timestamps = true;
-  static fillable = [];
-  static hidden = [];
-  static casts = {};
-  static connection = null;
-
-  // Soft Deletes
-  static softDeletes = false;
-  static DELETED_AT = 'deleted_at';
-
-  // Scopes
-  static globalScopes = {};
-
-  // Events/Hooks
-  static eventListeners = {
-    creating: [],
-    created: [],
-    updating: [],
-    updated: [],
-    saving: [],
-    saved: [],
-    deleting: [],
-    deleted: [],
-    restoring: [],
-    restored: []
-  };
-
-  // Validation rules
-  static rules = {};
-
-  /**
-   * Ensure a default database connection exists.
-   * If none is set, it will be initialized from environment (.env) lazily.
-   */
-  static ensureConnection() {
-    if (!this.connection) {
-      // Lazy require to avoid circular dependencies
-      const DatabaseConnection = require('./DatabaseConnection');
-      this.connection = new DatabaseConnection();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get the current database connection
-   * @returns {DatabaseConnection}
-   */
-  static getConnection() {
-    this.ensureConnection();
-    return this.connection;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Set the default database connection for all models
-   * @param {DatabaseConnection} connection
-   */
-  static setConnection(connection) {
-    this.connection = connection;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Set the morph map for polymorphic relations
-   * @param {Object} map
-   */
-  static setMorphMap(map) {
-    this.morphMap = map;
-  }
-
-  constructor(attributes = {}) {
-    // Auto-initialize connection on first model instantiation if missing
-    this.constructor.ensureConnection();
-    this.attributes = {};
-    this.original = {};
-    this.relations = {};
-    this.touches = [];
-    this.exists = false;
-    this._showHidden = false;
-    this._withTrashed = false;
-    this._onlyTrashed = false;
-    this.fill(attributes);
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Events/Hooks ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Register an event listener
-   * @param {string} event - Event name (creating, created, updating, updated, saving, saved, deleting, deleted, restoring, restored)
-   * @param {Function} callback - Callback function
-   */
-  static on(event, callback) {
-    if (!this.eventListeners[event]) {
-      this.eventListeners[event] = [];
-    }
-    this.eventListeners[event].push(callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Fire an event
-   * @param {string} event
-   * @param {Model} model
-   * @returns {Promise<boolean>} - Returns false if event should be cancelled
-   */
-  static async fireEvent(event, model) {
-    const listeners = this.eventListeners[event] || [];
-    for (const listener of listeners) {
-      const result = await listener(model);
-      if (result === false) {
-        return false; // Cancel the operation
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'creating' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static creating(callback) {
-    this.on('creating', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'created' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static created(callback) {
-    this.on('created', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register an 'updating' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static updating(callback) {
-    this.on('updating', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register an 'updated' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static updated(callback) {
-    this.on('updated', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'saving' event listener (fires on both create and update)
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static saving(callback) {
-    this.on('saving', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'saved' event listener (fires after both create and update)
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static saved(callback) {
-    this.on('saved', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'deleting' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static deleting(callback) {
-    this.on('deleting', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'deleted' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static deleted(callback) {
-    this.on('deleted', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'restoring' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static restoring(callback) {
-    this.on('restoring', callback);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Register a 'restored' event listener
-   * @param {Function} callback
-   */
-  static restored(callback) {
-    this.on('restored', callback);
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Scopes ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Add a global scope
-   * @param {string} name - Scope name
-   * @param {Function} callback - Function that modifies the query builder
-   */
-  static addGlobalScope(name, callback) {
-    if (!this.globalScopes) {
-      this.globalScopes = {};
-    }
-    this.globalScopes[name] = callback;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Remove a global scope
-   * @param {string} name - Scope name
-   */
-  static removeGlobalScope(name) {
-    if (this.globalScopes && this.globalScopes[name]) {
-      delete this.globalScopes[name];
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Query without a specific global scope
-   * @param {string} name - Scope name to exclude
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static withoutGlobalScope(name) {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._excludedScopes = query._excludedScopes || [];
-    query._excludedScopes.push(name);
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Query without all global scopes
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static withoutGlobalScopes() {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._excludeAllScopes = true;
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Soft Deletes ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Query including soft deleted models
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static withTrashed() {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._withTrashed = true;
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Query only soft deleted models
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static onlyTrashed() {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._onlyTrashed = true;
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Check if model is soft deleted
-   * @returns {boolean}
-   */
-  trashed() {
-    return this.constructor.softDeletes && this.attributes[this.constructor.DELETED_AT] !== null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Restore a soft deleted model
-   * @returns {Promise<this>}
-   */
-  async restore() {
-    if (!this.constructor.softDeletes) {
-      throw new Error('This model does not use soft deletes');
-    }
-
-    // Fire restoring event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('restoring', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
-
-    this.setAttribute(this.constructor.DELETED_AT, null);
-
-    await this.constructor.connection.update(
-      this.constructor.table,
-      { [this.constructor.DELETED_AT]: null },
-      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
-    );
-
-    // Fire restored event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('restored', this);
-
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Force delete a soft deleted model (permanent delete)
-   * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
-   */
-  async forceDelete() {
-    // Fire deleting event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleting', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return false;
-
-    await this.constructor.connection.delete(
-      this.constructor.table,
-      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
-    );
-
-    this.exists = false;
-
-    // Fire deleted event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleted', this);
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Validation ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Validate the model attributes
-   * @returns {Object} - { valid: boolean, errors: Object }
-   */
-  validate() {
-    const rules = this.constructor.rules;
-    const errors = {};
-    let valid = true;
-
-    for (const [field, ruleString] of Object.entries(rules)) {
-      const fieldRules = typeof ruleString === 'string' ? ruleString.split('|') : ruleString;
-      const value = this.attributes[field];
-
-      for (const rule of fieldRules) {
-        const [ruleName, ruleParam] = rule.split(':');
-        const error = this._validateRule(field, value, ruleName, ruleParam);
-        if (error) {
-          if (!errors[field]) errors[field] = [];
-          errors[field].push(error);
-          valid = false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return { valid, errors };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Validate a single rule
-   * @private
-   */
-  _validateRule(field, value, ruleName, ruleParam) {
-    switch (ruleName) {
-    case 'required':
-      if (value === undefined || value === null || value === '') {
-        return `${field} is required`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'string':
-      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'string') {
-        return `${field} must be a string`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'number':
-    case 'numeric':
-      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'number' && isNaN(Number(value))) {
-        return `${field} must be a number`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'email':
-      if (value && !/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(value)) {
-        return `${field} must be a valid email`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'min':
-      if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length < parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
-        return `${field} must be at least ${ruleParam} characters`;
-      }
-      if (typeof value === 'number' && value < parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
-        return `${field} must be at least ${ruleParam}`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'max':
-      if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length > parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
-        return `${field} must not exceed ${ruleParam} characters`;
-      }
-      if (typeof value === 'number' && value > parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
-        return `${field} must not exceed ${ruleParam}`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'in':
-      if (value !== undefined && value !== null) {
-        const allowed = ruleParam.split(',');
-        if (!allowed.includes(String(value))) {
-          return `${field} must be one of: ${ruleParam}`;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'boolean':
-      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'boolean') {
-        return `${field} must be a boolean`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'date':
-      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && isNaN(Date.parse(value))) {
-        return `${field} must be a valid date`;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case 'regex':
-      if (value && !new RegExp(ruleParam).test(value)) {
-        return `${field} format is invalid`;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Validate and throw if invalid
-   * @throws {Error}
-   */
-  validateOrFail() {
-    const { valid, errors } = this.validate();
-    if (!valid) {
-      const error = new Error('Validation failed');
-      error.errors = errors;
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Query Builder ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Begin querying the model
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static query() {
-    // Ensure a connection exists even when using static APIs without instantiation
-    this.ensureConnection();
-    return new QueryBuilder(this);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get all records
-   * @returns {Promise<Array<Model>>}
-   */
-  static all() {
-    return this.query().get();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Find a model by its primary key
-   * @param {any} id
-   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
-   */
-  static find(id) {
-    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).first();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Find a model by its primary key or throw an error
-   * @param {any} id
-   * @returns {Promise<Model>}
-   */
-  static findOrFail(id) {
-    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).firstOrFail();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a where clause
-   * @param {string} column
-   * @param {string|any} operator
-   * @param {any} value
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static where(column, operator, value) {
-    if (arguments.length === 2) {
-      value = operator;
-      operator = '=';
-    }
-    return this.query().where(column, operator, value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Create a new model and save it
-   * @param {Object} attributes
-   * @returns {Promise<Model>}
-   */
-  static create(attributes) {
-    const instance = new this(attributes);
-    return instance.save();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Insert data without creating model instances
-   * @param {Object|Array<Object>} data
-   * @returns {Promise<any>}
-   */
-  static async insert(data) {
-    const query = this.query();
-    return query.insert(data);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Update records
-   * @param {Object} attributes
-   * @returns {Promise<any>}
-   */
-  static async update(attributes) {
-    return this.query().update(attributes);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Update by primary key and fetch the updated model (optionally with relations)
-   * @param {any} id
-   * @param {Object} attributes
-   * @param {string[]} [relations]
-   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
-   */
-  static async updateAndFetchById(id, attributes, relations = []) {
-    await this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).update(attributes);
-    const qb = this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id);
-    if (relations && relations.length) qb.with(...relations);
-    return qb.first();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Update by primary key only (convenience)
-   * @param {any} id
-   * @param {Object} attributes
-   * @returns {Promise<any>}
-   */
-  static async updateById(id, attributes) {
-    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).update(attributes);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Delete records
-   * @returns {Promise<any>}
-   */
-  static async delete() {
-    return this.query().delete();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get the first record
-   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
-   */
-  static first() {
-    return this.query().first();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add an order by clause
-   * @param {string} column
-   * @param {string} direction
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static orderBy(column, direction = 'asc') {
-    return this.query().orderBy(column, direction);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Limit the number of results
-   * @param {number} value
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static limit(value) {
-    return this.query().limit(value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Offset the results
-   * @param {number} value
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static offset(value) {
-    return this.query().offset(value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Paginate the results
-   * @param {number} page
-   * @param {number} perPage
-   * @returns {Promise<Object>}
-   */
-  static paginate(page = 1, perPage = 15) {
-    return this.query().paginate(page, perPage);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a where in clause
-   * @param {string} column
-   * @param {Array} values
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static whereIn(column, values) {
-    return this.query().whereIn(column, values);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a where null clause
-   * @param {string} column
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static whereNull(column) {
-    return this.query().whereNull(column);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a where not null clause
-   * @param {string} column
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static whereNotNull(column) {
-    return this.query().whereNotNull(column);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Count records
-   * @returns {Promise<number>}
-   */
-  static count() {
-    return this.query().count();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Eager load relations on the query
-   * @param {...string} relations
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static with(...relations) {
-    return this.query().with(...relations);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Include hidden attributes in query results
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static withHidden() {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._showHidden = true;
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Control visibility of hidden attributes in query results
-   * @param {boolean} show - If false (default), hidden attributes will be hidden. If true, they will be shown.
-   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
-   */
-  static withoutHidden(show = false) {
-    const query = this.query();
-    query._showHidden = show;
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Instance Methods ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Fill the model with attributes
-   * @param {Object} attributes
-   * @returns {this}
-   */
-  fill(attributes) {
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
-      if (this.constructor.fillable.length === 0 || this.constructor.fillable.includes(key)) {
-        this.setAttribute(key, value);
-      }
-    }
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Set an attribute
-   * @param {string} key
-   * @param {any} value
-   * @returns {this}
-   */
-  setAttribute(key, value) {
-    this.attributes[key] = this.castAttribute(key, value);
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get an attribute
-   * @param {string} key
-   * @returns {any}
-   */
-  getAttribute(key) {
-    if (this.relations[key]) {
-      return this.relations[key];
-    }
-    return this.castAttribute(key, this.attributes[key]);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Cast an attribute to the proper type
-   * @param {string} key
-   * @param {any} value
-   * @returns {any}
-   */
-  castAttribute(key, value) {
-    const cast = this.constructor.casts[key];
-    if (!cast || value === null || value === undefined) return value;
-
-    switch (cast) {
-    case 'int':
-    case 'integer':
-      return parseInt(value, 10);
-    case 'float':
-    case 'double':
-      return parseFloat(value);
-    case 'string':
-      return String(value);
-    case 'bool':
-    case 'boolean':
-      return Boolean(value);
-    case 'array':
-    case 'json':
-      return typeof value === 'string' ? JSON.parse(value) : value;
-    case 'date':
-      return value instanceof Date ? value : new Date(value);
-    default:
-      return value;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Save the model
-   * @returns {Promise<this>}
-   */
-  async save() {
-    // Fire saving event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('saving', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
-
-    let result;
-    if (this.exists) {
-      result = await this.performUpdate();
-    } else {
-      result = await this.performInsert();
-    }
-
-    // Fire saved event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('saved', this);
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Perform an insert operation
-   * @returns {Promise<this>}
-   */
-  async performInsert() {
-    // Fire creating event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('creating', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
-
-    if (this.constructor.timestamps) {
-      const now = new Date();
-      this.setAttribute('created_at', now);
-      this.setAttribute('updated_at', now);
-    }
-
-    const data = this.attributes;
-    const result = await this.constructor.connection.insert(this.constructor.table, data);
-
-    this.setAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey, result.insertId);
-    this.exists = true;
-    this.original = { ...this.attributes };
-
-    await this.touchParents();
-
-    // Fire created event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('created', this);
-
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Perform an update operation
-   * @returns {Promise<this>}
-   */
-  async performUpdate() {
-    // Fire updating event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('updating', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
-
-    if (this.constructor.timestamps) {
-      this.setAttribute('updated_at', new Date());
-    }
-
-    const dirty = this.getDirty();
-    if (Object.keys(dirty).length === 0) {
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    await this.constructor.connection.update(
-      this.constructor.table,
-      dirty,
-      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
-    );
-
-    this.original = { ...this.attributes };
-
-    await this.touchParents();
-
-    // Fire updated event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('updated', this);
-
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Touch parent models for belongsTo relations with touches enabled
-   * @returns {Promise<void>}
-   */
-  async touchParents() {
-    for (const relation of this.touches) {
-      if (relation.touchesParent) {
-        const foreignKeyValue = this.getAttribute(relation.foreignKey);
-        if (foreignKeyValue) {
-          await this.constructor.connection.update(
-            relation.related.table,
-            { updated_at: new Date() },
-            { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: relation.ownerKey, operator: '=', value: foreignKeyValue }] }
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Delete the model (soft delete if enabled)
-   * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
-   */
-  async destroy() {
-    if (!this.exists) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Fire deleting event
-    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleting', this);
-    if (!shouldContinue) return false;
-
-    // Soft delete if enabled
-    if (this.constructor.softDeletes) {
-      this.setAttribute(this.constructor.DELETED_AT, new Date());
-      await this.constructor.connection.update(
-        this.constructor.table,
-        { [this.constructor.DELETED_AT]: new Date() },
-        { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
-      );
-    } else {
-      await this.constructor.connection.delete(
-        this.constructor.table,
-        { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
-      );
-      this.exists = false;
-    }
-
-    // Fire deleted event
-    await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleted', this);
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get the attributes that have been changed
-   * @returns {Object}
-   */
-  getDirty() {
-    const dirty = {};
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(this.attributes)) {
-      if (JSON.stringify(value) !== JSON.stringify(this.original[key])) {
-        dirty[key] = value;
-      }
-    }
-    return dirty;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Check if the model has been modified
-   * @returns {boolean}
-   */
-  isDirty() {
-    return Object.keys(this.getDirty()).length > 0;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Convert the model to JSON
-   * @returns {Object}
-   */
-  toJSON() {
-    const json = { ...this.attributes };
-
-    // Hide specified attributes unless _showHidden is true
-    if (!this._showHidden) {
-      this.constructor.hidden.forEach(key => {
-        delete json[key];
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Add relations
-    Object.assign(json, this.relations);
-
-    return json;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Load one or multiple relations on this model instance.
-   * Supports dot-notation for nested relations (e.g., 'posts.comments').
-   * @param {...string|Array<string>} relations
-   * @returns {Promise<this>}
-   */
-  async load(...relations) {
-    const list = relations.length === 1 && Array.isArray(relations[0])
-      ? relations[0]
-      : relations;
-
-    for (const rel of list) {
-      if (typeof rel !== 'string' || !rel) continue;
-      await this._loadRelationPath(rel);
-    }
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Internal: load a relation path with optional nesting (a.b.c)
-   * @param {string} path
-   * @private
-   */
-  async _loadRelationPath(path) {
-    const segments = path.split('.');
-    const head = segments[0];
-    const tail = segments.slice(1).join('.');
-
-    const relationFn = this[head];
-    if (typeof relationFn !== 'function') return;
-
-    const relation = relationFn.call(this);
-    if (!relation || typeof relation.get !== 'function') return;
-
-    const value = await relation.get();
-    this.relations[head] = value;
-
-    if (tail) {
-      if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-        await Promise.all(
-          value.map(v => (v && typeof v.load === 'function') ? v.load(tail) : null)
-        );
-      } else if (value && typeof value.load === 'function') {
-        await value.load(tail);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // ==================== Relationships ====================
-
-  /**
-   * Define a one-to-one relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} foreignKey
-   * @param {string} localKey
-   * @returns {HasOneRelation}
-   */
-  hasOne(related, foreignKey, localKey) {
-    const HasOneRelation = require('./Relations/HasOneRelation');
-    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
-    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${this.constructor.table.slice(0, -1)}_id`;
-
-    return new HasOneRelation(this, related, foreignKey, localKey);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a one-to-many relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} foreignKey
-   * @param {string} localKey
-   * @returns {HasManyRelation}
-   */
-  hasMany(related, foreignKey, localKey) {
-    const HasManyRelation = require('./Relations/HasManyRelation');
-    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
-    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${this.constructor.table.slice(0, -1)}_id`;
-
-    return new HasManyRelation(this, related, foreignKey, localKey);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define an inverse one-to-one or many relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} foreignKey
-   * @param {string} ownerKey
-   * @returns {BelongsToRelation}
-   */
-  belongsTo(related, foreignKey, ownerKey) {
-    const BelongsToRelation = require('./Relations/BelongsToRelation');
-    ownerKey = ownerKey || related.primaryKey;
-    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${related.table.slice(0, -1)}_id`;
-
-    return new BelongsToRelation(this, related, foreignKey, ownerKey);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a many-to-many relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} pivot
-   * @param {string} foreignPivotKey
-   * @param {string} relatedPivotKey
-   * @param {string} parentKey
-   * @param {string} relatedKey
-   * @returns {BelongsToManyRelation}
-   */
-  belongsToMany(related, pivot, foreignPivotKey, relatedPivotKey, parentKey, relatedKey) {
-    const BelongsToManyRelation = require('./Relations/BelongsToManyRelation');
-    return new BelongsToManyRelation(
-      this, related, pivot, foreignPivotKey, relatedPivotKey, parentKey, relatedKey
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a has-many-through relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} relatedFinal
-   * @param {typeof Model} through
-   * @param {string} [foreignKeyOnThrough]
-   * @param {string} [throughKeyOnFinal]
-   * @param {string} [localKey]
-   * @param {string} [throughLocalKey]
-   * @returns {HasManyThroughRelation}
-   */
-  hasManyThrough(relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey) {
-    const HasManyThroughRelation = require('./Relations/HasManyThroughRelation');
-    return new HasManyThroughRelation(
-      this, relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a has-one-through relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} relatedFinal
-   * @param {typeof Model} through
-   * @param {string} [foreignKeyOnThrough]
-   * @param {string} [throughKeyOnFinal]
-   * @param {string} [localKey]
-   * @param {string} [throughLocalKey]
-   * @returns {HasOneThroughRelation}
-   */
-  hasOneThrough(relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey) {
-    const HasOneThroughRelation = require('./Relations/HasOneThroughRelation');
-    return new HasOneThroughRelation(
-      this, relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a polymorphic inverse relationship
-   * @param {string} name
-   * @param {string} [typeColumn]
-   * @param {string} [idColumn]
-   * @returns {MorphToRelation}
-   */
-  morphTo(name, typeColumn, idColumn) {
-    const MorphToRelation = require('./Relations/MorphToRelation');
-    return new MorphToRelation(this, name, typeColumn, idColumn);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a polymorphic one-to-one relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} morphType
-   * @param {string} [foreignKey]
-   * @param {string} [localKey]
-   * @returns {MorphOneRelation}
-   */
-  morphOne(related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey) {
-    const MorphOneRelation = require('./Relations/MorphOneRelation');
-    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
-    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${morphType}_id`;
-
-    return new MorphOneRelation(this, related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Define a polymorphic one-to-many relationship
-   * @param {typeof Model} related
-   * @param {string} morphType
-   * @param {string} [foreignKey]
-   * @param {string} [localKey]
-   * @returns {MorphManyRelation}
-   */
-  morphMany(related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey) {
-    const MorphManyRelation = require('./Relations/MorphManyRelation');
-    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
-    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${morphType}_id`;
-
-    return new MorphManyRelation(this, related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey);
-  }
-}
-
-module.exports = Model;
+const QueryBuilder = require('./QueryBuilder');
+
+/**
+ * Base Model class inspired by Laravel Eloquent
+ */
+class Model {
+  static table = '';
+  static primaryKey = 'id';
+  static timestamps = true;
+  static fillable = [];
+  static hidden = [];
+  static casts = {};
+  static connection = null;
+
+  // Soft Deletes
+  static softDeletes = false;
+  static DELETED_AT = 'deleted_at';
+
+  // Scopes
+  static globalScopes = {};
+
+  // Events/Hooks
+  static eventListeners = {
+    creating: [],
+    created: [],
+    updating: [],
+    updated: [],
+    saving: [],
+    saved: [],
+    deleting: [],
+    deleted: [],
+    restoring: [],
+    restored: []
+  };
+
+  // Validation rules
+  static rules = {};
+
+  /**
+   * Ensure a default database connection exists.
+   * If none is set, it will be initialized from environment (.env) lazily.
+   */
+  static ensureConnection() {
+    if (!this.connection) {
+      // Lazy require to avoid circular dependencies
+      const DatabaseConnection = require('./DatabaseConnection');
+      this.connection = new DatabaseConnection();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current database connection
+   * @returns {DatabaseConnection}
+   */
+  static getConnection() {
+    this.ensureConnection();
+    return this.connection;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the default database connection for all models
+   * @param {DatabaseConnection} connection
+   */
+  static setConnection(connection) {
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the morph map for polymorphic relations
+   * @param {Object} map
+   */
+  static setMorphMap(map) {
+    this.morphMap = map;
+  }
+
+  constructor(attributes = {}) {
+    // Auto-initialize connection on first model instantiation if missing
+    this.constructor.ensureConnection();
+    this.attributes = {};
+    this.original = {};
+    this.relations = {};
+    this.touches = [];
+    this.exists = false;
+    this._showHidden = false;
+    this._withTrashed = false;
+    this._onlyTrashed = false;
+    this.fill(attributes);
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Events/Hooks ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Register an event listener
+   * @param {string} event - Event name (creating, created, updating, updated, saving, saved, deleting, deleted, restoring, restored)
+   * @param {Function} callback - Callback function
+   */
+  static on(event, callback) {
+    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this, 'eventListeners')) {
+      this.eventListeners = {
+        creating: [], created: [], updating: [], updated: [],
+        saving: [], saved: [], deleting: [], deleted: [],
+        restoring: [], restored: []
+      };
+    }
+    if (!this.eventListeners[event]) {
+      this.eventListeners[event] = [];
+    }
+    this.eventListeners[event].push(callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire an event
+   * @param {string} event
+   * @param {Model} model
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>} - Returns false if event should be cancelled
+   */
+  static async fireEvent(event, model) {
+    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this, 'eventListeners')) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    const listeners = this.eventListeners[event] || [];
+    for (const listener of listeners) {
+      const result = await listener(model);
+      if (result === false) {
+        return false; // Cancel the operation
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'creating' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static creating(callback) {
+    this.on('creating', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'created' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static created(callback) {
+    this.on('created', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register an 'updating' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static updating(callback) {
+    this.on('updating', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register an 'updated' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static updated(callback) {
+    this.on('updated', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'saving' event listener (fires on both create and update)
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static saving(callback) {
+    this.on('saving', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'saved' event listener (fires after both create and update)
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static saved(callback) {
+    this.on('saved', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'deleting' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static deleting(callback) {
+    this.on('deleting', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'deleted' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static deleted(callback) {
+    this.on('deleted', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'restoring' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static restoring(callback) {
+    this.on('restoring', callback);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a 'restored' event listener
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  static restored(callback) {
+    this.on('restored', callback);
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Scopes ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Add a global scope
+   * @param {string} name - Scope name
+   * @param {Function} callback - Function that modifies the query builder
+   */
+  static addGlobalScope(name, callback) {
+    if (!this.globalScopes) {
+      this.globalScopes = {};
+    }
+    this.globalScopes[name] = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Remove a global scope
+   * @param {string} name - Scope name
+   */
+  static removeGlobalScope(name) {
+    if (this.globalScopes && this.globalScopes[name]) {
+      delete this.globalScopes[name];
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query without a specific global scope
+   * @param {string} name - Scope name to exclude
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static withoutGlobalScope(name) {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._excludedScopes = query._excludedScopes || [];
+    query._excludedScopes.push(name);
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query without all global scopes
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static withoutGlobalScopes() {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._excludeAllScopes = true;
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Soft Deletes ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Query including soft deleted models
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static withTrashed() {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._withTrashed = true;
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query only soft deleted models
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static onlyTrashed() {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._onlyTrashed = true;
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if model is soft deleted
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  trashed() {
+    return this.constructor.softDeletes && this.attributes[this.constructor.DELETED_AT] !== null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Restore a soft deleted model
+   * @returns {Promise<this>}
+   */
+  async restore() {
+    if (!this.constructor.softDeletes) {
+      throw new Error('This model does not use soft deletes');
+    }
+
+    // Fire restoring event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('restoring', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
+
+    this.setAttribute(this.constructor.DELETED_AT, null);
+
+    await this.constructor.connection.update(
+      this.constructor.table,
+      { [this.constructor.DELETED_AT]: null },
+      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
+    );
+
+    // Fire restored event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('restored', this);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Force delete a soft deleted model (permanent delete)
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
+   */
+  async forceDelete() {
+    // Fire deleting event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleting', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return false;
+
+    await this.constructor.connection.delete(
+      this.constructor.table,
+      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
+    );
+
+    this.exists = false;
+
+    // Fire deleted event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleted', this);
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Validation ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Validate the model attributes
+   * @returns {Object} - { valid: boolean, errors: Object }
+   */
+  validate() {
+    const rules = this.constructor.rules;
+    const errors = {};
+    let valid = true;
+
+    for (const [field, ruleString] of Object.entries(rules)) {
+      const fieldRules = typeof ruleString === 'string' ? ruleString.split('|') : ruleString;
+      const value = this.attributes[field];
+
+      for (const rule of fieldRules) {
+        const [ruleName, ruleParam] = rule.split(':');
+        const error = this._validateRule(field, value, ruleName, ruleParam);
+        if (error) {
+          if (!errors[field]) errors[field] = [];
+          errors[field].push(error);
+          valid = false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { valid, errors };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validate a single rule
+   * @private
+   */
+  _validateRule(field, value, ruleName, ruleParam) {
+    switch (ruleName) {
+    case 'required':
+      if (value === undefined || value === null || value === '') {
+        return `${field} is required`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'string':
+      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'string') {
+        return `${field} must be a string`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'number':
+    case 'numeric':
+      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'number' && isNaN(Number(value))) {
+        return `${field} must be a number`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'email':
+      if (value && !/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(value)) {
+        return `${field} must be a valid email`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'min':
+      if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length < parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
+        return `${field} must be at least ${ruleParam} characters`;
+      }
+      if (typeof value === 'number' && value < parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
+        return `${field} must be at least ${ruleParam}`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'max':
+      if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length > parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
+        return `${field} must not exceed ${ruleParam} characters`;
+      }
+      if (typeof value === 'number' && value > parseInt(ruleParam, 10)) {
+        return `${field} must not exceed ${ruleParam}`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'in':
+      if (value !== undefined && value !== null) {
+        const allowed = ruleParam.split(',');
+        if (!allowed.includes(String(value))) {
+          return `${field} must be one of: ${ruleParam}`;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && typeof value !== 'boolean') {
+        return `${field} must be a boolean`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'date':
+      if (value !== undefined && value !== null && isNaN(Date.parse(value))) {
+        return `${field} must be a valid date`;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'regex':
+      try {
+        const re = new RegExp(ruleParam);
+        if (value && !re.test(value)) {
+          return `${field} format is invalid`;
+        }
+      } catch {
+        return `${field} has an invalid regex rule`;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validate and throw if invalid
+   * @throws {Error}
+   */
+  validateOrFail() {
+    const { valid, errors } = this.validate();
+    if (!valid) {
+      const error = new Error('Validation failed');
+      error.errors = errors;
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Query Builder ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Begin querying the model
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static query() {
+    // Ensure a connection exists even when using static APIs without instantiation
+    this.ensureConnection();
+    return new QueryBuilder(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all records
+   * @returns {Promise<Array<Model>>}
+   */
+  static all() {
+    return this.query().get();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find a model by its primary key
+   * @param {any} id
+   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
+   */
+  static find(id) {
+    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).first();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find a model by its primary key or throw an error
+   * @param {any} id
+   * @returns {Promise<Model>}
+   */
+  static findOrFail(id) {
+    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).firstOrFail();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a where clause
+   * @param {string} column
+   * @param {string|any} operator
+   * @param {any} value
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static where(column, operator, value) {
+    if (arguments.length === 2) {
+      value = operator;
+      operator = '=';
+    }
+    return this.query().where(column, operator, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new model and save it
+   * @param {Object} attributes
+   * @returns {Promise<Model>}
+   */
+  static create(attributes) {
+    const instance = new this(attributes);
+    return instance.save();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Insert data without creating model instances
+   * @param {Object|Array<Object>} data
+   * @returns {Promise<any>}
+   */
+  static async insert(data) {
+    const query = this.query();
+    return query.insert(data);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update records
+   * @param {Object} attributes
+   * @returns {Promise<any>}
+   */
+  static async update(attributes) {
+    return this.query().update(attributes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update by primary key and fetch the updated model (optionally with relations)
+   * @param {any} id
+   * @param {Object} attributes
+   * @param {string[]} [relations]
+   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
+   */
+  static async updateAndFetchById(id, attributes, relations = []) {
+    await this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).update(attributes);
+    const qb = this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id);
+    if (relations && relations.length) qb.with(...relations);
+    return qb.first();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update by primary key only (convenience)
+   * @param {any} id
+   * @param {Object} attributes
+   * @returns {Promise<any>}
+   */
+  static async updateById(id, attributes) {
+    return this.query().where(this.primaryKey, id).update(attributes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete records
+   * @returns {Promise<any>}
+   */
+  static async delete() {
+    throw new Error('Cannot call static delete() without conditions. Use query().delete() instead.');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the first record
+   * @returns {Promise<Model|null>}
+   */
+  static first() {
+    return this.query().first();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add an order by clause
+   * @param {string} column
+   * @param {string} direction
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static orderBy(column, direction = 'asc') {
+    return this.query().orderBy(column, direction);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Limit the number of results
+   * @param {number} value
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static limit(value) {
+    return this.query().limit(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Offset the results
+   * @param {number} value
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static offset(value) {
+    return this.query().offset(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Paginate the results
+   * @param {number} page
+   * @param {number} perPage
+   * @returns {Promise<Object>}
+   */
+  static paginate(page = 1, perPage = 15) {
+    return this.query().paginate(page, perPage);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a where in clause
+   * @param {string} column
+   * @param {Array} values
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static whereIn(column, values) {
+    return this.query().whereIn(column, values);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a where null clause
+   * @param {string} column
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static whereNull(column) {
+    return this.query().whereNull(column);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a where not null clause
+   * @param {string} column
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static whereNotNull(column) {
+    return this.query().whereNotNull(column);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Count records
+   * @returns {Promise<number>}
+   */
+  static count() {
+    return this.query().count();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Eager load relations on the query
+   * @param {...string} relations
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static with(...relations) {
+    return this.query().with(...relations);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Include hidden attributes in query results
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static withHidden() {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._showHidden = true;
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Control visibility of hidden attributes in query results
+   * @param {boolean} show - If false (default), hidden attributes will be hidden. If true, they will be shown.
+   * @returns {QueryBuilder}
+   */
+  static withoutHidden(show = false) {
+    const query = this.query();
+    query._showHidden = show;
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Instance Methods ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Fill the model with attributes
+   * @param {Object} attributes
+   * @returns {this}
+   */
+  fill(attributes) {
+    const fillable = this.constructor.fillable || [];
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
+      if (fillable.includes(key)) {
+        this.setAttribute(key, value);
+      }
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set an attribute
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @param {any} value
+   * @returns {this}
+   */
+  setAttribute(key, value) {
+    this.attributes[key] = this.castAttribute(key, value);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get an attribute
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @returns {any}
+   */
+  getAttribute(key) {
+    if (this.relations[key]) {
+      return this.relations[key];
+    }
+    return this.castAttribute(key, this.attributes[key]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cast an attribute to the proper type
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @param {any} value
+   * @returns {any}
+   */
+  castAttribute(key, value) {
+    const cast = this.constructor.casts[key];
+    if (!cast || value === null || value === undefined) return value;
+
+    switch (cast) {
+    case 'int':
+    case 'integer':
+      return parseInt(value, 10);
+    case 'float':
+    case 'double':
+      return parseFloat(value);
+    case 'string':
+      return String(value);
+    case 'bool':
+    case 'boolean':
+      return Boolean(value);
+    case 'array':
+    case 'json':
+      return typeof value === 'string' ? JSON.parse(value) : value;
+    case 'date':
+      return value instanceof Date ? value : new Date(value);
+    default:
+      return value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Save the model
+   * @returns {Promise<this>}
+   */
+  async save() {
+    // Fire saving event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('saving', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
+
+    let result;
+    if (this.exists) {
+      result = await this.performUpdate();
+    } else {
+      result = await this.performInsert();
+    }
+
+    // Fire saved event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('saved', this);
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an insert operation
+   * @returns {Promise<this>}
+   */
+  async performInsert() {
+    // Fire creating event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('creating', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
+
+    if (this.constructor.timestamps) {
+      const now = new Date();
+      this.setAttribute('created_at', now);
+      this.setAttribute('updated_at', now);
+    }
+
+    const data = this.attributes;
+    const result = await this.constructor.connection.insert(this.constructor.table, data);
+
+    this.setAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey, result.insertId);
+    this.exists = true;
+    this.original = { ...this.attributes };
+
+    await this.touchParents();
+
+    // Fire created event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('created', this);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an update operation
+   * @returns {Promise<this>}
+   */
+  async performUpdate() {
+    // Fire updating event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('updating', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return this;
+
+    if (this.constructor.timestamps) {
+      this.setAttribute('updated_at', new Date());
+    }
+
+    const dirty = this.getDirty();
+    if (Object.keys(dirty).length === 0) {
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    await this.constructor.connection.update(
+      this.constructor.table,
+      dirty,
+      { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
+    );
+
+    this.original = { ...this.attributes };
+
+    await this.touchParents();
+
+    // Fire updated event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('updated', this);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Touch parent models for belongsTo relations with touches enabled
+   * @returns {Promise<void>}
+   */
+  async touchParents() {
+    for (const relation of this.touches) {
+      if (relation.touchesParent) {
+        const foreignKeyValue = this.getAttribute(relation.foreignKey);
+        if (foreignKeyValue) {
+          await this.constructor.connection.update(
+            relation.related.table,
+            { updated_at: new Date() },
+            { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: relation.ownerKey, operator: '=', value: foreignKeyValue }] }
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete the model (soft delete if enabled)
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
+   */
+  async destroy() {
+    if (!this.exists) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Fire deleting event
+    const shouldContinue = await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleting', this);
+    if (!shouldContinue) return false;
+
+    // Soft delete if enabled
+    if (this.constructor.softDeletes) {
+      this.setAttribute(this.constructor.DELETED_AT, new Date());
+      await this.constructor.connection.update(
+        this.constructor.table,
+        { [this.constructor.DELETED_AT]: new Date() },
+        { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
+      );
+    } else {
+      await this.constructor.connection.delete(
+        this.constructor.table,
+        { wheres: [{ type: 'basic', column: this.constructor.primaryKey, operator: '=', value: this.getAttribute(this.constructor.primaryKey) }] }
+      );
+      this.exists = false;
+    }
+
+    // Fire deleted event
+    await this.constructor.fireEvent('deleted', this);
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the attributes that have been changed
+   * @returns {Object}
+   */
+  getDirty() {
+    const dirty = {};
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(this.attributes)) {
+      if (JSON.stringify(value) !== JSON.stringify(this.original[key])) {
+        dirty[key] = value;
+      }
+    }
+    return dirty;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the model has been modified
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  isDirty() {
+    return Object.keys(this.getDirty()).length > 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert the model to JSON
+   * @returns {Object}
+   */
+  toJSON() {
+    const json = { ...this.attributes };
+
+    // Hide specified attributes unless _showHidden is true
+    if (!this._showHidden) {
+      this.constructor.hidden.forEach(key => {
+        delete json[key];
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Add relations
+    Object.assign(json, this.relations);
+
+    return json;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Load one or multiple relations on this model instance.
+   * Supports dot-notation for nested relations (e.g., 'posts.comments').
+   * @param {...string|Array<string>} relations
+   * @returns {Promise<this>}
+   */
+  async load(...relations) {
+    const list = relations.length === 1 && Array.isArray(relations[0])
+      ? relations[0]
+      : relations;
+
+    for (const rel of list) {
+      if (typeof rel !== 'string' || !rel) continue;
+      await this._loadRelationPath(rel);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal: load a relation path with optional nesting (a.b.c)
+   * @param {string} path
+   * @private
+   */
+  async _loadRelationPath(path) {
+    const segments = path.split('.');
+    const head = segments[0];
+    const tail = segments.slice(1).join('.');
+
+    // Prevent prototype pollution and calling built-in methods
+    const builtIns = ['constructor', 'load', 'save', 'delete', 'update', 'query', 'with', 'withCount', 'hasOne', 'hasMany', 'belongsTo', 'belongsToMany', 'morphTo', 'morphOne', 'morphMany', 'hasOneThrough', 'hasManyThrough'];
+    if (builtIns.includes(head) || head.startsWith('__')) return;
+
+    const relationFn = this[head];
+    if (typeof relationFn !== 'function') return;
+
+    const relation = relationFn.call(this);
+    if (!relation || typeof relation.get !== 'function') return;
+
+    const value = await relation.get();
+    this.relations[head] = value;
+
+    if (tail) {
+      if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+        await Promise.all(
+          value.map(v => (v && typeof v.load === 'function') ? v.load(tail) : null)
+        );
+      } else if (value && typeof value.load === 'function') {
+        await value.load(tail);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ==================== Relationships ====================
+
+  /**
+   * Define a one-to-one relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} foreignKey
+   * @param {string} localKey
+   * @returns {HasOneRelation}
+   */
+  hasOne(related, foreignKey, localKey) {
+    const HasOneRelation = require('./Relations/HasOneRelation');
+    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
+    const pluralize = require('pluralize');
+    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${pluralize.singular(this.constructor.table)}_id`;
+
+    return new HasOneRelation(this, related, foreignKey, localKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a one-to-many relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} foreignKey
+   * @param {string} localKey
+   * @returns {HasManyRelation}
+   */
+  hasMany(related, foreignKey, localKey) {
+    const HasManyRelation = require('./Relations/HasManyRelation');
+    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
+    const pluralize = require('pluralize');
+    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${pluralize.singular(this.constructor.table)}_id`;
+
+    return new HasManyRelation(this, related, foreignKey, localKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define an inverse one-to-one or many relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} foreignKey
+   * @param {string} ownerKey
+   * @returns {BelongsToRelation}
+   */
+  belongsTo(related, foreignKey, ownerKey) {
+    const BelongsToRelation = require('./Relations/BelongsToRelation');
+    ownerKey = ownerKey || related.primaryKey;
+    const pluralize = require('pluralize');
+    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${pluralize.singular(related.table)}_id`;
+
+    return new BelongsToRelation(this, related, foreignKey, ownerKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a many-to-many relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} pivot
+   * @param {string} foreignPivotKey
+   * @param {string} relatedPivotKey
+   * @param {string} parentKey
+   * @param {string} relatedKey
+   * @returns {BelongsToManyRelation}
+   */
+  belongsToMany(related, pivot, foreignPivotKey, relatedPivotKey, parentKey, relatedKey) {
+    const BelongsToManyRelation = require('./Relations/BelongsToManyRelation');
+    return new BelongsToManyRelation(
+      this, related, pivot, foreignPivotKey, relatedPivotKey, parentKey, relatedKey
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a has-many-through relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} relatedFinal
+   * @param {typeof Model} through
+   * @param {string} [foreignKeyOnThrough]
+   * @param {string} [throughKeyOnFinal]
+   * @param {string} [localKey]
+   * @param {string} [throughLocalKey]
+   * @returns {HasManyThroughRelation}
+   */
+  hasManyThrough(relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey) {
+    const HasManyThroughRelation = require('./Relations/HasManyThroughRelation');
+    return new HasManyThroughRelation(
+      this, relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a has-one-through relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} relatedFinal
+   * @param {typeof Model} through
+   * @param {string} [foreignKeyOnThrough]
+   * @param {string} [throughKeyOnFinal]
+   * @param {string} [localKey]
+   * @param {string} [throughLocalKey]
+   * @returns {HasOneThroughRelation}
+   */
+  hasOneThrough(relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey) {
+    const HasOneThroughRelation = require('./Relations/HasOneThroughRelation');
+    return new HasOneThroughRelation(
+      this, relatedFinal, through, foreignKeyOnThrough, throughKeyOnFinal, localKey, throughLocalKey
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a polymorphic inverse relationship
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @param {string} [typeColumn]
+   * @param {string} [idColumn]
+   * @returns {MorphToRelation}
+   */
+  morphTo(name, typeColumn, idColumn) {
+    const MorphToRelation = require('./Relations/MorphToRelation');
+    return new MorphToRelation(this, name, typeColumn, idColumn);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a polymorphic one-to-one relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} morphType
+   * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+   * @param {string} [localKey]
+   * @returns {MorphOneRelation}
+   */
+  morphOne(related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey) {
+    const MorphOneRelation = require('./Relations/MorphOneRelation');
+    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
+    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${morphType}_id`;
+
+    return new MorphOneRelation(this, related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a polymorphic one-to-many relationship
+   * @param {typeof Model} related
+   * @param {string} morphType
+   * @param {string} [foreignKey]
+   * @param {string} [localKey]
+   * @returns {MorphManyRelation}
+   */
+  morphMany(related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey) {
+    const MorphManyRelation = require('./Relations/MorphManyRelation');
+    localKey = localKey || this.constructor.primaryKey;
+    foreignKey = foreignKey || `${morphType}_id`;
+
+    return new MorphManyRelation(this, related, morphType, foreignKey, localKey);
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = Model;