opfs-worker 2.1.0 → 2.1.1

package/docs/file-descriptors.md

@@ -1,190 +1,66 @@
 # File Descriptors
 
-Low-level positional I/O, POSIX-style.
+Positional I/O on the **dedicated / sync** backend (`createOPFSDedicated` / `createOPFS`, or `OPFSSync` from `/pure`). Async and SharedWorker throw `ENOTSUP`.
 
-> Needs the **dedicated / sync** backend (`createOPFSDedicated` / `createOPFS`, or `OPFSSync` from `/pure`). Async and SharedWorker throw `ENOTSUP`.
-
-## Requirements
-
-If you talk to **`fs.backend`** from the main thread for FD `read`/`write`, transfer buffers with Comlink:
+If you call FD `read`/`write` on **`fs.backend`** from the main thread, transfer buffers with Comlink. The [facade](./api/facade.md) does that for you.
 
 ```typescript
 import { transfer } from 'comlink';
 ```
 
-The [facade](./api/facade.md) methods do this for you.
-
-## Overview
-
-Useful when you need chunks, random access, or to avoid loading a whole file into memory.
-
-## Table of Contents
-
-- [Requirements](#requirements)
-- [File Descriptor Basics](#file-descriptor-basics)
-- [Opening Files](#opening-files)
-- [Reading Data](#reading-data)
-- [Writing Data](#writing-data)
-- [File Positioning](#file-positioning)
-- [File Operations](#file-operations)
-- [Closing Files](#closing-files)
-- [Error Handling](#error-handling)
-- [Performance Considerations](#performance-considerations)
-- [Examples](#examples)
-
-## File Descriptor Basics
-
-A file descriptor is a small integer that represents an open file. In OPFS Worker, file descriptors provide:
-
-- **Sequential access**: Read/write operations that advance the file position
-- **Random access**: Read/write at specific file positions
-- **Efficient I/O**: Direct access to file data without intermediate buffers
-- **Resource management**: Automatic cleanup when closed
-
-### File Descriptor Lifecycle
-
-1. **Open**: Create a file descriptor with `open()`
-2. **Use**: Perform read/write operations
-3. **Close**: Release the file descriptor with `close()`
-
-## Opening Files
-
-### `open(path: string, options?: FileOpenOptions): Promise<number>`
-
-Opens a file and returns a file descriptor number.
+## `open(path, options?): Promise<number>`
 
 ```typescript
-// Basic file opening
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/config.json');
-
-// Create new file if it doesn't exist
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/new.txt', { create: true });
-
-// Create file exclusively (fails if exists)
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/unique.txt', { create: true, exclusive: true });
-
-// Open and truncate file to zero length
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/log.txt', { create: true, truncate: true });
 ```
 
-**Parameters:**
-
-- `path`: The path to the file to open
-- `options.create` (optional): Whether to create the file if it doesn't exist (default: `false`)
-- `options.exclusive` (optional): If `true` and `create` is `true`, fails if file already exists (default: `false`)
-- `options.truncate` (optional): Whether to truncate the file to zero length (default: `false`)
-
-**Returns:** `Promise<number>` - File descriptor number
+| Option | Default | |
+| ------ | ------- | --- |
+| `create` | `false` | Create the file if missing |
+| `exclusive` | `false` | With `create`, fail if the file already exists |
+| `truncate` | `false` | Truncate to zero length |
 
-**Throws:**
+Throws `AlreadyExistsError` (`exclusive`), `FileTypeError` (path is a directory), or `FileSystemOperationError`.
 
-- `AlreadyExistsError` if file exists and `exclusive: true`
-- `FileTypeError` if path is a directory
-- `FileSystemOperationError` for other failures
+`exclusive` is best-effort only — two workers can still race. OPFS has no real file locking.
 
-**⚠️ Race Condition Warning**: The `exclusive` option provides **best-effort atomicity only**. **Race conditions ARE possible** if two workers try to create the same file simultaneously. OPFS does not provide true file locking, so don't rely on `exclusive` for critical synchronization. If you need real atomicity, implement your own locking mechanism.
-
-## Reading Data
-
-### `read(fd: number, buffer: Uint8Array, offset: number, length: number, position?: number | null): Promise<{bytesRead: number, buffer: Uint8Array}>`
-
-Reads data from a file descriptor into a buffer.
+## `read(fd, buffer, offset, length, position?): Promise<{ bytesRead, buffer }>`
 
 ```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
-
-// Read 1024 bytes starting at current position
 const buffer = new Uint8Array(1024);
-const result = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, 1024, null);
-console.log(`Read ${result.bytesRead} bytes`);
-
-// Read 512 bytes at specific position
-const buffer2 = new Uint8Array(512);
-const result2 = await fs.read(fd, buffer2, 0, 512, 1000);
-console.log(`Read ${result2.bytesRead} bytes starting at position 1000`);
-
-await fs.close(fd);
+const { bytesRead, buffer: out } = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, 1024, null);
 ```
 
-**Parameters:**
-
-- `fd`: File descriptor to read from
-- `buffer`: The buffer to read data into
-- `offset`: Offset in the buffer to start writing at
-- `length`: Number of bytes to read
-- `position`: Position in file to read from (`null` for current position, `undefined` for current position)
-
-**Returns:** `Promise<{bytesRead: number, buffer: Uint8Array}>` - Object containing bytes read and modified buffer
-
-**⚠️ Node.js Compatibility Note**: While similar to Node.js `fs.read()`, the returned `buffer` may be a **different object** due to `Comlink.transfer()`. Unlike Node.js where the same buffer object is modified in-place, here you must use the returned buffer for safety.
-
-**⚠️ CRITICAL WARNING**: The `read()` method uses `Comlink.transfer()` for efficient buffer handling across Web Worker boundaries. This requires **bidirectional transfer**:
-
-1. **From main window to worker**: You must transfer buffer ownership using `transfer(buffer, [buffer.buffer])`
-2. **From worker to main window**: The worker transfers the modified buffer back to you
-
-**🚨 NEVER USE THE ORIGINAL BUFFER AFTER TRANSFER** - it becomes detached and unusable. **ALWAYS use the buffer returned from the method**. Using the original buffer will result in silent data corruption or errors.
+- `position` `null` / `undefined` — current cursor, then advance
+- `position` number — that offset, cursor unchanged
+- Returns `bytesRead === 0` at EOF
 
-This ensures zero-copy performance but requires careful buffer management. See the usage examples below for proper implementation.
-
-**Behavior:**
-
-- Returns `0` when reaching end of file
-- Automatically advances file position if `position` is `null` or `undefined`
-- Reads up to `length` bytes, but may read fewer if end of file is reached
-- Throws error if reading beyond file bounds
-
-### Buffer Transfer Usage
-
-**Important**: When using `read()` from the main window, you must transfer buffer ownership to the worker. The worker then transfers the modified buffer back to you.
-
-#### From Main Window (Browser)
+With a Comlink proxy, buffers are transferred both ways. Use the **returned** buffer; the original is detached after transfer.
 
 ```typescript
 import { transfer } from 'comlink';
 
-// Create buffer in main window
 const buffer = new Uint8Array(64);
-
-// Transfer buffer ownership to worker when calling read()
-const { bytesRead, buffer: modifiedBuffer } = await fs.read(
+const { bytesRead, buffer: out } = await fs.read(
     fd,
-    transfer(buffer, [buffer.buffer]), // Transfer ownership to worker
+    transfer(buffer, [buffer.buffer]),
     0,
     buffer.length,
     null
 );
-
-// Now modifiedBuffer is "alive" again in main window
-console.log('bytesRead =', bytesRead);
-
-// Work directly with the returned buffer
-const text = new TextDecoder().decode(modifiedBuffer.subarray(0, bytesRead));
-console.log('read:', text);
-
-// Note: The original 'buffer' is now detached and cannot be used
-// Always use 'modifiedBuffer' from the result
-```
-
-#### From Worker (Direct Usage)
-
-```typescript
-// When using OPFSSync directly in a worker
-const buffer = new Uint8Array(64);
-const { bytesRead, buffer: modifiedBuffer } = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, null);
-
-// modifiedBuffer contains the read data
-const data = modifiedBuffer.subarray(0, bytesRead);
 ```
 
-#### Common Patterns
+Inside a worker with `OPFSSync` directly, plain buffers are fine — no `transfer`.
 
-**Reading in chunks:**
+Chunked read from the main thread:
 
 ```typescript
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/large-file.txt');
 const chunkSize = 1024;
-let buffer = new Uint8Array(chunkSize); // Use 'let' for reassignment
+let buffer = new Uint8Array(chunkSize);
 
 try {
     while (true) {
@@ -195,14 +71,8 @@ try {
             chunkSize,
             null
         );
-
-        if (result.bytesRead === 0) break; // EOF
-
-        // Process the chunk
-        const chunk = result.buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead);
-        processChunk(chunk);
-
-        // Create new buffer for next iteration (previous one was transferred)
+        if (result.bytesRead === 0) break;
+        processChunk(result.buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead));
         buffer = new Uint8Array(chunkSize);
     }
 } finally {
@@ -210,486 +80,58 @@ try {
 }
 ```
 
-**Reading at specific positions:**
-
-```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
-const buffer = new Uint8Array(100);
-
-// Read 100 bytes starting at position 500
-const result = await fs.read(
-    fd,
-    transfer(buffer, [buffer.buffer]),
-    0,
-    100,
-    500
-);
-
-console.log(`Read ${result.bytesRead} bytes from position 500`);
-```
-
-## Writing Data
-
-### `write(fd: number, buffer: Uint8Array, offset?: number, length?: number, position?: number | null): Promise<number>`
+Prefer small chunks over allocating a buffer the size of the whole file.
 
-Writes data from a buffer to a file descriptor.
+## `write(fd, buffer, offset?, length?, position?): Promise<number>`
 
 ```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/output.txt', { create: true });
-
-// Write entire buffer at current position
 const data = new TextEncoder().encode('Hello, World!');
 const bytesWritten = await fs.write(fd, data);
-console.log(`Wrote ${bytesWritten} bytes`);
-
-// Write portion of buffer at specific position
-const data2 = new TextEncoder().encode('Additional text');
 const bytesWritten2 = await fs.write(fd, data2, 0, 10, 100);
-console.log(`Wrote ${bytesWritten2} bytes at position 100`);
-
-await fs.close(fd);
 ```
 
-**Parameters:**
-
-- `fd`: File descriptor to write to
-- `buffer`: Buffer containing data to write
-- `offset` (optional): Offset in buffer to start reading from (default: `0`)
-- `length` (optional): Number of bytes to write (default: entire buffer from offset)
-- `position` (optional): Position in file to write to (`null`/`undefined` for current position)
-
-**Returns:** `Promise<number>` - Number of bytes actually written
-
-**Behavior:**
+Same `position` rules as `read`. Extends the file if you write past EOF. Triggers watch events.
 
-- Automatically advances file position if `position` is `null` or `undefined`
-- Extends file size if writing beyond current end
-- Triggers file change notifications for watching systems
-
-## File Positioning
-
-File descriptors maintain a current position that advances with read/write operations. You can control positioning through the `position` parameter:
+## Positioning
 
 ```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
-
-// Read at current position (starts at 0)
-const buffer1 = new Uint8Array(10);
-const result1 = await fs.read(fd, buffer1, 0, 10, null); // Position advances to 10
-
-// Read at current position (continues from 10)
-const buffer2 = new Uint8Array(10);
-const result2 = await fs.read(fd, buffer2, 0, 10, null); // Position advances to 20
-
-// Read at specific position (doesn't change current position)
-const buffer3 = new Uint8Array(10);
-const result3 = await fs.read(fd, buffer3, 0, 10, 0); // Reads from beginning, position stays at 20
-
-await fs.close(fd);
+await fs.read(fd, buf, 0, 10, null); // cursor 0 → 10
+await fs.read(fd, buf, 0, 10, null); // cursor 10 → 20
+await fs.read(fd, buf, 0, 10, 0);    // reads at 0, cursor stays 20
 ```
 
-**Position Behavior:**
-
-- **`null`**: Use current position, then advance it
-- **`undefined`**: Use current position, then advance it
-- **`number`**: Use specified position, don't change current position
-
-## File Operations
-
-### `fstat(fd: number): Promise<FileStat>`
-
-Get file status information by file descriptor.
+## `fstat` / `ftruncate` / `fsync`
 
 ```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
 const stats = await fs.fstat(fd);
-
-console.log(`File size: ${stats.size} bytes`);
-console.log(`Last modified: ${stats.mtime}`);
-console.log(`Is file: ${stats.isFile}`);
-
-// If hashing is enabled, hash will be included
-if (stats.hash) {
-    console.log(`Hash: ${stats.hash}`);
-}
-
-await fs.close(fd);
-```
-
-**Returns:** `Promise<FileStat>` - File statistics object
-
-### `ftruncate(fd: number, size: number = 0): Promise<void>`
-
-Truncate file to specified size.
-
-```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt', { create: true });
-
-// Write some data
-const data = new TextEncoder().encode('Hello, World!');
-await fs.write(fd, data);
-
-// Truncate to 5 bytes
 await fs.ftruncate(fd, 5);
-
-// File now contains only "Hello"
-const buffer = new Uint8Array(10);
-const result = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, 10, 0);
-console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(result.buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead))); // "Hello"
-
-await fs.close(fd);
-```
-
-**Parameters:**
-
-- `fd`: File descriptor
-- `size`: New file size in bytes (default: `0`)
-
-**Behavior:**
-
-- Adjusts current position if it's beyond the new file size
-- Triggers file change notifications
-- Automatically flushes changes to storage
-
-### `fsync(fd: number): Promise<void>`
-
-Synchronize file data to storage (equivalent to POSIX `fsync`).
-
-```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/critical.txt', { create: true });
-
-// Write critical data
-const data = new TextEncoder().encode('Important information');
-await fs.write(fd, data);
-
-// Ensure data is written to storage
 await fs.fsync(fd);
-
-await fs.close(fd);
 ```
 
-**⚠️ Power-Loss Safety Disclaimer**: Unlike traditional filesystems, OPFS `fsync()` is **best-effort only**. **There are NO guarantees of power-loss safety** - the browser decides when/if to actually write data to disk. This is fundamentally different from POSIX `fsync()` which provides durability guarantees.
-
-**Use Cases:**
+`ftruncate` clamps the cursor if it sits past the new size, emits a watch event, and flushes.
 
-- Ensuring critical data is persisted before closing
-- Database transaction commits
-- Log file integrity
-- Critical file operations
+`fsync` is best-effort. Unlike POSIX, the browser does not guarantee durability on power loss.
 
-## Closing Files
+## `close(fd)`
 
-### `close(fd: number): Promise<void>`
-
-Closes a file descriptor and releases associated resources.
+Always close in a `finally`. Pending writes are flushed; open FDs are also closed when the worker is disposed.
 
 ```typescript
 const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
-
-// Use the file descriptor
-const buffer = new Uint8Array(1024);
-await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, 1024, null);
-
-// Always close when done
-await fs.close(fd);
-```
-
-**Important Notes:**
-
-- **Always close file descriptors** when you're done with them
-- Unclosed file descriptors consume system resources
-- The file system automatically flushes pending writes before closing
-- File descriptors are automatically closed when the worker is disposed
-
-## Error Handling
-
-File descriptor operations can fail for various reasons. Always handle errors appropriately:
-
-```typescript
 try {
-    const fd = await fs.open('/data/file.txt');
-
-    try {
-        const buffer = new Uint8Array(1024);
-        const result = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, 1024, null);
-        console.log(`Read ${result.bytesRead} bytes`);
-    } finally {
-        // Always close, even if read fails
-        await fs.close(fd);
-    }
-} catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof OPFSError) {
-        switch (error.code) {
-            case 'EEXIST':
-                console.error('File already exists');
-                break;
-            case 'EISDIR':
-                console.error('Path is a directory');
-                break;
-            default:
-                console.error('File operation failed:', error.message);
-        }
-    } else {
-        console.error('Unexpected error:', error);
-    }
-}
-```
-
-**Common Error Types:**
-
-- `AlreadyExistsError`: File already exists (with `exclusive: true`)
-- `ExistenceError`: File not found
-- `FileTypeError`: Path is directory when file expected (or vice versa)
-- `ValidationError`: Invalid arguments (offset, length, etc.)
-- `FileSystemOperationError`: General file system operation failures
-- `IOError`: I/O operation failures
-- `PermissionError`: Permission denied
-
-## Performance Considerations
-
-### 🚨 **CRITICAL MEMORY WARNING**
-
-**⚠️ FOR LARGE FILES - ALWAYS READ IN CHUNKS, NEVER READ THE ENTIRE FILE AT ONCE!**
-
-**Reading large files in one operation can crash the browser tab due to memory exhaustion.** Browsers have limited memory per tab, and creating massive buffers (hundreds of MB or GB) will cause:
-
-- **Tab crashes**
-- **Browser freezes**
-- **Out of memory errors**
-- **Poor user experience**
-
-**✅ GOOD**: `const buffer = new Uint8Array(8192); // 8KB chunks`
-**❌ BAD**: `const buffer = new Uint8Array(fileSize); // Entire file!`
-
-### Buffer Management
-
-Reuse buffers when possible to reduce memory allocation:
-
-```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/large-file.txt');
-const buffer = new Uint8Array(8192); // 8KB buffer
-
-let totalBytes = 0;
-let bytesRead;
-
-// Read file in chunks using the same buffer
-while (true) {
-    const result = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, null);
-    if (result.bytesRead === 0) break;
-
-    totalBytes += result.bytesRead;
-    // Process result.buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead)
-}
-
-await fs.close(fd);
-```
-
-### Batch Operations
-
-Group related operations together:
-
-```typescript
-const fd = await fs.open('/data/log.txt', { create: true });
-
-// Batch multiple writes
-const entries = [
-    'User login',
-    'Data processed',
-    'Operation completed'
-];
-
-for (const entry of entries) {
-    const data = new TextEncoder().encode(entry + '\n');
-    await fs.write(fd, data);
-}
-
-// Single sync at the end
-await fs.fsync(fd);
-await fs.close(fd);
-```
-
-### File Descriptor Limits
-
-Monitor the number of open file descriptors:
-
-```typescript
-// Check how many files are open
-console.log(`Open files: ${fs.openFiles.size}`);
-
-// Close unused file descriptors promptly
-const unusedFds = [];
-// ... track unused file descriptors ...
-for (const fd of unusedFds) {
+    // …
+} finally {
     await fs.close(fd);
 }
 ```
 
-## Examples
-
-### Reading Large Files in Chunks
-
-```typescript
-async function readLargeFile(filePath: string, chunkSize: number = 8192) {
-    const fd = await fs.open(filePath);
-    const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
-
-    try {
-        while (true) {
-            // Create new buffer for each iteration (previous one was transferred)
-            const buffer = new Uint8Array(chunkSize);
-
-            const result = await fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, chunkSize, null);
-            if (result.bytesRead === 0) break;
-
-            // Copy the chunk data from the returned buffer
-            const chunk = new Uint8Array(result.bytesRead);
-            chunk.set(result.buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead));
-            chunks.push(chunk);
-        }
-
-        return chunks;
-    } finally {
-        await fs.close(fd);
-    }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const chunks = await readLargeFile('/data/large-file.dat', 16384);
-console.log(`Read ${chunks.length} chunks`);
-```
-
-### Binary File Processing
-
-```typescript
-async function processBinaryFile(filePath: string) {
-    const fd = await fs.open(filePath);
-
-    try {
-        // Read header (first 16 bytes)
-        const headerBuffer = new Uint8Array(16);
-        const headerResult = await fs.read(fd, headerBuffer, 0, 16, 0);
-
-        // Process header
-        const header = new DataView(headerResult.buffer.buffer);
-        const fileType = header.getUint32(0, true);
-        const dataSize = header.getUint32(4, true);
-
-        // Read data section
-        const dataBuffer = new Uint8Array(dataSize);
-        const dataResult = await fs.read(fd, dataBuffer, 0, dataSize, 16);
-
-        return { fileType, dataSize, data: dataBuffer };
-    } finally {
-        await fs.close(fd);
-    }
-}
-```
-
-### Log File Management
-
-```typescript
-class LogManager {
-    private fd: number | null = null;
-    private logPath: string;
-
-    constructor(logPath: string) {
-        this.logPath = logPath;
-    }
-
-    async open() {
-        this.fd = await fs.open(this.logPath, { create: true });
-    }
-
-    async writeLog(level: string, message: string) {
-        if (!this.fd) throw new Error('Log file not open');
-
-        const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
-        const logEntry = `[${timestamp}] [${level}] ${message}\n`;
-        const data = new TextEncoder().encode(logEntry);
-
-        await fs.write(this.fd, data);
-    }
-
-    async flush() {
-        if (this.fd) {
-            await fs.fsync(this.fd);
-        }
-    }
-
-    async close() {
-        if (this.fd) {
-            await fs.close(this.fd);
-            this.fd = null;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const logger = new LogManager('/logs/app.log');
-await logger.open();
-await logger.writeLog('INFO', 'Application started');
-await logger.writeLog('ERROR', 'Something went wrong');
-await logger.flush();
-await logger.close();
-```
-
-### File Copy with Progress
-
-```typescript
-async function copyFileWithProgress(sourcePath: string, destPath: string, onProgress?: (bytes: number) => void) {
-    const sourceFd = await fs.open(sourcePath);
-    const destFd = await fs.open(destPath, { create: true, truncate: true });
-
-    try {
-        const buffer = new Uint8Array(8192);
-        let totalBytes = 0;
-
-        while (true) {
-            const result = await fs.read(sourceFd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, null);
-            if (result.bytesRead === 0) break;
-
-            await fs.write(destFd, result.buffer, 0, result.bytesRead);
-            totalBytes += result.bytesRead;
-
-            if (onProgress) {
-                onProgress(totalBytes);
-            }
-        }
-
-        await fs.fsync(destFd);
-    } finally {
-        await fs.close(sourceFd);
-        await fs.close(destFd);
-    }
-
-    return totalBytes;
-}
-
-// Usage
-const totalBytes = await copyFileWithProgress(
-    '/source/large-file.dat',
-    '/dest/large-file.dat',
-    (bytes) => console.log(`Copied ${bytes} bytes`)
-);
-console.log(`Copy complete: ${totalBytes} bytes`);
-```
+## Errors
 
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **🚨 NEVER read entire large files at once** - use chunk-based reading to prevent browser crashes
-2. **Always close file descriptors** in a `finally` block or use try-with-resources pattern
-3. **Reuse buffers** for multiple read/write operations to reduce memory allocation
-4. **Use appropriate buffer sizes** - too small causes many operations, too large wastes memory (8KB-64KB recommended)
-5. **Flush critical data** with `fsync()` before closing important files
-6. **Handle errors gracefully** and provide meaningful error messages
-7. **Monitor resource usage** to avoid hitting file descriptor limits
-8. **Use positioned I/O** when you need random access without changing current position
-9. **Batch operations** when possible to reduce overhead
-
-## Limitations
-
-- **Browser-specific**: File descriptor behavior may vary between browsers
-- **OPFS constraints**: Subject to browser storage limits and OPFS implementation details
-- **No file locking**: Concurrent access to the same file from multiple workers may cause issues
-- **Position limits**: File positions are limited by JavaScript number precision (2^53 - 1)
-- **No direct memory mapping**: Files must be read into buffers rather than memory-mapped
+| Error | When |
+| ----- | ---- |
+| `AlreadyExistsError` | `exclusive: true` and file exists |
+| `ExistenceError` | Missing path |
+| `FileTypeError` | File vs directory mismatch |
+| `ValidationError` | Bad offset / length / args |
+| `FileSystemOperationError` / `IOError` | Underlying FS / I/O failure |
+| `PermissionError` | Access denied |