opencode-skills-collection 3.0.31 → 3.0.32

package/bundled-skills/container-security-hardening/references/kubernetes-pod-security.md

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+# Kubernetes Pod Security Reference
+
+Full reference for hardening workloads in Kubernetes — NetworkPolicy, RBAC, Pod Security Admission, admission controllers (Kyverno/OPA), and service account hardening.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Pod Security Admission (PSA)](#pod-security-admission)
+2. [NetworkPolicy — Zero-Trust Networking](#networkpolicy)
+3. [RBAC — Least Privilege](#rbac)
+4. [Admission Controllers (Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper)](#admission-controllers)
+5. [Service Account Hardening](#service-account-hardening)
+6. [Runtime Security — Falco](#runtime-security--falco)
+7. [Secrets Management in K8s](#secrets-management-in-k8s)
+
+---
+
+## Pod Security Admission
+
+Built-in K8s 1.25+ policy engine (replaces deprecated PodSecurityPolicy).
+
+### Three Built-In Policy Levels
+
+| Level | What It Blocks |
+|---|---|
+| `privileged` | No restrictions (cluster default) |
+| `baseline` | Blocks hostNetwork, hostPID, hostIPC, privileged containers, dangerous volume types, hostPath |
+| `restricted` | Everything in baseline + requires non-root, read-only FS, drops capabilities, requires seccomp |
+
+### Three Modes Per Level
+
+| Mode | Behavior |
+|---|---|
+| `enforce` | Reject pods that violate the policy |
+| `audit` | Allow but log a violation in audit log |
+| `warn` | Allow but return a warning to the user |
+
+### Applying PSA Labels
+
+```bash
+# Audit before enforcing — find what would fail
+kubectl label namespace production \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit=restricted \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-version=latest
+
+# Gradual rollout: warn in staging, enforce in production
+kubectl label namespace staging \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn=restricted \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn-version=latest
+
+kubectl label namespace production \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=restricted \
+  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-version=latest
+```
+
+### Check What Would Fail Before Enforcing
+
+```bash
+# Dry-run check against a namespace
+kubectl --dry-run=server apply -f manifests/ --namespace production
+
+# Check a specific pod spec
+kubectl run test-pod --image=nginx --dry-run=server -n production
+```
+
+### Minimum Pod Spec for `restricted` Level
+
+```yaml
+spec:
+  securityContext:
+    runAsNonRoot: true
+    runAsUser: 10001
+    runAsGroup: 10001
+    fsGroup: 10001
+    seccompProfile:
+      type: RuntimeDefault     # or Localhost with a custom profile
+  containers:
+    - name: app
+      securityContext:
+        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
+        readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
+        capabilities:
+          drop: ["ALL"]
+      # Resource limits are required for restricted PSA
+      resources:
+        requests:
+          memory: "64Mi"
+          cpu: "50m"
+        limits:
+          memory: "256Mi"
+          cpu: "250m"
+```
+
+---
+
+## NetworkPolicy — Zero-Trust Networking
+
+By default all pods in a cluster can reach all other pods on any port. Lock down with NetworkPolicy.
+
+> **Prerequisite:** Your CNI plugin must support NetworkPolicy (Calico, Cilium, Weave Net — but NOT Flannel by default).
+
+### Step 1: Default Deny All
+
+Apply a default-deny to every namespace that holds workloads:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: default-deny-all
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector: {}               # Selects all pods in this namespace
+  policyTypes:
+    - Ingress
+    - Egress
+```
+
+### Step 2: Allow Only Required Traffic
+
+```yaml
+# Allow ingress from nginx ingress controller, egress to postgres + DNS
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: allow-myapp
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: myapp
+  policyTypes:
+    - Ingress
+    - Egress
+  ingress:
+    - from:
+        - namespaceSelector:
+            matchLabels:
+              kubernetes.io/metadata.name: ingress-nginx
+        - podSelector:
+            matchLabels:
+              app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
+      ports:
+        - protocol: TCP
+          port: 3000
+  egress:
+    - to:
+        - podSelector:
+            matchLabels:
+              app: postgres
+          namespaceSelector:
+            matchLabels:
+              kubernetes.io/metadata.name: production
+      ports:
+        - protocol: TCP
+          port: 5432
+    - to: {}                    # Allow DNS resolution (required for service discovery)
+      ports:
+        - protocol: UDP
+          port: 53
+        - protocol: TCP
+          port: 53
+```
+
+### Allow Access to External Services (e.g., cloud APIs)
+
+```yaml
+egress:
+  - to:
+      - ipBlock:
+          cidr: 0.0.0.0/0        # All external IPs
+          except:
+            - 10.0.0.0/8         # But not internal cluster ranges
+            - 172.16.0.0/12
+            - 192.168.0.0/16
+    ports:
+      - protocol: TCP
+        port: 443                 # HTTPS only
+```
+
+### Validate NetworkPolicy with Cilium or Calico CLI
+
+```bash
+# Cilium — test connectivity between pods
+cilium connectivity test
+
+# Calico — list effective policies
+kubectl exec -it deploy/myapp -- calicoctl get networkpolicy -n production
+```
+
+---
+
+## RBAC — Least Privilege
+
+### Principle: Scope Narrowly, Avoid Wildcards
+
+```yaml
+# ❌ DANGEROUS — grants everything to everything
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: full-admin
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: myapp-sa
+    namespace: production
+roleRef:
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: cluster-admin
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+
+---
+# ✅ CORRECT — minimal namespace-scoped role with specific resource names
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: Role
+metadata:
+  name: myapp-role
+  namespace: production
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["configmaps"]
+    resourceNames: ["myapp-config"]    # Lock to specific named resources
+    verbs: ["get", "list"]             # Never ["*"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["secrets"]
+    resourceNames: ["myapp-db-creds"]
+    verbs: ["get"]
+
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: myapp-rolebinding
+  namespace: production
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: myapp-sa
+    namespace: production
+roleRef:
+  kind: Role
+  name: myapp-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+```
+
+### Audit RBAC
+
+```bash
+# What can a service account do?
+kubectl auth can-i --list \
+  --as=system:serviceaccount:production:myapp-sa \
+  -n production
+
+# Find all cluster-admin bindings (security anti-pattern)
+kubectl get clusterrolebindings -o json | \
+  jq '.items[] | select(.roleRef.name=="cluster-admin") | {name:.metadata.name, subjects:.subjects}'
+
+# Find overly broad wildcard permissions
+kubectl get roles,clusterroles -A -o json | \
+  jq '.items[] | select(.rules[]?.verbs[]? == "*") | .metadata.name'
+
+# Use rbac-tool for a full audit
+kubectl rbac-tool who-can get secrets -n production
+```
+
+---
+
+## Admission Controllers
+
+### Kyverno (Policy as Kubernetes Resources)
+
+Kyverno validates, mutates, and generates resources — no Rego knowledge required.
+
+```bash
+# Install Kyverno
+helm repo add kyverno https://kyverno.github.io/kyverno/
+helm install kyverno kyverno/kyverno -n kyverno --create-namespace
+```
+
+**Essential Policies:**
+
+```yaml
+# 1. Require non-root containers
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: require-non-root
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: Enforce
+  rules:
+    - name: check-run-as-non-root
+      match:
+        resources:
+          kinds: [Pod]
+      validate:
+        message: "runAsNonRoot: true is required"
+        pattern:
+          spec:
+            containers:
+              - securityContext:
+                  runAsNonRoot: true
+
+---
+# 2. Require image digest pinning
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: require-image-digest
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: Enforce
+  rules:
+    - name: check-digest
+      match:
+        resources:
+          kinds: [Pod]
+      validate:
+        message: "Images must use @sha256: digest, not floating tags"
+        pattern:
+          spec:
+            containers:
+              - image: "*@sha256:*"
+
+---
+# 3. Disallow privileged containers
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: disallow-privileged
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: Enforce
+  rules:
+    - name: check-privileged
+      match:
+        resources:
+          kinds: [Pod]
+      validate:
+        message: "Privileged containers are not allowed"
+        pattern:
+          spec:
+            containers:
+              - =(securityContext):
+                  =(privileged): "false"
+
+---
+# 4. Require resource limits (prevents resource starvation)
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: require-resource-limits
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: Enforce
+  rules:
+    - name: check-limits
+      match:
+        resources:
+          kinds: [Pod]
+      validate:
+        message: "Resource limits (memory and cpu) must be set"
+        pattern:
+          spec:
+            containers:
+              - resources:
+                  limits:
+                    memory: "?*"
+                    cpu: "?*"
+
+---
+# 5. Auto-mutate: add drop ALL capabilities if not set
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: drop-all-capabilities
+spec:
+  rules:
+    - name: add-drop-all
+      match:
+        resources:
+          kinds: [Pod]
+      mutate:
+        patchStrategicMerge:
+          spec:
+            containers:
+              - (name): "*"
+                securityContext:
+                  capabilities:
+                    drop: ["ALL"]
+```
+
+### OPA Gatekeeper (Policy as Rego)
+
+```bash
+# Install Gatekeeper
+kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/open-policy-agent/gatekeeper/release-3.17/deploy/gatekeeper.yaml
+```
+
+```yaml
+# ConstraintTemplate — define the Rego policy
+apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1
+kind: ConstraintTemplate
+metadata:
+  name: k8srequiredlabels
+spec:
+  crd:
+    spec:
+      names:
+        kind: K8sRequiredLabels
+      validation:
+        openAPIV3Schema:
+          properties:
+            labels:
+              type: array
+              items:
+                type: string
+  targets:
+    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
+      rego: |
+        package k8srequiredlabels
+        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
+          provided := {label | input.review.object.metadata.labels[label]}
+          required := {label | label := input.parameters.labels[_]}
+          missing := required - provided
+          count(missing) > 0
+          msg := sprintf("Missing required labels: %v", [missing])
+        }
+
+---
+# Constraint — apply the policy
+apiVersion: constraints.gatekeeper.sh/v1beta1
+kind: K8sRequiredLabels
+metadata:
+  name: require-app-label
+spec:
+  enforcementAction: deny
+  match:
+    kinds:
+      - apiGroups: ["apps"]
+        kinds: ["Deployment"]
+  parameters:
+    labels: ["app", "version", "owner"]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Service Account Hardening
+
+```yaml
+# Dedicated service account per workload (never use 'default')
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: myapp-sa
+  namespace: production
+  annotations:
+    # EKS — IAM Roles for Service Accounts (IRSA)
+    eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/myapp-role
+    # GKE — Workload Identity
+    iam.gke.io/gcp-service-account: myapp@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com
+automountServiceAccountToken: false    # Disable unless app calls K8s API
+
+---
+# In the pod spec — also disable token mounting
+spec:
+  serviceAccountName: myapp-sa
+  automountServiceAccountToken: false
+```
+
+**Why use Workload Identity instead of K8s Secrets for cloud credentials?**
+- Credentials are short-lived (1h) and auto-rotated
+- No secret to leak, rotate, or store
+- Audit trail tied to workload identity, not a shared key
+
+---
+
+## Runtime Security — Falco
+
+Falco detects anomalous runtime behaviour (unexpected syscalls, network connections, file reads).
+
+```bash
+# Install via Helm
+helm repo add falcosecurity https://falcosecurity.github.io/charts
+helm install falco falcosecurity/falco \
+  --namespace falco --create-namespace \
+  --set falco.grpc.enabled=true \
+  --set falco.grpcOutput.enabled=true
+```
+
+**Example rules:**
+
+```yaml
+# Alert on shell spawned inside a container
+- rule: Terminal shell in container
+  desc: A shell was spawned in a container with an attached terminal
+  condition: >
+    spawned_process and container
+    and shell_procs and proc.tty != 0
+    and container_entrypoint
+  output: >
+    Shell spawned in a container (user=%user.name container=%container.name
+    shell=%proc.name parent=%proc.pname)
+  priority: WARNING
+
+# Alert on sensitive file read
+- rule: Read sensitive file untrusted
+  desc: An attempt to read a sensitive file by a non-trusted program
+  condition: >
+    open_read and sensitive_files
+    and not proc.name in (trusted_programs)
+  output: >
+    Sensitive file opened for reading (file=%fd.name user=%user.name
+    container=%container.name)
+  priority: WARNING
+```
+
+---
+
+## Secrets Management in K8s
+
+**Kubernetes Secrets are base64-encoded, not encrypted by default.** Use one of these:
+
+| Solution | Mechanism | Best For |
+|---|---|---|
+| **External Secrets Operator** | Sync from AWS Secrets Manager / GCP Secret Manager / Vault | Production — secrets never live in etcd |
+| **Sealed Secrets (Bitnami)** | Asymmetric encryption of secrets in Git | GitOps workflows |
+| **HashiCorp Vault** | Dynamic secrets, PKI, lease management | Complex multi-cloud setups |
+| **SOPS + Age/GPG** | Encrypted secret files in Git | Small teams, simple workflows |
+
+```yaml
+# External Secrets Operator — sync from AWS Secrets Manager
+apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1beta1
+kind: ExternalSecret
+metadata:
+  name: myapp-db-creds
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  refreshInterval: 1h
+  secretStoreRef:
+    name: aws-secrets-manager
+    kind: ClusterSecretStore
+  target:
+    name: myapp-db-creds
+    creationPolicy: Owner
+  data:
+    - secretKey: DB_PASSWORD
+      remoteRef:
+        key: production/myapp/db
+        property: password
+```
+
+```bash
+# Enable etcd encryption at rest (K8s)
+# In kube-apiserver: --encryption-provider-config=encryption-config.yaml
+# encryption-config.yaml:
+apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
+kind: EncryptionConfiguration
+resources:
+  - resources: [secrets]
+    providers:
+      - aescbc:
+          keys:
+            - name: key1
+              secret: <base64-encoded-32-byte-key>
+      - identity: {}
+```