omgkit 2.0.7 → 2.1.0

package/plugin/skills/databases/database-optimization/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: database-optimization
+description: Advanced database performance tuning including query optimization, indexing strategies, partitioning, and scaling patterns
+category: databases
+triggers:
+  - database optimization
+  - query optimization
+  - indexing
+  - database performance
+  - slow queries
+  - database scaling
+  - partitioning
+---
+
+# Database Optimization
+
+Master **database performance tuning** for high-scale applications. This skill covers query optimization, indexing strategies, partitioning, and scaling patterns.
+
+## Purpose
+
+Optimize database performance for production workloads:
+
+- Analyze and optimize slow queries
+- Design effective indexing strategies
+- Implement table partitioning
+- Configure connection pooling
+- Scale with read replicas
+- Plan database migrations
+
+## Features
+
+### 1. Query Optimization
+
+```sql
+-- Identify slow queries
+-- PostgreSQL
+SELECT
+  query,
+  calls,
+  total_time / 1000 as total_seconds,
+  mean_time / 1000 as mean_seconds,
+  rows
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+ORDER BY total_time DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- Analyze query execution plan
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT JSON)
+SELECT u.*, COUNT(o.id) as order_count
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id
+WHERE u.created_at > '2024-01-01'
+GROUP BY u.id;
+
+-- Before optimization (sequential scan, nested loop)
+-- After optimization (index scan, hash join)
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Query optimization patterns
+
+// BAD: N+1 query problem
+const users = await db.user.findMany();
+for (const user of users) {
+  const orders = await db.order.findMany({ where: { userId: user.id } });
+  // Process orders...
+}
+
+// GOOD: Eager loading
+const users = await db.user.findMany({
+  include: {
+    orders: {
+      where: { status: 'completed' },
+      orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
+      take: 10,
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+// GOOD: Batch loading with DataLoader
+const userLoader = new DataLoader(async (userIds: string[]) => {
+  const users = await db.user.findMany({
+    where: { id: { in: userIds } },
+  });
+  return userIds.map(id => users.find(u => u.id === id));
+});
+
+// Pagination optimization
+// BAD: OFFSET pagination (slow on large tables)
+SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 20 OFFSET 10000;
+
+// GOOD: Cursor-based pagination
+async function getOrdersPage(cursor?: string, limit: number = 20) {
+  return db.order.findMany({
+    take: limit + 1, // Fetch one extra to check if there's more
+    cursor: cursor ? { id: cursor } : undefined,
+    skip: cursor ? 1 : 0,
+    orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
+  });
+}
+
+// Selective column loading
+// BAD: SELECT *
+const users = await db.user.findMany();
+
+// GOOD: Select only needed columns
+const users = await db.user.findMany({
+  select: {
+    id: true,
+    name: true,
+    email: true,
+  },
+});
+```
+
+### 2. Indexing Strategies
+
+```sql
+-- Single column index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
+
+-- Composite index (column order matters!)
+-- Good for: WHERE status = ? AND created_at > ?
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_status_created ON orders(status, created_at);
+
+-- Partial index (smaller, faster)
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_pending ON orders(created_at)
+WHERE status = 'pending';
+
+-- Covering index (includes all needed columns)
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_covering ON orders(user_id)
+INCLUDE (status, total, created_at);
+
+-- Expression index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_lower ON users(LOWER(email));
+
+-- GiST index for full-text search
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_search ON products
+USING GIN(to_tsvector('english', name || ' ' || description));
+
+-- Index for JSON queries
+CREATE INDEX idx_settings_preferences ON users
+USING GIN((settings->'preferences'));
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Index analysis tool
+async function analyzeTableIndexes(tableName: string): Promise<IndexAnalysis> {
+  // Get existing indexes
+  const indexes = await db.$queryRaw`
+    SELECT
+      indexname,
+      indexdef,
+      pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexname::regclass)) as size
+    FROM pg_indexes
+    WHERE tablename = ${tableName}
+  `;
+
+  // Get index usage stats
+  const stats = await db.$queryRaw`
+    SELECT
+      indexrelname as index_name,
+      idx_scan as scans,
+      idx_tup_read as tuples_read,
+      idx_tup_fetch as tuples_fetched
+    FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+    WHERE relname = ${tableName}
+  `;
+
+  // Find unused indexes
+  const unused = stats.filter(s => s.scans === 0);
+
+  // Find missing index opportunities
+  const missingIndexSuggestions = await db.$queryRaw`
+    SELECT
+      schemaname || '.' || relname as table,
+      seq_scan,
+      seq_tup_read,
+      idx_scan,
+      seq_tup_read / seq_scan as avg_seq_tuples
+    FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+    WHERE seq_scan > 0
+      AND relname = ${tableName}
+      AND seq_tup_read / seq_scan > 1000
+  `;
+
+  return {
+    indexes,
+    stats,
+    unusedIndexes: unused,
+    missingIndexSuggestions,
+    recommendations: generateRecommendations(indexes, stats, missingIndexSuggestions),
+  };
+}
+
+// Index recommendations
+function generateRecommendations(indexes, stats, missing): string[] {
+  const recommendations: string[] = [];
+
+  // Check for unused indexes
+  for (const unused of stats.filter(s => s.scans === 0)) {
+    recommendations.push(
+      `Consider dropping unused index: ${unused.index_name}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Check for missing indexes on frequently scanned columns
+  if (missing.length > 0) {
+    recommendations.push(
+      `High sequential scans detected. Consider adding indexes.`
+    );
+  }
+
+  return recommendations;
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Table Partitioning
+
+```sql
+-- Range partitioning by date (PostgreSQL)
+CREATE TABLE orders (
+  id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
+  user_id UUID NOT NULL,
+  total DECIMAL(10, 2),
+  status VARCHAR(50),
+  created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
+) PARTITION BY RANGE (created_at);
+
+-- Create partitions
+CREATE TABLE orders_2024_q1 PARTITION OF orders
+  FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-01-01') TO ('2024-04-01');
+
+CREATE TABLE orders_2024_q2 PARTITION OF orders
+  FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-04-01') TO ('2024-07-01');
+
+-- Automatic partition creation
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_partition_if_not_exists()
+RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+DECLARE
+  partition_name TEXT;
+  start_date DATE;
+  end_date DATE;
+BEGIN
+  start_date := DATE_TRUNC('month', NEW.created_at);
+  end_date := start_date + INTERVAL '1 month';
+  partition_name := 'orders_' || TO_CHAR(start_date, 'YYYY_MM');
+
+  IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_class WHERE relname = partition_name) THEN
+    EXECUTE format(
+      'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %I PARTITION OF orders
+       FOR VALUES FROM (%L) TO (%L)',
+      partition_name, start_date, end_date
+    );
+  END IF;
+
+  RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Partition management
+class PartitionManager {
+  // Create future partitions proactively
+  async createFuturePartitions(tableName: string, monthsAhead: number = 3): Promise<void> {
+    const now = new Date();
+
+    for (let i = 0; i <= monthsAhead; i++) {
+      const partitionDate = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth() + i, 1);
+      const nextMonth = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth() + i + 1, 1);
+
+      const partitionName = `${tableName}_${partitionDate.getFullYear()}_${String(partitionDate.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0')}`;
+
+      await db.$executeRaw`
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${partitionName}
+        PARTITION OF ${tableName}
+        FOR VALUES FROM (${partitionDate}) TO (${nextMonth})
+      `;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Archive old partitions
+  async archiveOldPartitions(tableName: string, retentionMonths: number): Promise<void> {
+    const cutoff = new Date();
+    cutoff.setMonth(cutoff.getMonth() - retentionMonths);
+
+    const partitions = await this.getPartitions(tableName);
+
+    for (const partition of partitions) {
+      if (partition.endDate < cutoff) {
+        // Export to archive storage
+        await this.exportPartition(partition.name);
+
+        // Drop partition
+        await db.$executeRaw`DROP TABLE ${partition.name}`;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 4. Connection Pooling
+
+```typescript
+// PgBouncer configuration
+// pgbouncer.ini
+[databases]
+myapp = host=localhost dbname=myapp
+
+[pgbouncer]
+listen_addr = 127.0.0.1
+listen_port = 6432
+auth_type = md5
+auth_file = /etc/pgbouncer/userlist.txt
+pool_mode = transaction
+max_client_conn = 1000
+default_pool_size = 20
+min_pool_size = 5
+reserve_pool_size = 5
+reserve_pool_timeout = 3
+server_lifetime = 3600
+server_idle_timeout = 600
+server_connect_timeout = 15
+server_login_retry = 1
+
+// Application-level pooling with Prisma
+const prisma = new PrismaClient({
+  datasources: {
+    db: {
+      url: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
+    },
+  },
+  log: ['query', 'warn', 'error'],
+});
+
+// Configure pool size
+// DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/db?connection_limit=20&pool_timeout=10"
+
+// Connection pool monitoring
+async function getPoolStats(): Promise<PoolStats> {
+  const stats = await prisma.$queryRaw`
+    SELECT
+      numbackends as active_connections,
+      xact_commit as commits,
+      xact_rollback as rollbacks,
+      blks_read as blocks_read,
+      blks_hit as blocks_hit,
+      tup_returned as rows_returned,
+      tup_fetched as rows_fetched,
+      tup_inserted as rows_inserted,
+      tup_updated as rows_updated,
+      tup_deleted as rows_deleted
+    FROM pg_stat_database
+    WHERE datname = current_database()
+  `;
+
+  return {
+    ...stats[0],
+    cacheHitRatio: stats[0].blks_hit / (stats[0].blks_hit + stats[0].blks_read),
+  };
+}
+```
+
+### 5. Read Replicas
+
+```typescript
+// Read/Write splitting
+class DatabaseRouter {
+  private writeClient: PrismaClient;
+  private readClients: PrismaClient[];
+  private currentReadIndex = 0;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.writeClient = new PrismaClient({
+      datasources: { db: { url: process.env.DATABASE_WRITE_URL } },
+    });
+
+    this.readClients = (process.env.DATABASE_READ_URLS || '')
+      .split(',')
+      .map(url => new PrismaClient({ datasources: { db: { url } } }));
+  }
+
+  // Get client for write operations
+  get write(): PrismaClient {
+    return this.writeClient;
+  }
+
+  // Round-robin load balancing for reads
+  get read(): PrismaClient {
+    if (this.readClients.length === 0) {
+      return this.writeClient;
+    }
+
+    const client = this.readClients[this.currentReadIndex];
+    this.currentReadIndex = (this.currentReadIndex + 1) % this.readClients.length;
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  // Transaction always uses write
+  async transaction<T>(fn: (tx: PrismaClient) => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    return this.writeClient.$transaction(fn);
+  }
+}
+
+const db = new DatabaseRouter();
+
+// Usage
+// Reads go to replicas
+const users = await db.read.user.findMany();
+
+// Writes go to primary
+const newUser = await db.write.user.create({ data: userData });
+
+// Transactions use primary
+await db.transaction(async (tx) => {
+  await tx.order.create({ data: orderData });
+  await tx.inventory.update({ where: { id }, data: { stock: { decrement: 1 } } });
+});
+```
+
+### 6. Query Performance Monitoring
+
+```typescript
+// Slow query logging and analysis
+class QueryMonitor {
+  private slowQueryThreshold = 1000; // 1 second
+
+  // Prisma middleware for query logging
+  setupMiddleware(prisma: PrismaClient): void {
+    prisma.$use(async (params, next) => {
+      const start = Date.now();
+      const result = await next(params);
+      const duration = Date.now() - start;
+
+      if (duration > this.slowQueryThreshold) {
+        this.logSlowQuery({
+          model: params.model,
+          action: params.action,
+          duration,
+          args: params.args,
+        });
+      }
+
+      // Record metrics
+      queryHistogram.observe({
+        model: params.model || 'unknown',
+        action: params.action,
+      }, duration / 1000);
+
+      return result;
+    });
+  }
+
+  private logSlowQuery(query: SlowQuery): void {
+    logger.warn({
+      type: 'slow_query',
+      ...query,
+    }, `Slow query detected: ${query.model}.${query.action}`);
+
+    // Send to monitoring
+    metrics.increment('database.slow_queries', {
+      model: query.model,
+      action: query.action,
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Get query statistics
+  async getQueryStats(): Promise<QueryStats[]> {
+    return db.$queryRaw`
+      SELECT
+        query,
+        calls,
+        total_time,
+        mean_time,
+        rows,
+        shared_blks_hit,
+        shared_blks_read,
+        shared_blks_hit::float / NULLIF(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) as cache_hit_ratio
+      FROM pg_stat_statements
+      ORDER BY total_time DESC
+      LIMIT 50
+    `;
+  }
+
+  // Reset statistics
+  async resetStats(): Promise<void> {
+    await db.$executeRaw`SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset()`;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Use Cases
+
+### 1. E-commerce Query Optimization
+
+```sql
+-- Optimized product search query
+SELECT p.*, c.name as category_name
+FROM products p
+JOIN categories c ON c.id = p.category_id
+WHERE
+  p.status = 'active'
+  AND p.price BETWEEN 10 AND 100
+  AND to_tsvector('english', p.name || ' ' || p.description) @@ plainto_tsquery('english', 'wireless headphones')
+ORDER BY p.popularity DESC, p.created_at DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- Index for this query
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_search ON products
+USING GIN(to_tsvector('english', name || ' ' || description))
+WHERE status = 'active';
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_price_popularity ON products(price, popularity DESC)
+WHERE status = 'active';
+```
+
+### 2. Analytics Dashboard
+
+```sql
+-- Materialized view for dashboard
+CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW daily_sales_summary AS
+SELECT
+  DATE_TRUNC('day', created_at) as date,
+  COUNT(*) as order_count,
+  SUM(total) as revenue,
+  AVG(total) as avg_order_value,
+  COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) as unique_customers
+FROM orders
+WHERE status = 'completed'
+GROUP BY DATE_TRUNC('day', created_at);
+
+-- Refresh periodically
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_daily_sales_date ON daily_sales_summary(date);
+
+-- Refresh concurrently (no locks)
+REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY daily_sales_summary;
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Do's
+
+- **Analyze query plans** - Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
+- **Use appropriate indexes** - Based on actual query patterns
+- **Implement connection pooling** - PgBouncer or app-level
+- **Monitor slow queries** - Set up alerts
+- **Plan for growth** - Partitioning, sharding
+- **Test with production-like data** - Not empty tables
+
+### Don'ts
+
+- Don't add indexes blindly
+- Don't use SELECT *
+- Don't ignore query plans
+- Don't skip connection limits
+- Don't forget about index maintenance
+- Don't over-normalize
+
+## Related Skills
+
+- **postgresql** - PostgreSQL specific features
+- **prisma** - ORM optimization
+- **caching-strategies** - Query result caching
+
+## Reference Resources
+
+- [PostgreSQL Performance](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/performance-tips.html)
+- [Use The Index, Luke](https://use-the-index-luke.com/)
+- [PgBouncer Documentation](https://www.pgbouncer.org/config.html)
+- [Prisma Performance](https://www.prisma.io/docs/guides/performance-and-optimization)