oh-my-opencode 4.5.1 → 4.6.0

package/packages/shared-skills/skills/programming/references/rust/clap-stack.md

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+# CLI Stack — clap + color-eyre + tracing + indicatif + dialoguer
+
+The default for any new CLI tool. Strict typing on arguments, beautiful errors, progress feedback, interactive prompts when needed.
+
+## Cargo.toml
+
+```toml
+[package]
+name = "mytool"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive", "env", "wrap_help", "color", "unicode"] }
+clap_complete = "4"
+color-eyre = "0.6"
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "fmt"] }
+anyhow = "1"
+indicatif = { version = "0.17", features = ["tokio"] }
+dialoguer = { version = "0.11", features = ["fuzzy-select"] }
+console = "0.15"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread", "fs", "process", "signal"] }
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = 3
+lto = "fat"
+codegen-units = 1
+strip = "symbols"
+panic = "abort"
+```
+
+## Command structure
+
+```rust
+// src/cli.rs
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+#[command(
+    name = "mytool",
+    author,
+    version,
+    about = "A short description",
+    long_about = "A longer description that appears in --help",
+    arg_required_else_help = true,
+)]
+pub struct Cli {
+    /// Configuration file path
+    #[arg(short, long, env = "MYTOOL_CONFIG", default_value = "config.toml", global = true)]
+    pub config: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Increase verbosity (-v info, -vv debug, -vvv trace)
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count, global = true)]
+    pub verbose: u8,
+
+    /// Suppress all non-error output
+    #[arg(short, long, global = true, conflicts_with = "verbose")]
+    pub quiet: bool,
+
+    /// Force colored output even when stdout is not a terminal
+    #[arg(long, global = true, value_enum, default_value_t = ColorChoice::Auto)]
+    pub color: ColorChoice,
+
+    /// Output format
+    #[arg(short, long, global = true, value_enum, default_value_t = OutputFormat::Pretty)]
+    pub format: OutputFormat,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum ColorChoice { Auto, Always, Never }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum OutputFormat { Pretty, Json, Plain }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+pub enum Command {
+    /// Build the thing
+    Build(BuildArgs),
+    /// Watch and rebuild
+    Watch(WatchArgs),
+    /// Generate shell completions
+    Completions { #[arg(value_enum)] shell: clap_complete::Shell },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, clap::Args)]
+pub struct BuildArgs {
+    /// Target directory
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "target")]
+    pub target: PathBuf,
+    /// Build mode
+    #[arg(short, long, value_enum, default_value_t = Mode::Release)]
+    pub mode: Mode,
+    /// Specific files to build (default: all)
+    pub files: Vec<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, clap::Args)]
+pub struct WatchArgs {
+    /// Glob pattern to watch
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "**/*.rs")]
+    pub pattern: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum Mode { Debug, Release }
+```
+
+Key clap derive patterns:
+
+- `env = "VAR"` — falls back to env var if flag not given.
+- `global = true` — flag inherits to subcommands.
+- `arg_required_else_help = true` — running with no args prints help instead of erroring.
+- `value_enum` on an enum — case-insensitive parsing + auto-completion.
+- `action = clap::ArgAction::Count` — `-v` is 1, `-vv` is 2, etc.
+- `conflicts_with` — incompatible flags.
+
+## Main + tracing init
+
+```rust
+// src/main.rs
+use clap::Parser;
+use mytool::cli::{Cli, Command, ColorChoice};
+use tracing::Level;
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    init_tracing(&cli);
+
+    if matches!(cli.color, ColorChoice::Always) {
+        console::set_colors_enabled(true);
+    } else if matches!(cli.color, ColorChoice::Never) {
+        console::set_colors_enabled(false);
+    }
+
+    match cli.command {
+        Command::Build(args) => mytool::commands::build::run(&cli, args),
+        Command::Watch(args) => mytool::commands::watch::run(&cli, args),
+        Command::Completions { shell } => {
+            let mut cmd = <Cli as clap::CommandFactory>::command();
+            clap_complete::generate(shell, &mut cmd, "mytool", &mut std::io::stdout());
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn init_tracing(cli: &Cli) {
+    let level = if cli.quiet {
+        Level::ERROR
+    } else {
+        match cli.verbose {
+            0 => Level::WARN,
+            1 => Level::INFO,
+            2 => Level::DEBUG,
+            _ => Level::TRACE,
+        }
+    };
+    let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new(format!("mytool={level}")));
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(filter)
+        .with_target(false)
+        .without_time()
+        .compact()
+        .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+        .init();
+}
+```
+
+Tracing on a CLI:
+- **Write to stderr.** stdout is for the tool's actual output (which the user might pipe). Logs and progress bars go to stderr.
+- **Verbosity from `-v`, not from `RUST_LOG`.** Users expect `-v` on a CLI; `RUST_LOG` is a developer escape hatch (kept, but secondary).
+
+## Progress bars — `indicatif`
+
+```rust
+use indicatif::{MultiProgress, ProgressBar, ProgressStyle};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+let mp = MultiProgress::new();
+let pb = mp.add(ProgressBar::new(files.len() as u64));
+pb.set_style(
+    ProgressStyle::with_template(
+        "{spinner:.green} [{elapsed_precise}] [{wide_bar:.cyan/blue}] {pos}/{len} ({eta}) {msg}"
+    )?
+    .progress_chars("=>-")
+);
+
+for file in files {
+    pb.set_message(file.display().to_string());
+    process(&file)?;
+    pb.inc(1);
+}
+pb.finish_with_message("done");
+```
+
+For unbounded operations:
+
+```rust
+let spinner = ProgressBar::new_spinner();
+spinner.enable_steady_tick(Duration::from_millis(80));
+spinner.set_message("connecting…");
+let result = connect().await?;
+spinner.finish_and_clear();
+```
+
+With multiple parallel tasks:
+
+```rust
+let mp = MultiProgress::new();
+let bars: Vec<_> = (0..workers).map(|i| {
+    let pb = mp.add(ProgressBar::new(unit));
+    pb.set_style(ProgressStyle::with_template("worker {prefix}: {pos}/{len}")?);
+    pb.set_prefix(i.to_string());
+    pb
+}).collect();
+```
+
+`MultiProgress` keeps bars stacked and redraws cleanly even with concurrent updates from multiple tasks.
+
+When stdout is not a terminal, indicatif silently disables animation. Force on/off with `pb.set_draw_target(ProgressDrawTarget::stdout())` / `hidden()`.
+
+## Interactive prompts — `dialoguer`
+
+```rust
+use dialoguer::{theme::ColorfulTheme, Confirm, Input, Password, Select, FuzzySelect, MultiSelect};
+
+let name: String = Input::with_theme(&ColorfulTheme::default())
+    .with_prompt("Project name")
+    .validate_with(|input: &String| -> Result<(), &str> {
+        if input.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '-' || c == '_') {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err("alphanumeric, dash, underscore only")
+        }
+    })
+    .interact_text()?;
+
+let secret = Password::with_theme(&ColorfulTheme::default())
+    .with_prompt("API key")
+    .with_confirmation("Repeat", "passwords don't match")
+    .interact()?;
+
+let go: bool = Confirm::with_theme(&ColorfulTheme::default())
+    .with_prompt(format!("Delete {}? This cannot be undone.", path.display()))
+    .default(false)
+    .interact()?;
+if !go { return Ok(()); }
+
+let items = ["yes", "no", "maybe"];
+let idx = Select::with_theme(&ColorfulTheme::default())
+    .with_prompt("Pick one")
+    .items(&items)
+    .default(0)
+    .interact()?;
+
+let picks = MultiSelect::with_theme(&ColorfulTheme::default())
+    .with_prompt("Toggle features")
+    .items(&["alpha", "beta", "gamma"])
+    .defaults(&[true, false, false])
+    .interact()?;
+```
+
+Detect non-TTY before prompting:
+
+```rust
+if !console::user_attended() {
+    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("input required but stdin is not a terminal"));
+}
+```
+
+For automated tests, expose a `--non-interactive` flag and gate all prompts behind it.
+
+## Structured output
+
+```rust
+match cli.format {
+    OutputFormat::Json => {
+        serde_json::to_writer(std::io::stdout().lock(), &result)?;
+        println!();
+    }
+    OutputFormat::Plain => {
+        for row in &result.rows {
+            println!("{}\t{}\t{}", row.a, row.b, row.c);
+        }
+    }
+    OutputFormat::Pretty => {
+        use console::{style, Term};
+        let term = Term::stdout();
+        for row in &result.rows {
+            term.write_line(&format!(
+                "{} {} {}",
+                style(&row.a).green(),
+                style(&row.b).yellow(),
+                style(&row.c).dim(),
+            ))?;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Always offer `--format json` for piping into `jq`, scripts, and other tools.
+
+## Shell completions
+
+Already shown in the `Completions` subcommand above. Distribute completions by adding to the install script:
+
+```bash
+mytool completions bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/mytool
+mytool completions fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/mytool.fish
+mytool completions zsh  > "${fpath[1]}/_mytool"
+```
+
+## Signal handling
+
+```rust
+// In an async CLI command
+use tokio::signal::ctrl_c;
+
+tokio::select! {
+    _ = ctrl_c() => {
+        tracing::warn!("interrupted, cleaning up");
+        cleanup().await?;
+        std::process::exit(130);  // standard exit code for SIGINT
+    }
+    result = long_running_task() => {
+        result
+    }
+}
+```
+
+For sync CLIs, install a one-shot handler with `ctrlc` crate:
+
+```rust
+let interrupted = std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false));
+let i = interrupted.clone();
+ctrlc::set_handler(move || i.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst))?;
+
+while !interrupted.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) {
+    do_step()?;
+}
+```
+
+## Error reporting with color-eyre
+
+```rust
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::config::HookBuilder::default()
+        .display_env_section(false)        // hide SPANTRACE/BACKTRACE env hints by default
+        .display_location_section(false)   // hide file:line section
+        .panic_section("If this is a bug, please report at https://github.com/me/mytool/issues")
+        .install()?;
+    real_main()
+}
+```
+
+Errors with `.wrap_err("...")` from `eyre::WrapErr` (compatible with anyhow's `.context`) show as a numbered chain. `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` shows the full trace; `RUST_SPANTRACE=1` shows tracing spans where the error fired.
+
+## Distribution
+
+- Add `cargo dist init` for prebuilt binary release pipeline (cross-platform tarballs + installers).
+- Publish to Homebrew tap, AUR, scoop, Chocolatey via dist.
+- Sign Linux binaries with `cosign` if your audience is enterprise.
+- Build single static binary on Linux with `--target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl` (or `aarch64-unknown-linux-musl`).
+- For wasm-runnable CLIs (`wasi-cli`), add `--target wasm32-wasip1`.
+
+## Common mistakes
+
+1. **Mixing stdout and stderr.** Tool output goes to stdout; logs and progress go to stderr.
+2. **No `--non-interactive` flag.** Interactive prompts block automation.
+3. **Printing colored output unconditionally.** Honor `NO_COLOR` env var, detect TTY with `console::user_attended()`.
+4. **`println!` for errors.** Use `tracing::error!` so logs go to stderr automatically and respect verbosity.
+5. **`unwrap()` on `Cli::parse()`.** clap returns clean errors with `--help` text; `parse()` exits on its own.
+6. **Long subcommand handlers in `main.rs`.** Split into `src/commands/<name>.rs` per command.
+7. **Missing exit code semantics.** Use `std::process::exit(1)` (general error), `2` (usage), `130` (SIGINT) appropriately. Or return `Result` and let main map.
+
+## Testing CLIs
+
+```rust
+// tests/cli.rs
+use assert_cmd::Command;
+use predicates::prelude::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn shows_help() {
+    Command::cargo_bin("mytool").unwrap()
+        .arg("--help")
+        .assert()
+        .success()
+        .stdout(predicate::str::contains("Usage:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_unknown_subcommand() {
+    Command::cargo_bin("mytool").unwrap()
+        .arg("nope")
+        .assert()
+        .failure()
+        .stderr(predicate::str::contains("unrecognized subcommand"));
+}
+```
+
+`assert_cmd` builds the binary once per test run and gives a fluent assertion API.