observability-toolkit 2.0.0 → 2.1.0

package/dist/backends/local-jsonl-traces.test.js

@@ -2,8 +2,22 @@ import { describe, it, before, after, beforeEach } from 'node:test';
 import * as assert from 'node:assert';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import { LocalJsonlBackend } from './local-jsonl.js';
+import { SPAN_KIND, STATUS_CODES } from '../lib/core/constants.js';
+import { ONE_MILLION, TIME_MS } from '../lib/core/units.js';
 import { getSharedTempDir, clearTempDir, removeSharedTempDir, writeJsonlFileAsync, getTestDate } from '../test-helpers/file-utils.js';
 import { createMockSpan, createMockSpans, createDbSpan, resetBuilderCounters, } from '../test-helpers/test-data-builders.js';
+import { COUNT_FIFTY, COUNT_HUNDRED, COUNT_THREE, COUNT_TWENTY, COUNT_TWO, COUNT_TWO_HUNDRED, EPOCH_SEC, EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_TWO, EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_TEN, NANO_HALF_SECOND, NANO_ZERO, } from '../test-helpers/test-constants.js';
+const SPAN_KIND_INTERNAL = SPAN_KIND.INTERNAL;
+const SPAN_KIND_SERVER = SPAN_KIND.SERVER;
+const SPAN_KIND_CLIENT = SPAN_KIND.CLIENT;
+const STATUS_CODE_UNSET_INDEX = STATUS_CODES.indexOf('UNSET');
+const STATUS_CODE_OK_INDEX = STATUS_CODES.indexOf('OK');
+const STATUS_CODE_ERROR_INDEX = STATUS_CODES.indexOf('ERROR');
+const BULK_TRACE_SPAN_COUNT = COUNT_HUNDRED + COUNT_FIFTY;
+const DURATION_MS_TWO_AND_HALF_SECONDS = (COUNT_TWO * TIME_MS.SECOND)
+    + (NANO_HALF_SECOND / ONE_MILLION);
+const TRACE_DURATION_NS_100_MS = COUNT_HUNDRED * ONE_MILLION;
+const TRACE_DURATION_NS_200_MS = COUNT_TWO_HUNDRED * ONE_MILLION;
 describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
     let tempDir;
     let backend;
@@ -25,8 +39,8 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'test-operation',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000001, 500000000],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_HALF_SECOND],
                     resource: { serviceName: 'test-service', serviceVersion: '1.0.0' },
                     attributes: { 'custom.attr': 'value1' },
                 },
@@ -52,7 +66,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ traceId: 'trace1' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.every(s => s.traceId === 'trace1'));
         });
         it('should filter spans by spanName substring', async () => {
@@ -66,7 +80,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ spanName: 'user' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.every(s => s.name.includes('user')));
         });
         it('should filter spans by duration range', async () => {
@@ -76,22 +90,22 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'fast-op',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000000, 500000000], // 0.5s
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_HALF_SECOND], // 0.5s
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'medium-op',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000002, 0], // 2s
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_TWO, NANO_ZERO], // 2s
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'slow-op',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000010, 0], // 10s
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_TEN, NANO_ZERO], // 10s
                 },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
@@ -106,14 +120,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     resource: { serviceName: 'service-a' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'op2',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     resource: { serviceName: 'service-b' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -126,23 +140,23 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             resetBuilderCounters();
             // Use createMockSpans with dynamic overrides for indexed data
-            const mockSpans = createMockSpans(150, (i) => ({
+            const mockSpans = createMockSpans(BULK_TRACE_SPAN_COUNT, (i) => ({
                 traceId: `trace${i}`,
                 spanId: `span${i}`,
                 name: `op${i}`,
             }));
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ limit: 50, offset: 25 });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 50);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_FIFTY);
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].traceId, 'trace25');
         });
         it('should skip invalid spans (missing required fields)', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', startTime: [1700000000, 0] }, // missing name
-                { spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', startTime: [1700000000, 0] }, // missing traceId
-                { traceId: 'trace4', name: 'op4', startTime: [1700000000, 0] }, // missing spanId
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] }, // missing name
+                { spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] }, // missing traceId
+                { traceId: 'trace4', name: 'op4', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] }, // missing spanId
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
@@ -156,21 +170,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    duration: [2, 500000000], // 2.5 seconds
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    duration: [COUNT_TWO, NANO_HALF_SECOND], // 2.5 seconds
                 },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
             assert.strictEqual(results.length, 1);
-            assert.strictEqual(results[0].durationMs, 2500);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[0].durationMs, DURATION_MS_TWO_AND_HALF_SECONDS);
         });
         it('should convert span kind number to string', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', kind: 0, startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', kind: 1, startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', kind: 2, startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', kind: SPAN_KIND_INTERNAL, startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', kind: SPAN_KIND_SERVER, startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', kind: SPAN_KIND_CLIENT, startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
@@ -181,24 +195,24 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         it('should convert status code number to string', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [1700000000, 0], status: { code: 0 } },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', startTime: [1700000000, 0], status: { code: 1 } },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', startTime: [1700000000, 0], status: { code: 2, message: 'Test error' } },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO], status: { code: STATUS_CODE_UNSET_INDEX } },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO], status: { code: STATUS_CODE_OK_INDEX } },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'op3', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO], status: { code: STATUS_CODE_ERROR_INDEX, message: 'Test error' } },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
-            assert.strictEqual(results[0].statusCode, 'UNSET');
-            assert.strictEqual(results[0].status?.code, 0);
-            assert.strictEqual(results[1].statusCode, 'OK');
-            assert.strictEqual(results[1].status?.code, 1);
-            assert.strictEqual(results[2].statusCode, 'ERROR');
-            assert.strictEqual(results[2].status?.code, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[0].statusCode, STATUS_CODES[STATUS_CODE_UNSET_INDEX]);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[0].status?.code, STATUS_CODE_UNSET_INDEX);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[1].statusCode, STATUS_CODES[STATUS_CODE_OK_INDEX]);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[1].status?.code, STATUS_CODE_OK_INDEX);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[2].statusCode, STATUS_CODES[STATUS_CODE_ERROR_INDEX]);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[2].status?.code, STATUS_CODE_ERROR_INDEX);
             assert.strictEqual(results[2].status?.message, 'Test error');
         });
         it('should handle spans without status', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
@@ -212,7 +226,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     instrumentationScope: {
                         name: '@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http',
                         version: '0.48.0',
@@ -223,7 +237,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'custom-span',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     instrumentationScope: {
                         name: 'custom-hooks',
                     },
@@ -232,12 +246,12 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'no-scope',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                 },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 3);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_THREE);
             // First span: full scope
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].instrumentationScope?.name, '@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http');
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].instrumentationScope?.version, '0.48.0');
@@ -255,7 +269,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'batch-processor',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     links: [
                         {
                             context: { traceId: 'trace-upstream-1', spanId: 'span-upstream-1' },
@@ -270,7 +284,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'single-link',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     links: [
                         {
                             context: { traceId: 'trace-parent', spanId: 'span-parent' },
@@ -282,14 +296,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'no-links',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                 },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 3);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_THREE);
             // First span: multiple links
-            assert.strictEqual(results[0].links?.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[0].links?.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].links?.[0].traceId, 'trace-upstream-1');
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].links?.[0].spanId, 'span-upstream-1');
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].links?.[0].attributes?.['link.type'], 'producer');
@@ -310,7 +324,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'mixed-links',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     links: [
                         {
                             context: { traceId: 'valid-trace', spanId: 'valid-span' },
@@ -343,7 +357,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'all-invalid-links',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     links: [
                         { context: { traceId: 'missing-span' } },
                         { context: { spanId: 'missing-trace' } },
@@ -367,21 +381,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'hook:session-start',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'hook.name': 'session-start', 'hook.type': 'session' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'hook.name': 'mcp-pre-tool', 'mcp.server': 'signoz' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'hook:post-tool',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'hook.name': 'post-tool', 'mcp.server': 'webresearch' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -399,21 +413,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'mcp-call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'signoz', 'mcp.success': true },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'mcp-call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'signoz', 'mcp.success': false },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'mcp-call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'webresearch', 'mcp.success': true },
                 },
             ];
@@ -431,14 +445,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -456,14 +470,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'agent-call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'agent.is_background': true },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'agent-call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'agent.is_background': false },
                 },
             ];
@@ -481,7 +495,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'hook.name': 'session-start' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -498,24 +512,24 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000000, 500000000], // 500ms
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_HALF_SECOND], // 500ms
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'signoz' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000002, 0], // 2000ms
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_TWO, NANO_ZERO], // 2000ms
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'signoz' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    endTime: [1700000000, 500000000], // 500ms
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    endTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_HALF_SECOND], // 500ms
                     attributes: { 'mcp.server': 'webresearch' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -531,9 +545,9 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         it('should exclude spans matching excludeSpanName', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'http-request', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'db-query', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'http-response', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'http-request', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'db-query', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'http-response', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ excludeSpanName: 'http' });
@@ -543,37 +557,37 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         it('should filter spans by spanNameRegex', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:session-end', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'mcp-call', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'hook:pre-tool', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:session-end', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'mcp-call', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'hook:pre-tool', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // Match spans starting with 'hook:session'
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ spanNameRegex: '^hook:session' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'hook:session-start'));
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'hook:session-end'));
         });
         it('should filter spans by spanNameRegex with complex pattern', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'api-v1-users-get', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'api-v2-users-get', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'api-v1-orders-post', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'internal-process', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'api-v1-users-get', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'api-v2-users-get', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'api-v1-orders-post', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'internal-process', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // Match spans with api-v[12]-.*-get pattern
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({ spanNameRegex: 'api-v[12]-.*-get' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'api-v1-users-get'));
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'api-v2-users-get'));
         });
         it('should handle invalid spanNameRegex gracefully', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'test-span', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'test-span', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // Invalid regex pattern - should be skipped (all spans returned)
@@ -585,10 +599,10 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         it('should combine spanNameRegex with spanName filter', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:mcp-post-tool', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'mcp-call', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:mcp-post-tool', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace4', spanId: 'span4', name: 'mcp-call', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // spanName filters first (substring), then regex narrows down
@@ -596,16 +610,16 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                 spanName: 'hook',
                 spanNameRegex: 'mcp',
             });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'hook:mcp-pre-tool'));
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.name === 'hook:mcp-post-tool'));
         });
         it('should combine spanNameRegex with excludeSpanName', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:mcp-post-tool', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'hook:mcp-pre-tool', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'hook:mcp-post-tool', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'hook:session-start', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // Regex matches all hook:mcp-*, exclude post-tool
@@ -623,21 +637,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'GET', 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'op2',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'POST' }, // missing http.status_code
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'op3',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'db.system': 'postgres' }, // missing both
                 },
             ];
@@ -655,21 +669,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'GET', 'error.message': 'timeout' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'op2',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'POST' }, // no error attributes
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'op3',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'GET', 'error.type': 'network' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -683,9 +697,9 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         it('should combine spanName with excludeSpanName', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'http-request-external', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'http-request-internal', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'db-query', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'http-request-external', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'http-request-internal', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace3', spanId: 'span3', name: 'db-query', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({
@@ -702,21 +716,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'op1',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'GET', 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'op2',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'POST', 'http.status_code': 500 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'op3',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.method': 'GET' }, // missing status_code
                 },
             ];
@@ -735,21 +749,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 300 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -757,7 +771,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({
                 numericFilter: [{ attribute: 'http.status_code', operator: 'gt', value: 299 }],
             });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.traceId === 'trace2'));
             assert.ok(results.some(s => s.traceId === 'trace3'));
         });
@@ -768,14 +782,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 300 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -793,14 +807,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -818,14 +832,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 300 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -843,14 +857,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -868,21 +882,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200, 'http.response_size': 1000 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200, 'http.response_size': 5000 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500, 'http.response_size': 100 },
                 },
             ];
@@ -903,14 +917,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'other.attr': 'value' }, // missing http.status_code
                 },
             ];
@@ -928,14 +942,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200 },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': '200' }, // string, not number
                 },
             ];
@@ -953,21 +967,21 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500, 'http.method': 'GET' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace2',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 500, 'http.method': 'POST' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace3',
                     spanId: 'span3',
                     name: 'http-request',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'http.status_code': 200, 'http.method': 'GET' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -984,13 +998,13 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             // Timing warnings are logged for queries > 500ms
             const today = getTestDate();
             const mockSpans = [
-                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [1700000000, 0] },
-                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', startTime: [1700000001, 0] },
+                { traceId: 'trace1', spanId: 'span1', name: 'op1', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO] },
+                { traceId: 'trace2', spanId: 'span2', name: 'op2', startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO] },
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `traces-${today}.jsonl`), mockSpans);
             // Query should complete successfully with timing active
             const results = await backend.queryTraces({});
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
         });
     });
     describe('queryLLMEvents', () => {
@@ -1016,7 +1030,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].name, 'llm.completion');
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].attributes['gen_ai.request.model'], 'claude-3-opus');
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].attributes['gen_ai.system'], 'anthropic');
-            assert.strictEqual(results[0].attributes['gen_ai.usage.input_tokens'], 100);
+            assert.strictEqual(results[0].attributes['gen_ai.usage.input_tokens'], COUNT_HUNDRED);
         });
         it('should filter events by eventName substring', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
@@ -1027,7 +1041,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
             const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ eventName: 'llm' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
             assert.ok(results.every(e => e.name.includes('llm')));
         });
         it('should filter events by model', async () => {
@@ -1051,7 +1065,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
             const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ model: 'claude-3-opus' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
         });
         it('should filter events by provider', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
@@ -1074,7 +1088,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
             const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ provider: 'anthropic' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
         });
         it('should filter events by search text in attributes', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
@@ -1108,14 +1122,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
         });
         it('should apply limit and offset to LLM event results', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
-            const mockEvents = Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, i) => ({
-                timestamp: new Date(Date.now() + i * 1000).toISOString(),
+            const mockEvents = Array.from({ length: COUNT_HUNDRED }, (_, i) => ({
+                timestamp: new Date(Date.now() + i * TIME_MS.SECOND).toISOString(),
                 name: `event-${i}`,
                 attributes: { index: i },
             }));
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
-            const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ limit: 20, offset: 50 });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 20);
+            const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ limit: COUNT_TWENTY, offset: COUNT_FIFTY });
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWENTY);
             assert.strictEqual(results[0].name, 'event-50');
         });
         it('should filter events by date range', async () => {
@@ -1206,7 +1220,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
             const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ provider: 'anthropic-new' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 3);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_THREE);
         });
         it('should filter OpenAI events by provider', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
@@ -1516,7 +1530,7 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
             ];
             await writeJsonlFileAsync(path.join(tempDir, `llm-events-${today}.jsonl`), mockEvents);
             const results = await backend.queryLLMEvents({ conversationId: 'conv-abc123' });
-            assert.strictEqual(results.length, 2);
+            assert.strictEqual(results.length, COUNT_TWO);
         });
         it('should combine OTel GenAI filters with other filters', async () => {
             const today = getTestDate();
@@ -1558,14 +1572,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'agent.invoke',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.agent.id': 'agent-001' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'agent.invoke',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.agent.id': 'agent-002' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1581,14 +1595,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'agent.invoke',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.agent.name': 'Explore' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'agent.invoke',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.agent.name': 'Plan' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1604,14 +1618,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.name': 'Read' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.name': 'Write' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1627,14 +1641,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.call.id': 'toolu_abc123' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.call.id': 'toolu_xyz789' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1650,14 +1664,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.type': 'function' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.tool.type': 'mcp' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1673,14 +1687,14 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'llm.call',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat' },
                 },
                 {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'tool.execute',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
                     attributes: { 'gen_ai.operation.name': 'execute_tool' },
                 },
             ];
@@ -1696,8 +1710,8 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span1',
                     name: 'agent.explore',
-                    startTime: [1700000000, 0],
-                    duration: [0, 100000000], // 100ms
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC, NANO_ZERO],
+                    duration: [0, TRACE_DURATION_NS_100_MS], // 100ms
                     attributes: {
                         'gen_ai.agent.name': 'Explore',
                         'gen_ai.tool.name': 'Grep',
@@ -1707,8 +1721,8 @@ describe('LocalJsonlBackend', () => {
                     traceId: 'trace1',
                     spanId: 'span2',
                     name: 'agent.explore',
-                    startTime: [1700000001, 0],
-                    duration: [0, 200000000], // 200ms
+                    startTime: [EPOCH_SEC_PLUS_ONE, NANO_ZERO],
+                    duration: [0, TRACE_DURATION_NS_200_MS], // 200ms
                     attributes: {
                         'gen_ai.agent.name': 'Explore',
                         'gen_ai.tool.name': 'Read',