nodejs-audio-visualizer 5.2.0 → 5.3.0

package/src/index.ts

@@ -1,811 +1,813 @@
-import path from 'path';
-import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
-import {
-  getAudioFilePath,
-  getBackgroundImagePath,
-  getBackgroundVideoPaths,
-  getOutVideoPath,
-  getSubtitleRenderSpec,
-  subtitleAlignmentToAss,
-  getFPS,
-  getSpectrumBusMargin,
-  getSpectrumWidthAbsolute,
-  getSpectrumHeightAbsolute,
-  getSpectrumXAbsolute,
-  getSpectrumYAbsolute,
-  getSpectrumColor,
-  getSpectrumOpacityParsed,
-  getFfmpeg_cfr,
-  getFfmpeg_preset,
-  getFrame_processing_delay,
-  getVideoTimeouts,
-  getOutputResolution,
-  rotationAliasValues,
-  getSpectrumRotation,
-  getSpectrumEffect,
-  SpectrumEffect,
-  getPolarXAbsolute,
-  getPolarYAbsolute,
-  getPolarInnerRadius,
-  getPolarMaxBarLength,
-  getPolarBarWidth,
-  getPolarEffect,
-  getPolarColor,
-  getPolarOpacityParsed,
-  getAutoEditVideo,
-  getCameraShakeEnabled,
-  getAudioAutoHighlight,
-  getAudioAutoHighlightCount,
-} from './config';
-import { createAudioBuffer, bufferToUInt8, createSpectrumsProcessor, pcmU8ToFloatSamples } from './audio';
-import { parseImage, getImageColor, getVideoFrameColor, invertColor, Color, convertToBmp, createSpectrumVisualizerFrameGenerator, createPolarVisualizerFrameGenerator, CreatePolarVisualizerFrameProps, CreateVisualizerFrameProps, CommonVisualizerFrameProps, applyCameraShake, getCutShakeOffset, buildCutShakeAmplitudes, CAMERA_SHAKE_DELAY_SECONDS, CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS } from './image';
-import { normalizeInlineSubtitlesToSrt, lrcToSrt } from './subtitleConvert';
-import { spawnFfmpegVideoWriter, waitDrain, waitForProcessExit, getVideoInfo, spawnVideoFrameReader, readVideoFrame, detectSceneChanges, buildBeatSyncedSegments, buildSequentialVideoSegments, buildShuffledVideoSegments, getCutFrameIndices, writeConcatFile, writeSubtitlesFile, spawnConcatVideoFrameReader, cleanupConcatFile, cleanupTempFile, VideoSegment } from './video';
-import { createBpmEncoder, createBgrFrameEncoder, EncodedBmp } from './bpmEncoder';
-import { createBeatDetector, estimateTempo, TempoEstimate, beatGridFrameIndices, tempoForWindow, MAX_TEMPO_ANALYSIS_SECONDS } from './beats';
-export { BeatInfo, BeatDetectorOptions, TempoEstimate, estimateTempo, beatGridFrameIndices, shiftTempoPhase, tempoForWindow } from './beats';
-import { computeHighlightSlice, HIGHLIGHT_DURATION_SEC } from './highlight';
-import { waitForEventLoop } from './waitForEventLoop';
-export { computeHighlightSlice, HIGHLIGHT_DURATION_SEC, BeatFrameEvent, HighlightAudioSegment, HighlightRun } from './highlight';
-
-export const PCM_FORMAT = {
-  bit: 8,
-  sign: 'u',
-  parseFunction: bufferToUInt8
-};
-const FFMPEG_FORMAT = `${PCM_FORMAT.sign}${PCM_FORMAT.bit}`;
-const PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE = Math.pow(2, 12);
-
-export interface Config {
-  audio: {
-    path: string;
-    autoHighlight?: boolean;
-    /** When `autoHighlight` is true, number of non-overlapping 15s windows to stitch (default 1). */
-    autoHighlightCount?: number;
-  };
-  image?: {
-    path: string;
-  };
-  video?: {
-    /**
-     * A single video path, or an array of video paths.
-     * With an array: when `autoEdit` is false, the videos play one after another (looping the
-     * sequence as needed); when `autoEdit` is true, cuts switch (shuffle) between the given
-     * videos instead of auto-detecting scene changes within a single video.
-     */
-    path: string | string[];
-    autoEdit?: boolean;
-    /** When `autoEdit` is true, disables the brief camera shake applied on cuts, or every 2 beats when there are no cuts (default true). */
-    cameraShake?: boolean;
-  };
-  outVideo: {
-    path: string;
-    subtitles?:
-      | string
-      | {
-          path?: string;
-          rawContent?: string;
-          alignment?: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
-        };
-    fps?: number;
-    resolution?: {
-      width: number;
-      height: number;
-    };
-    spectrum?: {
-      width?: SpectrumSizeValue;
-      height?: SpectrumSizeValue;
-      x?: number | PositionAliasName;
-      y?: number | PositionAliasName;
-      rotation?: RotationAliasName;
-      effect?: SpectrumEffect;
-      color?: Color | string;
-      opacity?: string;
-    };
-    polar?: {
-      x?: number | PositionAliasName;
-      y?: number | PositionAliasName;
-      innerRadius?: number;
-      maxBarLength?: number;
-      barWidth?: number;
-      effect?: SpectrumEffect;
-      color?: Color | string;
-      opacity?: string;
-    }
-  };
-  tweaks?: {
-    ffmpeg_cfr?: string;
-    ffmpeg_preset?: string;
-    frame_processing_delay?: number;
-    timeouts?: {
-      readVideoFrame?: number;
-      waitDrain?: number;
-      waitForProcessExit?: number;
-    };
-  };
-}
-
-export type SpectrumSizeValue = number | string;
-
-export type PositionAliasName =
-  'left' |
-  'center' |
-  'right' |
-  'top' |
-  'middle' |
-  'bottom';
-
-export type RotationAliasName = typeof rotationAliasValues[number];
-
-const sleep = (timeout: number) =>
-  new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, timeout));
-
-const createVisualizerFrameGenerator = (
-  config: Config,
-  backgroundWidth: number,
-  backgroundHeight: number,
-  defaultColor: Color,
-  spectrumBusMargin: number
-): (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => EncodedBmp => {
-  if (config.outVideo.spectrum) {
-    const createSpectrumVisualizerFrame = createSpectrumVisualizerFrameGenerator();
-    const spectrumWidth = getSpectrumWidthAbsolute(config, backgroundWidth);
-    const spectrumHeight = getSpectrumHeightAbsolute(config, backgroundHeight);
-    const spectrumX = getSpectrumXAbsolute(config, spectrumWidth, backgroundWidth);
-    const spectrumY = getSpectrumYAbsolute(config, spectrumHeight, backgroundHeight);
-    const spectrumRotation = getSpectrumRotation(config);
-    const spectrumColor = getSpectrumColor(config) || invertColor(defaultColor);
-    const spectrumEffect = getSpectrumEffect(config);
-    const spectrumOpacity = getSpectrumOpacityParsed(config);
-
-    return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => {
-      return createSpectrumVisualizerFrame({
-        ...params,
-        size: { width: spectrumWidth, height: spectrumHeight },
-        position: { x: spectrumX, y: spectrumY },
-        rotation: spectrumRotation,
-        margin: spectrumBusMargin,
-        color: spectrumColor,
-        opacity: spectrumOpacity,
-        spectrumEffect,
-      });
-    };
-  }
-
-  if (config.outVideo.polar) {
-    const createPolarVisualizerFrame = createPolarVisualizerFrameGenerator();
-    const polarX = getPolarXAbsolute(config, backgroundWidth);
-    const polarY = getPolarYAbsolute(config, backgroundHeight);
-    const polarInnerRadius = getPolarInnerRadius(config);
-    const polarMaxBarLength = getPolarMaxBarLength(config);
-    const polarBarWidth = getPolarBarWidth(config);
-    const polarColor = getPolarColor(config) || invertColor(defaultColor);
-    const polarEffect = getPolarEffect(config);
-    const polarOpacity = getPolarOpacityParsed(config);
-
-    return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => {
-      return createPolarVisualizerFrame({
-        ...params,
-        centerX: polarX,
-        centerY: polarY,
-        innerRadius: polarInnerRadius,
-        maxBarLength: polarMaxBarLength,
-        barWidth: polarBarWidth,
-        color: polarColor,
-        opacity: polarOpacity,
-        spectrumEffect: polarEffect,
-      });
-    };
-  }
-
-  return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => params.backgroundImageBuffer;
-};
-
-interface PreProcessedAudio {
-  spectrums: number[][];
-  beatFrameIndices: number[];
-  beatEvents: { frameIndex: number; intensity: number }[];
-}
-
-const PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE = 60;
-const POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE = 10;
-const RENDER_PROGRESS_SHARE = 30;
-
-const preProcessAudio = async (
-  audioBuffer: Buffer,
-  sampleRate: number,
-  fps: number,
-  framesCount: number,
-  onPreProcessProgress?: (totalPercent: number) => void,
-): Promise<PreProcessedAudio> => {
-  if (framesCount === 0) {
-    for (let t = 1; t <= PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE; t += 1) {
-      onPreProcessProgress?.(t);
-    }
-    return { spectrums: [], beatFrameIndices: [], beatEvents: [] };
-  }
-  const audioDataStep = Math.trunc(audioBuffer.length / framesCount);
-  const processingBuffer = new Float32Array(PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE).fill(0);
-  const skipFramesCount = fps < 45 ? 1 : 2;
-  const processSpectrum = createSpectrumsProcessor(sampleRate, skipFramesCount);
-  const detectBeat = createBeatDetector(fps);
-
-  const spectrums: number[][] = [];
-  const beatFrameIndices: number[] = [];
-  const beatEvents: { frameIndex: number; intensity: number }[] = [];
-  let nextPreProcessMilestone = 1;
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < framesCount; i++) {
-    const currentFrameData = PCM_FORMAT.parseFunction(audioBuffer, i * audioDataStep, i * audioDataStep + audioDataStep);
-    const frameDataLength = Math.min(currentFrameData.length, PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE);
-    const frameDataTailStart = currentFrameData.length - frameDataLength;
-    const frameDataToProcess = currentFrameData.slice(frameDataTailStart);
-
-    processingBuffer.copyWithin(0, frameDataLength);
-    processingBuffer.set(frameDataToProcess, PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE - frameDataLength);
-
-    const audioDataParser = () => Array.from(processingBuffer);
-    const spectrum = processSpectrum(audioDataParser);
-    const beat = detectBeat(spectrum);
-
-    spectrums.push(spectrum);
-    if (beat.isBeat) {
-      beatFrameIndices.push(i);
-      beatEvents.push({ frameIndex: i, intensity: beat.intensity });
-    }
-
-    const p =
-      PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE * (i + 1) / framesCount;
-    while (
-      nextPreProcessMilestone <= PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE
-      && p >= nextPreProcessMilestone
-    ) {
-      onPreProcessProgress?.(nextPreProcessMilestone);
-      nextPreProcessMilestone += 1;
-    }
-
-    await waitForEventLoop();
-  }
-
-  return { spectrums, beatFrameIndices, beatEvents };
-};
-
-async function prepareBackgroundForRender(params: {
-  useVideoBackground: boolean;
-  backgroundVideoPaths: string[] | undefined;
-  backgroundImagePath: string | undefined;
-  beatFrameIndices: number[];
-  beatIntensities?: number[];
-  framesCount: number;
-  outputResolution: ReturnType<typeof getOutputResolution>;
-  fps: number;
-  autoEditVideo: boolean;
-  readVideoFrameTimeout: number;
-  tempo?: TempoEstimate | null;
-  /** First video to play for `video.path` arrays without `autoEdit`. */
-  startVideoIndex?: number;
-}): Promise<{
-  backgroundWidth: number;
-  backgroundHeight: number;
-  defaultColor: Color;
-  staticBackgroundBuffer: EncodedBmp;
-  videoFrameReader?: ReturnType<typeof spawnVideoFrameReader>;
-  videoFrameSize: number;
-  encodeVideoFrame?: (bgrBuffer: Buffer) => EncodedBmp;
-  concatFilePath?: string;
-  cutFrameIndices: number[];
-}> {
-  const {
-    useVideoBackground,
-    backgroundVideoPaths,
-    backgroundImagePath,
-    beatFrameIndices,
-    beatIntensities,
-    framesCount,
-    outputResolution,
-    fps,
-    autoEditVideo,
-    readVideoFrameTimeout,
-    tempo,
-    startVideoIndex = 0,
-  } = params;
-
-  if (useVideoBackground && backgroundVideoPaths && backgroundVideoPaths.length > 0) {
-    const videoInfos = await Promise.all(backgroundVideoPaths.map(videoPath => getVideoInfo(videoPath)));
-    const primaryVideoInfo = videoInfos[0];
-    const backgroundWidth = outputResolution?.width ?? primaryVideoInfo.width;
-    const backgroundHeight = outputResolution?.height ?? primaryVideoInfo.height;
-
-    const videoFrameSize = backgroundWidth * backgroundHeight * 3;
-    const encodeVideoFrame = createBgrFrameEncoder({ width: backgroundWidth, height: backgroundHeight });
-
-    let segments: VideoSegment[];
-    if (backgroundVideoPaths.length > 1) {
-      segments = autoEditVideo
-        ? buildShuffledVideoSegments(
-            beatFrameIndices,
-            framesCount,
-            backgroundVideoPaths.length,
-            fps,
-            {
-              beatIntensities,
-              ...(tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
-            },
-          )
-        : buildSequentialVideoSegments(
-            framesCount,
-            videoInfos.map(info => info.duration),
-            fps,
-            startVideoIndex % backgroundVideoPaths.length,
-          );
-    } else {
-      const sceneChanges = autoEditVideo
-        ? await detectSceneChanges(backgroundVideoPaths[0])
-        : [];
-      segments = buildBeatSyncedSegments(
-        beatFrameIndices,
-        framesCount,
-        sceneChanges,
-        primaryVideoInfo.duration,
-        fps,
-        {
-          beatIntensities,
-          ...(autoEditVideo && tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
-        },
-      );
-    }
-
-    const videoSources = videoInfos.map((info, i) => ({ path: backgroundVideoPaths[i], duration: info.duration }));
-    const concatFilePath = writeConcatFile(segments, videoSources, fps);
-    const cutFrameIndices = autoEditVideo ? getCutFrameIndices(segments) : [];
-
-    const videoFrameReader = spawnConcatVideoFrameReader({
-      concatFilePath,
-      fps,
-      totalFrames: framesCount,
-      ...(outputResolution && {
-        width: backgroundWidth,
-        height: backgroundHeight,
-        sourceWidth: primaryVideoInfo.width,
-        sourceHeight: primaryVideoInfo.height,
-      }),
-    });
-
-    const firstFrame = await readVideoFrame(
-      videoFrameReader.stdout,
-      videoFrameSize,
-      readVideoFrameTimeout,
-    );
-    if (!firstFrame) {
-      throw new Error(`Could not read frames from video: ${backgroundVideoPaths.join(', ')}`);
-    }
-    const defaultColor = getVideoFrameColor(firstFrame, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight);
-    const staticBackgroundBuffer = encodeVideoFrame(firstFrame);
-    return {
-      backgroundWidth,
-      backgroundHeight,
-      defaultColor,
-      staticBackgroundBuffer,
-      videoFrameReader,
-      videoFrameSize,
-      encodeVideoFrame,
-      concatFilePath,
-      cutFrameIndices,
-    };
-  }
-
-  if (!backgroundImagePath) {
-    throw new Error('Background image path is required when not using video background.');
-  }
-  const backgroundImageBmpBuffer = await convertToBmp(
-    backgroundImagePath,
-    outputResolution?.width,
-    outputResolution?.height,
-  );
-  const backgroundImage = parseImage(backgroundImageBmpBuffer);
-  const backgroundWidth = backgroundImage.width;
-  const backgroundHeight = backgroundImage.height;
-  const defaultColor = getImageColor(backgroundImage);
-
-  const bpmEncoder = createBpmEncoder({ width: backgroundWidth, height: backgroundHeight });
-  const staticBackgroundBuffer = bpmEncoder(backgroundImage.data);
-  return {
-    backgroundWidth,
-    backgroundHeight,
-    defaultColor,
-    staticBackgroundBuffer,
-    videoFrameSize: 0,
-    cutFrameIndices: [],
-  };
-}
-
-async function resolveBackgroundFrameBuffer(params: {
-  frameIndex: number;
-  useVideoBackground: boolean;
-  videoFrameReader?: ReturnType<typeof spawnVideoFrameReader>;
-  videoFrameSize: number;
-  encodeVideoFrame?: (bgrBuffer: Buffer) => EncodedBmp;
-  staticBackgroundBuffer: EncodedBmp;
-  readVideoFrameTimeout: number;
-}): Promise<{ frameBuffer: EncodedBmp; frameReadFailed: boolean }> {
-  const {
-    frameIndex,
-    useVideoBackground,
-    videoFrameReader,
-    videoFrameSize,
-    encodeVideoFrame,
-    staticBackgroundBuffer,
-    readVideoFrameTimeout,
-  } = params;
-
-  if (useVideoBackground && videoFrameReader && encodeVideoFrame) {
-    if (frameIndex === 0) {
-      return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
-    }
-    const videoFrame = await readVideoFrame(
-      videoFrameReader.stdout,
-      videoFrameSize,
-      readVideoFrameTimeout,
-    );
-    if (videoFrame) {
-      return { frameBuffer: encodeVideoFrame(videoFrame), frameReadFailed: false };
-    }
-    return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
-  }
-  return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
-}
-
-export interface RenderAudioVisualizerResult {
-  exitCode: number;
-  /** Human-readable failure reason; omitted on full success (exitCode 0). */
-  reason?: string;
-  /** Absolute paths of video files written successfully (exit code 0, full pass, no early stop). */
-  outputVideoFiles: string[];
-}
-
-export const renderAudioVisualizer = (config: Config, onProgress?: (progress: number) => any, shouldStop?: () => boolean) =>
-  new Promise<RenderAudioVisualizerResult>(async (resolve) => {
-    if (config.outVideo.spectrum && config.outVideo.polar) {
-      throw new Error('Cannot use both "spectrum" and "polar" options. Please specify only one visualizer type.');
-    }
-    if (!config.image && !config.video) {
-      throw new Error('Either "image" or "video" must be specified as the background source.');
-    }
-    if (config.image && config.video) {
-      throw new Error('Cannot use both "image" and "video" options. Please specify only one background source.');
-    }
-
-    const audioFilePath = getAudioFilePath(config);
-    const outVideoPath = getOutVideoPath(config);
-    const subtitleSpec = getSubtitleRenderSpec(config);
-    let subtitleFilePath: string | undefined;
-    let subtitleFileIsTemporary = false;
-    let subtitleAlignmentAss = 2;
-    if (subtitleSpec) {
-      subtitleAlignmentAss = subtitleAlignmentToAss(subtitleSpec.alignment);
-      if (subtitleSpec.source.kind === 'file') {
-        const absPath = subtitleSpec.source.path;
-        const ext = path.extname(absPath).toLowerCase();
-        if (ext === '.lrc') {
-          const raw = readFileSync(absPath, 'utf-8');
-          subtitleFilePath = writeSubtitlesFile(lrcToSrt(raw));
-          subtitleFileIsTemporary = true;
-        } else {
-          subtitleFilePath = absPath;
-        }
-      } else {
-        subtitleFilePath = writeSubtitlesFile(
-          normalizeInlineSubtitlesToSrt(subtitleSpec.source.text),
-        );
-        subtitleFileIsTemporary = true;
-      }
-    }
-    const backgroundVideoPaths = getBackgroundVideoPaths(config);
-    const backgroundImagePath = getBackgroundImagePath(config);
-    const useVideoBackground = !!backgroundVideoPaths && backgroundVideoPaths.length > 0;
-
-    const audioReader = await createAudioBuffer(audioFilePath, FFMPEG_FORMAT);
-    const audioBuffer = audioReader.audioBuffer;
-    const sampleRate = audioReader.sampleRate;
-    if (!sampleRate) {
-      throw new Error('ffmpeg didn\'t show audio sample rate');
-    }
-
-    const spectrumBusMargin = getSpectrumBusMargin();
-    const FPS = getFPS(config);
-    const ffmpeg_cfr = getFfmpeg_cfr(config);
-    const ffmpeg_preset = getFfmpeg_preset(config);
-    const frame_processing_delay = getFrame_processing_delay(config);
-    const videoTimeouts = getVideoTimeouts(config);
-
-    const audioDuration = audioBuffer.length / sampleRate;
-    const framesCount = Math.trunc(audioDuration * FPS);
-    const outputResolution = getOutputResolution(config);
-
-    let maxProgressReported = -1;
-    const reportProgress = (progress: number) => {
-      if (!onProgress) {
-        return;
-      }
-      const normalized = +Math.min(100, Math.max(0, progress)).toFixed(2);
-      if (normalized <= maxProgressReported) {
-        return;
-      }
-      maxProgressReported = normalized;
-      onProgress(normalized);
-    };
-    reportProgress(0);
-
-    const preprocessed = await preProcessAudio(
-      audioBuffer,
-      sampleRate,
-      FPS,
-      framesCount,
-      (progress: number) => {
-        reportProgress(progress);
-      },
-    );
-    reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE);
-
-    const autoHighlight = getAudioAutoHighlight(config);
-    let spectrumsForRender = preprocessed.spectrums;
-    let beatIndicesForRender = preprocessed.beatFrameIndices;
-    let beatIntensitiesForRender = preprocessed.beatEvents.map(event => event.intensity);
-    let framesCountForRender = framesCount;
-    type HighlightSliceResult = ReturnType<typeof computeHighlightSlice> extends Promise<
-      infer R
-    >
-      ? R
-      : never;
-    let highlightSlice: HighlightSliceResult | undefined;
-
-    if (autoHighlight) {
-      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + 1);
-      highlightSlice = await computeHighlightSlice(
-        FPS,
-        framesCount,
-        preprocessed.spectrums,
-        preprocessed.beatEvents,
-        getAudioAutoHighlightCount(config),
-      );
-      spectrumsForRender = highlightSlice.spectrums;
-      beatIndicesForRender = highlightSlice.beatFrameIndices;
-      beatIntensitiesForRender = highlightSlice.beatIntensities;
-      framesCountForRender = highlightSlice.highlightFrames;
-      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE);
-    } else {
-      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE);
-    }
-
-    const autoEditVideo = getAutoEditVideo(config);
-    const cameraShakeEnabled = getCameraShakeEnabled(config);
-    const shakeDelayFrames = Math.round(FPS * CAMERA_SHAKE_DELAY_SECONDS);
-    let trackTempo: TempoEstimate | null = null;
-    if (autoEditVideo) {
-      const sampleRateNum = Number(sampleRate);
-      const maxSamples = Math.floor(sampleRateNum * MAX_TEMPO_ANALYSIS_SECONDS);
-      const tempoBuffer = audioBuffer.length > maxSamples
-        ? audioBuffer.slice(0, maxSamples)
-        : audioBuffer;
-      trackTempo = estimateTempo(pcmU8ToFloatSamples(tempoBuffer), sampleRateNum, FPS);
-    }
-
-    const separateHighlightFiles =
-      autoHighlight &&
-      highlightSlice &&
-      highlightSlice.runs.length > 1;
-
-    type VideoRenderPass = {
-      outPath: string;
-      spectrums: number[][];
-      beatIndices: number[];
-      beatIntensities: number[];
-      frameCount: number;
-      startFrame: number;
-      audioSegment: import('./highlight').HighlightAudioSegment | undefined;
-    };
-
-    const passes: VideoRenderPass[] =
-      separateHighlightFiles && highlightSlice
-      ? highlightSlice.runs.map((run, i) => {
-          const dir = path.dirname(outVideoPath);
-          const ext = path.extname(outVideoPath);
-          const base = path.basename(outVideoPath, ext);
-          const numberedPath = path.resolve(dir, `${base}-${i + 1}${ext}`);
-          return {
-            outPath: numberedPath,
-            spectrums: run.spectrums,
-            beatIndices: run.beatFrameIndices,
-            beatIntensities: run.beatIntensities,
-            frameCount: run.highlightFrames,
-            startFrame: run.startFrame,
-            audioSegment: run.audioSegment,
-          };
-        })
-      : [
-          {
-            outPath: outVideoPath,
-            spectrums: spectrumsForRender,
-            beatIndices: beatIndicesForRender,
-            beatIntensities: beatIntensitiesForRender,
-            frameCount: framesCountForRender,
-            startFrame: highlightSlice?.startFrame ?? 0,
-            audioSegment:
-              autoHighlight &&
-              highlightSlice &&
-              highlightSlice.audioSegments.length > 0
-                ? highlightSlice.audioSegments[0]
-                : undefined,
-          },
-        ];
-
-    const totalPassFrames =
-      passes.reduce((sum, pass) => sum + pass.frameCount, 0);
-    const totalRenderMilestones = totalPassFrames + (passes.length * 2);
-    let renderMilestonesCompleted = 0;
-    const reportRenderProgress = (milestoneIncrement = 1) => {
-      renderMilestonesCompleted += milestoneIncrement;
-      reportProgress(
-        PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE
-          + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE
-          + (RENDER_PROGRESS_SHARE * renderMilestonesCompleted / Math.max(1, totalRenderMilestones)),
-      );
-    };
-    let lastExitCode = 0;
-    let exitReason: string | undefined;
-    const outputVideoFiles: string[] = [];
-    try {
-      passLoop: for (let passIndex = 0; passIndex < passes.length; passIndex++) {
-        const pass = passes[passIndex];
-        const tempo = trackTempo
-          ? tempoForWindow(trackTempo, pass.startFrame, FPS, pass.frameCount, pass.beatIndices)
-          : null;
-        const shakeAmplitudes = tempo
-          ? buildCutShakeAmplitudes(tempo.periodFrames)
-          : undefined;
-        const {
-          backgroundWidth,
-          backgroundHeight,
-          defaultColor,
-          staticBackgroundBuffer,
-          videoFrameReader,
-          videoFrameSize,
-          encodeVideoFrame,
-          concatFilePath,
-          cutFrameIndices,
-        } = await prepareBackgroundForRender({
-          useVideoBackground,
-          backgroundVideoPaths,
-          backgroundImagePath,
-          beatFrameIndices: pass.beatIndices,
-          beatIntensities: pass.beatIntensities,
-          framesCount: pass.frameCount,
-          outputResolution,
-          fps: FPS,
-          autoEditVideo,
-          readVideoFrameTimeout: videoTimeouts.readVideoFrame,
-          ...(tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
-          // Each separate highlight output opens with a different video from the array.
-          startVideoIndex: passIndex,
-        });
-        reportRenderProgress();
-
-        const beatShakeFrames = () => (tempo
-          ? beatGridFrameIndices(tempo, pass.frameCount, CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS)
-          : pass.beatIndices.filter(frameIndex => frameIndex > 0).filter((_, i) => i % CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS === 0));
-        const shakeFrames = new Set(
-          autoEditVideo && cameraShakeEnabled
-            ? (cutFrameIndices.length > 0 ? cutFrameIndices : beatShakeFrames())
-            : [],
-        );
-        const createVisualizerFrame = createVisualizerFrameGenerator(
-          config, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight, defaultColor, spectrumBusMargin
-        );
-
-        const ffmpegVideoWriter = spawnFfmpegVideoWriter({
-          audioFilename: audioFilePath,
-          videoFileName: pass.outPath,
-          ...(subtitleFilePath && {
-            subtitleFilename: subtitleFilePath,
-            subtitleAlignmentAss,
-          }),
-          fps: FPS,
-          ...(pass.audioSegment && { audioSegment: pass.audioSegment }),
-          ...(ffmpeg_cfr && { crf: ffmpeg_cfr }),
-          ...(ffmpeg_preset && { preset: ffmpeg_preset }),
-        });
-        const exitPromise = waitForProcessExit(
-          ffmpegVideoWriter,
-          videoTimeouts.waitForProcessExit,
-        );
-
-        let stoppedEarly = false;
-        for (let i = 0; i < pass.frameCount; i++) {
-          const spectrum = pass.spectrums[i];
-          const { frameBuffer: backgroundImageBuffer, frameReadFailed } = await resolveBackgroundFrameBuffer({
-            frameIndex: i,
-            useVideoBackground,
-            videoFrameReader,
-            videoFrameSize,
-            encodeVideoFrame,
-            staticBackgroundBuffer,
-            readVideoFrameTimeout: videoTimeouts.readVideoFrame,
-          });
-
-          const commonVisualizerFrameProps: CommonVisualizerFrameProps = {
-            backgroundImageBuffer,
-            spectrum,
-          };
-          const frameImage = createVisualizerFrame(commonVisualizerFrameProps);
-          const shakeOffset = getCutShakeOffset(i, shakeFrames, shakeAmplitudes, shakeDelayFrames);
-          if (shakeOffset.x !== 0 || shakeOffset.y !== 0) {
-            applyCameraShake(frameImage, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight, shakeOffset.x, shakeOffset.y);
-          }
-          const isFrameProcessed = ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin.write(frameImage.data);
-          if (!isFrameProcessed) {
-            const isDrained = await waitDrain(
-              ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin,
-              ffmpegVideoWriter,
-              videoTimeouts.waitDrain,
-            );
-            if (!isDrained) {
-              stoppedEarly = true;
-              exitReason = 'ffmpeg stdin drain failed';
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-          if (shouldStop && shouldStop()) {
-            stoppedEarly = true;
-            exitReason = 'render stopped by shouldStop callback';
-            break;
-          }
-          if (frame_processing_delay) {
-            await sleep(frame_processing_delay);
-          }
-          await waitForEventLoop();
-          reportRenderProgress();
-        }
-
-        if (videoFrameReader) {
-          videoFrameReader.kill();
-        }
-        if (concatFilePath) {
-          cleanupConcatFile(concatFilePath);
-        }
-        ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin.end();
-
-        const { exitCode, reason: ffmpegExitReason } = await exitPromise;
-        lastExitCode = exitCode;
-        if (!exitReason && ffmpegExitReason) {
-          exitReason = ffmpegExitReason;
-        }
-        if (lastExitCode === 0 && !stoppedEarly) {
-          reportRenderProgress();
-        }
-
-        if (lastExitCode === 0 && !stoppedEarly) {
-          outputVideoFiles.push(pass.outPath);
-        }
-
-        if (stoppedEarly || lastExitCode !== 0) {
-          if (exitReason && lastExitCode === 0) {
-            lastExitCode = 1;
-          }
-          break passLoop;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (lastExitCode === 0 && outputVideoFiles.length === passes.length) {
-        reportProgress(100);
-      }
-      if (exitReason) {
-        console.error(exitReason);
-      }
-
-      resolve({ exitCode: lastExitCode, reason: exitReason, outputVideoFiles });
-    } finally {
-      if (subtitleFilePath && subtitleFileIsTemporary) {
-        cleanupTempFile(subtitleFilePath);
-      }
-    }
-  });
+import path from 'path';
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
+import {
+  getAudioFilePath,
+  getBackgroundImagePath,
+  getBackgroundVideoPaths,
+  getOutVideoPath,
+  getSubtitleRenderSpec,
+  subtitleAlignmentToAss,
+  getFPS,
+  getSpectrumBusMargin,
+  getSpectrumWidthAbsolute,
+  getSpectrumHeightAbsolute,
+  getSpectrumXAbsolute,
+  getSpectrumYAbsolute,
+  getSpectrumColor,
+  getSpectrumOpacityParsed,
+  getFfmpeg_cfr,
+  getFfmpeg_preset,
+  getFrame_processing_delay,
+  getVideoTimeouts,
+  getOutputResolution,
+  rotationAliasValues,
+  getSpectrumRotation,
+  getSpectrumEffect,
+  SpectrumEffect,
+  getPolarXAbsolute,
+  getPolarYAbsolute,
+  getPolarInnerRadius,
+  getPolarMaxBarLength,
+  getPolarBarWidth,
+  getPolarEffect,
+  getPolarColor,
+  getPolarOpacityParsed,
+  getAutoEditVideo,
+  getCameraShakeEnabled,
+  getAudioAutoHighlight,
+  getAudioAutoHighlightCount,
+} from './config';
+import { createAudioBuffer, bufferToUInt8, createSpectrumsProcessor, pcmU8ToFloatSamples } from './audio';
+import { parseImage, getImageColor, getVideoFrameColor, invertColor, Color, convertToBmp, createSpectrumVisualizerFrameGenerator, createPolarVisualizerFrameGenerator, CreatePolarVisualizerFrameProps, CreateVisualizerFrameProps, CommonVisualizerFrameProps, applyCameraShake, getCutShakeOffset, buildCutShakeAmplitudes, CAMERA_SHAKE_DELAY_SECONDS, CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS } from './image';
+import { normalizeInlineSubtitlesToSrt, lrcToSrt } from './subtitleConvert';
+import { spawnFfmpegVideoWriter, waitDrain, waitForProcessExit, getVideoInfo, spawnVideoFrameReader, readVideoFrame, detectSceneChanges, buildBeatSyncedSegments, buildSequentialVideoSegments, buildShuffledVideoSegments, getCutFrameIndices, writeConcatFile, writeSubtitlesFile, spawnConcatVideoFrameReader, cleanupConcatFile, cleanupTempFile, VideoSegment } from './video';
+import { createBpmEncoder, createBgrFrameEncoder, EncodedBmp } from './bpmEncoder';
+import { createBeatDetector, estimateTempo, TempoEstimate, beatGridFrameIndices, tempoForWindow, MAX_TEMPO_ANALYSIS_SECONDS } from './beats';
+export { BeatInfo, BeatDetectorOptions, TempoEstimate, estimateTempo, beatGridFrameIndices, shiftTempoPhase, tempoForWindow } from './beats';
+import { computeHighlightSlice, HIGHLIGHT_DURATION_SEC } from './highlight';
+import { waitForEventLoop } from './waitForEventLoop';
+export { computeHighlightSlice, HIGHLIGHT_DURATION_SEC, MAX_BEAT_SNAP_SEC, BeatFrameEvent, HighlightAudioSegment, HighlightRun, HighlightBeatGrid } from './highlight';
+
+export const PCM_FORMAT = {
+  bit: 8,
+  sign: 'u',
+  parseFunction: bufferToUInt8
+};
+const FFMPEG_FORMAT = `${PCM_FORMAT.sign}${PCM_FORMAT.bit}`;
+const PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE = Math.pow(2, 12);
+
+export interface Config {
+  audio: {
+    path: string;
+    autoHighlight?: boolean;
+    /** When `autoHighlight` is true, number of non-overlapping ~15s beat-aligned windows to stitch (default 1). */
+    autoHighlightCount?: number;
+  };
+  image?: {
+    path: string;
+  };
+  video?: {
+    /**
+     * A single video path, or an array of video paths.
+     * With an array: when `autoEdit` is false, the videos play one after another (looping the
+     * sequence as needed); when `autoEdit` is true, cuts switch (shuffle) between the given
+     * videos instead of auto-detecting scene changes within a single video.
+     */
+    path: string | string[];
+    autoEdit?: boolean;
+    /** When `autoEdit` is true, disables the brief camera shake applied on cuts, or every 2 beats when there are no cuts (default true). */
+    cameraShake?: boolean;
+  };
+  outVideo: {
+    path: string;
+    subtitles?:
+      | string
+      | {
+          path?: string;
+          rawContent?: string;
+          alignment?: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
+        };
+    fps?: number;
+    resolution?: {
+      width: number;
+      height: number;
+    };
+    spectrum?: {
+      width?: SpectrumSizeValue;
+      height?: SpectrumSizeValue;
+      x?: number | PositionAliasName;
+      y?: number | PositionAliasName;
+      rotation?: RotationAliasName;
+      effect?: SpectrumEffect;
+      color?: Color | string;
+      opacity?: string;
+    };
+    polar?: {
+      x?: number | PositionAliasName;
+      y?: number | PositionAliasName;
+      innerRadius?: number;
+      maxBarLength?: number;
+      barWidth?: number;
+      effect?: SpectrumEffect;
+      color?: Color | string;
+      opacity?: string;
+    }
+  };
+  tweaks?: {
+    ffmpeg_cfr?: string;
+    ffmpeg_preset?: string;
+    frame_processing_delay?: number;
+    timeouts?: {
+      readVideoFrame?: number;
+      waitDrain?: number;
+      waitForProcessExit?: number;
+    };
+  };
+}
+
+export type SpectrumSizeValue = number | string;
+
+export type PositionAliasName =
+  'left' |
+  'center' |
+  'right' |
+  'top' |
+  'middle' |
+  'bottom';
+
+export type RotationAliasName = typeof rotationAliasValues[number];
+
+const sleep = (timeout: number) =>
+  new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, timeout));
+
+const createVisualizerFrameGenerator = (
+  config: Config,
+  backgroundWidth: number,
+  backgroundHeight: number,
+  defaultColor: Color,
+  spectrumBusMargin: number
+): (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => EncodedBmp => {
+  if (config.outVideo.spectrum) {
+    const createSpectrumVisualizerFrame = createSpectrumVisualizerFrameGenerator();
+    const spectrumWidth = getSpectrumWidthAbsolute(config, backgroundWidth);
+    const spectrumHeight = getSpectrumHeightAbsolute(config, backgroundHeight);
+    const spectrumX = getSpectrumXAbsolute(config, spectrumWidth, backgroundWidth);
+    const spectrumY = getSpectrumYAbsolute(config, spectrumHeight, backgroundHeight);
+    const spectrumRotation = getSpectrumRotation(config);
+    const spectrumColor = getSpectrumColor(config) || invertColor(defaultColor);
+    const spectrumEffect = getSpectrumEffect(config);
+    const spectrumOpacity = getSpectrumOpacityParsed(config);
+
+    return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => {
+      return createSpectrumVisualizerFrame({
+        ...params,
+        size: { width: spectrumWidth, height: spectrumHeight },
+        position: { x: spectrumX, y: spectrumY },
+        rotation: spectrumRotation,
+        margin: spectrumBusMargin,
+        color: spectrumColor,
+        opacity: spectrumOpacity,
+        spectrumEffect,
+      });
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (config.outVideo.polar) {
+    const createPolarVisualizerFrame = createPolarVisualizerFrameGenerator();
+    const polarX = getPolarXAbsolute(config, backgroundWidth);
+    const polarY = getPolarYAbsolute(config, backgroundHeight);
+    const polarInnerRadius = getPolarInnerRadius(config);
+    const polarMaxBarLength = getPolarMaxBarLength(config);
+    const polarBarWidth = getPolarBarWidth(config);
+    const polarColor = getPolarColor(config) || invertColor(defaultColor);
+    const polarEffect = getPolarEffect(config);
+    const polarOpacity = getPolarOpacityParsed(config);
+
+    return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => {
+      return createPolarVisualizerFrame({
+        ...params,
+        centerX: polarX,
+        centerY: polarY,
+        innerRadius: polarInnerRadius,
+        maxBarLength: polarMaxBarLength,
+        barWidth: polarBarWidth,
+        color: polarColor,
+        opacity: polarOpacity,
+        spectrumEffect: polarEffect,
+      });
+    };
+  }
+
+  return (params: CommonVisualizerFrameProps) => params.backgroundImageBuffer;
+};
+
+interface PreProcessedAudio {
+  spectrums: number[][];
+  beatFrameIndices: number[];
+  beatEvents: { frameIndex: number; intensity: number }[];
+}
+
+const PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE = 60;
+const POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE = 10;
+const RENDER_PROGRESS_SHARE = 30;
+
+const preProcessAudio = async (
+  audioBuffer: Buffer,
+  sampleRate: number,
+  fps: number,
+  framesCount: number,
+  onPreProcessProgress?: (totalPercent: number) => void,
+): Promise<PreProcessedAudio> => {
+  if (framesCount === 0) {
+    for (let t = 1; t <= PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE; t += 1) {
+      onPreProcessProgress?.(t);
+    }
+    return { spectrums: [], beatFrameIndices: [], beatEvents: [] };
+  }
+  const audioDataStep = Math.trunc(audioBuffer.length / framesCount);
+  const processingBuffer = new Float32Array(PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE).fill(0);
+  const skipFramesCount = fps < 45 ? 1 : 2;
+  const processSpectrum = createSpectrumsProcessor(sampleRate, skipFramesCount);
+  const detectBeat = createBeatDetector(fps);
+
+  const spectrums: number[][] = [];
+  const beatFrameIndices: number[] = [];
+  const beatEvents: { frameIndex: number; intensity: number }[] = [];
+  let nextPreProcessMilestone = 1;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < framesCount; i++) {
+    const currentFrameData = PCM_FORMAT.parseFunction(audioBuffer, i * audioDataStep, i * audioDataStep + audioDataStep);
+    const frameDataLength = Math.min(currentFrameData.length, PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    const frameDataTailStart = currentFrameData.length - frameDataLength;
+    const frameDataToProcess = currentFrameData.slice(frameDataTailStart);
+
+    processingBuffer.copyWithin(0, frameDataLength);
+    processingBuffer.set(frameDataToProcess, PROCESSING_BUFFER_SIZE - frameDataLength);
+
+    const audioDataParser = () => Array.from(processingBuffer);
+    const spectrum = processSpectrum(audioDataParser);
+    const beat = detectBeat(spectrum);
+
+    spectrums.push(spectrum);
+    if (beat.isBeat) {
+      beatFrameIndices.push(i);
+      beatEvents.push({ frameIndex: i, intensity: beat.intensity });
+    }
+
+    const p =
+      PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE * (i + 1) / framesCount;
+    while (
+      nextPreProcessMilestone <= PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE
+      && p >= nextPreProcessMilestone
+    ) {
+      onPreProcessProgress?.(nextPreProcessMilestone);
+      nextPreProcessMilestone += 1;
+    }
+
+    await waitForEventLoop();
+  }
+
+  return { spectrums, beatFrameIndices, beatEvents };
+};
+
+async function prepareBackgroundForRender(params: {
+  useVideoBackground: boolean;
+  backgroundVideoPaths: string[] | undefined;
+  backgroundImagePath: string | undefined;
+  beatFrameIndices: number[];
+  beatIntensities?: number[];
+  framesCount: number;
+  outputResolution: ReturnType<typeof getOutputResolution>;
+  fps: number;
+  autoEditVideo: boolean;
+  readVideoFrameTimeout: number;
+  tempo?: TempoEstimate | null;
+  /** First video to play for `video.path` arrays without `autoEdit`. */
+  startVideoIndex?: number;
+}): Promise<{
+  backgroundWidth: number;
+  backgroundHeight: number;
+  defaultColor: Color;
+  staticBackgroundBuffer: EncodedBmp;
+  videoFrameReader?: ReturnType<typeof spawnVideoFrameReader>;
+  videoFrameSize: number;
+  encodeVideoFrame?: (bgrBuffer: Buffer) => EncodedBmp;
+  concatFilePath?: string;
+  cutFrameIndices: number[];
+}> {
+  const {
+    useVideoBackground,
+    backgroundVideoPaths,
+    backgroundImagePath,
+    beatFrameIndices,
+    beatIntensities,
+    framesCount,
+    outputResolution,
+    fps,
+    autoEditVideo,
+    readVideoFrameTimeout,
+    tempo,
+    startVideoIndex = 0,
+  } = params;
+
+  if (useVideoBackground && backgroundVideoPaths && backgroundVideoPaths.length > 0) {
+    const videoInfos = await Promise.all(backgroundVideoPaths.map(videoPath => getVideoInfo(videoPath)));
+    const primaryVideoInfo = videoInfos[0];
+    const backgroundWidth = outputResolution?.width ?? primaryVideoInfo.width;
+    const backgroundHeight = outputResolution?.height ?? primaryVideoInfo.height;
+
+    const videoFrameSize = backgroundWidth * backgroundHeight * 3;
+    const encodeVideoFrame = createBgrFrameEncoder({ width: backgroundWidth, height: backgroundHeight });
+
+    let segments: VideoSegment[];
+    if (backgroundVideoPaths.length > 1) {
+      segments = autoEditVideo
+        ? buildShuffledVideoSegments(
+            beatFrameIndices,
+            framesCount,
+            backgroundVideoPaths.length,
+            fps,
+            {
+              beatIntensities,
+              ...(tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
+            },
+          )
+        : buildSequentialVideoSegments(
+            framesCount,
+            videoInfos.map(info => info.duration),
+            fps,
+            startVideoIndex % backgroundVideoPaths.length,
+          );
+    } else {
+      const sceneChanges = autoEditVideo
+        ? await detectSceneChanges(backgroundVideoPaths[0])
+        : [];
+      segments = buildBeatSyncedSegments(
+        beatFrameIndices,
+        framesCount,
+        sceneChanges,
+        primaryVideoInfo.duration,
+        fps,
+        {
+          beatIntensities,
+          ...(autoEditVideo && tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
+        },
+      );
+    }
+
+    const videoSources = videoInfos.map((info, i) => ({ path: backgroundVideoPaths[i], duration: info.duration }));
+    const concatFilePath = writeConcatFile(segments, videoSources, fps);
+    const cutFrameIndices = autoEditVideo ? getCutFrameIndices(segments) : [];
+
+    const videoFrameReader = spawnConcatVideoFrameReader({
+      concatFilePath,
+      fps,
+      totalFrames: framesCount,
+      ...(outputResolution && {
+        width: backgroundWidth,
+        height: backgroundHeight,
+        sourceWidth: primaryVideoInfo.width,
+        sourceHeight: primaryVideoInfo.height,
+      }),
+    });
+
+    const firstFrame = await readVideoFrame(
+      videoFrameReader.stdout,
+      videoFrameSize,
+      readVideoFrameTimeout,
+    );
+    if (!firstFrame) {
+      throw new Error(`Could not read frames from video: ${backgroundVideoPaths.join(', ')}`);
+    }
+    const defaultColor = getVideoFrameColor(firstFrame, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight);
+    const staticBackgroundBuffer = encodeVideoFrame(firstFrame);
+    return {
+      backgroundWidth,
+      backgroundHeight,
+      defaultColor,
+      staticBackgroundBuffer,
+      videoFrameReader,
+      videoFrameSize,
+      encodeVideoFrame,
+      concatFilePath,
+      cutFrameIndices,
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (!backgroundImagePath) {
+    throw new Error('Background image path is required when not using video background.');
+  }
+  const backgroundImageBmpBuffer = await convertToBmp(
+    backgroundImagePath,
+    outputResolution?.width,
+    outputResolution?.height,
+  );
+  const backgroundImage = parseImage(backgroundImageBmpBuffer);
+  const backgroundWidth = backgroundImage.width;
+  const backgroundHeight = backgroundImage.height;
+  const defaultColor = getImageColor(backgroundImage);
+
+  const bpmEncoder = createBpmEncoder({ width: backgroundWidth, height: backgroundHeight });
+  const staticBackgroundBuffer = bpmEncoder(backgroundImage.data);
+  return {
+    backgroundWidth,
+    backgroundHeight,
+    defaultColor,
+    staticBackgroundBuffer,
+    videoFrameSize: 0,
+    cutFrameIndices: [],
+  };
+}
+
+async function resolveBackgroundFrameBuffer(params: {
+  frameIndex: number;
+  useVideoBackground: boolean;
+  videoFrameReader?: ReturnType<typeof spawnVideoFrameReader>;
+  videoFrameSize: number;
+  encodeVideoFrame?: (bgrBuffer: Buffer) => EncodedBmp;
+  staticBackgroundBuffer: EncodedBmp;
+  readVideoFrameTimeout: number;
+}): Promise<{ frameBuffer: EncodedBmp; frameReadFailed: boolean }> {
+  const {
+    frameIndex,
+    useVideoBackground,
+    videoFrameReader,
+    videoFrameSize,
+    encodeVideoFrame,
+    staticBackgroundBuffer,
+    readVideoFrameTimeout,
+  } = params;
+
+  if (useVideoBackground && videoFrameReader && encodeVideoFrame) {
+    if (frameIndex === 0) {
+      return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
+    }
+    const videoFrame = await readVideoFrame(
+      videoFrameReader.stdout,
+      videoFrameSize,
+      readVideoFrameTimeout,
+    );
+    if (videoFrame) {
+      return { frameBuffer: encodeVideoFrame(videoFrame), frameReadFailed: false };
+    }
+    return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
+  }
+  return { frameBuffer: staticBackgroundBuffer, frameReadFailed: false };
+}
+
+export interface RenderAudioVisualizerResult {
+  exitCode: number;
+  /** Human-readable failure reason; omitted on full success (exitCode 0). */
+  reason?: string;
+  /** Absolute paths of video files written successfully (exit code 0, full pass, no early stop). */
+  outputVideoFiles: string[];
+}
+
+export const renderAudioVisualizer = (config: Config, onProgress?: (progress: number) => any, shouldStop?: () => boolean) =>
+  new Promise<RenderAudioVisualizerResult>(async (resolve) => {
+    if (config.outVideo.spectrum && config.outVideo.polar) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot use both "spectrum" and "polar" options. Please specify only one visualizer type.');
+    }
+    if (!config.image && !config.video) {
+      throw new Error('Either "image" or "video" must be specified as the background source.');
+    }
+    if (config.image && config.video) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot use both "image" and "video" options. Please specify only one background source.');
+    }
+
+    const audioFilePath = getAudioFilePath(config);
+    const outVideoPath = getOutVideoPath(config);
+    const subtitleSpec = getSubtitleRenderSpec(config);
+    let subtitleFilePath: string | undefined;
+    let subtitleFileIsTemporary = false;
+    let subtitleAlignmentAss = 2;
+    if (subtitleSpec) {
+      subtitleAlignmentAss = subtitleAlignmentToAss(subtitleSpec.alignment);
+      if (subtitleSpec.source.kind === 'file') {
+        const absPath = subtitleSpec.source.path;
+        const ext = path.extname(absPath).toLowerCase();
+        if (ext === '.lrc') {
+          const raw = readFileSync(absPath, 'utf-8');
+          subtitleFilePath = writeSubtitlesFile(lrcToSrt(raw));
+          subtitleFileIsTemporary = true;
+        } else {
+          subtitleFilePath = absPath;
+        }
+      } else {
+        subtitleFilePath = writeSubtitlesFile(
+          normalizeInlineSubtitlesToSrt(subtitleSpec.source.text),
+        );
+        subtitleFileIsTemporary = true;
+      }
+    }
+    const backgroundVideoPaths = getBackgroundVideoPaths(config);
+    const backgroundImagePath = getBackgroundImagePath(config);
+    const useVideoBackground = !!backgroundVideoPaths && backgroundVideoPaths.length > 0;
+
+    const audioReader = await createAudioBuffer(audioFilePath, FFMPEG_FORMAT);
+    const audioBuffer = audioReader.audioBuffer;
+    const sampleRate = audioReader.sampleRate;
+    if (!sampleRate) {
+      throw new Error('ffmpeg didn\'t show audio sample rate');
+    }
+
+    const spectrumBusMargin = getSpectrumBusMargin();
+    const FPS = getFPS(config);
+    const ffmpeg_cfr = getFfmpeg_cfr(config);
+    const ffmpeg_preset = getFfmpeg_preset(config);
+    const frame_processing_delay = getFrame_processing_delay(config);
+    const videoTimeouts = getVideoTimeouts(config);
+
+    const audioDuration = audioBuffer.length / sampleRate;
+    const framesCount = Math.trunc(audioDuration * FPS);
+    const outputResolution = getOutputResolution(config);
+
+    let maxProgressReported = -1;
+    const reportProgress = (progress: number) => {
+      if (!onProgress) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const normalized = +Math.min(100, Math.max(0, progress)).toFixed(2);
+      if (normalized <= maxProgressReported) {
+        return;
+      }
+      maxProgressReported = normalized;
+      onProgress(normalized);
+    };
+    reportProgress(0);
+
+    const preprocessed = await preProcessAudio(
+      audioBuffer,
+      sampleRate,
+      FPS,
+      framesCount,
+      (progress: number) => {
+        reportProgress(progress);
+      },
+    );
+    reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE);
+
+    const autoHighlight = getAudioAutoHighlight(config);
+    const autoEditVideo = getAutoEditVideo(config);
+    // Beat grid for video cuts (autoEdit) and for snapping highlight boundaries to beats.
+    let trackTempo: TempoEstimate | null = null;
+    if (autoEditVideo || autoHighlight) {
+      const sampleRateNum = Number(sampleRate);
+      const maxSamples = Math.floor(sampleRateNum * MAX_TEMPO_ANALYSIS_SECONDS);
+      const tempoBuffer = audioBuffer.length > maxSamples
+        ? audioBuffer.slice(0, maxSamples)
+        : audioBuffer;
+      trackTempo = estimateTempo(pcmU8ToFloatSamples(tempoBuffer), sampleRateNum, FPS);
+    }
+    let spectrumsForRender = preprocessed.spectrums;
+    let beatIndicesForRender = preprocessed.beatFrameIndices;
+    let beatIntensitiesForRender = preprocessed.beatEvents.map(event => event.intensity);
+    let framesCountForRender = framesCount;
+    type HighlightSliceResult = ReturnType<typeof computeHighlightSlice> extends Promise<
+      infer R
+    >
+      ? R
+      : never;
+    let highlightSlice: HighlightSliceResult | undefined;
+
+    if (autoHighlight) {
+      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + 1);
+      highlightSlice = await computeHighlightSlice(
+        FPS,
+        framesCount,
+        preprocessed.spectrums,
+        preprocessed.beatEvents,
+        getAudioAutoHighlightCount(config),
+        trackTempo,
+      );
+      spectrumsForRender = highlightSlice.spectrums;
+      beatIndicesForRender = highlightSlice.beatFrameIndices;
+      beatIntensitiesForRender = highlightSlice.beatIntensities;
+      framesCountForRender = highlightSlice.highlightFrames;
+      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE);
+    } else {
+      reportProgress(PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE);
+    }
+
+    const cameraShakeEnabled = getCameraShakeEnabled(config);
+    const shakeDelayFrames = Math.round(FPS * CAMERA_SHAKE_DELAY_SECONDS);
+
+    const separateHighlightFiles =
+      autoHighlight &&
+      highlightSlice &&
+      highlightSlice.runs.length > 1;
+
+    type VideoRenderPass = {
+      outPath: string;
+      spectrums: number[][];
+      beatIndices: number[];
+      beatIntensities: number[];
+      frameCount: number;
+      startFrame: number;
+      audioSegment: import('./highlight').HighlightAudioSegment | undefined;
+    };
+
+    const passes: VideoRenderPass[] =
+      separateHighlightFiles && highlightSlice
+      ? highlightSlice.runs.map((run, i) => {
+          const dir = path.dirname(outVideoPath);
+          const ext = path.extname(outVideoPath);
+          const base = path.basename(outVideoPath, ext);
+          const numberedPath = path.resolve(dir, `${base}-${i + 1}${ext}`);
+          return {
+            outPath: numberedPath,
+            spectrums: run.spectrums,
+            beatIndices: run.beatFrameIndices,
+            beatIntensities: run.beatIntensities,
+            frameCount: run.highlightFrames,
+            startFrame: run.startFrame,
+            audioSegment: run.audioSegment,
+          };
+        })
+      : [
+          {
+            outPath: outVideoPath,
+            spectrums: spectrumsForRender,
+            beatIndices: beatIndicesForRender,
+            beatIntensities: beatIntensitiesForRender,
+            frameCount: framesCountForRender,
+            startFrame: highlightSlice?.startFrame ?? 0,
+            audioSegment:
+              autoHighlight &&
+              highlightSlice &&
+              highlightSlice.audioSegments.length > 0
+                ? highlightSlice.audioSegments[0]
+                : undefined,
+          },
+        ];
+
+    const totalPassFrames =
+      passes.reduce((sum, pass) => sum + pass.frameCount, 0);
+    const totalRenderMilestones = totalPassFrames + (passes.length * 2);
+    let renderMilestonesCompleted = 0;
+    const reportRenderProgress = (milestoneIncrement = 1) => {
+      renderMilestonesCompleted += milestoneIncrement;
+      reportProgress(
+        PRE_PROCESS_PROGRESS_SHARE
+          + POST_AUDIO_PROGRESS_SHARE
+          + (RENDER_PROGRESS_SHARE * renderMilestonesCompleted / Math.max(1, totalRenderMilestones)),
+      );
+    };
+    let lastExitCode = 0;
+    let exitReason: string | undefined;
+    const outputVideoFiles: string[] = [];
+    try {
+      passLoop: for (let passIndex = 0; passIndex < passes.length; passIndex++) {
+        const pass = passes[passIndex];
+        const tempo = autoEditVideo && trackTempo
+          ? tempoForWindow(trackTempo, pass.startFrame, FPS, pass.frameCount, pass.beatIndices)
+          : null;
+        const shakeAmplitudes = tempo
+          ? buildCutShakeAmplitudes(tempo.periodFrames)
+          : undefined;
+        const {
+          backgroundWidth,
+          backgroundHeight,
+          defaultColor,
+          staticBackgroundBuffer,
+          videoFrameReader,
+          videoFrameSize,
+          encodeVideoFrame,
+          concatFilePath,
+          cutFrameIndices,
+        } = await prepareBackgroundForRender({
+          useVideoBackground,
+          backgroundVideoPaths,
+          backgroundImagePath,
+          beatFrameIndices: pass.beatIndices,
+          beatIntensities: pass.beatIntensities,
+          framesCount: pass.frameCount,
+          outputResolution,
+          fps: FPS,
+          autoEditVideo,
+          readVideoFrameTimeout: videoTimeouts.readVideoFrame,
+          ...(tempo ? { tempo } : {}),
+          // Each separate highlight output opens with a different video from the array.
+          startVideoIndex: passIndex,
+        });
+        reportRenderProgress();
+
+        const beatShakeFrames = () => (tempo
+          ? beatGridFrameIndices(tempo, pass.frameCount, CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS)
+          : pass.beatIndices.filter(frameIndex => frameIndex > 0).filter((_, i) => i % CAMERA_SHAKE_EVERY_BEATS === 0));
+        const shakeFrames = new Set(
+          autoEditVideo && cameraShakeEnabled
+            ? (cutFrameIndices.length > 0 ? cutFrameIndices : beatShakeFrames())
+            : [],
+        );
+        const createVisualizerFrame = createVisualizerFrameGenerator(
+          config, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight, defaultColor, spectrumBusMargin
+        );
+
+        const ffmpegVideoWriter = spawnFfmpegVideoWriter({
+          audioFilename: audioFilePath,
+          videoFileName: pass.outPath,
+          ...(subtitleFilePath && {
+            subtitleFilename: subtitleFilePath,
+            subtitleAlignmentAss,
+          }),
+          fps: FPS,
+          ...(pass.audioSegment && { audioSegment: pass.audioSegment }),
+          ...(ffmpeg_cfr && { crf: ffmpeg_cfr }),
+          ...(ffmpeg_preset && { preset: ffmpeg_preset }),
+        });
+        const exitPromise = waitForProcessExit(
+          ffmpegVideoWriter,
+          videoTimeouts.waitForProcessExit,
+        );
+
+        let stoppedEarly = false;
+        for (let i = 0; i < pass.frameCount; i++) {
+          const spectrum = pass.spectrums[i];
+          const { frameBuffer: backgroundImageBuffer, frameReadFailed } = await resolveBackgroundFrameBuffer({
+            frameIndex: i,
+            useVideoBackground,
+            videoFrameReader,
+            videoFrameSize,
+            encodeVideoFrame,
+            staticBackgroundBuffer,
+            readVideoFrameTimeout: videoTimeouts.readVideoFrame,
+          });
+
+          const commonVisualizerFrameProps: CommonVisualizerFrameProps = {
+            backgroundImageBuffer,
+            spectrum,
+          };
+          const frameImage = createVisualizerFrame(commonVisualizerFrameProps);
+          const shakeOffset = getCutShakeOffset(i, shakeFrames, shakeAmplitudes, shakeDelayFrames);
+          if (shakeOffset.x !== 0 || shakeOffset.y !== 0) {
+            applyCameraShake(frameImage, backgroundWidth, backgroundHeight, shakeOffset.x, shakeOffset.y);
+          }
+          const isFrameProcessed = ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin.write(frameImage.data);
+          if (!isFrameProcessed) {
+            const isDrained = await waitDrain(
+              ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin,
+              ffmpegVideoWriter,
+              videoTimeouts.waitDrain,
+            );
+            if (!isDrained) {
+              stoppedEarly = true;
+              exitReason = 'ffmpeg stdin drain failed';
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if (shouldStop && shouldStop()) {
+            stoppedEarly = true;
+            exitReason = 'render stopped by shouldStop callback';
+            break;
+          }
+          if (frame_processing_delay) {
+            await sleep(frame_processing_delay);
+          }
+          await waitForEventLoop();
+          reportRenderProgress();
+        }
+
+        if (videoFrameReader) {
+          videoFrameReader.kill();
+        }
+        if (concatFilePath) {
+          cleanupConcatFile(concatFilePath);
+        }
+        ffmpegVideoWriter.stdin.end();
+
+        const { exitCode, reason: ffmpegExitReason } = await exitPromise;
+        lastExitCode = exitCode;
+        if (!exitReason && ffmpegExitReason) {
+          exitReason = ffmpegExitReason;
+        }
+        if (lastExitCode === 0 && !stoppedEarly) {
+          reportRenderProgress();
+        }
+
+        if (lastExitCode === 0 && !stoppedEarly) {
+          outputVideoFiles.push(pass.outPath);
+        }
+
+        if (stoppedEarly || lastExitCode !== 0) {
+          if (exitReason && lastExitCode === 0) {
+            lastExitCode = 1;
+          }
+          break passLoop;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (lastExitCode === 0 && outputVideoFiles.length === passes.length) {
+        reportProgress(100);
+      }
+      if (exitReason) {
+        console.error(exitReason);
+      }
+
+      resolve({ exitCode: lastExitCode, reason: exitReason, outputVideoFiles });
+    } finally {
+      if (subtitleFilePath && subtitleFileIsTemporary) {
+        cleanupTempFile(subtitleFilePath);
+      }
+    }
+  });