node-av 3.1.2 → 4.0.0

package/dist/api/filter.js

@@ -1,6 +1,67 @@
-import { AVERROR_EAGAIN, AVERROR_EOF, AVFILTER_FLAG_HWDEVICE } from '../constants/constants.js';
-import { FFmpegError, Filter, FilterGraph, FilterInOut, Frame } from '../lib/index.js';
-import { avGetSampleFmtName } from '../lib/utilities.js';
+var __addDisposableResource = (this && this.__addDisposableResource) || function (env, value, async) {
+    if (value !== null && value !== void 0) {
+        if (typeof value !== "object" && typeof value !== "function") throw new TypeError("Object expected.");
+        var dispose, inner;
+        if (async) {
+            if (!Symbol.asyncDispose) throw new TypeError("Symbol.asyncDispose is not defined.");
+            dispose = value[Symbol.asyncDispose];
+        }
+        if (dispose === void 0) {
+            if (!Symbol.dispose) throw new TypeError("Symbol.dispose is not defined.");
+            dispose = value[Symbol.dispose];
+            if (async) inner = dispose;
+        }
+        if (typeof dispose !== "function") throw new TypeError("Object not disposable.");
+        if (inner) dispose = function() { try { inner.call(this); } catch (e) { return Promise.reject(e); } };
+        env.stack.push({ value: value, dispose: dispose, async: async });
+    }
+    else if (async) {
+        env.stack.push({ async: true });
+    }
+    return value;
+};
+var __disposeResources = (this && this.__disposeResources) || (function (SuppressedError) {
+    return function (env) {
+        function fail(e) {
+            env.error = env.hasError ? new SuppressedError(e, env.error, "An error was suppressed during disposal.") : e;
+            env.hasError = true;
+        }
+        var r, s = 0;
+        function next() {
+            while (r = env.stack.pop()) {
+                try {
+                    if (!r.async && s === 1) return s = 0, env.stack.push(r), Promise.resolve().then(next);
+                    if (r.dispose) {
+                        var result = r.dispose.call(r.value);
+                        if (r.async) return s |= 2, Promise.resolve(result).then(next, function(e) { fail(e); return next(); });
+                    }
+                    else s |= 1;
+                }
+                catch (e) {
+                    fail(e);
+                }
+            }
+            if (s === 1) return env.hasError ? Promise.reject(env.error) : Promise.resolve();
+            if (env.hasError) throw env.error;
+        }
+        return next();
+    };
+})(typeof SuppressedError === "function" ? SuppressedError : function (error, suppressed, message) {
+    var e = new Error(message);
+    return e.name = "SuppressedError", e.error = error, e.suppressed = suppressed, e;
+});
+/* eslint-disable @stylistic/indent-binary-ops */
+import { AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH, AVERROR_EAGAIN, AVERROR_EOF, AVFILTER_FLAG_HWDEVICE } from '../constants/constants.js';
+import { FFmpegError } from '../lib/error.js';
+import { FilterGraph } from '../lib/filter-graph.js';
+import { FilterInOut } from '../lib/filter-inout.js';
+import { Filter } from '../lib/filter.js';
+import { Frame } from '../lib/frame.js';
+import { Rational } from '../lib/rational.js';
+import { avGetSampleFmtName, avInvQ, avRescaleQ } from '../lib/utilities.js';
+import { FRAME_THREAD_QUEUE_SIZE } from './constants.js';
+import { AsyncQueue } from './utilities/async-queue.js';
+import { Scheduler } from './utilities/scheduler.js';
 /**
  * High-level filter API for audio and video processing.
  *
@@ -44,8 +105,20 @@ export class FilterAPI {
     options;
     buffersrcCtx = null;
     buffersinkCtx = null;
+    frame = new Frame(); // Reusable frame for receive operations
+    initializePromise = null;
     initialized = false;
     isClosed = false;
+    // Auto-calculated timeBase from first frame
+    calculatedTimeBase = null;
+    // Track last frame properties for change detection (for dropOnChange/allowReinit)
+    lastFrameProps = null;
+    // Worker pattern for push-based processing
+    inputQueue;
+    outputQueue;
+    workerPromise = null;
+    nextComponent = null;
+    pipeToPromise = null;
     /**
      * @param graph - Filter graph instance
      *
@@ -59,50 +132,58 @@ export class FilterAPI {
         this.graph = graph;
         this.description = description;
         this.options = options;
+        this.inputQueue = new AsyncQueue(FRAME_THREAD_QUEUE_SIZE);
+        this.outputQueue = new AsyncQueue(FRAME_THREAD_QUEUE_SIZE);
     }
     /**
      * Create a filter with specified description and configuration.
      *
      * Creates and allocates filter graph immediately.
      * Filter configuration is completed on first frame with frame properties.
+     * TimeBase is automatically calculated from first frame based on CFR option.
      * Hardware frames context is automatically detected from input frames.
      *
      * Direct mapping to avfilter_graph_parse_ptr() and avfilter_graph_config().
      *
      * @param description - Filter graph description
      *
-     * @param options - Filter options including required timeBase
+     * @param options - Filter options
      *
      * @returns Configured filter instance
      *
+     * @throws {Error} If cfr=true but framerate is not set
+     *
      * @example
      * ```typescript
-     * // Simple video filter
-     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('scale=640:480', {
-     *   timeBase: video.timeBase
-     * });
+     * // Simple video filter (VFR mode, auto timeBase)
+     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('scale=640:480');
      * ```
      *
      * @example
      * ```typescript
-     * // Complex filter chain
-     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('crop=640:480:0:0,rotate=PI/4', {
-     *   timeBase: video.timeBase
+     * // CFR mode with constant framerate
+     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('scale=1920:1080', {
+     *   cfr: true,
+     *   framerate: { num: 25, den: 1 }
      * });
      * ```
      *
      * @example
      * ```typescript
-     * // Audio filter
-     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('volume=0.5,aecho=0.8:0.9:1000:0.3', {
-     *   timeBase: audio.timeBase
+     * // Audio filter with resampling
+     * const filter = FilterAPI.create('aformat=sample_fmts=s16:sample_rates=44100', {
+     *   audioResampleOpts: 'async=1'
      * });
      * ```
      *
      * @see {@link process} For frame processing
      * @see {@link FilterOptions} For configuration options
      */
-    static create(description, options) {
+    static create(description, options = {}) {
+        // Validate options: CFR requires framerate
+        if (options.cfr && !options.framerate) {
+            throw new Error('cfr=true requires framerate to be set');
+        }
         // Create graph
         const graph = new FilterGraph();
         graph.alloc();
@@ -147,6 +228,261 @@ export class FilterAPI {
     get isFilterInitialized() {
         return this.initialized;
     }
+    /**
+     * Get buffersink filter context.
+     *
+     * Provides access to the buffersink filter context for advanced operations.
+     * Returns null if filter is not initialized.
+     *
+     * @returns Buffersink context or null
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const sink = filter.buffersink;
+     * if (sink) {
+     *   const fr = sink.buffersinkGetFrameRate();
+     *   console.log(`Output frame rate: ${fr.num}/${fr.den}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get buffersink() {
+        return this.buffersinkCtx;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output frame rate from filter graph.
+     *
+     * Returns the frame rate determined by the filter graph output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_frame_rate() behavior.
+     * Returns null if filter is not initialized or frame rate is not set.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_frame_rate().
+     *
+     * @returns Frame rate or null if not available
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const frameRate = filter.frameRate;
+     * if (frameRate) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output: ${frameRate.num}/${frameRate.den} fps`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @see {@link timeBase} For output timebase
+     */
+    get frameRate() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        const fr = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrameRate();
+        // Return null if frame rate is not set (0/0 or 0/1)
+        if (fr.num <= 0 || fr.den <= 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return fr;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output time base from filter graph.
+     *
+     * Returns the time base of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_time_base() behavior.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_time_base().
+     *
+     * @returns Time base or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const timeBase = filter.timeBase;
+     * if (timeBase) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter timebase: ${timeBase.num}/${timeBase.den}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @see {@link frameRate} For output frame rate
+     */
+    get timeBase() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetTimeBase();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output format from filter graph.
+     *
+     * Returns the pixel format (video) or sample format (audio) of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_format() behavior.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_format().
+     *
+     * @returns Pixel format or sample format, or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const format = filter.format;
+     * if (format !== null) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output format: ${format}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get format() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFormat();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output dimensions from filter graph (video only).
+     *
+     * Returns the width and height of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_w() and av_buffersink_get_h() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for video filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_w() and av_buffersink_get_h().
+     *
+     * @returns Dimensions object or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const dims = filter.dimensions;
+     * if (dims) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output: ${dims.width}x${dims.height}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get dimensions() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return {
+            width: this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetWidth(),
+            height: this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetHeight(),
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output sample rate from filter graph (audio only).
+     *
+     * Returns the sample rate of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_sample_rate() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for audio filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_sample_rate().
+     *
+     * @returns Sample rate or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const sampleRate = filter.sampleRate;
+     * if (sampleRate) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output sample rate: ${sampleRate} Hz`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get sampleRate() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetSampleRate();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output channel layout from filter graph (audio only).
+     *
+     * Returns the channel layout of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_ch_layout() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for audio filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_ch_layout().
+     *
+     * @returns Channel layout or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const layout = filter.channelLayout;
+     * if (layout) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output channels: ${layout.nbChannels}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get channelLayout() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetChannelLayout();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output color space from filter graph (video only).
+     *
+     * Returns the color space of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_colorspace() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for video filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_colorspace().
+     *
+     * @returns Color space or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const colorSpace = filter.colorSpace;
+     * if (colorSpace !== null) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output color space: ${colorSpace}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get colorSpace() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetColorspace();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output color range from filter graph (video only).
+     *
+     * Returns the color range of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_color_range() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for video filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_color_range().
+     *
+     * @returns Color range or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const colorRange = filter.colorRange;
+     * if (colorRange !== null) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output color range: ${colorRange}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get colorRange() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetColorRange();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Output sample aspect ratio from filter graph (video only).
+     *
+     * Returns the sample aspect ratio of the buffersink output.
+     * Matches FFmpeg CLI's av_buffersink_get_sample_aspect_ratio() behavior.
+     * Only meaningful for video filters.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersink_get_sample_aspect_ratio().
+     *
+     * @returns Sample aspect ratio or null if not initialized
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * const sar = filter.sampleAspectRatio;
+     * if (sar) {
+     *   console.log(`Filter output SAR: ${sar.num}:${sar.den}`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    get sampleAspectRatio() {
+        if (!this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetSampleAspectRatio();
+    }
     /**
      * Check if filter is ready for processing.
      *
@@ -190,6 +526,10 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * Hardware frames context is automatically detected from frame.
      * Returns null if filter is closed and frame is null.
      *
+     * **Note**: This method receives only ONE frame per call.
+     * A single input frame can produce multiple output frames (e.g., fps filter, deinterlace).
+     * To receive all frames from an input, use {@link processAll} or {@link frames} instead.
+     *
      * Direct mapping to av_buffersrc_add_frame() and av_buffersink_get_frame().
      *
      * @param frame - Input frame to process (or null to flush)
@@ -220,8 +560,10 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * // For buffered frames, use the frames() async generator
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link processAll} For processing multiple output frames
      * @see {@link frames} For processing frame streams
      * @see {@link flush} For end-of-stream handling
+     * @see {@link processSync} For synchronous version
      */
     async process(frame) {
         if (this.isClosed) {
@@ -232,34 +574,40 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             if (!frame) {
                 return null;
             }
-            await this.initialize(frame);
+            this.initializePromise ??= this.initialize(frame);
         }
+        await this.initializePromise;
         if (!this.initialized) {
             return null;
         }
         if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
             throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
         }
-        // Send frame to filter
-        const addRet = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(frame);
-        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
-        // Try to get filtered frame
-        const outputFrame = new Frame();
-        outputFrame.alloc();
-        const getRet = await this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrame(outputFrame);
-        if (getRet >= 0) {
-            return outputFrame;
-        }
-        else if (getRet === AVERROR_EAGAIN) {
-            // Need more input
-            outputFrame.free();
+        // Check for frame property changes (FFmpeg: dropOnChange/allowReinit logic)
+        if (frame && !this.checkFramePropertiesChanged(frame)) {
+            // Frame dropped due to property change
             return null;
         }
-        else {
-            outputFrame.free();
-            FFmpegError.throwIfError(getRet, 'Failed to get frame from filter');
-            return null;
+        // If reinitialized, reinitialize now
+        if (!this.initialized && frame) {
+            this.initializePromise = this.initialize(frame);
+            await this.initializePromise;
+            if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+                throw new Error('Could not reinitialize filter contexts');
+            }
         }
+        // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+        if (frame && this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+            const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+            frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+        }
+        // Send frame to filter with PUSH flag for immediate processing
+        const addRet = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+        // Try to get filtered frame using receive()
+        return await this.receive();
     }
     /**
      * Process a frame through the filter synchronously.
@@ -271,6 +619,10 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * Hardware frames context is automatically detected from frame.
      * Returns null if filter is closed and frame is null.
      *
+     * **Note**: This method receives only ONE frame per call.
+     * A single input frame can produce multiple output frames (e.g., fps filter, deinterlace).
+     * To receive all frames from an input, use {@link processAllSync} or {@link framesSync} instead.
+     *
      * Direct mapping to av_buffersrc_add_frame() and av_buffersink_get_frame().
      *
      * @param frame - Input frame to process (or null to flush)
@@ -301,6 +653,9 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * // For buffered frames, use the framesSync() generator
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link processAllSync} For processing multiple output frames
+     * @see {@link framesSync} For processing frame streams
+     * @see {@link flushSync} For end-of-stream handling
      * @see {@link process} For async version
      */
     processSync(frame) {
@@ -314,114 +669,193 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             }
             this.initializeSync(frame);
         }
+        if (!this.initialized) {
+            return null;
+        }
         if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
             throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
         }
-        // Send frame to filter
-        const addRet = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(frame);
-        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
-        // Try to get filtered frame
-        const outputFrame = new Frame();
-        outputFrame.alloc();
-        const getRet = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrameSync(outputFrame);
-        if (getRet >= 0) {
-            return outputFrame;
-        }
-        else if (getRet === AVERROR_EAGAIN) {
-            // Need more input
-            outputFrame.free();
+        // Check for frame property changes (FFmpeg: dropOnChange/allowReinit logic)
+        if (frame && !this.checkFramePropertiesChanged(frame)) {
+            // Frame dropped due to property change
             return null;
         }
-        else {
-            outputFrame.free();
-            FFmpegError.throwIfError(getRet, 'Failed to get frame from filter');
-            return null;
+        // If reinitialized, reinitialize now
+        if (!this.initialized && frame) {
+            this.initializeSync(frame);
+            if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+                throw new Error('Could not reinitialize filter contexts');
+            }
         }
+        // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+        if (frame && this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+            const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+            frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+        }
+        // Send frame to filter with PUSH flag for immediate processing
+        const addRet = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+        // Try to get filtered frame using receiveSync()
+        return this.receiveSync();
     }
     /**
-     * Process multiple frames at once.
+     * Process a frame through the filter.
      *
-     * Processes batch of frames and drains all output.
-     * Useful for filters that buffer multiple frames.
+     * Applies filter operations to input frame and receives all available output frames.
+     * Returns array of frames - may be empty if filter needs more input.
+     * On first frame, automatically builds filter graph with frame properties.
+     * One input frame can produce zero, one, or multiple output frames depending on filter.
+     * Hardware frames context is automatically detected from frame.
+     *
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersrc_add_frame() and av_buffersink_get_frame().
      *
-     * @param frames - Array of input frames
+     * @param frame - Input frame to process (or null to flush)
      *
-     * @returns Array of all output frames (empty if filter closed)
+     * @returns Array of filtered frames (empty if buffered or filter closed)
      *
-     * @throws {Error} If filter not ready
+     * @throws {Error} If filter could not be initialized
      *
      * @throws {FFmpegError} If processing fails
      *
      * @example
      * ```typescript
-     * const outputs = await filter.processMultiple([frame1, frame2, frame3]);
-     * for (const output of outputs) {
-     *   console.log(`Output frame: pts=${output.pts}`);
+     * const frames = await filter.processAll(inputFrame);
+     * for (const output of frames) {
+     *   console.log(`Got filtered frame: pts=${output.pts}`);
      *   output.free();
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Process frame - may return multiple frames (e.g. fps filter)
+     * const frames = await filter.processAll(frame);
+     * for (const output of frames) {
+     *   yield output;
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
      * @see {@link process} For single frame processing
+     * @see {@link frames} For processing frame streams
+     * @see {@link flush} For end-of-stream handling
+     * @see {@link processAllSync} For synchronous version
      */
-    async processMultiple(frames) {
-        const outputFrames = [];
-        for (const frame of frames) {
-            const output = await this.process(frame);
-            if (output) {
-                outputFrames.push(output);
-            }
-            // Drain any additional frames
-            while (!this.isClosed) {
-                const additional = await this.receive();
-                if (!additional)
-                    break;
-                outputFrames.push(additional);
+    async processAll(frame) {
+        if (this.isClosed) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        // Open filter if not already done
+        if (!this.initialized) {
+            if (!frame) {
+                return [];
             }
+            this.initializePromise ??= this.initialize(frame);
+        }
+        await this.initializePromise;
+        if (!this.initialized) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
+        }
+        // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+        if (frame && this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+            const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+            frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+        }
+        // Send frame to filter with PUSH flag for immediate processing
+        const addRet = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+        // Receive all available frames using receive()
+        const frames = [];
+        while (true) {
+            const outputFrame = await this.receive();
+            if (!outputFrame)
+                break;
+            frames.push(outputFrame);
         }
-        return outputFrames;
+        return frames;
     }
     /**
-     * Process multiple frames at once synchronously.
-     * Synchronous version of processMultiple.
+     * Process a frame through the filter synchronously.
+     * Synchronous version of processAll.
      *
-     * Processes batch of frames and drains all output.
-     * Useful for filters that buffer multiple frames.
+     * Applies filter operations to input frame and receives all available output frames.
+     * Returns array of frames - may be empty if filter needs more input.
+     * On first frame, automatically builds filter graph with frame properties.
+     * One input frame can produce zero, one, or multiple output frames depending on filter.
+     * Hardware frames context is automatically detected from frame.
      *
-     * @param frames - Array of input frames
+     * Direct mapping to av_buffersrc_add_frame() and av_buffersink_get_frame().
      *
-     * @returns Array of all output frames (empty if filter closed)
+     * @param frame - Input frame to process (or null to flush)
      *
-     * @throws {Error} If filter not ready
+     * @returns Array of filtered frames (empty if buffered or filter closed)
+     *
+     * @throws {Error} If filter could not be initialized
      *
      * @throws {FFmpegError} If processing fails
      *
      * @example
      * ```typescript
-     * const outputs = filter.processMultipleSync([frame1, frame2, frame3]);
+     * const outputs = filter.processAllSync(inputFrame);
      * for (const output of outputs) {
-     *   console.log(`Output frame: pts=${output.pts}`);
+     *   console.log(`Got filtered frame: pts=${output.pts}`);
      *   output.free();
      * }
      * ```
      *
-     * @see {@link processMultiple} For async version
+     * @example
+     * ```typescript
+     * // Process frame - may return multiple frames (e.g. fps filter)
+     * const outputs = filter.processAllSync(frame);
+     * for (const output of outputs) {
+     *   yield output;
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @see {@link processSync} For single frame processing
+     * @see {@link framesSync} For processing frame streams
+     * @see {@link flushSync} For end-of-stream handling
+     * @see {@link process} For async version
      */
-    processMultipleSync(frames) {
-        const outputFrames = [];
-        for (const frame of frames) {
-            const output = this.processSync(frame);
-            if (output) {
-                outputFrames.push(output);
-            }
-            // Drain any additional frames
-            while (!this.isClosed) {
-                const additional = this.receiveSync();
-                if (!additional)
-                    break;
-                outputFrames.push(additional);
+    processAllSync(frame) {
+        if (this.isClosed) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        // Open filter if not already done
+        if (!this.initialized) {
+            if (!frame) {
+                return [];
             }
+            this.initializeSync(frame);
+        }
+        if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
+        }
+        // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+        if (frame && this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+            const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+            frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+            frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+        }
+        // Send frame to filter with PUSH flag for immediate processing
+        const addRet = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+        FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+        // Receive all available frames using receiveSync()
+        const frames = [];
+        while (true) {
+            const outputFrame = this.receiveSync();
+            if (!outputFrame)
+                break;
+            frames.push(outputFrame);
         }
-        return outputFrames;
+        return frames;
     }
     /**
      * Process frame stream through filter.
@@ -464,37 +898,78 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * ```
      *
      * @see {@link process} For single frame processing
-     * @see {@link flush} For end-of-stream handling
+     * @see {@link Decoder.frames} For frames source
+     * @see {@link framesSync} For sync version
      */
     async *frames(frames) {
-        for await (const frame of frames) {
+        for await (const frame_1 of frames) {
+            const env_1 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
             try {
-                // Process input frame
-                const output = await this.process(frame);
-                if (output) {
-                    yield output;
+                const frame = __addDisposableResource(env_1, frame_1, false);
+                // Handle EOF signal
+                if (frame === null) {
+                    // Flush filter
+                    await this.flush();
+                    while (true) {
+                        const remaining = await this.receive();
+                        if (!remaining)
+                            break;
+                        yield remaining;
+                    }
+                    // Signal EOF and stop processing
+                    yield null;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (this.isClosed) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Open filter if not already done
+                if (!this.initialized) {
+                    this.initializePromise ??= this.initialize(frame);
                 }
-                // Drain any buffered frames
-                while (!this.isClosed) {
+                await this.initializePromise;
+                if (!this.initialized) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+                    throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
+                }
+                // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+                if (this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+                    const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+                    frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                    frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                    frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+                }
+                // Send frame to filter
+                const addRet = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+                FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+                // Receive all available frames
+                while (true) {
                     const buffered = await this.receive();
                     if (!buffered)
                         break;
                     yield buffered;
                 }
             }
+            catch (e_1) {
+                env_1.error = e_1;
+                env_1.hasError = true;
+            }
             finally {
-                // Free the input frame after processing
-                frame.free();
+                __disposeResources(env_1);
             }
         }
-        // Flush and get remaining frames
+        // Flush and get remaining frames (fallback if no null was sent)
         await this.flush();
-        while (!this.isClosed) {
+        while (true) {
             const remaining = await this.receive();
             if (!remaining)
                 break;
             yield remaining;
         }
+        // Signal EOF
+        yield null;
     }
     /**
      * Process frame stream through filter synchronously.
@@ -537,37 +1012,78 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link processSync} For single frame processing
+     * @see {@link Decoder.framesSync} For frames source
      * @see {@link frames} For async version
      */
     *framesSync(frames) {
-        for (const frame of frames) {
+        for (const frame_2 of frames) {
+            const env_2 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
             try {
-                // Process input frame
-                const output = this.processSync(frame);
-                if (output) {
-                    yield output;
+                const frame = __addDisposableResource(env_2, frame_2, false);
+                // Handle EOF signal
+                if (frame === null) {
+                    // Flush filter
+                    this.flushSync();
+                    while (true) {
+                        const remaining = this.receiveSync();
+                        if (!remaining)
+                            break;
+                        yield remaining;
+                    }
+                    // Signal EOF and stop processing
+                    yield null;
+                    return;
                 }
-                // Drain any buffered frames
-                while (!this.isClosed) {
+                if (this.isClosed) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Open filter if not already done
+                if (!this.initialized) {
+                    this.initializeSync(frame);
+                }
+                if (!this.initialized) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+                    throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
+                }
+                // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+                if (this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+                    const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+                    frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                    frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                    frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+                }
+                // Send frame to filter
+                const addRet = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+                FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+                // Receive all available frames
+                while (true) {
                     const buffered = this.receiveSync();
                     if (!buffered)
                         break;
                     yield buffered;
                 }
             }
+            catch (e_2) {
+                env_2.error = e_2;
+                env_2.hasError = true;
+            }
             finally {
-                // Free the input frame after processing
-                frame.free();
+                __disposeResources(env_2);
             }
         }
-        // Flush and get remaining frames
+        // Flush and get remaining frames (fallback if no null was sent)
         this.flushSync();
-        while (!this.isClosed) {
+        while (true) {
             const remaining = this.receiveSync();
             if (!remaining)
                 break;
             yield remaining;
         }
+        // Signal EOF
+        yield null;
     }
     /**
      * Flush filter and signal end-of-stream.
@@ -591,14 +1107,15 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * ```
      *
      * @see {@link flushFrames} For async iteration
-     * @see {@link frames} For complete pipeline
+     * @see {@link receive} For getting flushed frames
+     * @see {@link flushSync} For synchronous version
      */
     async flush() {
         if (this.isClosed || !this.initialized || !this.buffersrcCtx) {
             return;
         }
         // Send flush frame (null)
-        const ret = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(null);
+        const ret = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(null, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
         if (ret < 0 && ret !== AVERROR_EOF) {
             FFmpegError.throwIfError(ret, 'Failed to flush filter');
         }
@@ -625,6 +1142,8 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link flushFramesSync} For sync iteration
+     * @see {@link receiveSync} For getting flushed frames
      * @see {@link flush} For async version
      */
     flushSync() {
@@ -632,7 +1151,7 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             return;
         }
         // Send flush frame (null)
-        const ret = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(null);
+        const ret = this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrameSync(null, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
         if (ret < 0 && ret !== AVERROR_EOF) {
             FFmpegError.throwIfError(ret, 'Failed to flush filter');
         }
@@ -656,8 +1175,9 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link process} For frame processing
      * @see {@link flush} For manual flush
-     * @see {@link frames} For complete pipeline
+     * @see {@link flushFramesSync} For sync version
      */
     async *flushFrames() {
         // Send flush signal
@@ -688,6 +1208,8 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link processSync} For frame processing
+     * @see {@link flushSync} For manual flush
      * @see {@link flushFrames} For async version
      */
     *flushFramesSync() {
@@ -720,19 +1242,26 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      *   frame.free();
      * }
      * ```
+     *
+     * @see {@link process} For frame processing
+     * @see {@link flush} For flushing filter
+     * @see {@link receiveSync} For synchronous version
      */
     async receive() {
         if (this.isClosed || !this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
             return null;
         }
-        const frame = new Frame();
-        frame.alloc();
-        const ret = await this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrame(frame);
+        // Reuse frame - but alloc() instead of unref() for buffersink
+        // buffersink needs a fresh allocated frame, not an unreferenced one
+        this.frame.alloc();
+        const ret = await this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrame(this.frame);
         if (ret >= 0) {
-            return frame;
+            // Post-process output frame (set timeBase from buffersink, calculate duration)
+            this.postProcessOutputFrame(this.frame);
+            // Clone for user (keeps internal frame for reuse)
+            return this.frame.clone();
         }
         else {
-            frame.free();
             if (ret === AVERROR_EAGAIN || ret === AVERROR_EOF) {
                 return null;
             }
@@ -763,20 +1292,25 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * }
      * ```
      *
+     * @see {@link processSync} For frame processing
+     * @see {@link flushSync} For flushing filter
      * @see {@link receive} For async version
      */
     receiveSync() {
         if (this.isClosed || !this.initialized || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
             return null;
         }
-        const frame = new Frame();
-        frame.alloc();
-        const ret = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrameSync(frame);
+        // Reuse frame - but alloc() instead of unref() for buffersink
+        // buffersink needs a fresh allocated frame, not an unreferenced one
+        this.frame.alloc();
+        const ret = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrameSync(this.frame);
         if (ret >= 0) {
-            return frame;
+            // Post-process output frame (set timeBase from buffersink, calculate duration)
+            this.postProcessOutputFrame(this.frame);
+            // Clone for user (keeps internal frame for reuse)
+            return this.frame.clone();
         }
         else {
-            frame.free();
             if (ret === AVERROR_EAGAIN || ret === AVERROR_EOF) {
                 return null;
             }
@@ -869,6 +1403,24 @@ export class FilterAPI {
         const ret = this.graph.queueCommand(target, cmd, arg, ts, flags);
         FFmpegError.throwIfError(ret, 'Failed to queue filter command');
     }
+    pipeTo(target) {
+        const t = target;
+        // Store reference to next component for flush propagation
+        this.nextComponent = t;
+        // Start worker if not already running
+        this.workerPromise ??= this.runWorker();
+        // Start pipe task: filter.outputQueue -> target.inputQueue (via target.send)
+        this.pipeToPromise = (async () => {
+            while (true) {
+                const frame = await this.receiveFrame();
+                if (!frame)
+                    break;
+                await t.sendToQueue(frame);
+            }
+        })();
+        // Return scheduler for chaining (target is now the last component)
+        return new Scheduler(this, t);
+    }
     /**
      * Free filter resources.
      *
@@ -887,10 +1439,137 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             return;
         }
         this.isClosed = true;
+        // Close queues
+        this.inputQueue.close();
+        this.outputQueue.close();
+        this.frame.free();
         this.graph.free();
         this.buffersrcCtx = null;
         this.buffersinkCtx = null;
         this.initialized = false;
+        this.initializePromise = null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Worker loop for push-based processing.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    async runWorker() {
+        try {
+            // Outer loop - receive frames
+            while (!this.inputQueue.isClosed) {
+                const env_3 = { stack: [], error: void 0, hasError: false };
+                try {
+                    const frame = __addDisposableResource(env_3, await this.inputQueue.receive(), false);
+                    if (!frame)
+                        break;
+                    // Open filter if not already done
+                    if (!this.initialized) {
+                        this.initializePromise ??= this.initialize(frame);
+                    }
+                    await this.initializePromise;
+                    if (!this.initialized) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (!this.buffersrcCtx || !this.buffersinkCtx) {
+                        throw new Error('Could not initialize filter contexts');
+                    }
+                    // Rescale timestamps to filter's timeBase
+                    if (this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+                        const originalTimeBase = frame.timeBase;
+                        frame.pts = avRescaleQ(frame.pts, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                        frame.duration = avRescaleQ(frame.duration, originalTimeBase, this.calculatedTimeBase);
+                        frame.timeBase = new Rational(this.calculatedTimeBase.num, this.calculatedTimeBase.den);
+                    }
+                    // Send frame to filter
+                    const addRet = await this.buffersrcCtx.buffersrcAddFrame(frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_PUSH);
+                    FFmpegError.throwIfError(addRet, 'Failed to add frame to filter');
+                    // Receive all available frames
+                    while (!this.outputQueue.isClosed) {
+                        const buffered = await this.receive();
+                        if (!buffered)
+                            break;
+                        await this.outputQueue.send(buffered);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (e_3) {
+                    env_3.error = e_3;
+                    env_3.hasError = true;
+                }
+                finally {
+                    __disposeResources(env_3);
+                }
+            }
+            // Flush filter at end
+            await this.flush();
+            while (!this.outputQueue.isClosed) {
+                const frame = await this.receive();
+                if (!frame)
+                    break;
+                await this.outputQueue.send(frame);
+            }
+        }
+        catch {
+            // Ignore error ?
+        }
+        finally {
+            // Close output queue when done
+            this.outputQueue?.close();
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Send frame to input queue.
+     *
+     * @param frame - Frame to send
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    async sendToQueue(frame) {
+        await this.inputQueue.send(frame);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Receive frame from output queue.
+     *
+     * @returns Frame from output queue or null if closed
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    async receiveFrame() {
+        return await this.outputQueue.receive();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Flush the entire filter pipeline.
+     *
+     * Propagates flush through worker, output queue, and next component.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    async flushPipeline() {
+        // Close input queue to signal end of stream to worker
+        this.inputQueue.close();
+        // Wait for worker to finish processing all frames (if exists)
+        if (this.workerPromise) {
+            await this.workerPromise;
+        }
+        // Flush filter at end (like FFmpeg does)
+        await this.flush();
+        // Send all flushed frames to output queue
+        while (true) {
+            const frame = await this.receive();
+            if (!frame)
+                break;
+            await this.outputQueue.send(frame);
+        }
+        // Close output queue to signal end of stream to pipeTo() task
+        this.outputQueue.close();
+        // Wait for pipeTo() task to finish processing all frames (if exists)
+        if (this.pipeToPromise) {
+            await this.pipeToPromise;
+        }
+        // Then propagate flush to next component
+        if (this.nextComponent) {
+            await this.nextComponent.flushPipeline();
+        }
     }
     /**
      * Initialize filter graph from first frame.
@@ -908,6 +1587,23 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * @internal
      */
     async initialize(frame) {
+        // Calculate timeBase from first frame
+        this.calculatedTimeBase = this.calculateTimeBase(frame);
+        // Track initial frame properties for change detection
+        this.lastFrameProps = {
+            format: frame.format,
+            width: frame.width,
+            height: frame.height,
+            sampleRate: frame.sampleRate,
+            channels: frame.channelLayout?.nbChannels ?? 0,
+        };
+        // Set graph options before parsing
+        if (this.options.scaleSwsOpts) {
+            this.graph.scaleSwsOpts = this.options.scaleSwsOpts;
+        }
+        if (this.options.audioResampleOpts) {
+            this.graph.aresampleSwrOpts = this.options.audioResampleOpts;
+        }
         // Create buffer source and sink
         this.createBufferSource(frame);
         this.createBufferSink(frame);
@@ -937,6 +1633,23 @@ export class FilterAPI {
      * @see {@link initialize} For async version
      */
     initializeSync(frame) {
+        // Calculate timeBase from first frame
+        this.calculatedTimeBase = this.calculateTimeBase(frame);
+        // Track initial frame properties for change detection
+        this.lastFrameProps = {
+            format: frame.format,
+            width: frame.width,
+            height: frame.height,
+            sampleRate: frame.sampleRate,
+            channels: frame.channelLayout?.nbChannels ?? 0,
+        };
+        // Set graph options before parsing
+        if (this.options.scaleSwsOpts) {
+            this.graph.scaleSwsOpts = this.options.scaleSwsOpts;
+        }
+        if (this.options.audioResampleOpts) {
+            this.graph.aresampleSwrOpts = this.options.audioResampleOpts;
+        }
         // Create buffer source and sink
         this.createBufferSource(frame);
         this.createBufferSink(frame);
@@ -947,6 +1660,116 @@ export class FilterAPI {
         FFmpegError.throwIfError(ret, 'Failed to configure filter graph');
         this.initialized = true;
     }
+    /**
+     * Check if frame properties changed and handle according to dropOnChange/allowReinit options.
+     *
+     * Implements FFmpeg's IFILTER_FLAG_DROPCHANGED and IFILTER_FLAG_REINIT logic
+     *
+     * @param frame - Frame to check
+     *
+     * @returns true if frame should be processed, false if frame should be dropped
+     *
+     * @throws {Error} If format changed and allowReinit is false
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    checkFramePropertiesChanged(frame) {
+        if (!this.lastFrameProps) {
+            return true; // No previous frame, allow
+        }
+        // Check for property changes
+        const changed = frame.format !== this.lastFrameProps.format ||
+            frame.width !== this.lastFrameProps.width ||
+            frame.height !== this.lastFrameProps.height ||
+            frame.sampleRate !== this.lastFrameProps.sampleRate ||
+            (frame.channelLayout?.nbChannels ?? 0) !== this.lastFrameProps.channels;
+        if (!changed) {
+            return true; // No changes, process frame
+        }
+        // Properties changed - check dropOnChange flag
+        if (this.options.dropOnChange) {
+            return false; // Drop frame
+        }
+        // Check allowReinit flag
+        // Default is true (allow reinit), only block if explicitly set to false
+        const allowReinit = this.options.allowReinit !== false;
+        if (!allowReinit && this.initialized) {
+            throw new Error('Frame properties changed but allowReinit is false. ' +
+                `Format: ${this.lastFrameProps.format}->${frame.format}, ` +
+                `Size: ${this.lastFrameProps.width}x${this.lastFrameProps.height}->${frame.width}x${frame.height}`);
+        }
+        // Reinit is allowed - reinitialize filtergraph
+        // Close current graph and reinitialize
+        this.graph.free();
+        this.graph = new FilterGraph();
+        this.buffersrcCtx = null;
+        this.buffersinkCtx = null;
+        this.initialized = false;
+        this.initializePromise = null;
+        this.calculatedTimeBase = null;
+        return true; // Will be reinitialized on next process
+    }
+    /**
+     * Calculate timeBase from frame based on media type and CFR option.
+     *
+     * Implements FFmpeg's ifilter_parameters_from_frame logic:
+     * - Audio: Always { 1, sample_rate }
+     * - Video CFR: 1/framerate (inverse of framerate)
+     * - Video VFR: Use frame.timeBase
+     *
+     * @param frame - Input frame
+     *
+     * @returns Calculated timeBase
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    calculateTimeBase(frame) {
+        if (frame.isAudio()) {
+            // Audio: Always { 1, sample_rate }
+            return { num: 1, den: frame.sampleRate };
+        }
+        else {
+            // Video: Check CFR flag
+            if (this.options.cfr) {
+                // CFR mode: timeBase = 1/framerate = inverse(framerate)
+                // Note: framerate is guaranteed to be set (validated in create())
+                return avInvQ(this.options.framerate);
+            }
+            else {
+                // VFR mode: Use frame.timeBase
+                return frame.timeBase;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Post-process output frame from buffersink.
+     *
+     * Applies FFmpeg's fg_output_step() behavior:
+     * 1. Sets frame.timeBase from buffersink (filters can change timeBase, e.g., aresample)
+     * 2. Calculates video frame duration from frame rate if not set
+     *
+     * This must be called AFTER buffersinkGetFrame() for every output frame.
+     *
+     * @param frame - Output frame from buffersink
+     *
+     * @throws {Error} If buffersink context not available
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    postProcessOutputFrame(frame) {
+        if (!this.buffersinkCtx) {
+            throw new Error('Buffersink context not available');
+        }
+        // Filters can change timeBase (e.g., aresample sets output to {1, out_sample_rate})
+        // Without this, frame has INPUT timeBase instead of filter's OUTPUT timeBase
+        frame.timeBase = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetTimeBase();
+        if (frame.isVideo() && !frame.duration) {
+            const frameRate = this.buffersinkCtx.buffersinkGetFrameRate();
+            if (frameRate.num > 0 && frameRate.den > 0) {
+                frame.duration = avRescaleQ(1, avInvQ(frameRate), frame.timeBase);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     /**
      * Create buffer source with frame parameters.
      *
@@ -967,6 +1790,10 @@ export class FilterAPI {
         if (!bufferFilter) {
             throw new Error(`${filterName} filter not found`);
         }
+        // Ensure timeBase was calculated
+        if (!this.calculatedTimeBase) {
+            throw new Error('TimeBase not calculated - this should not happen');
+        }
         // For audio, create with args. For video, use allocFilter + buffersrcParametersSet
         if (frame.isVideo()) {
             // Allocate filter without args
@@ -978,8 +1805,8 @@ export class FilterAPI {
                 width: frame.width,
                 height: frame.height,
                 format: frame.format,
-                timeBase: this.options.timeBase,
-                frameRate: this.options.frameRate ?? frame.timeBase,
+                timeBase: this.calculatedTimeBase,
+                frameRate: this.options.framerate,
                 sampleAspectRatio: frame.sampleAspectRatio,
                 colorRange: frame.colorRange,
                 colorSpace: frame.colorSpace,
@@ -995,7 +1822,7 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             const formatName = avGetSampleFmtName(frame.format);
             const channelLayout = frame.channelLayout.mask === 0n ? 'stereo' : frame.channelLayout.mask.toString();
             // eslint-disable-next-line @stylistic/max-len
-            const args = `time_base=${this.options.timeBase.num}/${this.options.timeBase.den}:sample_rate=${frame.sampleRate}:sample_fmt=${formatName}:channel_layout=${channelLayout}`;
+            const args = `time_base=${this.calculatedTimeBase.num}/${this.calculatedTimeBase.den}:sample_rate=${frame.sampleRate}:sample_fmt=${formatName}:channel_layout=${channelLayout}`;
             this.buffersrcCtx = this.graph.createFilter(bufferFilter, 'in', args);
             if (!this.buffersrcCtx) {
                 throw new Error('Failed to create audio buffer source');
@@ -1061,8 +1888,8 @@ export class FilterAPI {
             if (filters) {
                 for (const filterCtx of filters) {
                     const filter = filterCtx.filter;
-                    if (filter && (filter.flags & AVFILTER_FLAG_HWDEVICE) !== 0) {
-                        filterCtx.hwDeviceCtx = frame.hwFramesCtx?.deviceRef ?? this.options.hardware?.deviceContext ?? null;
+                    if (filter?.hasFlags(AVFILTER_FLAG_HWDEVICE)) {
+                        filterCtx.hwDeviceCtx = this.options.hardware?.deviceContext ?? frame.hwFramesCtx?.deviceRef ?? null;
                         // Set extra_hw_frames if specified
                         if (this.options.extraHWFrames !== undefined && this.options.extraHWFrames > 0) {
                             filterCtx.extraHWFrames = this.options.extraHWFrames;