muaddib-scanner 2.3.3 → 2.4.0

package/src/scanner/deobfuscate.js

@@ -1,591 +1,579 @@
-'use strict';
-
-const acorn = require('acorn');
-const walk = require('acorn-walk');
-const { ACORN_OPTIONS } = require('../shared/constants.js');
-
-/**
- * Lightweight static deobfuscation pre-processor.
- * Resolves common JS obfuscation patterns via AST rewriting (no eval).
- *
- * @param {string} sourceCode — raw JS source
- * @returns {{ code: string, transforms: Array<{type: string, start: number, end: number, before: string, after: string}> }}
- */
-function deobfuscate(sourceCode) {
-  const transforms = [];
-
-  // Parse AST — if parsing fails, return source unchanged (fail-safe)
-  let ast;
-  try {
-    ast = acorn.parse(sourceCode, { ...ACORN_OPTIONS, ranges: true });
-  } catch {
-    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
-  }
-
-  // Collect replacements as { start, end, value, type, before }
-  const replacements = [];
-
-  walk.simple(ast, {
-    // ---- 1. STRING CONCAT FOLDING ----
-    // 'ch' + 'il' + 'd_' + 'process' → 'child_process'
-    BinaryExpression(node) {
-      if (node.operator !== '+') return;
-      const folded = tryFoldConcat(node);
-      if (folded === null) return;
-      // Avoid folding single literals (no transformation needed)
-      if (node.left.type === 'Literal' && node.right.type === 'Literal' &&
-          typeof node.left.value === 'string' && typeof node.right.value === 'string') {
-        // Simple two-literal concat — always fold
-      } else if (node.type === 'BinaryExpression') {
-        // Nested concat — only fold if top-level (not already inside a folded parent)
-        // We check this by not folding if parent already covers this range
-      }
-      const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-      const after = quoteString(folded);
-      replacements.push({
-        start: node.start,
-        end: node.end,
-        value: after,
-        type: 'string_concat',
-        before
-      });
-    },
-
-    // ---- 2. CHARCODE REBUILD + 3. BASE64 DECODE ----
-    CallExpression(node) {
-      // String.fromCharCode(99, 104, 105, 108, 100) → "child"
-      if (isStringFromCharCode(node)) {
-        const nums = extractNumericArgs(node);
-        if (nums === null) return;
-        try {
-          const decoded = String.fromCharCode(...nums);
-          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-          const after = quoteString(decoded);
-          replacements.push({
-            start: node.start,
-            end: node.end,
-            value: after,
-            type: 'charcode',
-            before
-          });
-        } catch { /* invalid char codes — skip */ }
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // Buffer.from('...', 'base64').toString() → decoded string
-      if (isBufferBase64ToString(node)) {
-        const b64str = extractBufferBase64Arg(node);
-        if (b64str === null) return;
-        try {
-          const decoded = Buffer.from(b64str, 'base64').toString();
-          // Sanity: only replace if decoded is printable ASCII/UTF-8
-          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
-          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-          const after = quoteString(decoded);
-          replacements.push({
-            start: node.start,
-            end: node.end,
-            value: after,
-            type: 'base64',
-            before
-          });
-        } catch { /* decode failure — skip */ }
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // Buffer.from('...', 'hex').toString() → decoded string
-      if (isBufferHexToString(node)) {
-        const hexStr = extractBufferHexArg(node);
-        if (hexStr === null) return;
-        try {
-          const decoded = Buffer.from(hexStr, 'hex').toString();
-          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
-          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-          const after = quoteString(decoded);
-          replacements.push({
-            start: node.start,
-            end: node.end,
-            value: after,
-            type: 'hex',
-            before
-          });
-        } catch { /* decode failure — skip */ }
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // atob('...') → decoded string
-      if (isAtobCall(node)) {
-        const b64str = node.arguments[0]?.value;
-        if (typeof b64str !== 'string') return;
-        try {
-          const decoded = Buffer.from(b64str, 'base64').toString();
-          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
-          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-          const after = quoteString(decoded);
-          replacements.push({
-            start: node.start,
-            end: node.end,
-            value: after,
-            type: 'base64',
-            before
-          });
-        } catch { /* skip */ }
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // ---- 4. HEX ARRAY MAP ----
-      // [0x63, 0x68, ...].map(c => String.fromCharCode(c)).join('')
-      const hexResult = tryResolveHexArrayMap(node, sourceCode);
-      if (hexResult !== null) {
-        replacements.push(hexResult);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  // De-duplicate: nested BinaryExpression nodes produce overlapping replacements.
-  // Keep only the outermost (widest) replacement for each overlapping range.
-  replacements.sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start || b.end - a.end);
-  const filtered = [];
-  let lastEnd = -1;
-  for (const r of replacements) {
-    if (r.start < lastEnd) continue; // nested inside a wider replacement — skip
-    filtered.push(r);
-    lastEnd = r.end;
-  }
-
-  // Apply replacements from end to start to preserve positions
-  filtered.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
-
-  let code = sourceCode;
-  for (const r of filtered) {
-    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
-    transforms.push({
-      type: r.type,
-      start: r.start,
-      end: r.end,
-      before: r.before,
-      after: r.value
-    });
-  }
-
-  // Reverse transforms so they're in source order (start ascending)
-  transforms.reverse();
-
-  // ---- PHASE 2: CONST PROPAGATION ----
-  // If phase 1 produced transforms, re-parse and propagate const string assignments.
-  // const a = 'child_'; const b = 'process'; require(a + b) → require('child_' + 'process') → require('child_process')
-  if (transforms.length > 0) {
-    const phase2 = propagateConsts(code);
-    if (phase2.transforms.length > 0) {
-      code = phase2.code;
-      transforms.push(...phase2.transforms);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return { code, transforms };
-}
-
-/**
- * Phase 2: Propagate const string literal assignments into identifier references,
- * then fold any resulting string concatenations.
- */
-function propagateConsts(sourceCode) {
-  const transforms = [];
-  let ast;
-  try {
-    ast = acorn.parse(sourceCode, { ...ACORN_OPTIONS, ranges: true });
-  } catch {
-    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
-  }
-
-  // Collect const declarations: name → { value, initStart, initEnd }
-  const constMap = new Map();
-  // Track which names are assigned more than once (not safe to propagate)
-  const reassigned = new Set();
-
-  walk.simple(ast, {
-    VariableDeclaration(node) {
-      if (node.kind !== 'const') return;
-      for (const decl of node.declarations) {
-        if (decl.id?.type !== 'Identifier') continue;
-        if (!decl.init) continue;
-        if (decl.init.type === 'Literal' && typeof decl.init.value === 'string') {
-          constMap.set(decl.id.name, {
-            value: decl.init.value,
-            declStart: decl.init.start,
-            declEnd: decl.init.end
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    AssignmentExpression(node) {
-      if (node.left?.type === 'Identifier') {
-        reassigned.add(node.left.name);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  // Remove reassigned names from constMap (not safe)
-  for (const name of reassigned) {
-    constMap.delete(name);
-  }
-
-  if (constMap.size === 0) {
-    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
-  }
-
-  // Find all Identifier references to propagate (excluding declarations and property names)
-  const replacements = [];
-  walk.simple(ast, {
-    Identifier(node) {
-      if (!constMap.has(node.name)) return;
-      const info = constMap.get(node.name);
-      // Skip the declaration site itself
-      if (node.start === info.declStart || (node.start >= info.declStart && node.end <= info.declEnd)) return;
-      replacements.push({
-        start: node.start,
-        end: node.end,
-        value: quoteString(info.value),
-        type: 'const_propagation',
-        before: sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end)
-      });
-    }
-  });
-
-  // Filter: skip property access identifiers (obj.prop — prop is not a variable ref)
-  // We detect this by checking if the identifier is a property of a MemberExpression
-  const propPositions = new Set();
-  walk.simple(ast, {
-    MemberExpression(node) {
-      if (!node.computed && node.property?.type === 'Identifier') {
-        propPositions.add(node.property.start);
-      }
-    },
-    VariableDeclarator(node) {
-      // Skip the declaration name itself
-      if (node.id?.type === 'Identifier') {
-        propPositions.add(node.id.start);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  const validReplacements = replacements.filter(r => !propPositions.has(r.start));
-
-  if (validReplacements.length === 0) {
-    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
-  }
-
-  // Apply replacements from end to start
-  validReplacements.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
-  let code = sourceCode;
-  for (const r of validReplacements) {
-    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
-    transforms.push({
-      type: r.type,
-      start: r.start,
-      end: r.end,
-      before: r.before,
-      after: r.value
-    });
-  }
-
-  // Now re-run concat folding on the propagated code
-  const phase3 = foldConcatsOnly(code);
-  if (phase3.transforms.length > 0) {
-    code = phase3.code;
-    transforms.push(...phase3.transforms);
-  }
-
-  transforms.reverse();
-  return { code, transforms };
-}
-
-/**
- * Run only string concat folding on code (phase 3 after const propagation).
- */
-function foldConcatsOnly(sourceCode) {
-  const transforms = [];
-  let ast;
-  try {
-    ast = acorn.parse(sourceCode, { ...ACORN_OPTIONS, ranges: true });
-  } catch {
-    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
-  }
-
-  const replacements = [];
-  walk.simple(ast, {
-    BinaryExpression(node) {
-      if (node.operator !== '+') return;
-      const folded = tryFoldConcat(node);
-      if (folded === null) return;
-      const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
-      const after = quoteString(folded);
-      replacements.push({ start: node.start, end: node.end, value: after, type: 'string_concat', before });
-    }
-  });
-
-  // De-duplicate overlapping
-  replacements.sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start || b.end - a.end);
-  const filtered = [];
-  let lastEnd = -1;
-  for (const r of replacements) {
-    if (r.start < lastEnd) continue;
-    filtered.push(r);
-    lastEnd = r.end;
-  }
-
-  filtered.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
-  let code = sourceCode;
-  for (const r of filtered) {
-    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
-    transforms.push({ type: r.type, start: r.start, end: r.end, before: r.before, after: r.value });
-  }
-
-  return { code, transforms };
-}
-
-// ============================================================
-// HELPERS
-// ============================================================
-
-/**
- * Recursively fold string concat BinaryExpression.
- * Returns the concatenated string, or null if any part is not a string literal.
- */
-function tryFoldConcat(node) {
-  if (node.type === 'Literal' && typeof node.value === 'string') {
-    return node.value;
-  }
-  if (node.type === 'BinaryExpression' && node.operator === '+') {
-    const left = tryFoldConcat(node.left);
-    if (left === null) return null;
-    const right = tryFoldConcat(node.right);
-    if (right === null) return null;
-    return left + right;
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if node is String.fromCharCode(...)
- */
-function isStringFromCharCode(node) {
-  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  const c = node.callee;
-  if (c.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
-  // String.fromCharCode
-  if (c.object?.type === 'Identifier' && c.object.name === 'String' &&
-      c.property?.type === 'Identifier' && c.property.name === 'fromCharCode') {
-    return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * Extract numeric arguments from a call (handles direct numbers and spread of array).
- * Returns array of numbers, or null if any argument is non-numeric.
- */
-function extractNumericArgs(node) {
-  const nums = [];
-  for (const arg of node.arguments) {
-    if (arg.type === 'SpreadElement' && arg.argument?.type === 'ArrayExpression') {
-      for (const el of arg.argument.elements) {
-        if (el?.type === 'Literal' && typeof el.value === 'number') {
-          nums.push(el.value);
-        } else {
-          return null; // non-numeric — abort
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (arg.type === 'Literal' && typeof arg.value === 'number') {
-      nums.push(arg.value);
-    } else {
-      return null; // non-numeric argument (variable, expression) — abort
-    }
-  }
-  return nums.length > 0 ? nums : null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if node is Buffer.from('...', 'base64').toString()
- */
-function isBufferBase64ToString(node) {
-  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  const callee = node.callee;
-  // .toString() call
-  if (callee.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
-  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'toString') return false;
-  // The object is Buffer.from(str, 'base64')
-  const inner = callee.object;
-  if (inner?.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  const innerCallee = inner.callee;
-  if (innerCallee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
-  if (innerCallee.object?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.object.name !== 'Buffer') return false;
-  if (innerCallee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.property.name !== 'from') return false;
-  // Args: (string, 'base64')
-  if (inner.arguments.length < 2) return false;
-  if (inner.arguments[1]?.type !== 'Literal' || inner.arguments[1].value !== 'base64') return false;
-  if (inner.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof inner.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Extract the base64 string argument from Buffer.from(str, 'base64').toString()
- */
-function extractBufferBase64Arg(node) {
-  const inner = node.callee.object;
-  return inner.arguments[0].value;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if node is Buffer.from('...', 'hex').toString()
- */
-function isBufferHexToString(node) {
-  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  const callee = node.callee;
-  if (callee.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
-  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'toString') return false;
-  const inner = callee.object;
-  if (inner?.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  const innerCallee = inner.callee;
-  if (innerCallee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
-  if (innerCallee.object?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.object.name !== 'Buffer') return false;
-  if (innerCallee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.property.name !== 'from') return false;
-  if (inner.arguments.length < 2) return false;
-  if (inner.arguments[1]?.type !== 'Literal' || inner.arguments[1].value !== 'hex') return false;
-  if (inner.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof inner.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Extract the hex string argument from Buffer.from(str, 'hex').toString()
- */
-function extractBufferHexArg(node) {
-  const inner = node.callee.object;
-  return inner.arguments[0].value;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if node is atob('...')
- */
-function isAtobCall(node) {
-  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
-  if (node.callee?.type !== 'Identifier' || node.callee.name !== 'atob') return false;
-  if (node.arguments.length !== 1) return false;
-  if (node.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof node.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Try to resolve [0x63, ...].map(c => String.fromCharCode(c)).join('')
- * Returns a replacement object or null.
- */
-function tryResolveHexArrayMap(node, source) {
-  // Pattern: <expr>.join('') where <expr> is <array>.map(<fn>)
-  // node is the .join('') call
-  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return null;
-  const callee = node.callee;
-  if (callee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return null;
-  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'join') return null;
-  // Verify .join('') or .join("")
-  if (node.arguments.length !== 1) return null;
-  if (node.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || node.arguments[0].value !== '') return null;
-
-  // The object of .join should be a .map(...) call
-  const mapCall = callee.object;
-  if (mapCall?.type !== 'CallExpression') return null;
-  if (mapCall.callee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return null;
-  if (mapCall.callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || mapCall.callee.property.name !== 'map') return null;
-
-  // The map callback should reference String.fromCharCode
-  if (mapCall.arguments.length < 1) return null;
-  const mapFn = mapCall.arguments[0];
-  if (!containsFromCharCode(mapFn)) return null;
-
-  // The object of .map should be an ArrayExpression of numbers
-  const arr = mapCall.callee.object;
-  if (arr?.type !== 'ArrayExpression') return null;
-  const nums = [];
-  for (const el of arr.elements) {
-    if (el?.type === 'Literal' && typeof el.value === 'number') {
-      nums.push(el.value);
-    } else {
-      return null; // non-numeric element — abort
-    }
-  }
-  if (nums.length === 0) return null;
-
-  try {
-    const decoded = String.fromCharCode(...nums);
-    const before = source.slice(node.start, node.end);
-    return {
-      start: node.start,
-      end: node.end,
-      value: quoteString(decoded),
-      type: 'hex_array',
-      before
-    };
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if an AST node (a function/arrow function) contains a reference to String.fromCharCode.
- */
-function containsFromCharCode(node) {
-  if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return false;
-
-  // Direct check on this node
-  if (node.type === 'MemberExpression' &&
-      node.object?.type === 'Identifier' && node.object.name === 'String' &&
-      node.property?.type === 'Identifier' && node.property.name === 'fromCharCode') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // Recurse into child nodes
-  for (const key of Object.keys(node)) {
-    if (key === 'type' || key === 'start' || key === 'end' || key === 'range') continue;
-    const child = node[key];
-    if (Array.isArray(child)) {
-      for (const c of child) {
-        if (c && typeof c === 'object' && containsFromCharCode(c)) return true;
-      }
-    } else if (child && typeof child === 'object' && child.type) {
-      if (containsFromCharCode(child)) return true;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * Quote a string value as a JS single-quoted string literal.
- */
-function quoteString(str) {
-  const escaped = str
-    .replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
-    .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
-    .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
-    .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
-    .replace(/\t/g, '\\t');
-  return `'${escaped}'`;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if a decoded string is "printable" (no control chars except whitespace).
- * Prevents replacing base64 that decodes to binary garbage.
- */
-function isPrintable(str) {
-  // Allow printable ASCII + common unicode + whitespace
-  // Reject if more than 20% of chars are control characters
-  let controlCount = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
-    const code = str.charCodeAt(i);
-    if (code < 32 && code !== 9 && code !== 10 && code !== 13) {
-      controlCount++;
-    }
-  }
-  if (str.length === 0) return false;
-  return (controlCount / str.length) < 0.2;
-}
-
-module.exports = { deobfuscate };
+'use strict';
+
+const acorn = require('acorn');
+const walk = require('acorn-walk');
+const { ACORN_OPTIONS, safeParse } = require('../shared/constants.js');
+
+/**
+ * Lightweight static deobfuscation pre-processor.
+ * Resolves common JS obfuscation patterns via AST rewriting (no eval).
+ *
+ * @param {string} sourceCode — raw JS source
+ * @returns {{ code: string, transforms: Array<{type: string, start: number, end: number, before: string, after: string}> }}
+ */
+function deobfuscate(sourceCode) {
+  const transforms = [];
+
+  // Parse AST — if parsing fails, return source unchanged (fail-safe)
+  let ast = safeParse(sourceCode, { ranges: true });
+  if (!ast) return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
+
+  // Collect replacements as { start, end, value, type, before }
+  const replacements = [];
+
+  walk.simple(ast, {
+    // ---- 1. STRING CONCAT FOLDING ----
+    // 'ch' + 'il' + 'd_' + 'process' → 'child_process'
+    BinaryExpression(node) {
+      if (node.operator !== '+') return;
+      const folded = tryFoldConcat(node);
+      if (folded === null) return;
+      // Avoid folding single literals (no transformation needed)
+      if (node.left.type === 'Literal' && node.right.type === 'Literal' &&
+          typeof node.left.value === 'string' && typeof node.right.value === 'string') {
+        // Simple two-literal concat — always fold
+      } else if (node.type === 'BinaryExpression') {
+        // Nested concat — only fold if top-level (not already inside a folded parent)
+        // We check this by not folding if parent already covers this range
+      }
+      const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+      const after = quoteString(folded);
+      replacements.push({
+        start: node.start,
+        end: node.end,
+        value: after,
+        type: 'string_concat',
+        before
+      });
+    },
+
+    // ---- 2. CHARCODE REBUILD + 3. BASE64 DECODE ----
+    CallExpression(node) {
+      // String.fromCharCode(99, 104, 105, 108, 100) → "child"
+      if (isStringFromCharCode(node)) {
+        const nums = extractNumericArgs(node);
+        if (nums === null) return;
+        try {
+          const decoded = String.fromCharCode(...nums);
+          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+          const after = quoteString(decoded);
+          replacements.push({
+            start: node.start,
+            end: node.end,
+            value: after,
+            type: 'charcode',
+            before
+          });
+        } catch { /* invalid char codes — skip */ }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Buffer.from('...', 'base64').toString() → decoded string
+      if (isBufferBase64ToString(node)) {
+        const b64str = extractBufferBase64Arg(node);
+        if (b64str === null) return;
+        try {
+          const decoded = Buffer.from(b64str, 'base64').toString();
+          // Sanity: only replace if decoded is printable ASCII/UTF-8
+          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
+          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+          const after = quoteString(decoded);
+          replacements.push({
+            start: node.start,
+            end: node.end,
+            value: after,
+            type: 'base64',
+            before
+          });
+        } catch { /* decode failure — skip */ }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Buffer.from('...', 'hex').toString() → decoded string
+      if (isBufferHexToString(node)) {
+        const hexStr = extractBufferHexArg(node);
+        if (hexStr === null) return;
+        try {
+          const decoded = Buffer.from(hexStr, 'hex').toString();
+          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
+          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+          const after = quoteString(decoded);
+          replacements.push({
+            start: node.start,
+            end: node.end,
+            value: after,
+            type: 'hex',
+            before
+          });
+        } catch { /* decode failure — skip */ }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // atob('...') → decoded string
+      if (isAtobCall(node)) {
+        const b64str = node.arguments[0]?.value;
+        if (typeof b64str !== 'string') return;
+        try {
+          const decoded = Buffer.from(b64str, 'base64').toString();
+          if (!isPrintable(decoded)) return;
+          const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+          const after = quoteString(decoded);
+          replacements.push({
+            start: node.start,
+            end: node.end,
+            value: after,
+            type: 'base64',
+            before
+          });
+        } catch { /* skip */ }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // ---- 4. HEX ARRAY MAP ----
+      // [0x63, 0x68, ...].map(c => String.fromCharCode(c)).join('')
+      const hexResult = tryResolveHexArrayMap(node, sourceCode);
+      if (hexResult !== null) {
+        replacements.push(hexResult);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // De-duplicate: nested BinaryExpression nodes produce overlapping replacements.
+  // Keep only the outermost (widest) replacement for each overlapping range.
+  replacements.sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start || b.end - a.end);
+  const filtered = [];
+  let lastEnd = -1;
+  for (const r of replacements) {
+    if (r.start < lastEnd) continue; // nested inside a wider replacement — skip
+    filtered.push(r);
+    lastEnd = r.end;
+  }
+
+  // Apply replacements from end to start to preserve positions
+  filtered.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
+
+  let code = sourceCode;
+  for (const r of filtered) {
+    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
+    transforms.push({
+      type: r.type,
+      start: r.start,
+      end: r.end,
+      before: r.before,
+      after: r.value
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Reverse transforms so they're in source order (start ascending)
+  transforms.reverse();
+
+  // ---- PHASE 2: CONST PROPAGATION ----
+  // If phase 1 produced transforms, re-parse and propagate const string assignments.
+  // const a = 'child_'; const b = 'process'; require(a + b) → require('child_' + 'process') → require('child_process')
+  if (transforms.length > 0) {
+    const phase2 = propagateConsts(code);
+    if (phase2.transforms.length > 0) {
+      code = phase2.code;
+      transforms.push(...phase2.transforms);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { code, transforms };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Phase 2: Propagate const string literal assignments into identifier references,
+ * then fold any resulting string concatenations.
+ */
+function propagateConsts(sourceCode) {
+  const transforms = [];
+  let ast = safeParse(sourceCode, { ranges: true });
+  if (!ast) return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
+
+  // Collect const declarations: name → { value, initStart, initEnd }
+  const constMap = new Map();
+  // Track which names are assigned more than once (not safe to propagate)
+  const reassigned = new Set();
+
+  walk.simple(ast, {
+    VariableDeclaration(node) {
+      if (node.kind !== 'const') return;
+      for (const decl of node.declarations) {
+        if (decl.id?.type !== 'Identifier') continue;
+        if (!decl.init) continue;
+        if (decl.init.type === 'Literal' && typeof decl.init.value === 'string') {
+          constMap.set(decl.id.name, {
+            value: decl.init.value,
+            declStart: decl.init.start,
+            declEnd: decl.init.end
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    AssignmentExpression(node) {
+      if (node.left?.type === 'Identifier') {
+        reassigned.add(node.left.name);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Remove reassigned names from constMap (not safe)
+  for (const name of reassigned) {
+    constMap.delete(name);
+  }
+
+  if (constMap.size === 0) {
+    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
+  }
+
+  // Find all Identifier references to propagate (excluding declarations and property names)
+  const replacements = [];
+  walk.simple(ast, {
+    Identifier(node) {
+      if (!constMap.has(node.name)) return;
+      const info = constMap.get(node.name);
+      // Skip the declaration site itself
+      if (node.start === info.declStart || (node.start >= info.declStart && node.end <= info.declEnd)) return;
+      replacements.push({
+        start: node.start,
+        end: node.end,
+        value: quoteString(info.value),
+        type: 'const_propagation',
+        before: sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end)
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Filter: skip property access identifiers (obj.prop — prop is not a variable ref)
+  // We detect this by checking if the identifier is a property of a MemberExpression
+  const propPositions = new Set();
+  walk.simple(ast, {
+    MemberExpression(node) {
+      if (!node.computed && node.property?.type === 'Identifier') {
+        propPositions.add(node.property.start);
+      }
+    },
+    VariableDeclarator(node) {
+      // Skip the declaration name itself
+      if (node.id?.type === 'Identifier') {
+        propPositions.add(node.id.start);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  const validReplacements = replacements.filter(r => !propPositions.has(r.start));
+
+  if (validReplacements.length === 0) {
+    return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
+  }
+
+  // Apply replacements from end to start
+  validReplacements.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
+  let code = sourceCode;
+  for (const r of validReplacements) {
+    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
+    transforms.push({
+      type: r.type,
+      start: r.start,
+      end: r.end,
+      before: r.before,
+      after: r.value
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Now re-run concat folding on the propagated code
+  const phase3 = foldConcatsOnly(code);
+  if (phase3.transforms.length > 0) {
+    code = phase3.code;
+    transforms.push(...phase3.transforms);
+  }
+
+  transforms.reverse();
+  return { code, transforms };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run only string concat folding on code (phase 3 after const propagation).
+ */
+function foldConcatsOnly(sourceCode) {
+  const transforms = [];
+  let ast = safeParse(sourceCode, { ranges: true });
+  if (!ast) return { code: sourceCode, transforms };
+
+  const replacements = [];
+  walk.simple(ast, {
+    BinaryExpression(node) {
+      if (node.operator !== '+') return;
+      const folded = tryFoldConcat(node);
+      if (folded === null) return;
+      const before = sourceCode.slice(node.start, node.end);
+      const after = quoteString(folded);
+      replacements.push({ start: node.start, end: node.end, value: after, type: 'string_concat', before });
+    }
+  });
+
+  // De-duplicate overlapping
+  replacements.sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start || b.end - a.end);
+  const filtered = [];
+  let lastEnd = -1;
+  for (const r of replacements) {
+    if (r.start < lastEnd) continue;
+    filtered.push(r);
+    lastEnd = r.end;
+  }
+
+  filtered.sort((a, b) => b.start - a.start);
+  let code = sourceCode;
+  for (const r of filtered) {
+    code = code.slice(0, r.start) + r.value + code.slice(r.end);
+    transforms.push({ type: r.type, start: r.start, end: r.end, before: r.before, after: r.value });
+  }
+
+  return { code, transforms };
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// HELPERS
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Recursively fold string concat BinaryExpression.
+ * Returns the concatenated string, or null if any part is not a string literal.
+ */
+function tryFoldConcat(node) {
+  if (node.type === 'Literal' && typeof node.value === 'string') {
+    return node.value;
+  }
+  if (node.type === 'BinaryExpression' && node.operator === '+') {
+    const left = tryFoldConcat(node.left);
+    if (left === null) return null;
+    const right = tryFoldConcat(node.right);
+    if (right === null) return null;
+    return left + right;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if node is String.fromCharCode(...)
+ */
+function isStringFromCharCode(node) {
+  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  const c = node.callee;
+  if (c.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
+  // String.fromCharCode
+  if (c.object?.type === 'Identifier' && c.object.name === 'String' &&
+      c.property?.type === 'Identifier' && c.property.name === 'fromCharCode') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract numeric arguments from a call (handles direct numbers and spread of array).
+ * Returns array of numbers, or null if any argument is non-numeric.
+ */
+function extractNumericArgs(node) {
+  const nums = [];
+  for (const arg of node.arguments) {
+    if (arg.type === 'SpreadElement' && arg.argument?.type === 'ArrayExpression') {
+      for (const el of arg.argument.elements) {
+        if (el?.type === 'Literal' && typeof el.value === 'number') {
+          nums.push(el.value);
+        } else {
+          return null; // non-numeric — abort
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (arg.type === 'Literal' && typeof arg.value === 'number') {
+      nums.push(arg.value);
+    } else {
+      return null; // non-numeric argument (variable, expression) — abort
+    }
+  }
+  return nums.length > 0 ? nums : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if node is Buffer.from('...', 'base64').toString()
+ */
+function isBufferBase64ToString(node) {
+  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  const callee = node.callee;
+  // .toString() call
+  if (callee.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
+  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'toString') return false;
+  // The object is Buffer.from(str, 'base64')
+  const inner = callee.object;
+  if (inner?.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  const innerCallee = inner.callee;
+  if (innerCallee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
+  if (innerCallee.object?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.object.name !== 'Buffer') return false;
+  if (innerCallee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.property.name !== 'from') return false;
+  // Args: (string, 'base64')
+  if (inner.arguments.length < 2) return false;
+  if (inner.arguments[1]?.type !== 'Literal' || inner.arguments[1].value !== 'base64') return false;
+  if (inner.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof inner.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract the base64 string argument from Buffer.from(str, 'base64').toString()
+ */
+function extractBufferBase64Arg(node) {
+  const inner = node.callee.object;
+  return inner.arguments[0].value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if node is Buffer.from('...', 'hex').toString()
+ */
+function isBufferHexToString(node) {
+  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  const callee = node.callee;
+  if (callee.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
+  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'toString') return false;
+  const inner = callee.object;
+  if (inner?.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  const innerCallee = inner.callee;
+  if (innerCallee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return false;
+  if (innerCallee.object?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.object.name !== 'Buffer') return false;
+  if (innerCallee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || innerCallee.property.name !== 'from') return false;
+  if (inner.arguments.length < 2) return false;
+  if (inner.arguments[1]?.type !== 'Literal' || inner.arguments[1].value !== 'hex') return false;
+  if (inner.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof inner.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract the hex string argument from Buffer.from(str, 'hex').toString()
+ */
+function extractBufferHexArg(node) {
+  const inner = node.callee.object;
+  return inner.arguments[0].value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if node is atob('...')
+ */
+function isAtobCall(node) {
+  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return false;
+  if (node.callee?.type !== 'Identifier' || node.callee.name !== 'atob') return false;
+  if (node.arguments.length !== 1) return false;
+  if (node.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || typeof node.arguments[0].value !== 'string') return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to resolve [0x63, ...].map(c => String.fromCharCode(c)).join('')
+ * Returns a replacement object or null.
+ */
+function tryResolveHexArrayMap(node, source) {
+  // Pattern: <expr>.join('') where <expr> is <array>.map(<fn>)
+  // node is the .join('') call
+  if (node.type !== 'CallExpression') return null;
+  const callee = node.callee;
+  if (callee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return null;
+  if (callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || callee.property.name !== 'join') return null;
+  // Verify .join('') or .join("")
+  if (node.arguments.length !== 1) return null;
+  if (node.arguments[0]?.type !== 'Literal' || node.arguments[0].value !== '') return null;
+
+  // The object of .join should be a .map(...) call
+  const mapCall = callee.object;
+  if (mapCall?.type !== 'CallExpression') return null;
+  if (mapCall.callee?.type !== 'MemberExpression') return null;
+  if (mapCall.callee.property?.type !== 'Identifier' || mapCall.callee.property.name !== 'map') return null;
+
+  // The map callback should reference String.fromCharCode
+  if (mapCall.arguments.length < 1) return null;
+  const mapFn = mapCall.arguments[0];
+  if (!containsFromCharCode(mapFn)) return null;
+
+  // The object of .map should be an ArrayExpression of numbers
+  const arr = mapCall.callee.object;
+  if (arr?.type !== 'ArrayExpression') return null;
+  const nums = [];
+  for (const el of arr.elements) {
+    if (el?.type === 'Literal' && typeof el.value === 'number') {
+      nums.push(el.value);
+    } else {
+      return null; // non-numeric element — abort
+    }
+  }
+  if (nums.length === 0) return null;
+
+  try {
+    const decoded = String.fromCharCode(...nums);
+    const before = source.slice(node.start, node.end);
+    return {
+      start: node.start,
+      end: node.end,
+      value: quoteString(decoded),
+      type: 'hex_array',
+      before
+    };
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if an AST node (a function/arrow function) contains a reference to String.fromCharCode.
+ */
+function containsFromCharCode(node) {
+  if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return false;
+
+  // Direct check on this node
+  if (node.type === 'MemberExpression' &&
+      node.object?.type === 'Identifier' && node.object.name === 'String' &&
+      node.property?.type === 'Identifier' && node.property.name === 'fromCharCode') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Recurse into child nodes
+  for (const key of Object.keys(node)) {
+    if (key === 'type' || key === 'start' || key === 'end' || key === 'range') continue;
+    const child = node[key];
+    if (Array.isArray(child)) {
+      for (const c of child) {
+        if (c && typeof c === 'object' && containsFromCharCode(c)) return true;
+      }
+    } else if (child && typeof child === 'object' && child.type) {
+      if (containsFromCharCode(child)) return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Quote a string value as a JS single-quoted string literal.
+ */
+function quoteString(str) {
+  const escaped = str
+    .replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+    .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+    .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+    .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+    .replace(/\t/g, '\\t');
+  return `'${escaped}'`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a decoded string is "printable" (no control chars except whitespace).
+ * Prevents replacing base64 that decodes to binary garbage.
+ */
+function isPrintable(str) {
+  // Allow printable ASCII + common unicode + whitespace
+  // Reject if more than 20% of chars are control characters
+  let controlCount = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    const code = str.charCodeAt(i);
+    if (code < 32 && code !== 9 && code !== 10 && code !== 13) {
+      controlCount++;
+    }
+  }
+  if (str.length === 0) return false;
+  return (controlCount / str.length) < 0.2;
+}
+
+module.exports = { deobfuscate };