minecraft-renderer 0.1.40 → 0.1.42

package/src/wasm-mesher/worker/mesherWasm.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1425 @@
+//@ts-nocheck
+import { Vec3 } from 'vec3'
+import { convertChunkToWasm, getBlockMeta, type ChunkConversionResult } from '../bridge/convertChunk'
+import { extractColumnHeightmap, splitColumnWasmOutputToSections } from '../bridge/render-from-wasm'
+import { setBlockStatesData as setMesherData } from '../../mesher-shared/models'
+import { defaultMesherConfig, type MesherGeometryOutput, SECTION_HEIGHT } from '../../mesher-shared/shared'
+import { worldColumnKey, World } from '../../mesher-shared/world'
+import { handleGetHeightmap, EMPTY_COLUMN_HEIGHTMAP_SENTINEL } from '../../mesher-shared/computeHeightmap'
+import { collectBlockEntityMetadata, type SignMeta, type HeadMeta, type BannerMeta } from '../../mesher-shared/blockEntityMetadata'
+import { SectionRequestTracker } from './mesherWasmRequestTracker'
+import {
+  CONVERSION_CACHE_LIMIT,
+  clearConversionCache,
+  getOrConvertColumn,
+  invalidateConversion,
+  setConversionCacheLimit,
+} from './mesherWasmConversionCache'
+
+let wasm: typeof import('../runtime-build/wasm_mesher.js') | null = null
+let wasmInitialized = false
+
+// Pending raw `update_light` packets that arrived before WASM finished
+// loading. Parsed and drained once `initWasm` resolves. Without this queue
+// the very first batch of chunks (~40-50 in our smoke test) lose their
+// real lighting and fall back to fill(15) — which makes shadowed areas
+// (under trees, cliff edges) look brighter than vanilla, and after the
+// renderer interpolates with neighbour chunks that DO have real light,
+// the seams look like "local night".
+const pendingUpdateLightV17: Array<{ rawPacket: Uint8Array, numSections: number }> = []
+// Separate v16 pending queue so 1.16 update_light packets that arrive
+// before WASM is initialised land in the v16 light cache (not v17) on
+// drain — the mesh hot path looks them up per protocol family.
+const pendingUpdateLightV16: Array<{ rawPacket: Uint8Array }> = []
+
+function processUpdateLightV17 (rawPacket: Uint8Array, numSections: number): void {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).parseUpdateLightV17) {
+    pendingUpdateLightV17.push({ rawPacket, numSections })
+    return
+  }
+  try {
+    const parsed: any = (wasm as any).parseUpdateLightV17(rawPacket, numSections)
+    const x = (parsed.x as number) * 16
+    const z = (parsed.z as number) * 16
+    updateLightV17Cache.set(rawCacheKey(x, z), {
+      skyLight: parsed.skyLight as Uint8Array,
+      blockLight: parsed.blockLight as Uint8Array,
+    })
+    invalidateConversion(x, z)
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] parseUpdateLightV17 failed:', err)
+  }
+}
+
+// 1.16 update_light shares the wire format (and the WASM parser) with
+// 1.17, but we keep a SEPARATE result cache to keep the two protocol
+// families fully isolated — the mesh tick picks v16 vs v17 by which raw
+// chunk cache has the entry, and crossing the streams could mismatch a
+// stale 1.17 column with 1.16 light or vice versa during version switches.
+function processUpdateLightV16 (rawPacket: Uint8Array): void {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).parseUpdateLightV17) {
+    pendingUpdateLightV16.push({ rawPacket })
+    return
+  }
+  try {
+    const parsed: any = (wasm as any).parseUpdateLightV17(rawPacket, 16)
+    const x = (parsed.x as number) * 16
+    const z = (parsed.z as number) * 16
+    updateLightV16Cache.set(rawCacheKey(x, z), {
+      skyLight: parsed.skyLight as Uint8Array,
+      blockLight: parsed.blockLight as Uint8Array,
+    })
+    invalidateConversion(x, z)
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] parseUpdateLightV17 (v16) failed:', err)
+  }
+}
+
+async function initWasm() {
+  if (wasmInitialized) return
+  try {
+    wasmInitialized = true
+    wasm = await import('../runtime-build/wasm_mesher.js')
+    await wasm.default('/wasm_mesher_bg.wasm') as any
+
+    if (pendingUpdateLightV17.length > 0) {
+      console.log('[WASM Mesher] draining', pendingUpdateLightV17.length, 'pending update_light v17 packets')
+      const queue = pendingUpdateLightV17.splice(0, pendingUpdateLightV17.length)
+      for (const item of queue) processUpdateLightV17(item.rawPacket, item.numSections)
+    }
+
+    if (pendingUpdateLightV16.length > 0) {
+      console.log('[WASM Mesher] draining', pendingUpdateLightV16.length, 'pending update_light v16 packets')
+      const queue = pendingUpdateLightV16.splice(0, pendingUpdateLightV16.length)
+      for (const item of queue) processUpdateLightV16(item.rawPacket)
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to initialize WASM mesher:', err)
+    wasmInitialized = true // Don't try to initialize again
+    // Don't throw - allow worker to continue without WASM (will fail on first use)
+  }
+}
+
+globalThis.structuredClone ??= (value) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value))
+
+if (globalThis.module && module.require) {
+  // If we are in a node environment, we need to fake some env variables
+  const r = module.require
+  const { parentPort } = r('worker_threads')
+  global.self = parentPort
+  global.postMessage = (value, transferList) => { parentPort.postMessage(value, transferList) }
+  global.performance = r('perf_hooks').performance
+}
+
+let workerIndex = 0
+let config = defaultMesherConfig
+let version = '1.16.5'
+let world: World // chunkKey -> chunk data
+let dirtySections = new Map<string, number>()
+// Kept in sync with `dirtySections` so column mode can filter outgoing
+// geometry/sectionFinished events to only the section keys requested by the
+// main thread, even though a full-column WASM call may generate more data.
+const requestTracker = new SectionRequestTracker()
+let allDataReady = false
+
+function sectionKey(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
+  return `${x},${y},${z}`
+}
+
+const batchMessagesLimit = 100
+
+let queuedMessages: any[] = []
+let queueWaiting = false
+const postMessage = (data: any, transferList: any[] = []) => {
+  queuedMessages.push({ data, transferList })
+  if (queuedMessages.length > batchMessagesLimit) {
+    drainQueue(0, batchMessagesLimit)
+  }
+  if (queueWaiting) return
+  queueWaiting = true
+  setTimeout(() => {
+    queueWaiting = false
+    drainQueue(0, queuedMessages.length)
+  })
+}
+
+function drainQueue(from: number, to: number) {
+  const messages = queuedMessages.slice(from, to)
+  global.postMessage(messages.map(m => m.data), messages.flatMap(m => m.transferList) as unknown as string)
+  queuedMessages = queuedMessages.slice(to)
+}
+
+// Single emit point for `sectionFinished`. Consumes one pending request from
+// `requestTracker` and posts via the existing batched `postMessage` queue.
+//
+// Column-mode is the ONLY WASM path now: an emit for a non-requested key is a
+// contract violation (`WorldRendererCommon` would throw on the main thread)
+// and we surface it via `console.warn` so it shows up in dev/CI without
+// killing the worker.
+const emitSectionFinished = (payload: { type: 'sectionFinished', key: string } & Record<string, any>) => {
+  const consumed = requestTracker.consumeOne(payload.key)
+  if (!consumed) {
+    console.warn(`[WASM Mesher] sectionFinished for non-requested key ${payload.key} (column-mode contract violation)`)
+  }
+  postMessage(payload)
+}
+
+let hadDirty = false
+function setSectionDirty(pos: Vec3, value = true) {
+  if (hadDirty) return
+
+  // hadDirty = true
+  const x = Math.floor(pos.x / 16) * 16
+  const sectionHeight = getSectionHeight()
+  const y = Math.floor(pos.y / sectionHeight) * sectionHeight
+  const z = Math.floor(pos.z / 16) * 16
+  const key = sectionKey(x, y, z)
+  if (!value) {
+    dirtySections.delete(key)
+    // The main thread waits for a sectionFinished response to dirty=false too.
+    // Record + consume it so request accounting stays balanced.
+    requestTracker.addRequest(key)
+    emitSectionFinished({ type: 'sectionFinished', key, workerIndex })
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Check if we have the chunk for this section
+  const chunk = world?.getColumn(x, z)
+  if (chunk?.getSection(pos)) {
+    dirtySections.set(key, (dirtySections.get(key) || 0) + 1)
+    requestTracker.addRequest(key)
+  } else {
+    // Missing chunks still owe the main thread a sectionFinished response.
+    requestTracker.addRequest(key)
+    emitSectionFinished({ type: 'sectionFinished', key, workerIndex })
+  }
+}
+
+const softCleanup = () => {
+  world = new World(world.config.version)
+  globalThis.world = world
+}
+
+// Stage 3 (issue-15-wasm): cache of raw `map_chunk` packets keyed by
+// `"x,z"`. Populated from the main thread (`setRawMapChunk` message), used
+// to bypass the JS hot loop `convertChunkToWasm` for protocol >= 757
+// (1.18+). Block updates / chunk unload invalidate entries so we fall back
+// to the legacy column-walk path until the next `map_chunk` arrives.
+interface RawMapChunkEntry {
+  rawPacket: Uint8Array
+  protocol: number
+  numSections: number
+}
+const rawMapChunkCache = new Map<string, RawMapChunkEntry>()
+const rawCacheKey = (x: number, z: number) => `${x},${z}`
+
+// 1.17 path: pre-extracted section bytes + bit mask (mineflayer already
+// did the cheap top-level packet parsing on the main thread).
+interface ParsedV17Entry {
+  protocol: number
+  numSections: number
+  maxBitsPerBlock: number
+  chunkData: Uint8Array
+  bitMapLoHi: Uint32Array
+  biomes?: Int32Array
+}
+const parsedV17Cache = new Map<string, ParsedV17Entry>()
+
+// 1.17 light arrives in a separate `update_light` packet. We parse it via
+// WASM (`parseUpdateLightV17`) and cache per-block arrays keyed by the
+// chunk origin — the next mesh tick of that column merges them in instead
+// of the sky=15/block=0 fallback. May arrive before or after `map_chunk`.
+interface UpdateLightV17Entry {
+  skyLight: Uint8Array
+  blockLight: Uint8Array
+}
+const updateLightV17Cache = new Map<string, UpdateLightV17Entry>()
+
+// 1.16 path: pre-extracted section bytes + bit mask. Bit mask in 1.16
+// is a varint that fits in i32 (only 16 sections), so we accept it as a
+// single number and widen to a [lo,hi]=[bitMap,0] u32 pair when calling
+// the shared `parseChunkSectionsV16V17` parser. Held separately from the
+// v17 cache to keep the two protocol families isolated during version
+// switches; mesh tick picks v16 vs v17 by which cache holds the entry.
+interface ParsedV16Entry {
+  protocol: number
+  chunkData: Uint8Array
+  bitMap: number
+  biomes: Int32Array
+}
+const parsedV16Cache = new Map<string, ParsedV16Entry>()
+
+// 1.16 sky/block light cache — same shape as the v17 entry, populated by
+// `processUpdateLightV16` (which calls the shared `parseUpdateLightV17`
+// WASM export). Separate map for the same isolation reasons as
+// `parsedV16Cache` above.
+const updateLightV16Cache = new Map<string, UpdateLightV17Entry>()
+
+// Mirrors `convertChunkToWasm`'s output (same layout: x + z*16 + y*256,
+// y outer) so it can be dropped straight into `generate_geometry`.
+const convertRawMapChunkToWasm = (
+  raw: RawMapChunkEntry,
+  version: string
+): ChunkConversionResult | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).parseMapChunkV18Plus) return null
+  // 1.18 introduced the new chunk format; on earlier protocols the packet
+  // shape differs and our parser would throw. Fall back to the JS path.
+  if (raw.protocol < 757) return null
+  // max_bits_per_block / max_bits_per_biome match the parity-tested defaults
+  // in `wasm-mesher/src/parser_v18plus.rs` (see Stage 2 fixtures).
+  const MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK = 8
+  const MAX_BITS_PER_BIOME = 3
+  let parsed: any
+  try {
+    parsed = (wasm as any).parseMapChunkV18Plus(
+      raw.rawPacket,
+      raw.numSections,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BIOME,
+      raw.protocol
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] parseMapChunkV18Plus failed, falling back:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+  const meta = getBlockMeta(version)
+  const blockStates: Uint16Array = parsed.blockStates
+  let blockCount = 0
+  for (let i = 0; i < blockStates.length; i++) {
+    if (blockStates[i] !== 0) blockCount++
+  }
+  return {
+    blockStates,
+    blockLight: parsed.blockLight,
+    skyLight: parsed.skyLight,
+    biomesArray: parsed.biomes,
+    invisibleBlocks: meta.invisibleBlocks,
+    transparentBlocks: meta.transparentBlocks,
+    noAoBlocks: meta.noAoBlocks,
+    cullIdenticalBlocks: meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+    occludingBlocks: meta.occludingBlocks,
+    blockCount,
+  }
+}
+
+// 1.17 conversion: WASM now returns blockStates **and** per-block biomes
+// (expanded from the 4×4×4 cell layout). Light comes from the paired
+// `update_light` cache when available; otherwise we fall back to full
+// daylight (sky=15) and no block light so geometry stays visible.
+const convertParsedV17ToWasm = (
+  entry: ParsedV17Entry,
+  lightEntry: UpdateLightV17Entry | undefined,
+  version: string
+): ChunkConversionResult | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).parseChunkSectionsV16V17) return null
+  // Empty `Int32Array` signals "no biomes captured" — WASM falls back to
+  // `default_biome` for every block. Plains (id 1) matches the JS path.
+  const biomesCells = entry.biomes ?? new Int32Array(0)
+  const DEFAULT_BIOME = 1
+  let parsed: any
+  try {
+    parsed = (wasm as any).parseChunkSectionsV16V17(
+      entry.chunkData,
+      entry.bitMapLoHi,
+      entry.numSections,
+      entry.maxBitsPerBlock,
+      biomesCells,
+      DEFAULT_BIOME,
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] parseChunkSectionsV16V17 failed, falling back:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+  const blockStates: Uint16Array = parsed.blockStates
+  const totalBlocks = blockStates.length
+  let blockLight: Uint8Array
+  let skyLight: Uint8Array
+  if (lightEntry && lightEntry.skyLight.length === totalBlocks) {
+    skyLight = lightEntry.skyLight
+    blockLight = lightEntry.blockLight
+  } else {
+    blockLight = new Uint8Array(totalBlocks)
+    skyLight = new Uint8Array(totalBlocks)
+    skyLight.fill(15)
+  }
+  const biomesArray: Uint8Array = parsed.biomes
+  let blockCount = 0
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalBlocks; i++) {
+    if (blockStates[i] !== 0) blockCount++
+  }
+  const meta = getBlockMeta(version)
+  return {
+    blockStates,
+    blockLight,
+    skyLight,
+    biomesArray,
+    invisibleBlocks: meta.invisibleBlocks,
+    transparentBlocks: meta.transparentBlocks,
+    noAoBlocks: meta.noAoBlocks,
+    cullIdenticalBlocks: meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+    occludingBlocks: meta.occludingBlocks,
+    blockCount,
+  }
+}
+
+// 1.16 conversion: shares the WASM parser with 1.17 (chunk-section wire
+// format is identical between 1.16.x and 1.17). The fixed parameters
+// (16 sections, max_bits_per_block=14) match the prismarine-chunk@1.16
+// defaults — anything else means a non-vanilla server we don't support
+// on the fast path, in which case we return null and fall back to the
+// JS column-walk via `convertChunkToWasm`.
+const convertParsedV16ToWasm = (
+  entry: ParsedV16Entry,
+  lightEntry: UpdateLightV17Entry | undefined,
+  version: string
+): ChunkConversionResult | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).parseChunkSectionsV16V17) return null
+  const NUM_SECTIONS = 16
+  const MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK = 15
+  const DEFAULT_BIOME = 1
+  // 1.16 bit mask is a varint that fits in i32 (only 16 sections used);
+  // the WASM parser still expects [lo,hi] u32 pairs (one pair per long),
+  // so widen the single number to [bitMap, 0].
+  const bitMapLoHi = new Uint32Array([entry.bitMap >>> 0, 0])
+  const biomesCells = entry.biomes ?? new Int32Array(0)
+  let parsed: any
+  try {
+    parsed = (wasm as any).parseChunkSectionsV16V17(
+      entry.chunkData,
+      bitMapLoHi,
+      NUM_SECTIONS,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK,
+      biomesCells,
+      DEFAULT_BIOME,
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] parseChunkSectionsV16V17 (v16) failed, falling back:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+  const blockStates: Uint16Array = parsed.blockStates
+  const totalBlocks = blockStates.length
+  let blockLight: Uint8Array
+  let skyLight: Uint8Array
+  if (lightEntry && lightEntry.skyLight.length === totalBlocks) {
+    skyLight = lightEntry.skyLight
+    blockLight = lightEntry.blockLight
+  } else {
+    blockLight = new Uint8Array(totalBlocks)
+    skyLight = new Uint8Array(totalBlocks)
+    skyLight.fill(15)
+  }
+  const biomesArray: Uint8Array = parsed.biomes
+  let blockCount = 0
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalBlocks; i++) {
+    if (blockStates[i] !== 0) blockCount++
+  }
+  const meta = getBlockMeta(version)
+  return {
+    blockStates,
+    blockLight,
+    skyLight,
+    biomesArray,
+    invisibleBlocks: meta.invisibleBlocks,
+    transparentBlocks: meta.transparentBlocks,
+    noAoBlocks: meta.noAoBlocks,
+    cullIdenticalBlocks: meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+    occludingBlocks: meta.occludingBlocks,
+    blockCount,
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Fused parse+mesh helpers (single WASM call, no typed arrays in JS heap)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK = 8
+const MAX_BITS_PER_BIOME = 3
+
+/// Fused single-column mesh for 1.18+ raw map_chunk.
+/// Returns the GeometryOutput directly (or null on failure → fallback).
+const meshColumnFromRawV18Plus = (
+  raw: RawMapChunkEntry,
+  x: number,
+  z: number,
+  worldMinY: number,
+  worldMaxY: number,
+  meta: ReturnType<typeof getBlockMeta>
+): any | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18Plus) return null
+  if (raw.protocol < 757) return null
+  const columnHeight = worldMaxY - worldMinY
+  try {
+    return (wasm as any).generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18Plus(
+      raw.rawPacket,
+      raw.numSections,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BIOME,
+      raw.protocol,
+      x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+      worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+      worldMinY,
+      meta.invisibleBlocks,
+      meta.transparentBlocks,
+      meta.noAoBlocks,
+      meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+      meta.occludingBlocks,
+      config?.enableLighting !== false,
+      config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+      config?.skyLight || 15
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18Plus failed, falling back:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/// Fused single-column mesh for 1.16 / 1.17 pre-parsed chunk sections.
+const meshColumnFromParsedV16V17 = (
+  chunkData: Uint8Array,
+  bitMapLoHi: Uint32Array,
+  numSections: number,
+  maxBitsPerBlock: number,
+  biomesCells: Int32Array | undefined,
+  defaultBiome: number,
+  skyLight: Uint8Array | null,
+  blockLight: Uint8Array | null,
+  x: number,
+  z: number,
+  worldMinY: number,
+  worldMaxY: number,
+  meta: ReturnType<typeof getBlockMeta>
+): any | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17) return null
+  const columnHeight = worldMaxY - worldMinY
+  try {
+    return (wasm as any).generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17(
+      chunkData,
+      bitMapLoHi,
+      numSections,
+      maxBitsPerBlock,
+      biomesCells ?? new Int32Array(0),
+      defaultBiome,
+      skyLight ?? new Uint8Array(0),
+      blockLight ?? new Uint8Array(0),
+      x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+      worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+      worldMinY,
+      meta.invisibleBlocks,
+      meta.transparentBlocks,
+      meta.noAoBlocks,
+      meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+      meta.occludingBlocks,
+      config?.enableLighting !== false,
+      config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+      config?.skyLight || 15
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17 failed, falling back:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Fused multi-column helpers.
+// Zero-alloc: reuse existing TypedArray buffers from caches, no concat.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const meshMultiColumnsFromRawV18Plus = (
+  chunksToUse: Array<{ x: number, z: number, chunk: any }>,
+  x: number,
+  z: number,
+  worldMinY: number,
+  worldMaxY: number,
+  meta: ReturnType<typeof getBlockMeta>
+): any | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18PlusMulti) return null
+  const chunkCount = chunksToUse.length
+  if (chunkCount === 0) return null
+
+  const rawPackets: Uint8Array[] = []
+  const numSectionsList = new Uint32Array(chunkCount)
+  const chunkXs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+  const chunkZs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+  let protocol = 0
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < chunkCount; i++) {
+    const raw = rawMapChunkCache.get(rawCacheKey(chunksToUse[i].x, chunksToUse[i].z))
+    if (!raw || raw.protocol < 757) return null
+    rawPackets.push(raw.rawPacket)
+    numSectionsList[i] = raw.numSections
+    chunkXs[i] = chunksToUse[i].x
+    chunkZs[i] = chunksToUse[i].z
+    if (i === 0) protocol = raw.protocol
+  }
+
+  const columnHeight = worldMaxY - worldMinY
+  try {
+    return (wasm as any).generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18PlusMulti(
+      rawPackets,
+      numSectionsList,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BLOCK,
+      MAX_BITS_PER_BIOME,
+      protocol,
+      chunkXs,
+      chunkZs,
+      x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+      worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+      worldMinY,
+      meta.invisibleBlocks,
+      meta.transparentBlocks,
+      meta.noAoBlocks,
+      meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+      meta.occludingBlocks,
+      config?.enableLighting !== false,
+      config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+      config?.skyLight || 15
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] generateGeometryFromMapChunkV18PlusMulti failed:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+const meshMultiColumnsFromParsedV16V17 = (
+  chunksToUse: Array<{ x: number, z: number, chunk: any }>,
+  x: number,
+  z: number,
+  worldMinY: number,
+  worldMaxY: number,
+  meta: ReturnType<typeof getBlockMeta>
+): any | null => {
+  if (!wasm || !(wasm as any).generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17Multi) return null
+  const chunkCount = chunksToUse.length
+  if (chunkCount === 0) return null
+
+  // Determine which cache family owns all columns. Homogeneity is
+  // guaranteed by the server protocol version: v16 and v17 caches are
+  // never populated simultaneously within a session.
+  let family: 'v17' | 'v16' | null = null
+  for (let i = 0; i < chunkCount; i++) {
+    const key = rawCacheKey(chunksToUse[i].x, chunksToUse[i].z)
+    if (parsedV17Cache.has(key)) {
+      if (family === 'v16') return null
+      family = 'v17'
+    } else if (parsedV16Cache.has(key)) {
+      if (family === 'v17') return null
+      family = 'v16'
+    } else {
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+  if (!family) return null
+
+  const chunkDataList: Uint8Array[] = []
+  const biomesList: Int32Array[] = []
+  const skyLightList: Uint8Array[] = []
+  const blockLightList: Uint8Array[] = []
+  const numSectionsList = new Uint32Array(chunkCount)
+  const chunkXs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+  const chunkZs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+  const bitMapLoHi = new Uint32Array(chunkCount * 2)
+  let maxBitsPerBlock = 15
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < chunkCount; i++) {
+    const key = rawCacheKey(chunksToUse[i].x, chunksToUse[i].z)
+    if (family === 'v17') {
+      const entry = parsedV17Cache.get(key)!
+      chunkDataList.push(entry.chunkData)
+      biomesList.push(entry.biomes ?? new Int32Array(0))
+      numSectionsList[i] = entry.numSections
+      bitMapLoHi[i * 2] = entry.bitMapLoHi[0]
+      bitMapLoHi[i * 2 + 1] = entry.bitMapLoHi[1]
+      if (i === 0) maxBitsPerBlock = entry.maxBitsPerBlock
+      const light = updateLightV17Cache.get(key)
+      skyLightList.push(light?.skyLight ?? new Uint8Array(0))
+      blockLightList.push(light?.blockLight ?? new Uint8Array(0))
+    } else {
+      const entry = parsedV16Cache.get(key)!
+      chunkDataList.push(entry.chunkData)
+      biomesList.push(entry.biomes ?? new Int32Array(0))
+      numSectionsList[i] = 16
+      const bm = entry.bitMap >>> 0
+      bitMapLoHi[i * 2] = bm
+      bitMapLoHi[i * 2 + 1] = 0
+      const light = updateLightV16Cache.get(key)
+      skyLightList.push(light?.skyLight ?? new Uint8Array(0))
+      blockLightList.push(light?.blockLight ?? new Uint8Array(0))
+    }
+    chunkXs[i] = chunksToUse[i].x
+    chunkZs[i] = chunksToUse[i].z
+  }
+
+  const columnHeight = worldMaxY - worldMinY
+  try {
+    return (wasm as any).generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17Multi(
+      chunkDataList,
+      bitMapLoHi,
+      numSectionsList,
+      maxBitsPerBlock,
+      biomesList,
+      1,
+      skyLightList,
+      blockLightList,
+      chunkXs,
+      chunkZs,
+      x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+      worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+      worldMinY,
+      meta.invisibleBlocks,
+      meta.transparentBlocks,
+      meta.noAoBlocks,
+      meta.cullIdenticalBlocks,
+      meta.occludingBlocks,
+      config?.enableLighting !== false,
+      config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+      config?.skyLight || 15
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('[WASM Mesher] generateGeometryFromParsedV16V17Multi failed:', err)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+const handleMessage = async (data: any) => {
+  const globalVar: any = globalThis
+
+  if (data.type === 'mcData') {
+    globalVar.mcData = data.mcData
+    globalVar.loadedData = data.mcData
+  }
+
+  if (data.config) {
+    config = { ...config, ...data.config }
+    version = config.version || version
+    world ??= new World(version)
+    world.config = { ...world.config, ...data.config }
+    globalThis.world = world
+    globalThis.Vec3 = Vec3
+    setConversionCacheLimit(config.disableConversionCache ? 0 : CONVERSION_CACHE_LIMIT)
+  }
+
+  switch (data.type) {
+    case 'mesherData': {
+      setMesherData(data.blockstatesModels, data.blocksAtlas, data.config.outputFormat === 'webgpu')
+      ;(globalThis as any).__wasmBlockModelCache = new Map()
+      // Conservative: blockstates/version/world config may have changed.
+      clearConversionCache()
+
+      await initWasm()
+      allDataReady = true
+      workerIndex = data.workerIndex
+      break
+    }
+    case 'dirty': {
+      const loc = new Vec3(data.x, data.y, data.z)
+      setSectionDirty(loc, data.value)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'chunk': {
+      // Invalidate BEFORE replacing the column reference so a stale entry
+      // can never outlive the old chunk object.
+      invalidateConversion(data.x, data.z)
+      if (!world) break
+      world.addColumn(data.x, data.z, data.chunk)
+      if (data.customBlockModels) {
+        const chunkKey = `${data.x},${data.z}`
+        world.customBlockModels.set(chunkKey, data.customBlockModels)
+      }
+      // Safety-net heightmap push for fully empty columns. With WASM
+      // mesher as the sole path, the main thread no longer requests
+      // `getHeightmap` on chunk load — heightmaps come from
+      // `processColumnTick`. But a fully empty column (no sections, or
+      // all sections missing) never enters that path because
+      // `setSectionDirty` short-circuits when `chunk.getSection(pos)` is
+      // falsy, so `processColumnTick` never sees it. Without this push
+      // downstream consumers (e.g. `rain.ts`) would have no heightmap
+      // entry for such columns. We send a cheap sentinel-filled
+      // `Int16Array(256).fill(-32768)` — no JS heightmap scan — only when
+      // we detect zero sections; non-empty columns get their real
+      // heightmap from the next `processColumnTick`.
+      const sectionH = SECTION_HEIGHT
+      const minY = config?.worldMinY ?? 0
+      const maxY = config?.worldMaxY ?? 256
+      const column = world.getColumn(data.x, data.z)
+      let hasAnySection = false
+      for (let y = minY; y < maxY; y += sectionH) {
+        if (column?.getSection?.(new Vec3(0, y, 0))) {
+          hasAnySection = true
+          break
+        }
+      }
+      if (!hasAnySection) {
+        const emptyHeightmap = new Int16Array(256).fill(EMPTY_COLUMN_HEIGHTMAP_SENTINEL)
+        postMessage(
+          { type: 'heightmap', key: `${data.x >> 4},${data.z >> 4}`, heightmap: emptyHeightmap },
+          [emptyHeightmap.buffer]
+        )
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    case 'unloadChunk': {
+      invalidateConversion(data.x, data.z)
+      rawMapChunkCache.delete(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z))
+      parsedV17Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z))
+      updateLightV17Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z))
+      parsedV16Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z))
+      updateLightV16Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z))
+      if (!world) break
+      world.removeColumn(data.x, data.z)
+      world.customBlockModels.delete(`${data.x},${data.z}`)
+      if (Object.keys(world.columns).length === 0) softCleanup()
+      break
+    }
+    case 'blockUpdate': {
+      const loc = new Vec3(data.pos.x, data.pos.y, data.pos.z).floored()
+      if (data.stateId !== undefined && data.stateId !== null) {
+        world?.setBlockStateId(loc, data.stateId)
+      }
+
+      const chunkX = Math.floor(loc.x / 16) * 16
+      const chunkZ = Math.floor(loc.z / 16) * 16
+      // In-place mutation preserves chunk identity; explicit invalidation
+      // is required so the next tick recomputes from current block state.
+      invalidateConversion(chunkX, chunkZ)
+      // Stage 3: the cached raw map_chunk no longer matches the live
+      // column after a block update — drop it so the next mesh tick walks
+      // the (now-updated) prismarine column instead.
+      rawMapChunkCache.delete(rawCacheKey(chunkX, chunkZ))
+      parsedV17Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(chunkX, chunkZ))
+      parsedV16Cache.delete(rawCacheKey(chunkX, chunkZ))
+      const chunkKey = `${chunkX},${chunkZ}`
+      if (data.customBlockModels) {
+        world?.customBlockModels.set(chunkKey, data.customBlockModels)
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    case 'setRawMapChunk': {
+      // Stage 3 (issue-15-wasm): main thread captured the raw map_chunk
+      // bytes mineflayer received and forwarded them here. We cache by
+      // (x,z); the next mesh tick will prefer this raw entry over the JS
+      // column-walk path. Invalidate the existing conversion cache entry
+      // so the next mesh tick picks the new path even if the column
+      // identity is unchanged.
+      rawMapChunkCache.set(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z), {
+        rawPacket: data.rawPacket as Uint8Array,
+        protocol: data.protocol as number,
+        numSections: data.numSections as number,
+      })
+      invalidateConversion(data.x, data.z)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'setParsedMapChunkV17': {
+      // 1.17 path: pre-extracted section bytes + bit mask from mineflayer.
+      parsedV17Cache.set(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z), {
+        protocol: data.protocol as number,
+        numSections: data.numSections as number,
+        maxBitsPerBlock: data.maxBitsPerBlock as number,
+        chunkData: data.chunkData as Uint8Array,
+        bitMapLoHi: data.bitMapLoHi as Uint32Array,
+        biomes: data.biomes as Int32Array | undefined,
+      })
+      invalidateConversion(data.x, data.z)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'setUpdateLightV17': {
+      // 1.17 path: parse the raw `update_light` packet via WASM. The
+      // (chunkX, chunkZ) come back inside the result — JS doesn't peek at
+      // varints. May arrive before or after the matching map_chunk; either
+      // way we cache and invalidate the column conversion so the next tick
+      // merges real lighting in.
+      // If WASM isn't ready yet, the packet is queued in
+      // `pendingUpdateLightV17` and replayed by `initWasm`.
+      processUpdateLightV17(data.rawPacket as Uint8Array, data.numSections as number)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'setParsedMapChunkV16': {
+      // 1.16 path: pre-extracted section bytes + (single-number) bit mask
+      // from mineflayer. Stored separately from v17 to keep the two
+      // protocol families isolated during version switches.
+      parsedV16Cache.set(rawCacheKey(data.x, data.z), {
+        protocol: data.protocol as number,
+        chunkData: data.chunkData as Uint8Array,
+        bitMap: data.bitMap as number,
+        biomes: data.biomes as Int32Array,
+      })
+      invalidateConversion(data.x, data.z)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'setUpdateLightV16': {
+      // 1.16 path: shares the wire format / WASM parser with 1.17 but
+      // populates a separate `updateLightV16Cache`. Same pre-WASM queueing
+      // semantics as v17.
+      processUpdateLightV16(data.rawPacket as Uint8Array)
+      break
+    }
+    case 'reset': {
+      world = undefined as any
+      dirtySections.clear()
+      requestTracker.clear()
+      clearConversionCache()
+      rawMapChunkCache.clear()
+      parsedV17Cache.clear()
+      updateLightV17Cache.clear()
+      parsedV16Cache.clear()
+      updateLightV16Cache.clear()
+      globalVar.mcData = null
+      globalVar.loadedData = null
+      allDataReady = false
+      break
+    }
+    case 'mc-web-ping': {
+      const replyWorkerIndex = typeof data.workerIndex === 'number' ? data.workerIndex : workerIndex
+      global.postMessage({
+        type: 'mc-web-pong',
+        workerIndex: replyWorkerIndex,
+        t: data.t,
+        recvAt: typeof performance !== 'undefined' ? performance.now() : undefined,
+      })
+      break
+    }
+    case 'mc-web-ping': {
+      const replyWorkerIndex = typeof data.workerIndex === 'number' ? data.workerIndex : workerIndex
+      global.postMessage({
+        type: 'mc-web-pong',
+        workerIndex: replyWorkerIndex,
+        t: data.t,
+        recvAt: typeof performance !== 'undefined' ? performance.now() : undefined,
+      })
+      break
+    }
+    case 'mc-web-ping': {
+      const replyWorkerIndex = typeof data.workerIndex === 'number' ? data.workerIndex : workerIndex
+      global.postMessage({
+        type: 'mc-web-pong',
+        workerIndex: replyWorkerIndex,
+        t: data.t,
+        recvAt: typeof performance !== 'undefined' ? performance.now() : undefined,
+      })
+      break
+    }
+    case 'getHeightmap': {
+      // Fallback path. With WASM column mesher as the sole path, the main
+      // thread should be receiving heightmaps as `'heightmap'` push messages
+      // posted by `processColumnTick`. This handler stays as a safety net for
+      // cases where the WASM heightmap could not be extracted (length mismatch
+      // or missing field) — see the `extractColumnHeightmap` warn below.
+      console.warn(`[WASM Mesher] explicit getHeightmap request for ${data.x},${data.z} — push from processColumnTick missed?`)
+      if (!world) {
+        const emptyHeightmap = new Int16Array(256).fill(EMPTY_COLUMN_HEIGHTMAP_SENTINEL)
+        postMessage({ type: 'heightmap', key: `${Math.floor(data.x / 16)},${Math.floor(data.z / 16)}`, heightmap: emptyHeightmap })
+        break
+      }
+      const { key, heightmap } = handleGetHeightmap(world, data.x, data.z)
+      postMessage({ type: 'heightmap', key, heightmap }, [heightmap.buffer])
+
+      break
+    }
+    // Note: getCustomBlockModel not implemented in WASM version
+    // as it requires World class functionality
+  }
+}
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals -- TODO
+self.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
+  if (Array.isArray(data)) {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line unicorn/no-array-for-each
+    data.forEach(handleMessage)
+    return
+  }
+
+  handleMessage(data)
+}
+
+// Section height is always 16 in column mode (the only WASM path).
+const getSectionHeight = () => SECTION_HEIGHT
+
+
+// 3x3 X/Z neighbor set for column meshing. Y-agnostic because full-column
+// meshing converts the entire world Y range in one go.
+function collectChunksForColumn(x: number, z: number) {
+  const result = [] as Array<{ x: number, z: number, chunk: any }>
+  const target = world.getColumn(x, z)
+  if (target) result.push({ x, z, chunk: target })
+  const offsets = [-16, 0, 16]
+  for (const dx of offsets) {
+    for (const dz of offsets) {
+      if (dx === 0 && dz === 0) continue
+      const nx = x + dx
+      const nz = z + dz
+      const c = world.getColumn(nx, nz)
+      if (c) result.push({ x: nx, z: nz, chunk: c })
+    }
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+function makeEmptyColumnGeometry(sx: number, sy: number, sz: number, sectionHeight: number, hadErrors: boolean): MesherGeometryOutput {
+  return {
+    sectionYNumber: (sy - (config?.worldMinY || 0)) >> 4,
+    chunkKey: worldColumnKey(sx, sz),
+    sectionStartY: sy,
+    sectionEndY: sy + sectionHeight,
+    sectionStartX: sx,
+    sectionEndX: sx + 16,
+    sectionStartZ: sz,
+    sectionEndZ: sz + 16,
+    sx: sx + 8,
+    sy: sy + 8,
+    sz: sz + 8,
+    positions: new Float32Array(0),
+    normals: new Float32Array(0),
+    colors: new Float32Array(0),
+    uvs: new Float32Array(0),
+    indices: new Uint32Array(0),
+    indicesCount: 0,
+    using32Array: false,
+    tiles: {},
+    heads: {},
+    signs: {},
+    banners: {},
+    hadErrors,
+    blocksCount: 0,
+  }
+}
+
+// Full-column meshing path — the sole WASM mesh path.
+// It groups dirty section keys by chunk column, runs one WASM call per column
+// over the full Y range, then splits the column output back into per-section
+// geometries. Only requested section keys are emitted back to the main thread.
+function processColumnTick() {
+  const worldMinY = config?.worldMinY ?? 0
+  const worldMaxY = config?.worldMaxY ?? 256
+  const columnHeight = worldMaxY - worldMinY
+  const sectionHeight = SECTION_HEIGHT
+
+  // Group dirty sections by chunk column (`${x},${z}` in world block
+  // coords — the same units used by section keys). This guarantees a
+  // single WASM call per column per tick even when multiple section keys
+  // of the same column are dirty.
+  const groups = new Map<string, { x: number, z: number, sections: Array<{ key: string, x: number, y: number, z: number, count: number }> }>()
+  for (const [key, count] of dirtySections) {
+    const [sx, sy, sz] = key.split(',').map(v => parseInt(v, 10))
+    const colKey = `${sx},${sz}`
+    let g = groups.get(colKey)
+    if (!g) {
+      g = { x: sx, z: sz, sections: [] }
+      groups.set(colKey, g)
+    }
+    g.sections.push({ key, x: sx, y: sy, z: sz, count })
+  }
+  dirtySections.clear()
+
+  for (const group of groups.values()) {
+    const { x, z, sections } = group
+    const targetChunk = world.getColumn(x, z)
+
+    let exportedMap: Map<string, { exported: import('../../three/worldGeometryExport').ExportedSection, blocksCount: number }> | null = null
+    let processTime = 0
+    let prePhase = 0
+    let wasmPhase = 0
+    let postPhase = 0
+    let preTargetConvert = 0
+    let preNeighborConvert = 0
+    let preNeighborCount = 0
+    let preTypedArrayBuild = 0
+    let preOther = 0
+    let preCacheHits = 0
+    let preCacheMisses = 0
+    let hadError = false
+    // Outer-scope timestamps so we can finalize `processTime` and
+    // `postPhase` AFTER the per-section emit loop runs (the loop builds
+    // typed arrays, walks block-entity metadata, and calls postMessage —
+    // all of which are part of the worker's real cost and must be
+    // attributed to the column).
+    let columnStart = 0
+    let postStart = 0
+
+    if (targetChunk && wasm) {
+      columnStart = performance.now()
+      const start = columnStart
+      const t0 = start
+      try {
+        const chunksToUse = collectChunksForColumn(x, z)
+        const chunkCount = chunksToUse.length
+
+        let wasmResult: any
+        let t1 = 0
+        let usedFusedPath = false
+
+        const meta = getBlockMeta(version)
+
+        // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Fused fast-path: for single-column meshing (no neighbours), parse
+        // and mesh in ONE WASM call so no typed arrays leave Rust memory.
+        // Falls back to the old two-step path on any failure.
+        // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        if (chunkCount === 1) {
+          const rawEntry = rawMapChunkCache.get(rawCacheKey(x, z))
+          const v17Entry = parsedV17Cache.get(rawCacheKey(x, z))
+          const v16Entry = parsedV16Cache.get(rawCacheKey(x, z))
+
+          if (rawEntry) {
+            wasmResult = meshColumnFromRawV18Plus(rawEntry, x, z, worldMinY, worldMaxY, meta)
+          } else if (v17Entry) {
+            const v17Light = updateLightV17Cache.get(rawCacheKey(x, z))
+            wasmResult = meshColumnFromParsedV16V17(
+              v17Entry.chunkData, v17Entry.bitMapLoHi, v17Entry.numSections, v17Entry.maxBitsPerBlock,
+              v17Entry.biomes, 1,
+              v17Light?.skyLight ?? null, v17Light?.blockLight ?? null,
+              x, z, worldMinY, worldMaxY, meta
+            )
+          } else if (v16Entry) {
+            const v16Light = updateLightV16Cache.get(rawCacheKey(x, z))
+            const bitMapLoHi = new Uint32Array([v16Entry.bitMap >>> 0, 0])
+            wasmResult = meshColumnFromParsedV16V17(
+              v16Entry.chunkData, bitMapLoHi, 16, 15,
+              v16Entry.biomes, 1,
+              v16Light?.skyLight ?? null, v16Light?.blockLight ?? null,
+              x, z, worldMinY, worldMaxY, meta
+            )
+          }
+
+          if (wasmResult) {
+            usedFusedPath = true
+            t1 = performance.now()
+            wasmPhase = t1 - t0
+            preTargetConvert = wasmPhase
+          }
+        }
+
+        // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Fused multi-column fast-path: parse+mesh all columns in one WASM
+        // call with zero JS typed-array allocation.
+        // Falls back to the old two-step path when the cache is incomplete
+        // or any helper returns null.
+        // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        if (!wasmResult && chunkCount > 1) {
+          wasmResult = meshMultiColumnsFromRawV18Plus(chunksToUse, x, z, worldMinY, worldMaxY, meta)
+                    ?? meshMultiColumnsFromParsedV16V17(chunksToUse, x, z, worldMinY, worldMaxY, meta)
+          if (wasmResult) {
+            usedFusedPath = true
+            t1 = performance.now()
+            wasmPhase = t1 - t0
+            preTargetConvert = wasmPhase
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (!wasmResult) {
+          // --- Old two-step path (multi-column or fused fallback) ---
+          const conversions = chunksToUse.map(({ x: cx, z: cz, chunk }) => {
+            const cs = performance.now()
+            const rawEntry = rawMapChunkCache.get(rawCacheKey(cx, cz))
+            const v17Entry = parsedV17Cache.get(rawCacheKey(cx, cz))
+            const v17Light = updateLightV17Cache.get(rawCacheKey(cx, cz))
+            const v16Entry = parsedV16Cache.get(rawCacheKey(cx, cz))
+            const v16Light = updateLightV16Cache.get(rawCacheKey(cx, cz))
+
+            let conv: ChunkConversionResult | null = null
+            let hit = false
+
+            // WASM fast paths — parse is already fast (2.19× over JS), no
+            // cache needed.  Bypass getOrConvertColumn so the conversion
+            // cache only holds JS-fallback results.  When a WASM helper
+            // returns null (unsupported protocol, parser error, …) we MUST
+            // fall through to the JS column walk — otherwise the column
+            // would render as empty geometry.
+            if (rawEntry) {
+              conv = convertRawMapChunkToWasm(rawEntry, version)
+            } else if (v17Entry) {
+              conv = convertParsedV17ToWasm(v17Entry, v17Light, version)
+            } else if (v16Entry) {
+              conv = convertParsedV16ToWasm(v16Entry, v16Light, version)
+            }
+
+            if (!conv) {
+              // JS-fallback (column walk) — still cached, since this is the
+              // expensive path the conversion cache was built for.
+              const cached = getOrConvertColumn(
+                cx, cz, chunk, version, worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+                () => convertChunkToWasm(chunk, version, cx, cz, worldMinY, worldMaxY),
+                chunk
+              )
+              conv = cached.result
+              hit = cached.hit
+            }
+
+            const ce = performance.now()
+            if (hit) preCacheHits++
+            else preCacheMisses++
+            if (cx === x && cz === z) {
+              preTargetConvert += ce - cs
+            } else {
+              preNeighborConvert += ce - cs
+              preNeighborCount++
+            }
+            return conv
+          })
+
+          const {
+            invisibleBlocks,
+            transparentBlocks,
+            noAoBlocks,
+            cullIdenticalBlocks,
+            occludingBlocks,
+          } = conversions[0]
+
+          if (chunkCount === 1 || !(wasm as any).generate_geometry_multi) {
+            const { blockStates, blockLight, skyLight, biomesArray } = conversions[0]
+            t1 = performance.now()
+            wasmResult = wasm.generate_geometry(
+              x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+              worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+              worldMinY,
+              blockStates, blockLight, skyLight, biomesArray,
+              invisibleBlocks, transparentBlocks, noAoBlocks, cullIdenticalBlocks, occludingBlocks,
+              config?.enableLighting !== false,
+              config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+              config?.skyLight || 15
+            )
+          } else {
+            const tBuildStart = performance.now()
+            const perChunkLen = conversions[0].blockStates.length
+            const xs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+            const zs = new Int32Array(chunkCount)
+            const blockStatesAll = new Uint16Array(perChunkLen * chunkCount)
+            const blockLightAll = new Uint8Array(perChunkLen * chunkCount)
+            const skyLightAll = new Uint8Array(perChunkLen * chunkCount)
+            const biomesAll = new Uint8Array(perChunkLen * chunkCount)
+
+            for (let i = 0; i < chunkCount; i++) {
+              const c = conversions[i]
+              xs[i] = chunksToUse[i].x
+              zs[i] = chunksToUse[i].z
+              blockStatesAll.set(c.blockStates, perChunkLen * i)
+              blockLightAll.set(c.blockLight, perChunkLen * i)
+              skyLightAll.set(c.skyLight, perChunkLen * i)
+              biomesAll.set(c.biomesArray, perChunkLen * i)
+            }
+            preTypedArrayBuild = performance.now() - tBuildStart
+
+            t1 = performance.now()
+            wasmResult = (wasm as any).generate_geometry_multi(
+              x, worldMinY, z, columnHeight,
+              worldMinY, worldMaxY,
+              worldMinY,
+              xs, zs,
+              blockStatesAll, blockLightAll, skyLightAll, biomesAll,
+              invisibleBlocks, transparentBlocks, noAoBlocks, cullIdenticalBlocks, occludingBlocks,
+              config?.enableLighting !== false,
+              config?.smoothLighting !== false,
+              config?.skyLight || 15
+            )
+          }
+        }
+
+        const t2 = performance.now()
+        postStart = t2
+
+        // Split full-column output back into per-section ExportedSection
+        // entries — only for the section keys the main thread actually
+        // requested. Sections in the column that were NOT requested are
+        // intentionally skipped (the request tracker would warn if we
+        // emitted sectionFinished for them).
+        const requestedSectionKeys = sections.map(s => ({ x: s.x, y: s.y, z: s.z }))
+        exportedMap = splitColumnWasmOutputToSections(
+          wasmResult,
+          requestedSectionKeys,
+          { version, world, sectionHeight }
+        )
+
+        // Push heightmap from the WASM column output. With column meshing as
+        // the only WASM path, the main thread does not request heightmaps
+        // explicitly anymore — the worker is the source of truth and pushes
+        // a `'heightmap'` message every column tick. Key shape matches the
+        // legacy `handleGetHeightmap` contract: `${chunkX>>4},${chunkZ>>4}`.
+        const heightmapKey = `${x >> 4},${z >> 4}`
+        const wasmHeightmap = extractColumnHeightmap(wasmResult)
+        if (wasmHeightmap) {
+          postMessage({ type: 'heightmap', key: heightmapKey, heightmap: wasmHeightmap }, [wasmHeightmap.buffer])
+        } else {
+          console.warn(`[WASM Mesher] heightmap extraction returned null for column ${x},${z}, falling back to JS computeHeightmap`)
+          const fallback = handleGetHeightmap(world, x, z)
+          postMessage({ type: 'heightmap', key: fallback.key, heightmap: fallback.heightmap }, [fallback.heightmap.buffer])
+        }
+
+        if (!usedFusedPath) {
+          prePhase = t1 - t0
+          wasmPhase = t2 - t1
+        }
+        preOther = Math.max(0, prePhase - (preTargetConvert + preNeighborConvert + preTypedArrayBuild))
+        // NOTE: `postPhase` and `processTime` are finalized AFTER the
+        // per-section emit loop below — see the `Finalize column phase
+        // numbers` block.
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error(`[WASM Mesher] Error processing column ${x},${z}:`, err)
+        hadError = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Emit geometry + sectionFinished for each requested section. Column-
+    // level perf metrics are attributed to the first sectionFinished of
+    // the first requested section (others get zeros) so totals don't
+    // double-count.
+    //
+    // Coherent chunk appearance: column mode relies on the existing
+    // `_renderByChunks` / `chunkFinished` contract on the main thread.
+    // ChunkMeshManager batches sections per column and reveals them
+    // atomically once `WorldRendererCommon` sees the last
+    // `sectionFinished` for the column. No dedicated `columnFinished`
+    // worker message is needed.
+    // Pass 1: build geometry + postMessage for each requested section.
+    // We collect finished keys here and emit `sectionFinished` only in
+    // Pass 2 below, after `postPhase` / `processTime` have been
+    // finalized — otherwise the totals attached to the first event
+    // would miss the typed-array allocation, block-entity walk, and
+    // postMessage cost of every section in this column.
+    const finished: Array<{ key: string, count: number }> = []
+    for (const s of sections) {
+      const { key, x: sx, y: sy, z: sz, count } = s
+
+      if (exportedMap && !hadError) {
+        const entry = exportedMap.get(key)
+        const exported = entry?.exported
+        const sectionBlocksCount = entry?.blocksCount ?? 0
+        // Block entity metadata still needs a per-section world walk
+        // (signs/heads/banners), matching the legacy per-section path.
+        const signs: Record<string, SignMeta> = {}
+        const heads: Record<string, HeadMeta> = {}
+        const banners: Record<string, BannerMeta> = {}
+        const beTarget = { signs, heads, banners }
+        const beOpts = { disableBlockEntityTextures: world.config.disableBlockEntityTextures }
+        const cursor = new Vec3(0, 0, 0)
+        for (cursor.y = sy; cursor.y < sy + sectionHeight; cursor.y++) {
+          for (cursor.z = sz; cursor.z < sz + 16; cursor.z++) {
+            for (cursor.x = sx; cursor.x < sx + 16; cursor.x++) {
+              const b = world.getBlock(cursor)
+              if (!b) continue
+              collectBlockEntityMetadata(b, cursor.x, cursor.y, cursor.z, beTarget, beOpts)
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        let geometry: MesherGeometryOutput
+        let transferable: any[] = []
+        if (exported && exported.geometry.indices.length > 0) {
+          const maxIndex = exported.geometry.indices.length > 0
+            ? Math.max(...exported.geometry.indices)
+            : 0
+          const using32Array = maxIndex > 65535
+          geometry = {
+            sectionYNumber: (sy - (config?.worldMinY || 0)) >> 4,
+            chunkKey: worldColumnKey(sx, sz),
+            sectionStartY: sy,
+            sectionEndY: sy + sectionHeight,
+            sectionStartX: sx,
+            sectionEndX: sx + 16,
+            sectionStartZ: sz,
+            sectionEndZ: sz + 16,
+            sx: sx + 8,
+            sy: sy + 8,
+            sz: sz + 8,
+            positions: new Float32Array(exported.geometry.positions),
+            normals: new Float32Array(exported.geometry.normals),
+            colors: new Float32Array(exported.geometry.colors),
+            uvs: new Float32Array(exported.geometry.uvs),
+            indices: using32Array
+              ? new Uint32Array(exported.geometry.indices)
+              : new Uint16Array(exported.geometry.indices),
+            indicesCount: exported.geometry.indices.length,
+            using32Array,
+            tiles: {},
+            heads,
+            signs,
+            banners,
+            hadErrors: false,
+            // Per-section block bucket size from the column split. The
+            // field is informational (used by `chunkMeshManager` for the
+            // `B:` debug overlay stat) and matches the per-section path's
+            // semantics: number of blocks that contributed faces to this
+            // section's geometry.
+            blocksCount: sectionBlocksCount,
+          }
+          transferable = [
+            geometry.positions?.buffer,
+            geometry.normals?.buffer,
+            geometry.colors?.buffer,
+            geometry.uvs?.buffer,
+            //@ts-ignore
+            geometry.indices?.buffer,
+          ].filter(Boolean)
+        } else {
+          geometry = makeEmptyColumnGeometry(sx, sy, sz, sectionHeight, false)
+          // Still attach block entity metadata so the main thread sees
+          // signs/heads/banners even for empty-mesh sections.
+          geometry.signs = signs
+          geometry.heads = heads
+          geometry.banners = banners
+        }
+        postMessage({ type: 'geometry', key, geometry, workerIndex }, transferable)
+      } else if (hadError) {
+        const errorGeometry = makeEmptyColumnGeometry(sx, sy, sz, sectionHeight, true)
+        postMessage({ type: 'geometry', key, geometry: errorGeometry, workerIndex })
+      }
+      // No targetChunk and no error: skip geometry message (mirrors
+      // legacy behavior for sections whose chunk has been unloaded
+      // mid-tick) but still emit sectionFinished below so the main
+      // thread's sectionsWaiting counter unblocks.
+      finished.push({ key, count })
+    }
+
+    // Finalize column phase numbers — now they include split + per-
+    // section typed-array build + block-entity walk + geometry
+    // postMessage cost.
+    if (columnStart > 0 && !hadError) {
+      const tEnd = performance.now()
+      if (postStart > 0) postPhase = tEnd - postStart
+      processTime = tEnd - columnStart
+    }
+
+    // Pass 2: emit sectionFinished events. Column-level perf metrics
+    // are attributed to the first emitted sectionFinished (others get
+    // zeros) so totals don't double-count.
+    let attributed = false
+    for (const { key, count } of finished) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        emitSectionFinished({
+          type: 'sectionFinished',
+          key,
+          workerIndex,
+          processTime: !attributed ? processTime : 0,
+          pre: !attributed ? prePhase : 0,
+          wasm: !attributed ? wasmPhase : 0,
+          post: !attributed ? postPhase : 0,
+          preTargetConvert: !attributed ? preTargetConvert : 0,
+          preNeighborConvert: !attributed ? preNeighborConvert : 0,
+          preNeighborCount: !attributed ? preNeighborCount : 0,
+          preTypedArrayBuild: !attributed ? preTypedArrayBuild : 0,
+          preOther: !attributed ? preOther : 0,
+          preCacheHits: !attributed ? preCacheHits : 0,
+          preCacheMisses: !attributed ? preCacheMisses : 0,
+        })
+        attributed = true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+setInterval(async () => {
+  if (!allDataReady) return
+
+  // Ensure WASM is initialized
+  if (!wasmInitialized) {
+    await initWasm()
+    if (!wasmInitialized) return // Still not initialized, skip this cycle
+  }
+
+  if (dirtySections.size === 0) return
+
+  try {
+    processColumnTick()
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('[WASM Mesher] processColumnTick failed:', err)
+    // Swallow to avoid breaking the setInterval; individual columns
+    // already have their own try/catch.
+  }
+}, 50)