measur-tools-suite 1.0.14-beta.214 → 1.0.14-beta.215

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Files changed (4) hide show
  1. package/bin/package.json +1 -1
  2. package/docs/dox-content/calculators/gas_flue_gas_calculator.dox +293 -134
  3. package/docs/dox-content/calculators/solid_liquid_flue_gas_calculator.dox +294 -223
  4. package/package.json +1 -1
package/bin/package.json CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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  {
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  "name": "measur-tools-suite",
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- "version": "1.0.14-beta.214",
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+ "version": "1.0.14-beta.215",
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  "engines": {
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  "node": "20.19.4",
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  "npm": "10.8.2"
package/docs/dox-content/calculators/gas_flue_gas_calculator.dox CHANGED
@@ -1,141 +1,300 @@
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  /**
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  * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator Gas Flue Gas Material Calculator
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  * @ingroup heat_loss_calculators
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- * @brief Stepwise algorithm for calculating process heat properties and available heat for flue gas materials.
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- * @details This document presents the algorithm implemented in processHeatProperties (see gas_flue_gas_material.cpp), with each step annotated, formulae provided, and all symbols defined. The calculation covers excess air, flue gas O2, constituent Cp, generated product weights/volumes, enthalpy, and available heat. All variables use snake_case.
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- *
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- * @heading{Algorithm Steps}
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- * @subheading{Step 1: Excess Air and Flue Gas O2}
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- * If excess air fraction (EA) is provided calculate @math{O_2}:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-excess-air-cpp; O_2 = f_{O_2}(EA)}
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- * Else calculate excess air (EA) given @math{O_2}:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-excess-air-cpp-2; EA = f_{EA}(O_2)}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{EA; Excess air percent; \percent}
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- * @symrow{f_{O_2}(EA); @ref gas_composition_estimate_excess_air_from_o2_cpp_formula; \unitless}
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- * @symrow{O_2; Flue gas oxygen percentage; \percent}
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- * @symrow{f_{EA}(O_2); @ref gas_composition_o2_percentage_from_excess_air_cpp_formula; \unitless}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 2: Temperature Conversion}
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- * Convert input temperatures to absolute (Rankine) for specific heat calculations:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-temp-conv-cpp; T_{abs} = T_{F} + 460}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{T_{abs}; Absolute temperature; \degreeRankine}
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- * @symrow{T_{F}; Temperature in Fahrenheit; \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 3: Constituent Specific Heats (Cp)}
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- * For each major constituent, calculate Cp at both initial and final temperature:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-o2-cpp; Cp_{O_2}(T) = 11.515 - \frac{172.0}{\sqrt{T}} + \frac{1530.0}{T}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-n2-cpp; Cp_{N_2}(T) = 9.47 - \frac{3470.0}{T} + \frac{1.07 \times 10^6}{T^2}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-h2o-cpp; Cp_{H_2O}(T) = 19.86 - \frac{597.0}{\sqrt{T}} + \frac{7500.0}{T}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-co2-cpp; Cp_{CO_2}(T) = \frac{16.2 - \frac{6530.0}{T} + \frac{1.41 \times 10^6}{T^2}}{44.0}}
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- * where @math{T} is either the initial or final absolute temperature (Rankine).\n
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-avg-cp; \overline{Cp} = \frac{Cp(T_{initial}) + Cp(T_{final})}{2}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Cp_{i}(T); Specific heat of constituent @math{i} at temperature @math{T}; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @symrow{T_{initial}, T_{final}; Initial and final absolute temperature (Rankine); \degreeRankine}
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- * @symrow{\overline{Cp}; Average specific heat over temperature range; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 4: Mean Cp for Combustion Air}
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- * Weighted average for O2, N2, H2O at initial and final temperatures.
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- * Linear Cp coefficients for combustion air:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-linear-cpp; Cp_{mean} = a + b \cdot T}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Cp_{mean}; Mean specific heat; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @symrow{a, b; Linear coefficients; \unitless}
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- * @symrow{T; Temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 5: Fuel and Product Aggregation}
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- * Aggregate fuel heating value and generated weights:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-co2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{CO_2} = \sum_i x_i \cdot w_{CO_2,i}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-h2o-gen-wt-cpp; W_{H_2O} = \sum_i x_i \cdot w_{H_2O,i} + \text{combustion air moisture}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-o2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{O_2} = \text{from excess air}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-n2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{N_2} = \text{from air fraction}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{W_{i}; Generated weight of constituent i; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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- * @symrow{x_i; Volume fraction of fuel constituent i; \unitless}
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- * @symrow{w_{i}; Weight generated per constituent i; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 6: Generated Volumes and Unit Conversion}
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- * Convert generated weights to volumes:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-co2-gen-vol-cpp; V_{CO_2} = W_{CO_2} \cdot 0.022722}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-h2o-gen-vol-cpp; V_{H_2O} = W_{H_2O} \cdot 0.055506}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{V_{i}; Generated volume of constituent i; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 7: Stoichiometric Air and Moisture Correction}
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- * Calculate stoichiometric air required:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-stoich-air-cpp; Air_{stoich} = W_{O_2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1 - f_{O_2}}{f_{O_2}}\right)}
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- * Combustion air moisture correction:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-moisture-corr-cpp; Moisture_{corr} = (M_{perc} - 0.009) \cdot Air_{stoich} \cdot 0.0763}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Air_{stoich}; Stoichiometric air; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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- * @symrow{M_{perc}; Combustion air moisture percent; \percent}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 8: Partial Pressure of Water Vapor}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-partial-pressure-h2o-cpp; P_{H_2O} = \frac{V_{H_2O}}{V_{CO_2} + V_{H_2O} + V_{O_2} + V_{N_2}}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{P_{H_2O}; Partial pressure of water vapor; \unitless}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 9: Enthalpy and Heat Content}
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- * For each constituent:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-enthalpy-h2o-cpp; H_{H_2O} = (h_{sat} + Cp_{H_2O} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{sat})) \cdot 100 \cdot W_{H_2O}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-co2-cpp; H_{CO_2} = Cp_{CO_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{CO_2}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-n2-cpp; H_{N_2} = Cp_{N_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{N_2}}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-o2-cpp; H_{O_2} = Cp_{O_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{O_2}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{H_{i}; Heat content of constituent i; \btu\per\hour}
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- * @symrow{h_{sat}; Enthalpy at saturation (see @ref gas_composition_calculate_enthalpy_at_saturation_cpp_formula); \btu\per\pound}
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- * @symrow{T_{sat}; Saturation temperature (see @ref gas_composition_calculate_saturation_temperature_cpp_formula); \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @symrow{\Delta T_{fg,amb}; Flue gas temperature rise above ambient (@math{T_{fg} - T_{amb}}); \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- *
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 10: Preheated Combustion Air and Moisture Effects}
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- * Heat in preheated combustion air:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-preheat-air-cpp; Q_{preheat,air} = Air_{stoich} \cdot (1 + EA) \cdot ((T_{mean}) \cdot b + a) \cdot (T_{comb} - T_{amb})}
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- * Heat content of air moisture:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-preheat-moisture-cpp; Q_{preheat,moisture} = Moisture_{corr} \cdot Cp_{H_2O} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{comb})}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Q_{preheat,air}; Heat in preheated combustion air; \btu\per\hour}
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- * @symrow{Q_{preheat,moisture}; Heat content of air moisture; \btu\per\hour}
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- * @symrow{T_{comb}; Combustion air temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 11: Total Generated Products and Weighted Cp}
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- * Total generated products:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-total-gen-cpp; W_{prod} = W_{CO_2} + W_{H_2O} + W_{O_2} + W_{N_2}}
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- * Weighted average specific heat:
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-weighted-cp-cpp; Cp_{fg} = \frac{W_{CO_2} \cdot Cp_{CO_2} + W_{H_2O} \cdot Cp_{H_2O} + W_{O_2} \cdot Cp_{O_2} + W_{N_2} \cdot Cp_{N_2}}{W_{prod}}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Cp_{fg}; Specific heat of flue gas; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @symrow{W_{prod}; Total generated product weight; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 12: Sensible Heat of Fuel}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-sensible-heat-cpp; Q_{sens} = Cp_{fg} \cdot (T_{fuel} - T_{amb})}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Q_{sens}; Sensible heat of fuel; \btu\per\hour}
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- * @symrow{T_{fuel}; Fuel temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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- * @endsymtable
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- *
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- * @subheading{Step 13: Available Heat Calculation}
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- * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-available-heat-cpp; Q_{avail} = \frac{100 \cdot (Q_{sens} + H_{fuel} + Q_{preheat,air} + Q_{preheat,moisture}) - (H_{H_2O} + H_{CO_2} + H_{N_2} + H_{O_2})}{100 \cdot H_{fuel}}}
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- * @symtable
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- * @symrow{Q_{avail}; Available heat; \btu\per\hour}
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- * @symrow{H_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\cubicFoot}
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- * @endsymtable
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+ * @brief Calculates process heat properties and available heat for gas fuel flue gas materials.
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+ * @details This calculator estimates the available heat and heat losses for gas fuel combustion by analyzing flue gas
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+ * composition, excess air, constituent properties, and enthalpy of products. The algorithm accounts for stoichiometry,
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+ * temperature-dependent specific heats, and moisture effects to determine the percentage of fuel energy available for
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+ * useful work after exhaust losses.
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+ *
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+ * The calculation follows a top-down approach:
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+ * 1. **Available Heat** - Calculate percentage of fuel energy available after exhaust losses
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+ * 2. **Enthalpy and Heat Content** - Determine heat content of each flue gas constituent
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+ * 3. **Fuel and Product Aggregation** - Sum fuel heating value and generated product weights/volumes
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+ * 4. **Constituent Specific Heats** - Calculate temperature-dependent specific heat for each gas
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+ * 5. **Excess Air and Flue Gas O2** - Determine excess air from O2 measurement or vice versa
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+ * 6. **Temperature Conversion** - Convert temperatures to absolute scale for thermodynamic calculations
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+ *
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+ * All variables use snake_case. Each step is documented with formulas and complete symbol tables.
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Available Heat Calculation}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_available_heat_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Sensible Heat of Fuel}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_sensible_heat_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Enthalpy and Heat Content}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_enthalpy_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Partial Pressure of Water Vapor}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_partial_pressure_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Stoichiometric Air and Moisture Correction}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_stoichiometric_air_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Generated Volumes and Unit Conversion}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_generated_volumes_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Fuel and Product Aggregation}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_aggregation_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Mean Cp for Combustion Air}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_mean_cp_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Constituent Specific Heats}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_specific_heats_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Temperature Conversion}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_temperature_conversion_formula
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+ *
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+ * @heading{Excess Air and Flue Gas O2}
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+ * @copydoc gas_flue_gas_material_excess_air_formula
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  *
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  * @see gas_flue_gas_material_data_database
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  * @see gas_constants for molecular weights, specific heat formulas, and stoichiometric constants
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  */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_available_heat_formula Available Heat Calculation
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Calculate percentage of fuel energy available after exhaust losses.
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+ * @details The available heat represents the fraction of input fuel energy that remains for useful work after
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+ * accounting for sensible and latent heat losses in the flue gas. It includes contributions from fuel sensible heat,
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+ * preheated air, and moisture, minus the enthalpy carried away by flue gas constituents.
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+ *
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-available-heat-cpp; Q_{avail} = \frac{100 \cdot (Q_{sens} + H_{fuel} + Q_{preheat,air} + Q_{preheat,moisture}) - (H_{H_2O} + H_{CO_2} + H_{N_2} + H_{O_2})}{100 \cdot H_{fuel}}}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{Q_{avail}; Available heat percentage; \percent}
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+ * @symrow{Q_{sens}; Sensible heat of fuel; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{H_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\cubicFoot}
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+ * @symrow{Q_{preheat,air}; Sensible heat of preheated combustion air; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{Q_{preheat,moisture}; Sensible heat of moisture in combustion air; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{H_{H_2O}; Heat content of water vapor in flue gas; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{H_{CO_2}; Heat content of CO2 in flue gas; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{H_{N_2}; Heat content of N2 in flue gas; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{H_{O_2}; Heat content of O2 in flue gas; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{100; Percentage conversion factor; \unitless}
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+ * @endsymtable
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+ */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_sensible_heat_formula Sensible Heat of Fuel
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Calculate sensible heat contribution from fuel temperature above ambient.
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+ * @details When fuel enters at a temperature above ambient, it contributes additional sensible heat to the system.
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+ * This heat is calculated using the flue gas specific heat and temperature difference.
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+ *
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-sensible-heat-cpp; Q_{sens} = Cp_{fg} \cdot (T_{fuel} - T_{amb})}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{Q_{sens}; Sensible heat of fuel; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{Cp_{fg}; Specific heat of flue gas; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{T_{fuel}; Fuel temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{T_{amb}; Ambient temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @endsymtable
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+ */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_enthalpy_formula Enthalpy and Heat Content
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Calculate heat content of each flue gas constituent.
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+ * @details For each constituent in the flue gas, calculate the enthalpy or heat content based on temperature and
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+ * mass flow. Water vapor requires special treatment due to latent heat of condensation.
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Water Vapor Enthalpy}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-enthalpy-h2o-cpp; H_{H_2O} = (h_{sat} + Cp_{H_2O} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{sat})) \cdot 100 \cdot W_{H_2O}}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Dry Gas Heat Content}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-co2-cpp; H_{CO_2} = Cp_{CO_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{CO_2}}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-n2-cpp; H_{N_2} = Cp_{N_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{N_2}}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-heat-content-o2-cpp; H_{O_2} = Cp_{O_2} \cdot \Delta T_{fg,amb} \cdot 100 \cdot W_{O_2}}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{H_{i}; Heat content of constituent i; \btu\per\hour}
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+ * @symrow{h_{sat}; Enthalpy at saturation - see @ref gas_composition_calculate_enthalpy_at_saturation_cpp_formula; \btu\per\pound}
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+ * @symrow{T_{sat}; Saturation temperature - see @ref gas_composition_calculate_saturation_temperature_cpp_formula; \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{Cp_{i}; Specific heat of constituent i; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{T_{fg}; Flue gas temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{T_{amb}; Ambient temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{\Delta T_{fg,amb}; Flue gas temperature rise above ambient (T_{fg} - T_{amb}); \degreeFahrenheit}
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+ * @symrow{W_{i}; Generated weight of constituent i; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{100; Conversion factor; \unitless}
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+ * @endsymtable
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+ */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_partial_pressure_formula Partial Pressure of Water Vapor
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Calculate mole fraction of water vapor in flue gas.
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+ * @details The partial pressure (mole fraction) of water vapor is needed to determine saturation temperature and
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+ * enthalpy for latent heat calculations.
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+ *
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-partial-pressure-h2o-cpp; P_{H_2O} = \frac{V_{H_2O}}{V_{CO_2} + V_{H_2O} + V_{O_2} + V_{N_2}}}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{P_{H_2O}; Partial pressure (mole fraction) of water vapor; \unitless}
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+ * @symrow{V_{H_2O}; Generated volume of water vapor; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{V_{CO_2}; Generated volume of CO2; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{V_{O_2}; Generated volume of O2; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{V_{N_2}; Generated volume of N2; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @endsymtable
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+ */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_stoichiometric_air_formula Stoichiometric Air and Moisture Correction
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Calculate stoichiometric air required and moisture correction.
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+ * @details Stoichiometric air is the theoretical minimum air required for complete combustion. The moisture correction
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+ * accounts for water vapor in the combustion air.
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Stoichiometric Air}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-stoich-air-cpp; Air_{stoich} = W_{O_2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1 - f_{O_2}}{f_{O_2}}\right)}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Moisture Correction}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-moisture-corr-cpp; Moisture_{corr} = (M_{perc} - 0.009) \cdot Air_{stoich} \cdot 0.0763}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{Air_{stoich}; Stoichiometric air required; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{W_{O_2}; Generated weight of O2; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{f_{O_2}; Oxygen mass fraction in air; \unitless}
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+ * @symrow{Moisture_{corr}; Moisture correction for combustion air; \pound\per\MMBtu}
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+ * @symrow{M_{perc}; Combustion air moisture percent; \percent}
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+ * @symrow{0.009; Reference moisture content; \unitless}
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+ * @symrow{0.0763; Moisture correction factor; \unitless}
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+ * @endsymtable
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+ */
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+
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+ /**
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+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_generated_volumes_formula Generated Volumes and Unit Conversion
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+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
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+ * @brief Convert generated weights to volumes using density factors.
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+ * @details Convert mass of combustion products to volumetric flow rates for partial pressure calculations.
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+ * Conversion factors are based on standard conditions.
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+ *
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-co2-gen-vol-cpp; V_{CO_2} = W_{CO_2} \cdot 0.022722}
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+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-h2o-gen-vol-cpp; V_{H_2O} = W_{H_2O} \cdot 0.055506}
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+ *
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+ * @subheading{Symbols}
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+ * @symtable
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+ * @symrow{V_{i}; Generated volume of constituent i; \cubicFoot\per\MMBtu}
186
+ * @symrow{W_{i}; Generated weight of constituent i; \pound\per\MMBtu}
187
+ * @symrow{0.022722; CO2 weight-to-volume conversion factor; \cubicFoot\per\pound}
188
+ * @symrow{0.055506; H2O weight-to-volume conversion factor; \cubicFoot\per\pound}
189
+ * @endsymtable
190
+ */
191
+
192
+ /**
193
+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_aggregation_formula Fuel and Product Aggregation
194
+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
195
+ * @brief Sum fuel heating value and generated product weights.
196
+ * @details Aggregate contributions from each fuel constituent to determine total fuel properties and combustion products.
197
+ * The generated weights account for stoichiometry and excess air.
198
+ *
199
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-co2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{CO_2} = \sum_i x_i \cdot w_{CO_2,i}}
200
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-h2o-gen-wt-cpp; W_{H_2O} = \sum_i x_i \cdot w_{H_2O,i} + \text{combustion air moisture}}
201
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-o2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{O_2} = \text{from excess air}}
202
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-n2-gen-wt-cpp; W_{N_2} = \text{from air fraction}}
203
+ *
204
+ * @subheading{Symbols}
205
+ * @symtable
206
+ * @symrow{W_{i}; Generated weight of constituent i; \pound\per\MMBtu}
207
+ * @symrow{x_i; Volume fraction of fuel constituent i; \unitless}
208
+ * @symrow{w_{i,j}; Weight of product j generated per unit of fuel constituent i; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
209
+ * @endsymtable
210
+ */
211
+
212
+ /**
213
+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_mean_cp_formula Mean Cp for Combustion Air
214
+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
215
+ * @brief Calculate weighted average specific heat for combustion air.
216
+ * @details The mean specific heat of combustion air is approximated using a linear correlation with temperature.
217
+ * This accounts for the temperature-dependent properties of O2, N2, and H2O in the air.
218
+ *
219
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-linear-cpp; Cp_{mean} = a + b \cdot T}
220
+ *
221
+ * @subheading{Symbols}
222
+ * @symtable
223
+ * @symrow{Cp_{mean}; Mean specific heat of combustion air; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
224
+ * @symrow{a; Linear coefficient (intercept); \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
225
+ * @symrow{b; Linear coefficient (slope); \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit\squared}
226
+ * @symrow{T; Temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
227
+ * @endsymtable
228
+ */
229
+
230
+ /**
231
+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_specific_heats_formula Constituent Specific Heats
232
+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
233
+ * @brief Calculate temperature-dependent specific heat for each gas constituent.
234
+ * @details For each major constituent in the flue gas, calculate specific heat at both initial and final temperature
235
+ * using empirical correlations. The average specific heat over the temperature range is used for enthalpy calculations.
236
+ * See @ref gas_constants for the specific heat formulas and coefficients.
237
+ *
238
+ * @subheading{Oxygen}
239
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-o2-cpp; Cp_{O_2}(T) = 11.515 - \frac{172.0}{\sqrt{T}} + \frac{1530.0}{T}}
240
+ *
241
+ * @subheading{Nitrogen}
242
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-n2-cpp; Cp_{N_2}(T) = 9.47 - \frac{3470.0}{T} + \frac{1.07 \times 10^6}{T^2}}
243
+ *
244
+ * @subheading{Water Vapor}
245
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-h2o-cpp; Cp_{H_2O}(T) = 19.86 - \frac{597.0}{\sqrt{T}} + \frac{7500.0}{T}}
246
+ *
247
+ * @subheading{Carbon Dioxide}
248
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-cp-co2-cpp; Cp_{CO_2}(T) = \frac{16.2 - \frac{6530.0}{T} + \frac{1.41 \times 10^6}{T^2}}{44.0}}
249
+ *
250
+ * @subheading{Average Specific Heat}
251
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-avg-cp; \overline{Cp} = \frac{Cp(T_{initial}) + Cp(T_{final})}{2}}
252
+ *
253
+ * @subheading{Symbols}
254
+ * @symtable
255
+ * @symrow{Cp_{i}(T); Specific heat of constituent i at temperature T; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
256
+ * @symrow{T; Absolute temperature; \degreeRankine}
257
+ * @symrow{T_{initial}; Initial absolute temperature; \degreeRankine}
258
+ * @symrow{T_{final}; Final absolute temperature; \degreeRankine}
259
+ * @symrow{\overline{Cp}; Average specific heat over temperature range; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
260
+ * @endsymtable
261
+ */
262
+
263
+ /**
264
+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_temperature_conversion_formula Temperature Conversion
265
+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
266
+ * @brief Convert temperatures to absolute scale for thermodynamic calculations.
267
+ * @details All thermodynamic properties require absolute temperature. Convert Fahrenheit to Rankine by adding the
268
+ * offset constant. See @ref physics::conversions::kFahrenheitToRankineOffset for the conversion constant.
269
+ *
270
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-temp-conv-cpp; T_{abs} = T_{F} + 460}
271
+ *
272
+ * @subheading{Symbols}
273
+ * @symtable
274
+ * @symrow{T_{abs}; Absolute temperature; \degreeRankine}
275
+ * @symrow{T_{F}; Temperature in Fahrenheit; \degreeFahrenheit}
276
+ * @symrow{460; Fahrenheit to Rankine offset - see @ref physics::conversions::kFahrenheitToRankineOffset; \degreeRankine}
277
+ * @endsymtable
278
+ */
279
+
280
+ /**
281
+ * @defgroup gas_flue_gas_material_excess_air_formula Excess Air and Flue Gas O2
282
+ * @ingroup gas_flue_gas_material_calculator
283
+ * @brief Calculate excess air from O2 measurement or O2 from excess air.
284
+ * @details The relationship between excess air and flue gas oxygen content allows determination of one from the other.
285
+ * See @ref gas_composition for detailed formulas.
286
+ *
287
+ * @subheading{O2 from Excess Air}
288
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-excess-air-cpp; O_2 = f_{O_2}(EA)}
289
+ *
290
+ * @subheading{Excess Air from O2}
291
+ * @formula{gas-flue-gas-material-excess-air-cpp-2; EA = f_{EA}(O_2)}
292
+ *
293
+ * @subheading{Symbols}
294
+ * @symtable
295
+ * @symrow{EA; Excess air percent; \percent}
296
+ * @symrow{O_2; Flue gas oxygen percentage; \percent}
297
+ * @symrow{f_{O_2}(EA); Function to estimate O2 from excess air - see @ref gas_composition_o2_percentage_from_excess_air_cpp_formula; \unitless}
298
+ * @symrow{f_{EA}(O_2); Function to estimate excess air from O2 - see @ref gas_composition_estimate_excess_air_from_o2_cpp_formula; \unitless}
299
+ * @endsymtable
300
+ */
package/docs/dox-content/calculators/solid_liquid_flue_gas_calculator.dox CHANGED
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
1
-
2
1
  /**
3
2
  * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator Solid/Liquid Flue Gas Material Calculator
4
3
  * @ingroup heat_loss_calculators
5
- * @brief Stepwise algorithm for calculating process heat properties and available heat for solid/liquid flue gas materials.
6
- * @details
7
- * This page documents the engineering algorithms for solid and liquid fuel flue gas analysis, including:
4
+ * @brief Calculates process heat properties and available heat for solid and liquid fuel flue gas materials.
5
+ * @details This calculator estimates the available heat and heat losses for solid and liquid fuel combustion by analyzing
6
+ * flue gas composition, excess air, stoichiometry, and enthalpy of reactants and products. The algorithm accounts for
7
+ * sensible, latent, unburned carbon, and ash losses to determine the percentage of fuel energy available for useful work.
8
8
  *
9
- * - **Total Heat Loss & Available Heat:** Calculates the total heat loss and available heat from combustion by accounting for fuel/air composition, enthalpy of reactants and products, stoichiometry, flue gas constituents, and all major loss mechanisms (sensible, latent, unburned carbon, and ash).
10
- * - **Excess Air Determination:** Provides an iterative method to estimate the fraction of excess air supplied to the combustion process based on measured flue gas oxygen and fuel composition.
11
- * - **Flue Gas Oxygen Calculation:** Computes the expected oxygen content in the flue gas for a given excess air level and fuel composition, using stoichiometric and mass balance relationships.
12
- * - **Fuel Heating Value:** Calculates the higher heating value of a solid or liquid fuel as a weighted sum of elemental contributions (carbon, hydrogen, sulphur).
9
+ * The calculation follows a top-down approach:
10
+ * 1. **Available Heat** - Calculate percentage of fuel energy available after all losses
11
+ * 2. **Input Heat** - Sum sensible heat of fuel, combustion air, heating value, and moisture heat
12
+ * 3. **Flue Gas Heat Loss** - Calculate sensible and latent heat in exhaust products
13
+ * 4. **Other Losses** - Account for moisture, unburned carbon, and ash losses
14
+ * 5. **Flue Gas Components** - Determine mass of each combustion product
15
+ * 6. **Stoichiometric Air** - Calculate theoretical air requirements from fuel composition
16
+ * 7. **Fuel Composition Normalization** - Convert fuel analysis percentages to fractions
13
17
  *
14
- * Each section presents stepwise formulas, symbol tables, and engineering context for practical application in combustion system analysis, energy auditing, and process optimization.
18
+ * Each section presents formulas with complete symbol tables and engineering context for practical application in
19
+ * combustion system analysis, energy auditing, and process optimization.
15
20
  *
16
21
  * @heading{Flue Gas Heat Loss Calculation}
17
22
  * @copydoc solid_liquid_flue_gas_heat_loss_formula
@@ -24,236 +29,302 @@
24
29
  *
25
30
  * @heading{Heating Value Calculation}
26
31
  * @copydoc solid_liquid_flue_gas_hv_calc
32
+ *
33
+ * @see solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_data_database
34
+ * @see gas_constants for molecular weights, specific heat formulas, and stoichiometric constants
27
35
  */
28
36
 
29
37
  /**
30
38
  * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_heat_loss_formula Total Solid/Liquid Flue Gas: Heat Loss
31
39
  * @ingroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator
32
40
  * @brief Algorithm for calculating total heat loss and available heat for solid/liquid flue gas materials.
33
- * @details This section documents the algorithm implemented in total heat loss of solid/liquid flue gas, including normalization, enthalpy calculations, stoichiometry, flue gas component analysis, and available heat computation. Each step is annotated with formulas and symbol tables for clarity.
34
- * @subheading{Step 1: Normalize Fuel Composition}
35
- * Normalize all fuel composition inputs to fractions:
36
- * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
37
- * where @math{X_i} is the percent of constituent @math{i} in the fuel.
38
- * @symtable
39
- * @symrow{x_i; Normalized fraction of constituent i; \unitless}
40
- * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
41
- * @endsymtable
42
-
43
- * @subheading{Step 2: Fuel and Combustion Air Enthalpy}
44
- * Calculate the sensible enthalpy of both the fuel and the combustion air:
45
- * @formula{slfgm-h-fuel; h_{fuel} = C_{pfuel} \cdot (1 - x_{moisture}) \cdot (T_{fuel} - T_{amb})}
46
- * @formula{slfgm-cp-comb-air; C_{p,air} = a + b \cdot T_{comb}}
47
- * @formula{slfgm-h-comb-air; h_{comb,air} = M_{comb,air} \cdot C_{p,air} \cdot (T_{comb} - T_{amb}) / \rho_{air}}
48
- * @symtable
49
- * @symrow{h_{fuel}; Sensible enthalpy of fuel; \btu\per\hour}
50
- * @symrow{C_{pfuel}; Specific heat of fuel; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
51
- * @symrow{x_{moisture}; Moisture fraction in fuel; \unitless}
52
- * @symrow{T_{fuel}; Fuel temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
53
- * @symrow{T_{amb}; Ambient air temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
54
- * @symrow{C_{p,air}; Specific heat of combustion air; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
55
- * @symrow{T_{comb}; Combustion air temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
56
- * @symrow{h_{comb,air}; Sensible enthalpy of combustion air; \btu\per\hour}
57
- * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Mass of combustion air; \pound}
58
- * @symrow{\rho_{air}; Density of air; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
59
- * @endsymtable
60
- *
61
- *
62
- * @subheading{Step 3: Stoichiometric Air and Combustion Calculations}
63
- * Calculate stoichiometric air required for combustion:
64
- * @formula{slfgm-stoich-air; O2_{s,air} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to O_2} + x_H \cdot k_{H\to O_2} + x_S \cdot k_{S\to O_2} - x_{O_2}}
65
- * @formula{slfgm-n2s-air; N2_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} \cdot k_{N_2/O_2}}
66
- * @formula{slfgm-ms-air; M_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} + N2_{s,air}}
67
- * @formula{slfgm-m-comb-air; M_{comb,air} = M_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
68
- * @symtable
69
- * @symrow{O2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric O2 required; \unitless}
70
- * @symrow{N2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric N2 from air; \unitless}
71
- * @symrow{M_{s,air}; Stoichiometric air; \unitless}
72
- * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Total combustion air; \unitless}
73
- * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
74
- * @endsymtable
75
- *
76
- * @subheading{Step 4: Flue Gas Components and Heating Value}
77
- * Calculate mass of each flue gas component:
78
- * @formula{slfgm-m-co2; m_{CO_2} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to CO_2}}
79
- * @formula{slfgm-m-h2o; m_{H_2O} = x_H \cdot k_{H\to H_2O} + x_{moisture} + (M_{comb,air} \cdot M_{air,moisture}/100)}
80
- * @formula{slfgm-m-so2; m_{SO_2} = x_S \cdot k_{S\to SO_2}}
81
- * @formula{slfgm-m-o2; m_{O_2} = O2_{s,air} \cdot EA}
82
- * @formula{slfgm-m-n2; m_{N_2} = N2_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
83
- * Heating value:
84
- * @formula{slfgm-hv; HV_{fuel} = x_C \cdot k_{HV,C} + x_H \cdot k_{HV,H} + x_S \cdot k_{HV,S}}
85
- * @symtable
86
- * @symrow{m_{i}; Mass of constituent i; \unitless}
87
- * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
88
- * @endsymtable
89
- *
90
- * @subheading{Step 5: Partial Pressure of Water Vapor}
91
- * @formula{slfgm-pp-h2o; p_{H_2O} = \frac{m_{H_2O}/0.047636}{m_{CO_2}/0.116367 + m_{H_2O}/0.047636 + m_{N_2}/0.074077 + m_{O_2}/0.084611 + m_{SO_2}/0.169381}}
92
- * @symtable
93
- * @symrow{p_{H_2O}; Partial pressure of water vapor; \unitless}
94
- * @endsymtable
95
- *
96
- * @subheading{Step 6: Enthalpy of Saturated Steam}
97
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sat; h_{sat} = 1096.7 \cdot (p_{H_2O} \cdot 29.926)^{0.013}}
98
- * @symtable
99
- * @symrow{h_{sat}; Enthalpy of saturated steam; \btu\per\pound}
100
- * @symrow{p_{H_2O}; Partial pressure of water vapor; \unitless}
101
- * @endsymtable
102
- *
103
- * @subheading{Step 7: Sensible Heat of Flue Gas Components}
104
- * For each component:
105
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-co2; h_{CO_2} = m_{CO_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{CO_2}}{MW_{CO_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
106
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-h2o; h_{H_2O} = m_{H_2O,fuel} \cdot (h_{sat} + \frac{Cp_{H_2O}}{MW_{H_2O}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})) + m_{H_2O,air} \cdot (\frac{Cp_{H_2O}}{MW_{H_2O}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref}))}
107
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-so2; h_{SO_2} = m_{SO_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{SO_2}}{MW_{SO_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
108
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-o2; h_{O_2} = m_{O_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{O_2}}{MW_{O_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
109
- * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-n2; h_{N_2} = m_{N_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{N_2}}{MW_{N_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
110
- * Total sensible heat:
111
- * @formula{slfgm-h-fg; h_{fg} = h_{H_2O} + h_{CO_2} + h_{N_2} + h_{O_2} + h_{SO_2}}
112
- * @symtable
113
- * @symrow{h_{i}; Sensible heat of constituent i; \btu\per\hour}
114
- * @symrow{Cp_{i}; Specific heat of constituent i; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
115
- * @symrow{MW_{i}; Molecular weight of constituent i; \pound\per\lbmol}
116
- * @symrow{T_{fg}; Flue gas temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
117
- * @symrow{T_{ref}; Reference temperature (ambient); \degreeFahrenheit}
118
- * @endsymtable
119
- *
120
- * @subheading{Step 8: Other Losses}
121
- * Moisture, unburned carbon, and ash losses:
122
- * @formula{slfgm-h-moisture; h_{moisture} = X_{moisture} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
123
- * @formula{slfgm-h-carbon; h_{carbon} = 14093.0 \cdot X_{unburned,carbon} \cdot (X_{ash}/x_{fuel})}
124
- * @formula{slfgm-h-ash; h_{ash} = (X_{ash}/x_{fuel}) \cdot 0.25 \cdot (1.8 \cdot T_{ash,discharge} + 32.0 - T_{ref})}
125
- * @symtable
126
- * @symrow{h_{moisture}; Heat loss due to moisture; \btu\per\hour}
127
- * @symrow{h_{carbon}; Heat loss due to unburned carbon; \btu\per\hour}
128
- * @symrow{h_{ash}; Heat loss due to ash; \btu\per\hour}
129
- * @symrow{X_{moisture}; Moisture percent in fuel; \percent}
130
- * @symrow{X_{unburned,carbon}; Unburned carbon in ash; \percent}
131
- * @symrow{X_{ash}; Ash percent in fuel; \percent}
132
- * @symrow{T_{ash,discharge}; Ash discharge temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
133
- * @endsymtable
134
- *
135
- * @subheading{Step 9: Input Heat}
136
- * @formula{slfgm-h-in; h_{in} = h_{fuel} + h_{combustion,air} + HV_{fuel} + h_{moisture}}
137
- * @symtable
138
- * @symrow{h_{in}; Total input heat; \btu\per\hour}
139
- * @symrow{h_{fuel}; Sensible heat in fuel; \btu\per\hour}
140
- * @symrow{h_{combustion,air}; Sensible heat in combustion air; \btu\per\hour}
141
- * @endsymtable
142
- *
143
- * @subheading{Step 10: Available Heat Calculation}
144
- * @formula{slfgm-available-heat; Q_{avail} = \frac{h_{in} - h_{fg} - h_{ash} - h_{carbon}}{HV_{fuel}}}
145
- * @symtable
146
- * @symrow{Q_{avail}; Available heat fraction; \unitless}
147
- * @endsymtable
41
+ * @details This section documents the complete algorithm for determining available heat from solid and liquid fuels.
42
+ * The calculation includes normalization of fuel composition, enthalpy calculations for fuel and air inputs,
43
+ * stoichiometric analysis, flue gas component analysis, and all major loss mechanisms.
148
44
  *
149
- * @see solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_data_database
150
- */
151
-
152
- /**
153
- * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_excess_air_calc Solid/Liquid Flue Gas: Excess Air Calculation
154
- * @ingroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator
155
- * @brief Algorithm for calculating excess air from flue gas O2 for solid/liquid fuels.
156
- * @details Implements an iterative algorithm to estimate excess air given measured flue gas O2 and fuel composition.
157
- *
158
- * @subheading{Step 1: Normalize Fuel Composition}
159
- * Normalize all fuel composition inputs to fractions:
160
- * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel-ea; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
161
- * @symtable
162
- * @symrow{x_i; Normalized fraction of constituent i; \unitless}
163
- * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
164
- * @endsymtable
165
- *
166
- * @subheading{Step 2: Initial Estimate of Excess Air}
167
- * Compute initial excess air estimate from flue gas O2:
168
- * @formula{slfgm-ea-initial; EA_0 = \frac{a \cdot O_2}{b - (c \cdot O_2)}}
169
- * where @math{a}, @math{b}, @math{c} are empirical constants.
170
- * @symtable
171
- * @symrow{EA_0; Initial excess air estimate; \unitless}
172
- * @symrow{O_2; Flue gas oxygen percent; \percent}
173
- * @endsymtable
174
- *
175
- * @subheading{Step 3: Iterative Refinement}
176
- * Iteratively refine excess air estimate:
177
- * @formula{slfgm-ea-iter; EA_{n+1} = EA_n \pm (EA_n \cdot 0.01)}
178
- * until calculated O2 matches measured O2 within tolerance.
179
- * @symtable
180
- * @symrow{EA_n; Excess air at iteration n; \unitless}
181
- * @endsymtable
182
- *
183
- * @note Uses calculateFlueGasO2 for O2 calculation in each iteration.
45
+ * @subheading{Available Heat Calculation}
46
+ * @brief Final available heat percentage after all losses.
47
+ * @details Available heat is the fraction of input fuel energy remaining for useful work after accounting for
48
+ * sensible heat in flue gas, ash losses, and unburned carbon losses.
49
+ *
50
+ * @formula{slfgm-available-heat; Q_{avail} = \frac{h_{in} - h_{fg} - h_{ash} - h_{carbon}}{HV_{fuel}}}
51
+ *
52
+ * @par Symbols
53
+ * @symtable
54
+ * @symrow{Q_{avail}; Available heat fraction; \unitless}
55
+ * @symrow{h_{in}; Total input heat; \btu\per\pound}
56
+ * @symrow{h_{fg}; Total sensible heat in flue gas; \btu\per\pound}
57
+ * @symrow{h_{ash}; Heat loss due to ash; \btu\per\pound}
58
+ * @symrow{h_{carbon}; Heat loss due to unburned carbon; \btu\per\pound}
59
+ * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
60
+ * @endsymtable
61
+ *
62
+ * @subheading{Input Heat}
63
+ * @brief Total heat input from fuel, combustion air, and moisture.
64
+ * @details Input heat includes the heating value of the fuel plus sensible heat contributions from elevated
65
+ * fuel temperature, preheated combustion air, and fuel moisture.
66
+ *
67
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-in; h_{in} = h_{fuel} + h_{combustion,air} + HV_{fuel} + h_{moisture}}
68
+ *
69
+ * @par Symbols
70
+ * @symtable
71
+ * @symrow{h_{in}; Total input heat; \btu\per\pound}
72
+ * @symrow{h_{fuel}; Sensible heat in fuel; \btu\per\pound}
73
+ * @symrow{h_{combustion,air}; Sensible heat in combustion air; \btu\per\pound}
74
+ * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
75
+ * @symrow{h_{moisture}; Heat required for fuel moisture; \btu\per\pound}
76
+ * @endsymtable
77
+ *
78
+ * @subheading{Sensible Heat of Flue Gas Components}
79
+ * @brief Calculate heat content of each flue gas constituent.
80
+ * @details For each component in the flue gas, calculate the sensible heat based on temperature rise and mass flow.
81
+ * Water vapor requires special treatment for latent heat of condensation.
82
+ *
83
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-co2; h_{CO_2} = m_{CO_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{CO_2}}{MW_{CO_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
84
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-h2o; h_{H_2O} = m_{H_2O,fuel} \cdot (h_{sat} + \frac{Cp_{H_2O}}{MW_{H_2O}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})) + m_{H_2O,air} \cdot (\frac{Cp_{H_2O}}{MW_{H_2O}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref}))}
85
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-so2; h_{SO_2} = m_{SO_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{SO_2}}{MW_{SO_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
86
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-o2; h_{O_2} = m_{O_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{O_2}}{MW_{O_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
87
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sensible-n2; h_{N_2} = m_{N_2} \cdot \frac{Cp_{N_2}}{MW_{N_2}} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
88
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-fg; h_{fg} = h_{H_2O} + h_{CO_2} + h_{N_2} + h_{O_2} + h_{SO_2}}
89
+ *
90
+ * @par Symbols
91
+ * @symtable
92
+ * @symrow{h_{i}; Sensible heat of constituent i; \btu\per\pound}
93
+ * @symrow{m_{i}; Mass of constituent i; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
94
+ * @symrow{Cp_{i}; Specific heat of constituent i - see @ref gas_constants; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
95
+ * @symrow{MW_{i}; Molecular weight of constituent i - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\lbmol}
96
+ * @symrow{T_{fg}; Flue gas temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
97
+ * @symrow{T_{ref}; Reference temperature (ambient); \degreeFahrenheit}
98
+ * @symrow{h_{sat}; Enthalpy of saturated steam; \btu\per\pound}
99
+ * @symrow{m_{H_2O,fuel}; Water from fuel moisture and combustion; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
100
+ * @symrow{m_{H_2O,air}; Water from combustion air moisture; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
101
+ * @symrow{h_{fg}; Total sensible heat in flue gas; \btu\per\pound}
102
+ * @endsymtable
103
+ *
104
+ * @subheading{Enthalpy of Saturated Steam}
105
+ * @brief Calculate enthalpy at saturation for latent heat effects.
106
+ * @details The enthalpy of saturated steam is needed to account for latent heat of condensation in the water vapor
107
+ * component of the flue gas.
108
+ *
109
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-sat; h_{sat} = 1096.7 \cdot (p_{H_2O} \cdot 29.926)^{0.013}}
110
+ *
111
+ * @par Symbols
112
+ * @symtable
113
+ * @symrow{h_{sat}; Enthalpy of saturated steam; \btu\per\pound}
114
+ * @symrow{p_{H_2O}; Partial pressure of water vapor; \unitless}
115
+ * @symrow{1096.7; Empirical correlation coefficient; \btu\per\pound}
116
+ * @symrow{29.926; Atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury; \inchMercury}
117
+ * @symrow{0.013; Empirical correlation exponent; \unitless}
118
+ * @endsymtable
119
+ *
120
+ * @subheading{Partial Pressure of Water Vapor}
121
+ * @brief Calculate mole fraction of water vapor in flue gas.
122
+ * @details The partial pressure of water vapor is needed to determine saturation conditions for latent heat calculations.
123
+ * It is calculated from the volumetric fractions of all constituents using specific gravity ratios.
124
+ *
125
+ * @formula{slfgm-pp-h2o; p_{H_2O} = \frac{m_{H_2O}/0.047636}{m_{CO_2}/0.116367 + m_{H_2O}/0.047636 + m_{N_2}/0.074077 + m_{O_2}/0.084611 + m_{SO_2}/0.169381}}
126
+ *
127
+ * @par Symbols
128
+ * @symtable
129
+ * @symrow{p_{H_2O}; Partial pressure (mole fraction) of water vapor; \unitless}
130
+ * @symrow{m_{i}; Mass of constituent i; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
131
+ * @symrow{0.047636; H2O specific weight - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
132
+ * @symrow{0.116367; CO2 specific weight - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
133
+ * @symrow{0.074077; N2 specific weight - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
134
+ * @symrow{0.084611; O2 specific weight - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
135
+ * @symrow{0.169381; SO2 specific weight - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
136
+ * @endsymtable
137
+ *
138
+ * @subheading{Other Losses}
139
+ * @brief Account for moisture, unburned carbon, and ash losses.
140
+ * @details Additional heat losses occur due to moisture evaporation, incomplete combustion leaving unburned carbon
141
+ * in ash, and sensible heat carried away by hot ash.
142
+ *
143
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-moisture; h_{moisture} = X_{moisture} \cdot (T_{fg} - T_{ref})}
144
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-carbon; h_{carbon} = 14093.0 \cdot X_{unburned,carbon} \cdot (X_{ash}/x_{fuel})}
145
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-ash; h_{ash} = (X_{ash}/x_{fuel}) \cdot 0.25 \cdot (1.8 \cdot T_{ash,discharge} + 32.0 - T_{ref})}
146
+ *
147
+ * @par Symbols
148
+ * @symtable
149
+ * @symrow{h_{moisture}; Heat loss due to moisture evaporation; \btu\per\pound}
150
+ * @symrow{h_{carbon}; Heat loss due to unburned carbon; \btu\per\pound}
151
+ * @symrow{h_{ash}; Heat loss due to ash sensible heat; \btu\per\pound}
152
+ * @symrow{X_{moisture}; Moisture percent in fuel; \percent}
153
+ * @symrow{X_{unburned,carbon}; Unburned carbon in ash; \percent}
154
+ * @symrow{X_{ash}; Ash percent in fuel; \percent}
155
+ * @symrow{x_{fuel}; Dry fuel fraction; \unitless}
156
+ * @symrow{T_{fg}; Flue gas temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
157
+ * @symrow{T_{ref}; Reference temperature (ambient); \degreeFahrenheit}
158
+ * @symrow{T_{ash,discharge}; Ash discharge temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
159
+ * @symrow{14093.0; Heating value of carbon; \btu\per\pound}
160
+ * @symrow{0.25; Specific heat of ash; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
161
+ * @symrow{1.8; Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion factor; \unitless}
162
+ * @symrow{32.0; Fahrenheit to Celsius offset; \degreeFahrenheit}
163
+ * @endsymtable
164
+ *
165
+ * @subheading{Flue Gas Components and Heating Value}
166
+ * @brief Calculate mass of each flue gas component and fuel heating value.
167
+ * @details The mass of each combustion product is calculated from fuel composition and stoichiometry. The heating
168
+ * value is the sum of elemental contributions from carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. See @ref gas_constants for
169
+ * stoichiometric constants.
170
+ *
171
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-co2; m_{CO_2} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to CO_2}}
172
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-h2o; m_{H_2O} = x_H \cdot k_{H\to H_2O} + x_{moisture} + (M_{comb,air} \cdot M_{air,moisture}/100)}
173
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-so2; m_{SO_2} = x_S \cdot k_{S\to SO_2}}
174
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-o2; m_{O_2} = O2_{s,air} \cdot EA}
175
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-n2; m_{N_2} = N2_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
176
+ * @formula{slfgm-hv; HV_{fuel} = x_C \cdot k_{HV,C} + x_H \cdot k_{HV,H} + x_S \cdot k_{HV,S}}
177
+ *
178
+ * @par Symbols
179
+ * @symtable
180
+ * @symrow{m_{i}; Mass of constituent i per unit fuel; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
181
+ * @symrow{x_C; Carbon mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
182
+ * @symrow{x_H; Hydrogen mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
183
+ * @symrow{x_S; Sulfur mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
184
+ * @symrow{x_{moisture}; Moisture mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
185
+ * @symrow{k_{C\to CO_2}; Carbon to CO2 stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
186
+ * @symrow{k_{H\to H_2O}; Hydrogen to H2O stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
187
+ * @symrow{k_{S\to SO_2}; Sulfur to SO2 stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
188
+ * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Total combustion air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
189
+ * @symrow{M_{air,moisture}; Moisture percent in combustion air; \percent}
190
+ * @symrow{O2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric O2 required; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
191
+ * @symrow{N2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric N2 from air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
192
+ * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
193
+ * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
194
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,C}; Heating value of carbon; \btu\per\pound}
195
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,H}; Heating value of hydrogen; \btu\per\pound}
196
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,S}; Heating value of sulfur; \btu\per\pound}
197
+ * @symrow{100; Percentage conversion factor; \unitless}
198
+ * @endsymtable
199
+ *
200
+ * @subheading{Stoichiometric Air and Combustion Calculations}
201
+ * @brief Calculate theoretical air requirements from fuel composition.
202
+ * @details Stoichiometric air is the theoretical minimum air required for complete combustion. The calculation accounts
203
+ * for oxygen requirements of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, minus any oxygen present in the fuel. See @ref gas_constants
204
+ * for stoichiometric ratios.
205
+ *
206
+ * @formula{slfgm-stoich-air; O2_{s,air} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to O_2} + x_H \cdot k_{H\to O_2} + x_S \cdot k_{S\to O_2} - x_{O_2}}
207
+ * @formula{slfgm-n2s-air; N2_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} \cdot k_{N_2/O_2}}
208
+ * @formula{slfgm-ms-air; M_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} + N2_{s,air}}
209
+ * @formula{slfgm-m-comb-air; M_{comb,air} = M_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
210
+ *
211
+ * @par Symbols
212
+ * @symtable
213
+ * @symrow{O2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric O2 required; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
214
+ * @symrow{N2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric N2 from air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
215
+ * @symrow{M_{s,air}; Stoichiometric air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
216
+ * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Total combustion air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
217
+ * @symrow{x_C; Carbon mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
218
+ * @symrow{x_H; Hydrogen mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
219
+ * @symrow{x_S; Sulfur mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
220
+ * @symrow{x_{O_2}; Oxygen mass fraction in fuel; \unitless}
221
+ * @symrow{k_{C\to O_2}; Carbon to O2 stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
222
+ * @symrow{k_{H\to O_2}; Hydrogen to O2 stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
223
+ * @symrow{k_{S\to O_2}; Sulfur to O2 stoichiometric ratio - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
224
+ * @symrow{k_{N_2/O_2}; N2 to O2 ratio in air - see @ref gas_constants; \pound\per\pound}
225
+ * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
226
+ * @endsymtable
227
+ *
228
+ * @subheading{Fuel and Combustion Air Enthalpy}
229
+ * @brief Calculate sensible enthalpy of fuel and combustion air inputs.
230
+ * @details When fuel or combustion air enters at temperatures above ambient, they contribute additional sensible heat
231
+ * to the system. The specific heat of combustion air varies with temperature.
232
+ *
233
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-fuel; h_{fuel} = C_{pfuel} \cdot (1 - x_{moisture}) \cdot (T_{fuel} - T_{amb})}
234
+ * @formula{slfgm-cp-comb-air; C_{p,air} = a + b \cdot T_{comb}}
235
+ * @formula{slfgm-h-comb-air; h_{comb,air} = M_{comb,air} \cdot C_{p,air} \cdot (T_{comb} - T_{amb}) / \rho_{air}}
236
+ *
237
+ * @par Symbols
238
+ * @symtable
239
+ * @symrow{h_{fuel}; Sensible enthalpy of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
240
+ * @symrow{C_{pfuel}; Specific heat of fuel; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
241
+ * @symrow{x_{moisture}; Moisture fraction in fuel; \unitless}
242
+ * @symrow{T_{fuel}; Fuel temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
243
+ * @symrow{T_{amb}; Ambient air temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
244
+ * @symrow{C_{p,air}; Specific heat of combustion air; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
245
+ * @symrow{a; Linear coefficient for air specific heat; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit}
246
+ * @symrow{b; Temperature coefficient for air specific heat; \btu\per\pound\degreeFahrenheit\squared}
247
+ * @symrow{T_{comb}; Combustion air temperature; \degreeFahrenheit}
248
+ * @symrow{h_{comb,air}; Sensible enthalpy of combustion air; \btu\per\pound}
249
+ * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Mass of combustion air; \pound\per\pound\;fuel}
250
+ * @symrow{\rho_{air}; Density of air; \pound\per\cubicFoot}
251
+ * @endsymtable
252
+ *
253
+ * @subheading{Normalize Fuel Composition}
254
+ * @brief Convert fuel analysis percentages to mass fractions.
255
+ * @details Fuel composition is typically provided as percentages that may not sum to exactly 100%. Normalization
256
+ * ensures mass fractions sum to unity for stoichiometric calculations.
257
+ *
258
+ * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
259
+ *
260
+ * @par Symbols
261
+ * @symtable
262
+ * @symrow{x_i; Normalized mass fraction of constituent i; \unitless}
263
+ * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
264
+ * @endsymtable
184
265
  */
185
266
 
186
267
  /**
187
- * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_o2_calc Solid/Liquid Flue Gas: Flue Gas O2 Calculation
268
+ * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_excess_air_calc Excess Air Calculation
188
269
  * @ingroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator
189
- * @brief Algorithm for calculating flue gas O2 fraction from excess air and fuel composition.
190
- * @details Computes stoichiometric air, combustion air, and flue gas constituents to determine O2 fraction in flue gas.
191
- *
192
- * @subheading{Step 1: Normalize Fuel Composition}
193
- * Normalize all fuel composition inputs to fractions:
194
- * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel-o2; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
195
- * @symtable
196
- * @symrow{x_i; Normalized fraction of constituent i; \unitless}
197
- * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
198
- * @endsymtable
199
- *
200
- * @subheading{Step 2: Stoichiometric Air and Combustion Calculations}
201
- * Calculate stoichiometric O2 and N2 required:
202
- * @formula{slfgm-stoich-o2; O2_{s,air} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to O_2} + x_H \cdot k_{H\to O_2} + x_S \cdot k_{S\to O_2} - x_{O_2}}
203
- * @formula{slfgm-stoich-n2; N2_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} \cdot k_{N_2/O_2}}
204
- * @formula{slfgm-ms-air-o2; M_{s,air} = O2_{s,air} + N2_{s,air}}
205
- * @formula{slfgm-m-comb-air-o2; M_{comb,air} = M_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
206
- * @symtable
207
- * @symrow{O2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric O2 required; \unitless}
208
- * @symrow{N2_{s,air}; Stoichiometric N2 from air; \unitless}
209
- * @symrow{M_{s,air}; Stoichiometric air; \unitless}
210
- * @symrow{M_{comb,air}; Total combustion air; \unitless}
211
- * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
212
- * @endsymtable
213
- *
214
- * @subheading{Step 3: Flue Gas Components}
215
- * Calculate mass of each flue gas component:
216
- * @formula{slfgm-m-co2-o2; m_{CO_2} = x_C \cdot k_{C\to CO_2}}
217
- * @formula{slfgm-m-h2o-o2; m_{H_2O} = x_H \cdot k_{H\to H_2O} + x_{moisture} + (M_{comb,air} \cdot M_{air,moisture}/100)}
218
- * @formula{slfgm-m-so2-o2; m_{SO_2} = x_S \cdot k_{S\to SO_2}}
219
- * @formula{slfgm-m-o2-o2; m_{O_2} = O2_{s,air} \cdot EA}
220
- * @formula{slfgm-m-n2-o2; m_{N_2} = N2_{s,air} \cdot (1 + EA)}
221
- * @symtable
222
- * @symrow{m_{i}; Mass of constituent i; \unitless}
223
- * @endsymtable
224
- *
225
- * @subheading{Step 4: Calculate O2 Fraction in Flue Gas}
226
- * @formula{slfgm-o2-frac; O2_{fg} = \frac{m_{O_2}}{m_{CO_2} + m_{H_2O} + m_{N_2} + m_{O_2} + m_{SO_2}}}
227
- * @symtable
228
- * @symrow{O2_{fg}; O2 fraction in flue gas; \unitless}
229
- * @endsymtable
270
+ * @brief Iterative method to estimate excess air from measured flue gas oxygen.
271
+ * @details Given the measured O2 percentage in the flue gas and fuel composition, this algorithm iteratively
272
+ * estimates the fraction of excess air supplied to the combustion process. The calculation uses stoichiometric
273
+ * relationships and mass balance.
274
+ *
275
+ * @subheading{Iterative Procedure}
276
+ * The excess air is estimated by iterating on the relationship between O2 content and excess air until convergence.
277
+ * See the source code implementation for the detailed iterative algorithm.
278
+ *
279
+ * @par Symbols
280
+ * @symtable
281
+ * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
282
+ * @symrow{O_2; Measured flue gas oxygen percentage; \percent}
283
+ * @endsymtable
230
284
  */
231
285
 
232
286
  /**
233
- * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_hv_calc Solid/Liquid Flue Gas: Heating Value Calculation
287
+ * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_o2_calc Flue Gas O2 Calculation
234
288
  * @ingroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator
235
- * @brief Algorithm for calculating heating value of solid/liquid fuel based on composition.
236
- * @details Computes the heating value as a weighted sum of elemental contributions.
237
- *
238
- * @subheading{Step 1: Normalize Fuel Composition}
239
- * Normalize all fuel composition inputs to fractions:
240
- * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel-hv; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
241
- * @symtable
242
- * @symrow{x_i; Normalized fraction of constituent i; \unitless}
243
- * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
244
- * @endsymtable
245
- *
246
- * @subheading{Step 2: Weighted Heating Value}
247
- * Calculate heating value as weighted sum:
248
- * @formula{slfgm-hv-calc; HV_{fuel} = x_C \cdot k_{HV,C} + x_H \cdot k_{HV,H} + x_S \cdot k_{HV,S}}
249
- * @symtable
250
- * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
251
- * @symrow{x_C, x_H, x_S; Normalized fractions of C, H, S; \unitless}
252
- * @symrow{k_{HV,C}, k_{HV,H}, k_{HV,S}; Heating value constants; \btu\per\pound}
253
- * @endsymtable
289
+ * @brief Compute expected oxygen content in flue gas for a given excess air level.
290
+ * @details Given the excess air fraction and fuel composition, this algorithm calculates the expected O2 percentage
291
+ * in the flue gas using stoichiometric and mass balance relationships.
292
+ *
293
+ * @subheading{O2 Percentage}
294
+ * The O2 content is calculated from the mass of excess oxygen divided by the total flue gas mass, converted to
295
+ * volumetric percentage.
296
+ *
297
+ * @par Symbols
298
+ * @symtable
299
+ * @symrow{O_2; Flue gas oxygen percentage; \percent}
300
+ * @symrow{EA; Excess air fraction; \unitless}
301
+ * @endsymtable
254
302
  */
255
303
 
256
304
  /**
257
- * @see solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_data_database
258
- * @see gas_constants for molecular weights, specific heat formulas, and stoichiometric constants
305
+ * @defgroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_hv_calc Heating Value Calculation
306
+ * @ingroup solid_liquid_flue_gas_material_calculator
307
+ * @brief Calculate higher heating value of solid or liquid fuel.
308
+ * @details The higher heating value (HHV) is calculated as a weighted sum of elemental contributions from carbon,
309
+ * hydrogen, and sulfur in the fuel. The weights must be normalized fractions.
310
+ *
311
+ * @subheading{Normalization}
312
+ * First, normalize the fuel composition fractions:
313
+ * @formula{slfgm-norm-fuel-2; x_i = \frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}}
314
+ *
315
+ * @subheading{Weighted Heating Value}
316
+ * Calculate heating value as weighted sum:
317
+ * @formula{slfgm-hv-calc; HV_{fuel} = x_C \cdot k_{HV,C} + x_H \cdot k_{HV,H} + x_S \cdot k_{HV,S}}
318
+ *
319
+ * @par Symbols
320
+ * @symtable
321
+ * @symrow{HV_{fuel}; Heating value of fuel; \btu\per\pound}
322
+ * @symrow{x_C; Normalized carbon fraction; \unitless}
323
+ * @symrow{x_H; Normalized hydrogen fraction; \unitless}
324
+ * @symrow{x_S; Normalized sulfur fraction; \unitless}
325
+ * @symrow{X_i; Percent of constituent i in fuel; \percent}
326
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,C}; Heating value constant for carbon; \btu\per\pound}
327
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,H}; Heating value constant for hydrogen; \btu\per\pound}
328
+ * @symrow{k_{HV,S}; Heating value constant for sulfur; \btu\per\pound}
329
+ * @endsymtable
259
330
  */
package/package.json CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
1
1
  {
2
2
  "name": "measur-tools-suite",
3
- "version": "1.0.14-beta.214",
3
+ "version": "1.0.14-beta.215",
4
4
  "engines": {
5
5
  "node": "20.19.4",
6
6
  "npm": "10.8.2"