meadow-connection-mysql 1.0.2

package/retold-harness/node_modules/readable-stream/doc/stream.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2015 @@
+# Stream
+
+    Stability: 2 - Stable
+
+A stream is an abstract interface for working with streaming data in Node.js.
+The `stream` module provides a base API that makes it easy to build objects
+that implement the stream interface.
+
+There are many stream objects provided by Node.js. For instance, a
+[request to an HTTP server][http-incoming-message] and [`process.stdout`][]
+are both stream instances.
+
+Streams can be readable, writable, or both. All streams are instances of
+[`EventEmitter`][].
+
+The `stream` module can be accessed using:
+
+```js
+const stream = require('stream');
+```
+
+While it is important for all Node.js users to understand how streams works,
+the `stream` module itself is most useful for developer's that are creating new
+types of stream instances. Developer's who are primarily *consuming* stream
+objects will rarely (if ever) have need to use the `stream` module directly.
+
+## Organization of this document
+
+This document is divided into two primary sections and third section for
+additional notes. The first section explains the elements of the stream API that
+are required to *use* streams within an application. The second section explains
+the elements of the API that are required to *implement* new types of streams.
+
+## Types of Streams
+
+There are four fundamental stream types within Node.js:
+
+* [Readable][] - streams from which data can be read (for example
+  [`fs.createReadStream()`][]).
+* [Writable][] - streams to which data can be written (for example
+  [`fs.createWriteStream()`][]).
+* [Duplex][] - streams that are both Readable and Writable (for example
+  [`net.Socket`][]).
+* [Transform][] - Duplex streams that can modify or transform the data as it
+  is written and read (for example [`zlib.createDeflate()`][]).
+
+### Object Mode
+
+All streams created by Node.js APIs operate exclusively on strings and `Buffer`
+objects. It is possible, however, for stream implementations to work with other
+types of JavaScript values (with the exception of `null` which serves a special
+purpose within streams). Such streams are considered to operate in "object
+mode".
+
+Stream instances are switched into object mode using the `objectMode` option
+when the stream is created. Attempting to switch an existing stream into
+object mode is not safe.
+
+### Buffering
+
+<!--type=misc-->
+
+Both [Writable][] and [Readable][] streams will store data in an internal
+buffer that can be retrieved using `writable._writableState.getBuffer()` or
+`readable._readableState.buffer`, respectively.
+
+The amount of data potentially buffered depends on the `highWaterMark` option
+passed into the streams constructor. For normal streams, the `highWaterMark`
+option specifies a total number of bytes. For streams operating in object mode,
+the `highWaterMark` specifies a total number of objects.
+
+Data is buffered in Readable streams when the implementation calls
+[`stream.push(chunk)`][stream-push]. If the consumer of the Stream does not
+call [`stream.read()`][stream-read], the data will sit in the internal
+queue until it is consumed.
+
+Once the total size of the internal read buffer reaches the threshold specified
+by `highWaterMark`, the stream will temporarily stop reading data from the
+underlying resource until the data currently buffered can be consumed (that is,
+the stream will stop calling the internal `readable._read()` method that is
+used to fill the read buffer).
+
+Data is buffered in Writable streams when the
+[`writable.write(chunk)`][stream-write] method is called repeatedly. While the
+total size of the internal write buffer is below the threshold set by
+`highWaterMark`, calls to `writable.write()` will return `true`. Once the
+the size of the internal buffer reaches or exceeds the `highWaterMark`, `false`
+will be returned.
+
+A key goal of the `stream` API, and in particular the [`stream.pipe()`] method,
+is to limit the buffering of data to acceptable levels such that sources and
+destinations of differing speeds will not overwhelm the available memory.
+
+Because [Duplex][] and [Transform][] streams are both Readable and Writable,
+each maintain *two* separate internal buffers used for reading and writing,
+allowing each side to operate independently of the other while maintaining an
+appropriate and efficient flow of data. For example, [`net.Socket`][] instances
+are [Duplex][] streams whose Readable side allows consumption of data received
+*from* the socket and whose Writable side allows writing data *to* the socket.
+Because data may be written to the socket at a faster or slower rate than data
+is received, it is important each side operate (and buffer) independently of
+the other.
+
+## API for Stream Consumers
+
+<!--type=misc-->
+
+Almost all Node.js applications, no matter how simple, use streams in some
+manner. The following is an example of using streams in a Node.js application
+that implements an HTTP server:
+
+```js
+const http = require('http');
+
+const server = http.createServer( (req, res) => {
+  // req is an http.IncomingMessage, which is a Readable Stream
+  // res is an http.ServerResponse, which is a Writable Stream
+
+  let body = '';
+  // Get the data as utf8 strings.
+  // If an encoding is not set, Buffer objects will be received.
+  req.setEncoding('utf8');
+
+  // Readable streams emit 'data' events once a listener is added
+  req.on('data', (chunk) => {
+    body += chunk;
+  });
+
+  // the end event indicates that the entire body has been received
+  req.on('end', () => {
+    try {
+      const data = JSON.parse(body);
+    } catch (er) {
+      // uh oh!  bad json!
+      res.statusCode = 400;
+      return res.end(`error: ${er.message}`);
+    }
+
+    // write back something interesting to the user:
+    res.write(typeof data);
+    res.end();
+  });
+});
+
+server.listen(1337);
+
+// $ curl localhost:1337 -d '{}'
+// object
+// $ curl localhost:1337 -d '"foo"'
+// string
+// $ curl localhost:1337 -d 'not json'
+// error: Unexpected token o
+```
+
+[Writable][] streams (such as `res` in the example) expose methods such as
+`write()` and `end()` that are used to write data onto the stream.
+
+[Readable][] streams use the [`EventEmitter`][] API for notifying application
+code when data is available to be read off the stream. That available data can
+be read from the stream in multiple ways.
+
+Both [Writable][] and [Readable][] streams use the [`EventEmitter`][] API in
+various ways to communicate the current state of the stream.
+
+[Duplex][] and [Transform][] streams are both [Writable][] and [Readable][].
+
+Applications that are either writing data to or consuming data from a stream
+are not required to implement the stream interfaces directly and will generally
+have no reason to call `require('stream')`.
+
+Developers wishing to implement new types of streams should refer to the
+section [API for Stream Implementers][].
+
+### Writable Streams
+
+Writable streams are an abstraction for a *destination* to which data is
+written.
+
+Examples of [Writable][] streams include:
+
+* [HTTP requests, on the client][]
+* [HTTP responses, on the server][]
+* [fs write streams][]
+* [zlib streams][zlib]
+* [crypto streams][crypto]
+* [TCP sockets][]
+* [child process stdin][]
+* [`process.stdout`][], [`process.stderr`][]
+
+*Note*: Some of these examples are actually [Duplex][] streams that implement
+the [Writable][] interface.
+
+All [Writable][] streams implement the interface defined by the
+`stream.Writable` class.
+
+While specific instances of [Writable][] streams may differ in various ways,
+all Writable streams follow the same fundamental usage pattern as illustrated
+in the example below:
+
+```js
+const myStream = getWritableStreamSomehow();
+myStream.write('some data');
+myStream.write('some more data');
+myStream.end('done writing data');
+```
+
+#### Class: stream.Writable
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+##### Event: 'close'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+The `'close'` event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying
+resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates
+that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.
+
+Not all Writable streams will emit the `'close'` event.
+
+##### Event: 'drain'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+If a call to [`stream.write(chunk)`][stream-write] returns `false`, the
+`'drain'` event will be emitted when it is appropriate to resume writing data
+to the stream.
+
+```js
+// Write the data to the supplied writable stream one million times.
+// Be attentive to back-pressure.
+function writeOneMillionTimes(writer, data, encoding, callback) {
+  let i = 1000000;
+  write();
+  function write() {
+    var ok = true;
+    do {
+      i--;
+      if (i === 0) {
+        // last time!
+        writer.write(data, encoding, callback);
+      } else {
+        // see if we should continue, or wait
+        // don't pass the callback, because we're not done yet.
+        ok = writer.write(data, encoding);
+      }
+    } while (i > 0 && ok);
+    if (i > 0) {
+      // had to stop early!
+      // write some more once it drains
+      writer.once('drain', write);
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+##### Event: 'error'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* {Error}
+
+The `'error'` event is emitted if an error occurred while writing or piping
+data. The listener callback is passed a single `Error` argument when called.
+
+*Note*: The stream is not closed when the `'error'` event is emitted.
+
+##### Event: 'finish'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+The `'finish'` event is emitted after the [`stream.end()`][stream-end] method
+has been called, and all data has been flushed to the underlying system.
+
+```js
+const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
+for (var i = 0; i < 100; i ++) {
+  writer.write('hello, #${i}!\n');
+}
+writer.end('This is the end\n');
+writer.on('finish', () => {
+  console.error('All writes are now complete.');
+});
+```
+
+##### Event: 'pipe'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `src` {stream.Readable} source stream that is piping to this writable
+
+The `'pipe'` event is emitted when the [`stream.pipe()`][] method is called on
+a readable stream, adding this writable to its set of destinations.
+
+```js
+const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
+const reader = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+writer.on('pipe', (src) => {
+  console.error('something is piping into the writer');
+  assert.equal(src, reader);
+});
+reader.pipe(writer);
+```
+
+##### Event: 'unpipe'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `src` {[Readable][] Stream} The source stream that
+  [unpiped][`stream.unpipe()`] this writable
+
+The `'unpipe'` event is emitted when the [`stream.unpipe()`][] method is called
+on a [Readable][] stream, removing this [Writable][] from its set of
+destinations.
+
+```js
+const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
+const reader = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+writer.on('unpipe', (src) => {
+  console.error('Something has stopped piping into the writer.');
+  assert.equal(src, reader);
+});
+reader.pipe(writer);
+reader.unpipe(writer);
+```
+
+##### writable.cork()
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.11.2
+-->
+
+The `writable.cork()` method forces all written data to be buffered in memory.
+The buffered data will be flushed when either the [`stream.uncork()`][] or
+[`stream.end()`][stream-end] methods are called.
+
+The primary intent of `writable.cork()` is to avoid a situation where writing
+many small chunks of data to a stream do not cause an backup in the internal
+buffer that would have an adverse impact on performance. In such situations,
+implementations that implement the `writable._writev()` method can perform
+buffered writes in a more optimized manner.
+
+##### writable.end([chunk][, encoding][, callback])
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `chunk` {String|Buffer|any} Optional data to write. For streams not operating
+  in object mode, `chunk` must be a string or a `Buffer`. For object mode
+  streams, `chunk` may be any JavaScript value other than `null`.
+* `encoding` {String} The encoding, if `chunk` is a String
+* `callback` {Function} Optional callback for when the stream is finished
+
+Calling the `writable.end()` method signals that no more data will be written
+to the [Writable][]. The optional `chunk` and `encoding` arguments allow one
+final additional chunk of data to be written immediately before closing the
+stream. If provided, the optional `callback` function is attached as a listener
+for the [`'finish'`][] event.
+
+Calling the [`stream.write()`][stream-write] method after calling
+[`stream.end()`][stream-end] will raise an error.
+
+```js
+// write 'hello, ' and then end with 'world!'
+const file = fs.createWriteStream('example.txt');
+file.write('hello, ');
+file.end('world!');
+// writing more now is not allowed!
+```
+
+##### writable.setDefaultEncoding(encoding)
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.11.15
+-->
+
+* `encoding` {String} The new default encoding
+* Return: `this`
+
+The `writable.setDefaultEncoding()` method sets the default `encoding` for a
+[Writable][] stream.
+
+##### writable.uncork()
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.11.2
+-->
+
+The `writable.uncork()` method flushes all data buffered since
+[`stream.cork()`][] was called.
+
+When using `writable.cork()` and `writable.uncork()` to manage the buffering
+of writes to a stream, it is recommended that calls to `writable.uncork()` be
+deferred using `process.nextTick()`. Doing so allows batching of all
+`writable.write()` calls that occur within a given Node.js event loop phase.
+
+```js
+stream.cork();
+stream.write('some ');
+stream.write('data ');
+process.nextTick(() => stream.uncork());
+```
+
+If the `writable.cork()` method is called multiple times on a stream, the same
+number of calls to `writable.uncork()` must be called to flush the buffered
+data.
+
+```
+stream.cork();
+stream.write('some ');
+stream.cork();
+stream.write('data ');
+process.nextTick(() => {
+  stream.uncork();
+  // The data will not be flushed until uncork() is called a second time.
+  stream.uncork();
+});
+```
+
+##### writable.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `chunk` {String|Buffer} The data to write
+* `encoding` {String} The encoding, if `chunk` is a String
+* `callback` {Function} Callback for when this chunk of data is flushed
+* Returns: {Boolean} `false` if the stream wishes for the calling code to
+  wait for the `'drain'` event to be emitted before continuing to write
+  additional data; otherwise `true`.
+
+The `writable.write()` method writes some data to the stream, and calls the
+supplied `callback` once the data has been fully handled. If an error
+occurs, the `callback` *may or may not* be called with the error as its
+first argument. To reliably detect write errors, add a listener for the
+`'error'` event.
+
+The return value indicates whether the written `chunk` was buffered internally
+and the buffer has exceeded the `highWaterMark` configured when the stream was
+created. If `false` is returned, further attempts to write data to the stream
+should be paused until the `'drain'` event is emitted.
+
+A Writable stream in object mode will always ignore the `encoding` argument.
+
+### Readable Streams
+
+Readable streams are an abstraction for a *source* from which data is
+consumed.
+
+Examples of Readable streams include:
+
+* [HTTP responses, on the client][http-incoming-message]
+* [HTTP requests, on the server][http-incoming-message]
+* [fs read streams][]
+* [zlib streams][zlib]
+* [crypto streams][crypto]
+* [TCP sockets][]
+* [child process stdout and stderr][]
+* [`process.stdin`][]
+
+All [Readable][] streams implement the interface defined by the
+`stream.Readable` class.
+
+#### Two Modes
+
+Readable streams effectively operate in one of two modes: flowing and paused.
+
+When in flowing mode, data is read from the underlying system automatically
+and provided to an application as quickly as possible using events via the
+[`EventEmitter`][] interface.
+
+In paused mode, the [`stream.read()`][stream-read] method must be called
+explicitly to read chunks of data from the stream.
+
+All [Readable][] streams begin in paused mode but can be switched to flowing
+mode in one of the following ways:
+
+* Adding a [`'data'`][] event handler.
+* Calling the [`stream.resume()`][stream-resume] method.
+* Calling the [`stream.pipe()`][] method to send the data to a [Writable][].
+
+The Readable can switch back to paused mode using one of the following:
+
+* If there are no pipe destinations, by calling the
+  [`stream.pause()`][stream-pause] method.
+* If there are pipe destinations, by removing any [`'data'`][] event
+  handlers, and removing all pipe destinations by calling the
+  [`stream.unpipe()`][] method.
+
+The important concept to remember is that a Readable will not generate data
+until a mechanism for either consuming or ignoring that data is provided. If
+the consuming mechanism is disabled or taken away, the Readable will *attempt*
+to stop generating the data.
+
+*Note*: For backwards compatibility reasons, removing [`'data'`][] event
+handlers will **not** automatically pause the stream. Also, if there are piped
+destinations, then calling [`stream.pause()`][stream-pause] will not guarantee
+that the stream will *remain* paused once those destinations drain and ask for
+more data.
+
+*Note*: If a [Readable][] is switched into flowing mode and there are no
+consumers available handle the data, that data will be lost. This can occur,
+for instance, when the `readable.resume()` method is called without a listener
+attached to the `'data'` event, or when a `'data'` event handler is removed
+from the stream.
+
+#### Three States
+
+The "two modes" of operation for a Readable stream are a simplified abstraction
+for the more complicated internal state management that is happening within the
+Readable stream implementation.
+
+Specifically, at any given point in time, every Readable is in one of three
+possible states:
+
+* `readable._readableState.flowing = null`
+* `readable._readableState.flowing = false`
+* `readable._readableState.flowing = true`
+
+When `readable._readableState.flowing` is `null`, no mechanism for consuming the
+streams data is provided so the stream will not generate its data.
+
+Attaching a listener for the `'data'` event, calling the `readable.pipe()`
+method, or calling the `readable.resume()` method will switch
+`readable._readableState.flowing` to `true`, causing the Readable to begin
+actively emitting events as data is generated.
+
+Calling `readable.pause()`, `readable.unpipe()`, or receiving "back pressure"
+will cause the `readable._readableState.flowing` to be set as `false`,
+temporarily halting the flowing of events but *not* halting the generation of
+data.
+
+While `readable._readableState.flowing` is `false`, data may be accumulating
+within the streams internal buffer.
+
+#### Choose One
+
+The Readable stream API evolved across multiple Node.js versions and provides
+multiple methods of consuming stream data. In general, developers should choose
+*one* of the methods of consuming data and *should never* use multiple methods
+to consume data from a single stream.
+
+Use of the `readable.pipe()` method is recommended for most users as it has been
+implemented to provide the easiest way of consuming stream data. Developers that
+require more fine-grained control over the transfer and generation of data can
+use the [`EventEmitter`][] and `readable.pause()`/`readable.resume()` APIs.
+
+#### Class: stream.Readable
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+##### Event: 'close'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+The `'close'` event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying
+resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates
+that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.
+
+Not all [Readable][] streams will emit the `'close'` event.
+
+##### Event: 'data'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer|String|any} The chunk of data. For streams that are not
+  operating in object mode, the chunk will be either a string or `Buffer`.
+  For streams that are in object mode, the chunk can be any JavaScript value
+  other than `null`.
+
+The `'data'` event is emitted whenever the stream is relinquishing ownership of
+a chunk of data to a consumer. This may occur whenever the stream is switched
+in flowing mode by calling `readable.pipe()`, `readable.resume()`, or by
+attaching a listener callback to the `'data'` event. The `'data'` event will
+also be emitted whenever the `readable.read()` method is called and a chunk of
+data is available to be returned.
+
+Attaching a `'data'` event listener to a stream that has not been explicitly
+paused will switch the stream into flowing mode. Data will then be passed as
+soon as it is available.
+
+The listener callback will be passed the chunk of data as a string if a default
+encoding has been specified for the stream using the
+`readable.setEncoding()` method; otherwise the data will be passed as a
+`Buffer`.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
+});
+```
+
+##### Event: 'end'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+The `'end'` event is emitted when there is no more data to be consumed from
+the stream.
+
+*Note*: The `'end'` event **will not be emitted** unless the data is
+completely consumed. This can be accomplished by switching the stream into
+flowing mode, or by calling [`stream.read()`][stream-read] repeatedly until
+all data has been consumed.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
+});
+readable.on('end', () => {
+  console.log('There will be no more data.');
+});
+```
+
+##### Event: 'error'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* {Error}
+
+The `'error'` event may be emitted by a Readable implementation at any time.
+Typically, this may occur if the underlying stream in unable to generate data
+due to an underlying internal failure, or when a stream implementation attempts
+to push an invalid chunk of data.
+
+The listener callback will be passed a single `Error` object.
+
+##### Event: 'readable'
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+The `'readable'` event is emitted when there is data available to be read from
+the stream. In some cases, attaching a listener for the `'readable'` event will
+cause some amount of data to be read into an internal buffer.
+
+```javascript
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.on('readable', () => {
+  // there is some data to read now
+});
+```
+The `'readable'` event will also be emitted once the end of the stream data
+has been reached but before the `'end'` event is emitted.
+
+Effectively, the `'readable'` event indicates that the stream has new
+information: either new data is available or the end of the stream has been
+reached. In the former case, [`stream.read()`][stream-read] will return the
+available data. In the latter case, [`stream.read()`][stream-read] will return
+`null`. For instance, in the following example, `foo.txt` is an empty file:
+
+```js
+const fs = require('fs');
+const rr = fs.createReadStream('foo.txt');
+rr.on('readable', () => {
+  console.log('readable:', rr.read());
+});
+rr.on('end', () => {
+  console.log('end');
+});
+```
+
+The output of running this script is:
+
+```
+$ node test.js
+readable: null
+end
+```
+
+*Note*: In general, the `readable.pipe()` and `'data'` event mechanisms are
+preferred over the use of the `'readable'` event.
+
+##### readable.isPaused()
+<!--
+added: v0.11.14
+-->
+
+* Return: {Boolean}
+
+The `readable.isPaused()` method returns the current operating state of the
+Readable. This is used primarily by the mechanism that underlies the
+`readable.pipe()` method. In most typical cases, there will be no reason to
+use this method directly.
+
+```js
+const readable = new stream.Readable
+
+readable.isPaused() // === false
+readable.pause()
+readable.isPaused() // === true
+readable.resume()
+readable.isPaused() // === false
+```
+
+##### readable.pause()
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* Return: `this`
+
+The `readable.pause()` method will cause a stream in flowing mode to stop
+emitting [`'data'`][] events, switching out of flowing mode. Any data that
+becomes available will remain in the internal buffer.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
+  readable.pause();
+  console.log('There will be no additional data for 1 second.');
+  setTimeout(() => {
+    console.log('Now data will start flowing again.');
+    readable.resume();
+  }, 1000);
+});
+```
+
+##### readable.pipe(destination[, options])
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `destination` {stream.Writable} The destination for writing data
+* `options` {Object} Pipe options
+  * `end` {Boolean} End the writer when the reader ends. Defaults to `true`.
+
+The `readable.pipe()` method attaches a [Writable][] stream to the `readable`,
+causing it to switch automatically into flowing mode and push all of its data
+to the attached [Writable][]. The flow of data will be automatically managed so
+that the destination Writable stream is not overwhelmed by a faster Readable
+stream.
+
+The following example pipes all of the data from the `readable` into a file
+named `file.txt`:
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+const writable = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt');
+// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt'
+readable.pipe(writable);
+```
+It is possible to attach multiple Writable streams to a single Readable stream.
+
+The `readable.pipe()` method returns a reference to the *destination* stream
+making it possible to set up chains of piped streams:
+
+```js
+const r = fs.createReadStream('file.txt');
+const z = zlib.createGzip();
+const w = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt.gz');
+r.pipe(z).pipe(w);
+```
+
+By default, [`stream.end()`][stream-end] is called on the destination Writable
+stream when the source Readable stream emits [`'end'`][], so that the
+destination is no longer writable. To disable this default behavior, the `end`
+option can be passed as `false`, causing the destination stream to remain open,
+as illustrated in the following example:
+
+```js
+reader.pipe(writer, { end: false });
+reader.on('end', () => {
+  writer.end('Goodbye\n');
+});
+```
+
+One important caveat is that if the Readable stream emits an error during
+processing, the Writable destination *is not closed* automatically. If an
+error occurs, it will be necessary to *manually* close each stream in order
+to prevent memory leaks.
+
+*Note*: The [`process.stderr`][] and [`process.stdout`][] Writable streams are
+never closed until the Node.js process exits, regardless of the specified
+options.
+
+##### readable.read([size])
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `size` {Number} Optional argument to specify how much data to read.
+* Return {String|Buffer|Null}
+
+The `readable.read()` method pulls some data out of the internal buffer and
+returns it. If no data available to be read, `null` is returned. By default,
+the data will be returned as a `Buffer` object unless an encoding has been
+specified using the `readable.setEncoding()` method or the stream is operating
+in object mode.
+
+The optional `size` argument specifies a specific number of bytes to read. If
+`size` bytes are not available to be read, `null` will be returned *unless*
+the stream has ended, in which case all of the data remaining in the internal
+buffer will be returned (*even if it exceeds `size` bytes*).
+
+If the `size` argument is not specified, all of the data contained in the
+internal buffer will be returned.
+
+The `readable.read()` method should only be called on Readable streams operating
+in paused mode. In flowing mode, `readable.read()` is called automatically until
+the internal buffer is fully drained.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.on('readable', () => {
+  var chunk;
+  while (null !== (chunk = readable.read())) {
+    console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
+  }
+});
+```
+
+In general, it is recommended that developers avoid the use of the `'readable'`
+event and the `readable.read()` method in favor of using either
+`readable.pipe()` or the `'data'` event.
+
+A Readable stream in object mode will always return a single item from
+a call to [`readable.read(size)`][stream-read], regardless of the value of the
+`size` argument.
+
+*Note:* If the `readable.read()` method returns a chunk of data, a `'data'`
+event will also be emitted.
+
+*Note*: Calling [`stream.read([size])`][stream-read] after the [`'end'`][]
+event has been emitted will return `null`. No runtime error will be raised.
+
+##### readable.resume()
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* Return: `this`
+
+The `readable.resume()` method causes an explicitly paused Readable stream to
+resume emitting [`'data'`][] events, switching the stream into flowing mode.
+
+The `readable.resume()` method can be used to fully consume the data from a
+stream without actually processing any of that data as illustrated in the
+following example:
+
+```js
+getReadableStreamSomehow()
+  .resume()
+  .on('end', () => {
+    console.log('Reached the end, but did not read anything.');
+  });
+```
+
+##### readable.setEncoding(encoding)
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `encoding` {String} The encoding to use.
+* Return: `this`
+
+The `readable.setEncoding()` method sets the default character encoding for
+data read from the Readable stream.
+
+Setting an encoding causes the stream data
+to be returned as string of the specified encoding rather than as `Buffer`
+objects. For instance, calling `readable.setEncoding('utf8')` will cause the
+output data will be interpreted as UTF-8 data, and passed as strings. Calling
+`readable.setEncoding('hex')` will cause the data to be encoded in hexadecimal
+string format.
+
+The Readable stream will properly handle multi-byte characters delivered through
+the stream that would otherwise become improperly decoded if simply pulled from
+the stream as `Buffer` objects.
+
+Encoding can be disabled by calling `readable.setEncoding(null)`. This approach
+is useful when working with binary data or with large multi-byte strings spread
+out over multiple chunks.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+readable.setEncoding('utf8');
+readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+  assert.equal(typeof chunk, 'string');
+  console.log('got %d characters of string data', chunk.length);
+});
+```
+
+##### readable.unpipe([destination])
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `destination` {stream.Writable} Optional specific stream to unpipe
+
+The `readable.unpipe()` method detaches a Writable stream previously attached
+using the [`stream.pipe()`][] method.
+
+If the `destination` is not specified, then *all* pipes are detached.
+
+If the `destination` is specified, but no pipe is set up for it, then
+the method does nothing.
+
+```js
+const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+const writable = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt');
+// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt',
+// but only for the first second
+readable.pipe(writable);
+setTimeout(() => {
+  console.log('Stop writing to file.txt');
+  readable.unpipe(writable);
+  console.log('Manually close the file stream');
+  writable.end();
+}, 1000);
+```
+
+##### readable.unshift(chunk)
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.11
+-->
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer|String} Chunk of data to unshift onto the read queue
+
+The `readable.unshift()` method pushes a chunk of data back into the internal
+buffer. This is useful in certain situations where a stream is being consumed by
+code that needs to "un-consume" some amount of data that it has optimistically
+pulled out of the source, so that the data can be passed on to some other party.
+
+*Note*: The `stream.unshift(chunk)` method cannot be called after the
+[`'end'`][] event has been emitted or a runtime error will be thrown.
+
+Developers using `stream.unshift()` often should consider switching to
+use of a [Transform][] stream instead. See the [API for Stream Implementers][]
+section for more information.
+
+```js
+// Pull off a header delimited by \n\n
+// use unshift() if we get too much
+// Call the callback with (error, header, stream)
+const StringDecoder = require('string_decoder').StringDecoder;
+function parseHeader(stream, callback) {
+  stream.on('error', callback);
+  stream.on('readable', onReadable);
+  const decoder = new StringDecoder('utf8');
+  var header = '';
+  function onReadable() {
+    var chunk;
+    while (null !== (chunk = stream.read())) {
+      var str = decoder.write(chunk);
+      if (str.match(/\n\n/)) {
+        // found the header boundary
+        var split = str.split(/\n\n/);
+        header += split.shift();
+        const remaining = split.join('\n\n');
+        const buf = Buffer.from(remaining, 'utf8');
+        if (buf.length)
+          stream.unshift(buf);
+        stream.removeListener('error', callback);
+        stream.removeListener('readable', onReadable);
+        // now the body of the message can be read from the stream.
+        callback(null, header, stream);
+      } else {
+        // still reading the header.
+        header += str;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+*Note*: Unlike [`stream.push(chunk)`][stream-push], `stream.unshift(chunk)`
+will not end the reading process by resetting the internal reading state of the
+stream. This can cause unexpected results if `readable.unshift()` is called
+during a read (i.e. from within a [`stream._read()`][stream-_read]
+implementation on a custom stream). Following the call to `readable.unshift()`
+with an immediate [`stream.push('')`][stream-push] will reset the reading state
+appropriately, however it is best to simply avoid calling `readable.unshift()`
+while in the process of performing a read.
+
+##### readable.wrap(stream)
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+* `stream` {Stream} An "old style" readable stream
+
+Versions of Node.js prior to v0.10 had streams that did not implement the
+entire `stream` module API as it is currently defined. (See [Compatibility][]
+for more information.)
+
+When using an older Node.js library that emits [`'data'`][] events and has a
+[`stream.pause()`][stream-pause] method that is advisory only, the
+`readable.wrap()` method can be used to create a [Readable][] stream that uses
+the old stream as its data source.
+
+It will rarely be necessary to use `readable.wrap()` but the method has been
+provided as a convenience for interacting with older Node.js applications and
+libraries.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const OldReader = require('./old-api-module.js').OldReader;
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+const oreader = new OldReader;
+const myReader = new Readable().wrap(oreader);
+
+myReader.on('readable', () => {
+  myReader.read(); // etc.
+});
+```
+
+### Duplex and Transform Streams
+
+#### Class: stream.Duplex
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+Duplex streams are streams that implement both the [Readable][] and
+[Writable][] interfaces.
+
+Examples of Duplex streams include:
+
+* [TCP sockets][]
+* [zlib streams][zlib]
+* [crypto streams][crypto]
+
+#### Class: stream.Transform
+<!-- YAML
+added: v0.9.4
+-->
+
+<!--type=class-->
+
+Transform streams are [Duplex][] streams where the output is in some way
+related to the input. Like all [Duplex][] streams, Transform streams
+implement both the [Readable][] and [Writable][] interfaces.
+
+Examples of Transform streams include:
+
+* [zlib streams][zlib]
+* [crypto streams][crypto]
+
+
+## API for Stream Implementers
+
+<!--type=misc-->
+
+The `stream` module API has been designed to make it possible to easily
+implement streams using JavaScript's prototypical inheritance model.
+
+First, a stream developer would declare a new JavaScript class that extends one
+of the four basic stream classes (`stream.Writable`, `stream.Readable`,
+`stream.Duplex`, or `stream.Transform`), making sure the call the appropriate
+parent class constructor:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+class MyWritable extends Writable {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The new stream class must then implement one or more specific methods, depending
+on the type of stream being created, as detailed in the chart below:
+
+<table>
+  <thead>
+    <tr>
+      <th>
+        <p>Use-case</p>
+      </th>
+      <th>
+        <p>Class</p>
+      </th>
+      <th>
+        <p>Method(s) to implement</p>
+      </th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+      <p>Reading only</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p>[Readable](#stream_class_stream_readable)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p><code>[_read][stream-_read]</code></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+      <p>Writing only</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p>[Writable](#stream_class_stream_writable)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p><code>[_write][stream-_write]</code>, <code>[_writev][stream-_writev]</code></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+      <p>Reading and writing</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p>[Duplex](#stream_class_stream_duplex)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p><code>[_read][stream-_read]</code>, <code>[_write][stream-_write]</code>, <code>[_writev][stream-_writev]</code></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+      <p>Operate on written data, then read the result</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p>[Transform](#stream_class_stream_transform)</p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p><code>[_transform][stream-_transform]</code>, <code>[_flush][stream-_flush]</code></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+*Note*: The implementation code for a stream should *never* call the "public"
+methods of a stream that are intended for use by consumers (as described in
+the [API for Stream Consumers][] section). Doing so may lead to adverse
+side effects in application code consuming the stream.
+
+### Simplified Construction
+
+For many simple cases, it is possible to construct a stream without relying on
+inheritance. This can be accomplished by directly creating instances of the
+`stream.Writable`, `stream.Readable`, `stream.Duplex` or `stream.Transform`
+objects and passing appropriate methods as constructor options.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+const myWritable = new Writable({
+  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // ...
+  }
+});
+```
+
+### Implementing a Writable Stream
+
+The `stream.Writable` class is extended to implement a [Writable][] stream.
+
+Custom Writable streams *must* call the `new stream.Writable([options])`
+constructor and implement the `writable._write()` method. The
+`writable._writev()` method *may* also be implemented.
+
+#### Constructor: new stream.Writable([options])
+
+* `options` {Object}
+  * `highWaterMark` {Number} Buffer level when
+    [`stream.write()`][stream-write] starts returning `false`. Defaults to
+    `16384` (16kb), or `16` for `objectMode` streams.
+  * `decodeStrings` {Boolean} Whether or not to decode strings into
+    Buffers before passing them to [`stream._write()`][stream-_write].
+    Defaults to `true`
+  * `objectMode` {Boolean} Whether or not the
+    [`stream.write(anyObj)`][stream-write] is a valid operation. When set,
+    it becomes possible to write JavaScript values other than string or
+    `Buffer` if supported by the stream implementation. Defaults to `false`
+  * `write` {Function} Implementation for the
+    [`stream._write()`][stream-_write] method.
+  * `writev` {Function} Implementation for the
+    [`stream._writev()`][stream-_writev] method.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+class MyWritable extends Writable {
+  constructor(options) {
+    // Calls the stream.Writable() constructor
+    super(options);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+const util = require('util');
+
+function MyWritable(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof MyWritable))
+    return new MyWritable(options);
+  Writable.call(this, options);
+}
+util.inherits(MyWritable, Writable);
+```
+
+Or, using the Simplified Constructor approach:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+const myWritable = new Writable({
+  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // ...
+  },
+  writev(chunks, callback) {
+    // ...
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### writable.\_write(chunk, encoding, callback)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer|String} The chunk to be written. Will **always**
+  be a buffer unless the `decodeStrings` option was set to `false`.
+* `encoding` {String} If the chunk is a string, then `encoding` is the
+  character encoding of that string. If chunk is a `Buffer`, or if the
+  stream is operating in object mode, `encoding` may be ignored.
+* `callback` {Function} Call this function (optionally with an error
+  argument) when processing is complete for the supplied chunk.
+
+All Writable stream implementations must provide a
+[`writable._write()`][stream-_write] method to send data to the underlying
+resource.
+
+*Note*: [Transform][] streams provide their own implementation of the
+[`writable._write()`][stream-_write].
+
+*Note*: **This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly.** It
+should be implemented by child classes, and called only by the internal Writable
+class methods only.
+
+The `callback` method must be called to signal either that the write completed
+successfully or failed with an error. The first argument passed to the
+`callback` must be the `Error` object if the call failed or `null` if the
+write succeeded.
+
+It is important to note that all calls to `writable.write()` that occur between
+the time `writable._write()` is called and the `callback` is called will cause
+the written data to be buffered. Once the `callback` is invoked, the stream will
+emit a `'drain'` event. If a stream implementation is capable of processing
+multiple chunks of data at once, the `writable._writev()` method should be
+implemented.
+
+If the `decodeStrings` property is set in the constructor options, then
+`chunk` may be a string rather than a Buffer, and `encoding` will
+indicate the character encoding of the string. This is to support
+implementations that have an optimized handling for certain string
+data encodings. If the `decodeStrings` property is explicitly set to `false`,
+the `encoding` argument can be safely ignored, and `chunk` will always be a
+`Buffer`.
+
+The `writable._write()` method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
+internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
+user programs.
+
+#### writable.\_writev(chunks, callback)
+
+* `chunks` {Array} The chunks to be written. Each chunk has following
+  format: `{ chunk: ..., encoding: ... }`.
+* `callback` {Function} A callback function (optionally with an error
+  argument) to be invoked when processing is complete for the supplied chunks.
+
+*Note*: **This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly.** It
+should be implemented by child classes, and called only by the internal Writable
+class methods only.
+
+The `writable._writev()` method may be implemented in addition to
+`writable._write()` in stream implementations that are capable of processing
+multiple chunks of data at once. If implemented, the method will be called with
+all chunks of data currently buffered in the write queue.
+
+The `writable._writev()` method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
+internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
+user programs.
+
+#### Errors While Writing
+
+It is recommended that errors occurring during the processing of the
+`writable._write()` and `writable._writev()` methods are reported by invoking
+the callback and passing the error as the first argument. This will cause an
+`'error'` event to be emitted by the Writable. Throwing an Error from within
+`writable._write()` can result in expected and inconsistent behavior depending
+on how the stream is being used.  Using the callback ensures consistent and
+predictable handling of errors.
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+const myWritable = new Writable({
+  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    if (chunk.toString().indexOf('a') >= 0) {
+      callback(new Error('chunk is invalid'));
+    } else {
+      callback();
+    }
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### An Example Writable Stream
+
+The following illustrates a rather simplistic (and somewhat pointless) custom
+Writable stream implementation. While this specific Writable stream instance
+is not of any real particular usefulness, the example illustrates each of the
+required elements of a custom [Writable][] stream instance:
+
+```js
+const Writable = require('stream').Writable;
+
+class MyWritable extends Writable {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+  }
+
+  _write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    if (chunk.toString().indexOf('a') >= 0) {
+      callback(new Error('chunk is invalid'));
+    } else {
+      callback();
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Implementing a Readable Stream
+
+The `stream.Readable` class is extended to implement a [Readable][] stream.
+
+Custom Readable streams *must* call the `new stream.Readable([options])`
+constructor and implement the `readable._read()` method.
+
+#### new stream.Readable([options])
+
+* `options` {Object}
+  * `highWaterMark` {Number} The maximum number of bytes to store in
+    the internal buffer before ceasing to read from the underlying
+    resource. Defaults to `16384` (16kb), or `16` for `objectMode` streams
+  * `encoding` {String} If specified, then buffers will be decoded to
+    strings using the specified encoding. Defaults to `null`
+  * `objectMode` {Boolean} Whether this stream should behave
+    as a stream of objects. Meaning that [`stream.read(n)`][stream-read] returns
+    a single value instead of a Buffer of size n. Defaults to `false`
+  * `read` {Function} Implementation for the [`stream._read()`][stream-_read]
+    method.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+
+class MyReadable extends Readable {
+  constructor(options) {
+    // Calls the stream.Readable(options) constructor
+    super(options);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:
+
+```js
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+const util = require('util');
+
+function MyReadable(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof MyReadable))
+    return new MyReadable(options);
+  Readable.call(this, options);
+}
+util.inherits(MyReadable, Readable);
+```
+
+Or, using the Simplified Constructor approach:
+
+```js
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+
+const myReadable = new Readable({
+  read(size) {
+    // ...
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### readable.\_read(size)
+
+* `size` {Number} Number of bytes to read asynchronously
+
+*Note*: **This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly.** It
+should be implemented by child classes, and called only by the internal Readable
+class methods only.
+
+All Readable stream implementations must provide an implementation of the
+`readable._read()` method to fetch data from the underlying resource.
+
+When `readable._read()` is called, if data is available from the resource, the
+implementation should begin pushing that data into the read queue using the
+[`this.push(dataChunk)`][stream-push] method. `_read()` should continue reading
+from the resource and pushing data until `readable.push()` returns `false`. Only
+when `_read()` is called again after it has stopped should it resume pushing
+additional data onto the queue.
+
+*Note*: Once the `readable._read()` method has been called, it will not be
+called again until the [`readable.push()`][stream-push] method is called.
+
+The `size` argument is advisory. For implementations where a "read" is a
+single operation that returns data can use the `size` argument to determine how
+much data to fetch. Other implementations may ignore this argument and simply
+provide data whenever it becomes available. There is no need to "wait" until
+`size` bytes are available before calling [`stream.push(chunk)`][stream-push].
+
+The `readable._read()` method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
+internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
+user programs.
+
+#### readable.push(chunk[, encoding])
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer|Null|String} Chunk of data to push into the read queue
+* `encoding` {String} Encoding of String chunks.  Must be a valid
+  Buffer encoding, such as `'utf8'` or `'ascii'`
+* Returns {Boolean} `true` if additional chunks of data may continued to be
+  pushed; `false` otherwise.
+
+When `chunk` is a `Buffer` or `string`, the `chunk` of data will be added to the
+internal queue for users of the stream to consume. Passing `chunk` as `null`
+signals the end of the stream (EOF), after which no more data can be written.
+
+When the Readable is operating in paused mode, the data added with
+`readable.push()` can be read out by calling the
+[`readable.read()`][stream-read] method when the [`'readable'`][] event is
+emitted.
+
+When the Readable is operating in flowing mode, the data added with
+`readable.push()` will be delivered by emitting a `'data'` event.
+
+The `readable.push()` method is designed to be as flexible as possible. For
+example, when wrapping a lower-level source that provides some form of
+pause/resume mechanism, and a data callback, the low-level source can be wrapped
+by the custom Readable instance as illustrated in the following example:
+
+```js
+// source is an object with readStop() and readStart() methods,
+// and an `ondata` member that gets called when it has data, and
+// an `onend` member that gets called when the data is over.
+
+class SourceWrapper extends Readable {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+
+    this._source = getLowlevelSourceObject();
+
+    // Every time there's data, push it into the internal buffer.
+    this._source.ondata = (chunk) => {
+      // if push() returns false, then stop reading from source
+      if (!this.push(chunk))
+        this._source.readStop();
+    };
+
+    // When the source ends, push the EOF-signaling `null` chunk
+    this._source.onend = () => {
+      this.push(null);
+    };
+  }
+  // _read will be called when the stream wants to pull more data in
+  // the advisory size argument is ignored in this case.
+  _read(size) {
+    this._source.readStart();
+  }
+}
+```
+*Note*: The `readable.push()` method is intended be called only by Readable
+Implementers, and only from within the `readable._read()` method.
+
+#### Errors While Reading
+
+It is recommended that errors occurring during the processing of the
+`readable._read()` method are emitted using the `'error'` event rather than
+being thrown. Throwing an Error from within `readable._read()` can result in
+expected and inconsistent behavior depending on whether the stream is operating
+in flowing or paused mode. Using the `'error'` event ensures consistent and
+predictable handling of errors.
+
+```js
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+
+const myReadable = new Readable({
+  read(size) {
+    if (checkSomeErrorCondition()) {
+      process.nextTick(() => this.emit('error', err));
+      return;
+    }
+    // do some work
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### An Example Counting Stream
+
+<!--type=example-->
+
+The following is a basic example of a Readable stream that emits the numerals
+from 1 to 1,000,000 in ascending order, and then ends.
+
+```js
+const Readable = require('stream').Readable;
+
+class Counter extends Readable {
+  constructor(opt) {
+    super(opt);
+    this._max = 1000000;
+    this._index = 1;
+  }
+
+  _read() {
+    var i = this._index++;
+    if (i > this._max)
+      this.push(null);
+    else {
+      var str = '' + i;
+      var buf = Buffer.from(str, 'ascii');
+      this.push(buf);
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Implementing a Duplex Stream
+
+A [Duplex][] stream is one that implements both [Readable][] and [Writable][],
+such as a TCP socket connection.
+
+Because Javascript does not have support for multiple inheritance, the
+`stream.Duplex` class is extended to implement a [Duplex][] stream (as opposed
+to extending the `stream.Readable` *and* `stream.Writable` classes).
+
+*Note*: The `stream.Duplex` class prototypically inherits from `stream.Readable`
+and parasitically from `stream.Writable`.
+
+Custom Duplex streams *must* call the `new stream.Duplex([options])`
+constructor and implement *both* the `readable._read()` and
+`writable._write()` methods.
+
+#### new stream.Duplex(options)
+
+* `options` {Object} Passed to both Writable and Readable
+  constructors. Also has the following fields:
+  * `allowHalfOpen` {Boolean} Defaults to `true`. If set to `false`, then
+    the stream will automatically end the readable side when the
+    writable side ends and vice versa.
+  * `readableObjectMode` {Boolean} Defaults to `false`. Sets `objectMode`
+    for readable side of the stream. Has no effect if `objectMode`
+    is `true`.
+  * `writableObjectMode` {Boolean} Defaults to `false`. Sets `objectMode`
+    for writable side of the stream. Has no effect if `objectMode`
+    is `true`.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
+
+class MyDuplex extends Duplex {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:
+
+```js
+const Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
+const util = require('util');
+
+function MyDuplex(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof MyDuplex))
+    return new MyDuplex(options);
+  Duplex.call(this, options);
+}
+util.inherits(MyDuplex, Duplex);
+```
+
+Or, using the Simplified Constructor approach:
+
+```js
+const Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
+
+const myDuplex = new Duplex({
+  read(size) {
+    // ...
+  },
+  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // ...
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### An Example Duplex Stream
+
+The following illustrates a simple example of a Duplex stream that wraps a
+hypothetical lower-level source object to which data can be written, and
+from which data can be read, albeit using an API that is not compatible with
+Node.js streams.
+The following illustrates a simple example of a Duplex stream that buffers
+incoming written data via the [Writable][] interface that is read back out
+via the [Readable][] interface.
+
+```js
+const Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
+const kSource = Symbol('source');
+
+class MyDuplex extends Duplex {
+  constructor(source, options) {
+    super(options);
+    this[kSource] = source;
+  }
+
+  _write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // The underlying source only deals with strings
+    if (Buffer.isBuffer(chunk))
+      chunk = chunk.toString(encoding);
+    this[kSource].writeSomeData(chunk, encoding);
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  _read(size) {
+    this[kSource].fetchSomeData(size, (data, encoding) => {
+      this.push(Buffer.from(data, encoding));
+    });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The most important aspect of a Duplex stream is that the Readable and Writable
+sides operate independently of one another despite co-existing within a single
+object instance.
+
+#### Object Mode Duplex Streams
+
+For Duplex streams, `objectMode` can be set exclusively for either the Readable
+or Writable side using the `readableObjectMode` and `writableObjectMode` options
+respectively.
+
+In the following example, for instance, a new Transform stream (which is a
+type of [Duplex][] stream) is created that has an object mode Writable side
+that accepts JavaScript numbers that are converted to hexidecimal strings on
+the Readable side.
+
+```js
+const Transform = require('stream').Transform;
+
+// All Transform streams are also Duplex Streams
+const myTransform = new Transform({
+  writableObjectMode: true,
+
+  transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // Coerce the chunk to a number if necessary
+    chunk |= 0;
+
+    // Transform the chunk into something else.
+    const data = chunk.toString(16);
+
+    // Push the data onto the readable queue.
+    callback(null, '0'.repeat(data.length % 2) + data);
+  }
+});
+
+myTransform.setEncoding('ascii');
+myTransform.on('data', (chunk) => console.log(chunk));
+
+myTransform.write(1);
+  // Prints: 01
+myTransform.write(10);
+  // Prints: 0a
+myTransform.write(100);
+  // Prints: 64
+```
+
+### Implementing a Transform Stream
+
+A [Transform][] stream is a [Duplex][] stream where the output is computed
+in some way from the input. Examples include [zlib][] streams or [crypto][]
+streams that compress, encrypt, or decrypt data.
+
+*Note*: There is no requirement that the output be the same size as the input,
+the same number of chunks, or arrive at the same time. For example, a
+Hash stream will only ever have a single chunk of output which is
+provided when the input is ended. A `zlib` stream will produce output
+that is either much smaller or much larger than its input.
+
+The `stream.Transform` class is extended to implement a [Transform][] stream.
+
+The `stream.Transform` class prototypically inherits from `stream.Duplex` and
+implements its own versions of the `writable._write()` and `readable._read()`
+methods. Custom Transform implementations *must* implement the
+[`transform._transform()`][stream-_transform] method and *may* also implement
+the [`transform._flush()`][stream-_flush] method.
+
+*Note*: Care must be taken when using Transform streams in that data written
+to the stream can cause the Writable side of the stream to become paused if
+the output on the Readable side is not consumed.
+
+#### new stream.Transform([options])
+
+* `options` {Object} Passed to both Writable and Readable
+  constructors. Also has the following fields:
+  * `transform` {Function} Implementation for the
+    [`stream._transform()`][stream-_transform] method.
+  * `flush` {Function} Implementation for the [`stream._flush()`][stream-_flush]
+    method.
+
+For example:
+
+```js
+const Transform = require('stream').Transform;
+
+class MyTransform extends Transform {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:
+
+```js
+const Transform = require('stream').Transform;
+const util = require('util');
+
+function MyTransform(options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof MyTransform))
+    return new MyTransform(options);
+  Transform.call(this, options);
+}
+util.inherits(MyTransform, Transform);
+```
+
+Or, using the Simplified Constructor approach:
+
+```js
+const Transform = require('stream').Transform;
+
+const myTransform = new Transform({
+  transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    // ...
+  }
+});
+```
+
+#### Events: 'finish' and 'end'
+
+The [`'finish'`][] and [`'end'`][] events are from the `stream.Writable`
+and `stream.Readable` classes, respectively. The `'finish'` event is emitted
+after [`stream.end()`][stream-end] is called and all chunks have been processed
+by [`stream._transform()`][stream-_transform]. The `'end'` event is emitted
+after all data has been output, which occurs after the callback in
+[`transform._flush()`][stream-_flush] has been called.
+
+#### transform.\_flush(callback)
+
+* `callback` {Function} A callback function (optionally with an error
+  argument) to be called when remaining data has been flushed.
+
+*Note*: **This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly.** It
+should be implemented by child classes, and called only by the internal Readable
+class methods only.
+
+In some cases, a transform operation may need to emit an additional bit of
+data at the end of the stream. For example, a `zlib` compression stream will
+store an amount of internal state used to optimally compress the output. When
+the stream ends, however, that additional data needs to be flushed so that the
+compressed data will be complete.
+
+Custom [Transform][] implementations *may* implement the `transform._flush()`
+method. This will be called when there is no more written data to be consumed,
+but before the [`'end'`][] event is emitted signaling the end of the
+[Readable][] stream.
+
+Within the `transform._flush()` implementation, the `readable.push()` method
+may be called zero or more times, as appropriate. The `callback` function must
+be called when the flush operation is complete.
+
+The `transform._flush()` method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
+internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
+user programs.
+
+#### transform.\_transform(chunk, encoding, callback)
+
+* `chunk` {Buffer|String} The chunk to be transformed. Will **always**
+  be a buffer unless the `decodeStrings` option was set to `false`.
+* `encoding` {String} If the chunk is a string, then this is the
+  encoding type. If chunk is a buffer, then this is the special
+  value - 'buffer', ignore it in this case.
+* `callback` {Function} A callback function (optionally with an error
+  argument and data) to be called after the supplied `chunk` has been
+  processed.
+
+*Note*: **This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly.** It
+should be implemented by child classes, and called only by the internal Readable
+class methods only.
+
+All Transform stream implementations must provide a `_transform()`
+method to accept input and produce output. The `transform._transform()`
+implementation handles the bytes being written, computes an output, then passes
+that output off to the readable portion using the `readable.push()` method.
+
+The `transform.push()` method may be called zero or more times to generate
+output from a single input chunk, depending on how much is to be output
+as a result of the chunk.
+
+It is possible that no output is generated from any given chunk of input data.
+
+The `callback` function must be called only when the current chunk is completely
+consumed. The first argument passed to the `callback` must be an `Error` object
+if an error occurred while processing the input or `null` otherwise. If a second
+argument is passed to the `callback`, it will be forwarded on to the
+`readable.push()` method. In other words the following are equivalent:
+
+```js
+transform.prototype._transform = function (data, encoding, callback) {
+  this.push(data);
+  callback();
+};
+
+transform.prototype._transform = function (data, encoding, callback) {
+  callback(null, data);
+};
+```
+
+The `transform._transform()` method is prefixed with an underscore because it
+is internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
+user programs.
+
+#### Class: stream.PassThrough
+
+The `stream.PassThrough` class is a trivial implementation of a [Transform][]
+stream that simply passes the input bytes across to the output. Its purpose is
+primarily for examples and testing, but there are some use cases where
+`stream.PassThrough` is useful as a building block for novel sorts of streams.
+
+## Additional Notes
+
+<!--type=misc-->
+
+### Compatibility with Older Node.js Versions
+
+<!--type=misc-->
+
+In versions of Node.js prior to v0.10, the Readable stream interface was
+simpler, but also less powerful and less useful.
+
+* Rather than waiting for calls the [`stream.read()`][stream-read] method,
+  [`'data'`][] events would begin emitting immediately. Applications that
+  would need to perform some amount of work to decide how to handle data
+  were required to store read data into buffers so the data would not be lost.
+* The [`stream.pause()`][stream-pause] method was advisory, rather than
+  guaranteed. This meant that it was still necessary to be prepared to receive
+  [`'data'`][] events *even when the stream was in a paused state*.
+
+In Node.js v0.10, the [Readable][] class was added. For backwards compatibility
+with older Node.js programs, Readable streams switch into "flowing mode" when a
+[`'data'`][] event handler is added, or when the
+[`stream.resume()`][stream-resume] method is called. The effect is that, even
+when not using the new [`stream.read()`][stream-read] method and
+[`'readable'`][] event, it is no longer necessary to worry about losing
+[`'data'`][] chunks.
+
+While most applications will continue to function normally, this introduces an
+edge case in the following conditions:
+
+* No [`'data'`][] event listener is added.
+* The [`stream.resume()`][stream-resume] method is never called.
+* The stream is not piped to any writable destination.
+
+For example, consider the following code:
+
+```js
+// WARNING!  BROKEN!
+net.createServer((socket) => {
+
+  // we add an 'end' method, but never consume the data
+  socket.on('end', () => {
+    // It will never get here.
+    socket.end('The message was received but was not processed.\n');
+  });
+
+}).listen(1337);
+```
+
+In versions of Node.js prior to v0.10, the incoming message data would be
+simply discarded. However, in Node.js v0.10 and beyond, the socket remains
+paused forever.
+
+The workaround in this situation is to call the
+[`stream.resume()`][stream-resume] method to begin the flow of data:
+
+```js
+// Workaround
+net.createServer((socket) => {
+
+  socket.on('end', () => {
+    socket.end('The message was received but was not processed.\n');
+  });
+
+  // start the flow of data, discarding it.
+  socket.resume();
+
+}).listen(1337);
+```
+
+In addition to new Readable streams switching into flowing mode,
+pre-v0.10 style streams can be wrapped in a Readable class using the
+[`readable.wrap()`][`stream.wrap()`] method.
+
+
+### `readable.read(0)`
+
+There are some cases where it is necessary to trigger a refresh of the
+underlying readable stream mechanisms, without actually consuming any
+data. In such cases, it is possible to call `readable.read(0)`, which will
+always return `null`.
+
+If the internal read buffer is below the `highWaterMark`, and the
+stream is not currently reading, then calling `stream.read(0)` will trigger
+a low-level [`stream._read()`][stream-_read] call.
+
+While most applications will almost never need to do this, there are
+situations within Node.js where this is done, particularly in the
+Readable stream class internals.
+
+### `readable.push('')`
+
+Use of `readable.push('')` is not recommended.
+
+Pushing a zero-byte string or `Buffer` to a stream that is not in object mode
+has an interesting side effect. Because it *is* a call to
+[`readable.push()`][stream-push], the call will end the reading process.
+However, because the argument is an empty string, no data is added to the
+readable buffer so there is nothing for a user to consume.
+
+[`'data'`]: #stream_event_data
+[`'drain'`]: #stream_event_drain
+[`'end'`]: #stream_event_end
+[`'finish'`]: #stream_event_finish
+[`'readable'`]: #stream_event_readable
+[`buf.toString(encoding)`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/buffer.html#buffer_buf_tostring_encoding_start_end
+[`EventEmitter`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/events.html#events_class_eventemitter
+[`process.stderr`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/process.html#process_process_stderr
+[`process.stdin`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/process.html#process_process_stdin
+[`process.stdout`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/process.html#process_process_stdout
+[`stream.cork()`]: #stream_writable_cork
+[`stream.pipe()`]: #stream_readable_pipe_destination_options
+[`stream.uncork()`]: #stream_writable_uncork
+[`stream.unpipe()`]: #stream_readable_unpipe_destination
+[`stream.wrap()`]: #stream_readable_wrap_stream
+[`tls.CryptoStream`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/tls.html#tls_class_cryptostream
+[API for Stream Consumers]: #stream_api_for_stream_consumers
+[API for Stream Implementers]: #stream_api_for_stream_implementers
+[child process stdin]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/child_process.html#child_process_child_stdin
+[child process stdout and stderr]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/child_process.html#child_process_child_stdout
+[Compatibility]: #stream_compatibility_with_older_node_js_versions
+[crypto]: crypto.html
+[Duplex]: #stream_class_stream_duplex
+[fs read streams]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/fs.html#fs_class_fs_readstream
+[fs write streams]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/fs.html#fs_class_fs_writestream
+[`fs.createReadStream()`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/fs.html#fs_fs_createreadstream_path_options
+[`fs.createWriteStream()`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/fs.html#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options
+[`net.Socket`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/net.html#net_class_net_socket
+[`zlib.createDeflate()`]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/zlib.html#zlib_zlib_createdeflate_options
+[HTTP requests, on the client]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/http.html#http_class_http_clientrequest
+[HTTP responses, on the server]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/http.html#http_class_http_serverresponse
+[http-incoming-message]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/http.html#http_class_http_incomingmessage
+[Object mode]: #stream_object_mode
+[Readable]: #stream_class_stream_readable
+[SimpleProtocol v2]: #stream_example_simpleprotocol_parser_v2
+[stream-_flush]: #stream_transform_flush_callback
+[stream-_read]: #stream_readable_read_size_1
+[stream-_transform]: #stream_transform_transform_chunk_encoding_callback
+[stream-_write]: #stream_writable_write_chunk_encoding_callback_1
+[stream-_writev]: #stream_writable_writev_chunks_callback
+[stream-end]: #stream_writable_end_chunk_encoding_callback
+[stream-pause]: #stream_readable_pause
+[stream-push]: #stream_readable_push_chunk_encoding
+[stream-read]: #stream_readable_read_size
+[stream-resume]: #stream_readable_resume
+[stream-write]: #stream_writable_write_chunk_encoding_callback
+[TCP sockets]: https://nodejs.org/docs/v6.3.1/api/net.html#net_class_net_socket
+[Transform]: #stream_class_stream_transform
+[Writable]: #stream_class_stream_writable
+[zlib]: zlib.html