mail-time 5.2.0 → 5.3.0

package/index.cjs

@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ class MongoQueue {
       }
 
       try {
-        while (await cursor.hasNext()) {
+        while (!this.mailTimeInstance.___isStopped && await cursor.hasNext()) {
           await this.mailTimeInstance.___dispatch(await cursor.next());
         }
       } finally {
@@ -1214,6 +1214,9 @@ class RedisQueue {
           return;
         }
         for (const value of candidates) {
+          if (this.mailTimeInstance.___isStopped) {
+            break;
+          }
           const candidate = normalizePolicyArrays(typeof value === 'string' ? JSON.parse(value) : value);
           if (isIterateCandidate(candidate, now, sendingTimeout, maxTries)) {
             await this.mailTimeInstance.___dispatch(candidate);
@@ -1234,6 +1237,9 @@ class RedisQueue {
       for await (const cursorValue of cursor) {
         const sendatKeys = Array.isArray(cursorValue) ? cursorValue : [cursorValue];
         for (const sendatKey of sendatKeys) {
+          if (this.mailTimeInstance.___isStopped) {
+            break outer;
+          }
           const raw = await this.client.get(sendatKey);
           if (raw === null || parseInt(raw, 10) > now) {
             continue;
@@ -1964,6 +1970,9 @@ class PostgresQueue {
         LIMIT $5`, [this.prefix, now, this.mailTimeInstance.maxTries, now - sendingTimeout, limit]);
 
       for (const row of res.rows || []) {
+        if (this.mailTimeInstance.___isStopped) {
+          break;
+        }
         await this.mailTimeInstance.___dispatch(normalizeRow(row));
       }
     } catch (iterateError) {
@@ -2305,12 +2314,12 @@ const PRESETS = Object.freeze({
   transactional: Object.freeze({
     concatEmails: false,
     retries: 30,
-    retryDelay: 10_000,
+    retryDelay: 10000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 1,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
-      zombieTime: 120_000,
+      zombieTime: 120000,
     }),
   }),
   otp: Object.freeze({
@@ -2318,52 +2327,52 @@ const PRESETS = Object.freeze({
     retries: 5,
     retryDelay: 2000,
     revolvingInterval: 1024,
-    sendingTimeout: 120_000,
+    sendingTimeout: 120000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 4,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
       minRevolvingDelay: 256,
       maxRevolvingDelay: 1024,
-      zombieTime: 60_000,
+      zombieTime: 60000,
     }),
   }),
   newsletter: Object.freeze({
     concatEmails: true,
-    concatDelay: 5 * 60_000,
+    concatDelay: 5 * 60000,
     concatSubject: 'Your updates',
     retries: 5,
-    retryDelay: 60_000,
-    sendingTimeout: 600_000,
+    retryDelay: 60000,
+    sendingTimeout: 600000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 2,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
-      zombieTime: 300_000,
+      zombieTime: 300000,
     }),
   }),
   marketing: Object.freeze({
     concatEmails: false,
     retries: 10,
-    retryDelay: 30_000,
+    retryDelay: 30000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 5,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
-      zombieTime: 180_000,
+      zombieTime: 180000,
     }),
   }),
   notifications: Object.freeze({
     concatEmails: true,
-    concatDelay: 60_000,
+    concatDelay: 60000,
     concatSubject: 'New activity',
     retries: 8,
-    retryDelay: 30_000,
+    retryDelay: 30000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 3,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
-      zombieTime: 180_000,
+      zombieTime: 180000,
     }),
   }),
   alerts: Object.freeze({
@@ -2371,14 +2380,14 @@ const PRESETS = Object.freeze({
     retries: 20,
     retryDelay: 5000,
     revolvingInterval: 1024,
-    sendingTimeout: 120_000,
+    sendingTimeout: 120000,
     mode: 'batch',
     concurrency: 2,
     onError: defaultPresetOnError,
     josk: Object.freeze({
       minRevolvingDelay: 256,
       maxRevolvingDelay: 1024,
-      zombieTime: 60_000,
+      zombieTime: 60000,
     }),
   }),
 });
@@ -2437,29 +2446,113 @@ const mailTimePreset = (name, overrides) => {
 
 const policyError = (message) => new Error(`[mail-time] [recipientPolicies] ${message}`);
 const SIMPLE_MAILBOX = /^[^\s<>,;:"()\\\[\]@]+@[^\s<>,;:"()\\\[\]@]+$/u;
+// Unquoted display-name characters that are auto-quoted in the sent header; `,` `;` `:` `<` `>` stay rejected.
+const QUOTABLE_SPECIALS = /[()[\]@\\]/u;
+const UNSAFE_CHARS = /[\r\n\u0000]/u;
 
-const normalizePolicyAddress = (value) => {
-  const input = typeof value === 'string' ? value : (!Array.isArray(value) && value?.address);
-  if (typeof input !== 'string' || /[\r\n]/u.test(input)) {
-    throw policyError('recipient requires a simple address without line breaks');
+/**
+ * Error for an address that cannot be parsed into exactly one mailbox. The message names
+ * the field and the rule that failed, never the address or display name itself.
+ */
+const addressError = (field, reason) => {
+  const error = policyError(`\`${field}\` ${reason}`);
+  error.code = 'MAIL_TIME_INVALID_ADDRESS';
+  error.field = field;
+  return error;
+};
+
+const isAddressError = (error) => error?.code === 'MAIL_TIME_INVALID_ADDRESS';
+
+const toMailbox = (address, field) => {
+  const trimmed = address.trim();
+  if (!SIMPLE_MAILBOX.test(trimmed)) throw addressError(field, 'must contain one address such as user@example.com; quoted local parts are not supported');
+  return trimmed.toLowerCase();
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parse one Nodemailer mailbox string: `addr`, `<addr>`, or `display name <addr>`, where the
+ * display name is any mix of atoms and quoted strings with backslash escapes. Unquoted
+ * `( ) [ ] @ \\` in a display name set `quote`, so the sent header carries the name quoted.
+ * Groups, comma-separated lists, and text after `>` are rejected rather than guessed at.
+ * @returns {{ name: string, address: string, quote: boolean }} `address` keeps its case.
+ */
+const parseMailboxString = (input, field) => {
+  let display = '';
+  let name = '';
+  let angle = null;
+  let quoted = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
+    const char = input[i];
+    if (quoted) {
+      if (char === '\\') {
+        if (++i >= input.length) break;
+        name += input[i];
+      } else if (char === '"') {
+        quoted = false;
+      } else {
+        name += char;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (char === '"') {
+      quoted = true;
+    } else if (char === '<') {
+      const close = input.indexOf('>', i + 1);
+      if (close === -1) throw addressError(field, 'has an unclosed angle bracket');
+      angle = input.slice(i + 1, close);
+      if (input.slice(close + 1).trim()) throw addressError(field, 'must end after the angle-bracket address; use an array for multiple recipients');
+      break;
+    } else if (char === ',') {
+      throw addressError(field, 'must contain one mailbox; use an array for multiple recipients or quote a display name that contains a comma');
+    } else if (char === ';' || char === ':') {
+      throw addressError(field, 'must not use group syntax');
+    } else if (char === '>') {
+      throw addressError(field, 'has an unquoted `>` in its display name; wrap the name in double quotes');
+    } else {
+      display += char;
+      name += char;
+    }
   }
-  let address = input.trim();
-  if (address.includes('<') || address.includes('>')) {
-    const match = address.match(/^[^<>,;:"\r\n]*<([^<>]+)>$/u);
-    if (!match) throw policyError('use a simple explicit envelope.to');
-    address = match[1].trim();
+  if (quoted) throw addressError(field, 'has an unterminated quoted display name');
+  if (angle === null) {
+    if (display !== input) throw addressError(field, 'must contain one address such as user@example.com; quoted local parts are not supported');
+    toMailbox(input, field);
+    return { name: '', address: input, quote: false };
   }
-  if (!SIMPLE_MAILBOX.test(address)) throw policyError('use a simple explicit envelope.to');
-  return address.toLowerCase();
+  toMailbox(angle, field);
+  return { name: name.replace(/\s+/gu, ' ').trim(), address: angle.trim(), quote: QUOTABLE_SPECIALS.test(display) };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Normalize exactly one mailbox (string or `{ name?, address }`) to its lowercase address.
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @param {string} [field] - Field label used in errors, e.g. `to[1]` or `envelope.from`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+const normalizePolicyAddress = (value, field = 'address') => {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    if (UNSAFE_CHARS.test(value)) throw addressError(field, 'must not contain line breaks or NUL characters');
+    if (!value.trim()) throw addressError(field, 'must not be empty');
+    return parseMailboxString(value.trim(), field).address.toLowerCase();
+  }
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) throw addressError(field, 'must be an address string or a { name, address } object');
+  if (typeof value.address !== 'string') throw addressError(field, 'object requires a string `address`');
+  if (value.name !== void 0 && typeof value.name !== 'string') throw addressError(field, 'object `name` must be a string');
+  if (UNSAFE_CHARS.test(value.address) || (value.name && UNSAFE_CHARS.test(value.name))) {
+    throw addressError(field, 'must not contain line breaks or NUL characters');
+  }
+  return toMailbox(value.address, field);
 };
 
 const preparePolicyEnvelope = (compiled, previousResults = []) => {
   const recipients = new Map();
   const explicit = compiled.envelope && hasOwnProp(compiled.envelope, 'to');
-  const add = (value, source, authoritative) => {
-    for (const entry of Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value]) {
+  const add = (value, source, authoritative, label = source) => {
+    const list = Array.isArray(value);
+    const entries = list ? value : [value];
+    for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
       let address;
-      try { address = normalizePolicyAddress(entry); }
+      try { address = normalizePolicyAddress(entries[i], list ? `${label}[${i}]` : label); }
       catch (error) { if (authoritative) throw error; else continue; }
       if (!recipients.has(address)) {
         if (!authoritative) continue;
@@ -2469,7 +2562,7 @@ const preparePolicyEnvelope = (compiled, previousResults = []) => {
       if (!sources.includes(source)) sources.push(source);
     }
   };
-  if (explicit) add(compiled.envelope.to, 'envelope', true);
+  if (explicit) add(compiled.envelope.to, 'envelope', true, 'envelope.to');
   for (const source of ['to', 'cc', 'bcc']) {
     if (hasOwnProp(compiled, source) && compiled[source] !== void 0) add(compiled[source], source, !explicit);
   }
@@ -2479,14 +2572,61 @@ const preparePolicyEnvelope = (compiled, previousResults = []) => {
   }
   const envelope = { to: [...recipients.keys()] };
   if (compiled.envelope && hasOwnProp(compiled.envelope, 'from')) {
-    envelope.from = compiled.envelope.from === '' ? '' : normalizePolicyAddress(compiled.envelope.from);
+    envelope.from = compiled.envelope.from === '' ? '' : normalizePolicyAddress(compiled.envelope.from, 'envelope.from');
   } else {
-    const from = compiled.from || compiled.sender || compiled.replyTo;
-    if (from) envelope.from = normalizePolicyAddress(from);
+    // Same precedence as Nodemailer's getEnvelope(): From, then Sender, then Reply-To.
+    const field = ['from', 'sender', 'replyTo'].find((key) => compiled[key]);
+    if (field) envelope.from = normalizePolicyAddress(compiled[field], field);
   }
   return { envelope, recipients: [...recipients.values()] };
 };
 
+/**
+ * Return `compiled` with every header mailbox string whose display name needs quoting replaced by
+ * `{ name, address }`, so Nodemailer renders the same mailbox the policy checked. Other entries,
+ * including ones that do not parse, are left as they are. The input is never mutated.
+ */
+const rewritePolicyHeaders = (compiled) => {
+  let result = compiled;
+  const rewrite = (value) => {
+    if (typeof value !== 'string' || UNSAFE_CHARS.test(value)) return value;
+    try {
+      const { name, address, quote } = parseMailboxString(value.trim(), 'header');
+      return quote ? { name, address } : value;
+    } catch { return value; }
+  };
+  for (const key of ['from', 'sender', 'replyTo', 'to', 'cc', 'bcc']) {
+    if (!hasOwnProp(compiled, key)) continue;
+    const value = compiled[key];
+    const next = Array.isArray(value) ? value.map(rewrite) : rewrite(value);
+    if (Array.isArray(value) ? next.some((entry, i) => entry !== value[i]) : next !== value) {
+      if (result === compiled) result = { ...compiled };
+      result[key] = next;
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Validate every address field present in a letter with the policy parser, so an unparseable
+ * address is rejected at `sendMail()` instead of after a queue round trip. Absent fields are
+ * skipped. Throws the same `MAIL_TIME_INVALID_ADDRESS` error the send path would.
+ * @param {object} mailOptions
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+const validatePolicyMailOptions = (mailOptions) => {
+  const check = (value, label) => {
+    if (value === void 0) return;
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) value.forEach((entry, i) => normalizePolicyAddress(entry, `${label}[${i}]`));
+    else normalizePolicyAddress(value, label);
+  };
+  for (const key of ['from', 'sender', 'replyTo', 'to', 'cc', 'bcc']) check(mailOptions[key], key);
+  if (isPlainObject(mailOptions.envelope)) {
+    check(mailOptions.envelope.to, 'envelope.to');
+    if (mailOptions.envelope.from !== '') check(mailOptions.envelope.from, 'envelope.from');
+  }
+};
+
 const validateRecipientPolicies = (value, queue) => {
   if (value === void 0) return null;
   if (!Array.isArray(value) || !value.length) throw policyError('recipientPolicies must be a nonempty array');
@@ -2523,7 +2663,7 @@ const validatePolicyResult = (raw, hook, context) => {
   const decisions = new Map();
   for (const item of raw.decisions) {
     if (!isPlainObject(item)) throw policyError('decision must be an object');
-    const address = normalizePolicyAddress(item.address);
+    const address = normalizePolicyAddress(item.address, 'decision.address');
     if (!batch.has(address)) throw policyError('decision address is outside the input batch');
     const allowed = hook === 'beforeSend' ? item.status === 'suppressed' : (item.status === 'retry' || item.status === 'rejected');
     if (!allowed) throw policyError('invalid decision status for this phase');
@@ -2657,7 +2797,11 @@ const normalizeRejections = (error, info, transport) => {
 };
 
 class RecipientPolicyLease {
-  constructor({ task, queue, interval, maxRenewals, shouldAbort, report }) {
+  constructor({ task, queue, interval, maxRenewals, sendingTimeout, shouldAbort, report }) {
+    if (typeof sendingTimeout !== 'number' || !(sendingTimeout > 0)) throw new TypeError('[mail-time] [recipientPolicies] RecipientPolicyLease requires a positive sendingTimeout');
+    this.__sendingTimeout = sendingTimeout;
+    this.__renewStale = false;
+    this.__liveAtAttempt = false;
     this.__task = task;
     this.__queue = queue;
     this.__shouldAbort = shouldAbort;
@@ -2665,6 +2809,8 @@ class RecipientPolicyLease {
     this.__closed = false;
     this.__finishing = false;
     this.__tail = Promise.resolve();
+    this.__renewUncertain = false;
+    this.__attemptedAt = 0;
     this.__timer = null;
     let pending = false;
     let renewals = 0;
@@ -2679,6 +2825,8 @@ class RecipientPolicyLease {
         renewals++;
         this.__enqueue(async (guard) => {
           const fields = { isSending: true, sendingAt: Math.max(Date.now(), this.__task.sendingAt + 1) };
+          this.__attemptedAt = fields.sendingAt;
+          this.__liveAtAttempt = this.__task.sendingAt > fields.sendingAt - this.__sendingTimeout;
           return await this.__write(fields, guard);
         }).finally(() => { pending = false; });
       }, interval);
@@ -2698,17 +2846,41 @@ class RecipientPolicyLease {
     this.__closed = true;
   }
 
-  __enqueue(operation) {
+  __enqueue(operation, phase = 'renew') {
     const pending = this.__tail.then(async () => {
       if (!this.active) return false;
       const guard = { leaseTries: this.__task.tries, leaseSendingAt: this.__task.sendingAt };
       try {
-        const ok = await operation(guard);
-        if (!ok) this.__halt();
+        let ok = await operation(guard);
+        if (!ok) {
+          // A renewal write that threw may have been applied by storage, which leaves the
+          // guard stale. Retry once with the attempted stamp: a peer takeover bumps tries or
+          // stamps a later sendingAt while the lease is live, so the retry cannot match a
+          // taken-over row. Report if it still fails.
+          if (this.__renewStale && phase !== 'renew') {
+            // The claim was already stale when the renewal threw: no retry, report the loss.
+            this.__renewStale = false;
+            this.__report(new Error('outcome write lost (renewal outcome uncertain or lease taken over)'), phase);
+          } else if (this.__renewUncertain && phase !== 'renew') {
+            this.__renewUncertain = false;
+            if (this.__shouldAbort()) {
+              this.__report(new Error('outcome write lost (renewal outcome uncertain or lease taken over)'), phase);
+              this.__halt();
+              return false;
+            }
+            ok = await operation({ ...guard, leaseSendingAt: this.__attemptedAt });
+            if (ok && phase === 'checkpoint') this.__task.sendingAt = this.__attemptedAt;
+            if (!ok) this.__report(new Error('outcome write lost (renewal outcome uncertain or lease taken over)'), phase);
+          }
+          if (!ok) this.__halt();
+        }
         return ok;
       } catch (error) {
-        this.__halt();
-        if (!this.__shouldAbort()) this.__report(error);
+        // A thrown renewal write only stops further renewals. The lease stays open so
+        // finish() still records the outcome; storage-side CAS protects row ownership.
+        if (phase === 'renew') { this.__clearTimer(); this.__renewUncertain = this.__liveAtAttempt; this.__renewStale = !this.__liveAtAttempt; }
+        else this.__halt();
+        this.__report(error, phase);
         return false;
       }
     });
@@ -2724,7 +2896,7 @@ class RecipientPolicyLease {
 
   update(fields) {
     if (this.__finishing) return Promise.resolve(false);
-    return this.__enqueue((guard) => this.__write(fields, guard));
+    return this.__enqueue((guard) => this.__write(fields, guard), 'checkpoint');
   }
 
   finish(fields, remove) {
@@ -2736,7 +2908,7 @@ class RecipientPolicyLease {
       if (ok) Object.assign(this.__task, fields);
       this.__halt();
       return ok;
-    });
+    }, 'complete');
   }
 
   async stop() {
@@ -2813,11 +2985,19 @@ const createPool = (concurrency) => {
   let active = 0;
   let drainResolvers = [];
 
+  const settleDrain = () => {
+    if (active === 0 && queue.length === 0 && drainResolvers.length > 0) {
+      const resolvers = drainResolvers;
+      drainResolvers = [];
+      for (const r of resolvers) r();
+    }
+  };
+
   const tryStart = () => {
     while (active < limit && queue.length > 0) {
       const job = queue.shift();
       active++;
-      job.resolveSlot();
+      job.resolveSlot(true);
       Promise.resolve()
         .then(job.fn)
         .catch((poolError) => {
@@ -2825,11 +3005,7 @@ const createPool = (concurrency) => {
         })
         .finally(() => {
           active--;
-          if (active === 0 && queue.length === 0 && drainResolvers.length > 0) {
-            const resolvers = drainResolvers;
-            drainResolvers = [];
-            for (const r of resolvers) r();
-          }
+          settleDrain();
           tryStart();
         });
     }
@@ -2838,10 +3014,11 @@ const createPool = (concurrency) => {
   return {
     /**
      * Queue `fn` for execution under the concurrency limit.
-     * The returned Promise resolves as soon as a slot is acquired and `fn` has started.
+     * The returned Promise resolves `true` as soon as a slot is acquired and `fn` has started,
+     * or `false` if `cancelQueued()` dropped the job before it started (`fn` never runs).
      * It does NOT wait for `fn` to finish. Use `drain()` to wait for all running jobs to settle.
      * @param {() => Promise<void>} fn
-     * @returns {Promise<void>}
+     * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
      */
     dispatch(fn) {
       return new Promise((resolveSlot) => {
@@ -2849,6 +3026,16 @@ const createPool = (concurrency) => {
         tryStart();
       });
     },
+    /**
+     * Drop every job still waiting for a slot. Running jobs are untouched.
+     * @returns {number} dropped jobs
+     */
+    cancelQueued() {
+      const dropped = queue.splice(0);
+      for (const job of dropped) job.resolveSlot(false);
+      settleDrain();
+      return dropped.length;
+    },
     drain() {
       if (active === 0 && queue.length === 0) {
         return Promise.resolve();
@@ -2999,9 +3186,21 @@ let DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = '<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml>
  */
 
 /**
- * @typedef {{ queue: RedisQueue | MongoQueue | PostgresQueue | CustomQueue, type?: 'server' | 'client', from?: string | ((transport: MailTimeTransport, details: MailTimeFromDetails) => string), transports?: MailTimeTransport[], strategy?: 'backup' | 'balancer', failsToNext?: number, shouldFailOver?: (error: unknown, info: object | undefined, email: MailTimeTask) => boolean, retries?: number, maxTries?: number, retryDelay?: number, interval?: number, keepHistory?: boolean, concatEmails?: boolean | MailTimeConcatEmailsOptions, concatSubject?: string, concatDelimiter?: string, concatDelay?: number, concatThrottling?: number, revolvingInterval?: number, mode?: 'one' | 'batch', concurrency?: number, sendingTimeout?: number, renewClaim?: boolean | number, maxRenewals?: number, strictPayload?: boolean, allowedMailFields?: string[], verifyTransports?: boolean, template?: string, prefix?: string, debug?: boolean, josk?: MailTimeJoSkOptions, recipientPolicies?: MailTimeRecipientPolicy[], onError?: (error: unknown, email: MailTimeTask | null, details?: object, recipients?: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary?: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onSent?: (email: MailTimeTask, details?: object, recipients?: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary?: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onSuppressed?: (email: MailTimeTask, recipients: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onRejected?: (email: MailTimeTask, recipients: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void> }} MailTimeOptions
+ * @typedef {{ failedWrites: number }} MailTimeDrainResult
  */
 
+/**
+ * `details` passed to `onError`. `phase` is `'verify'` (transport verification, `email === null`), `'complete'` (a storage write recording a send outcome), or `'checkpoint'` (recipient-policy results written after SMTP). Without `phase` it is the SMTP `info` of the failed attempt.
+ * @typedef {{ phase?: 'verify' | 'complete' | 'checkpoint', transportIndex?: number, attempt?: number, [key: string]: unknown }} MailTimeErrorDetails
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {{ queue: RedisQueue | MongoQueue | PostgresQueue | CustomQueue, type?: 'server' | 'client', from?: string | ((transport: MailTimeTransport, details: MailTimeFromDetails) => string), transports?: MailTimeTransport[], strategy?: 'backup' | 'balancer', failsToNext?: number, shouldFailOver?: (error: unknown, info: object | undefined, email: MailTimeTask) => boolean, retries?: number, maxTries?: number, retryDelay?: number, interval?: number, keepHistory?: boolean, concatEmails?: boolean | MailTimeConcatEmailsOptions, concatSubject?: string, concatDelimiter?: string, concatDelay?: number, concatThrottling?: number, revolvingInterval?: number, mode?: 'one' | 'batch', concurrency?: number, sendingTimeout?: number, renewClaim?: boolean | number, maxRenewals?: number, strictPayload?: boolean, allowedMailFields?: string[], verifyTransports?: boolean, verifyTimeout?: number, template?: string, prefix?: string, debug?: boolean, josk?: MailTimeJoSkOptions, recipientPolicies?: MailTimeRecipientPolicy[], onError?: (error: unknown, email: MailTimeTask | null, details?: MailTimeErrorDetails, recipients?: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary?: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onSent?: (email: MailTimeTask, details?: object, recipients?: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary?: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onSuppressed?: (email: MailTimeTask, recipients: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void>, onRejected?: (email: MailTimeTask, recipients: MailTimeRecipientResult[], summary: MailTimeRecipientSummary) => void | Promise<void> }} MailTimeOptions
+ */
+
+const REPROBE_BASE_MS = 60000;
+const REPROBE_MAX_MS = 900000;
+
 /**
  * Class of MailTime.
  * With recipientPolicies, terminal callbacks receive grouped recipients and a complete summary after persistence.
@@ -3100,9 +3299,11 @@ class MailTime {
     this.__isDestroyed = false;
     this.__abortInFlight = false;
     this.__isPaused = false;
+    this.__schedulerScans = 0;
     this.__readyPromise = null;
     this.__schedulerTimer = null;
     this.__inFlight = new Set();
+    this.__failedWrites = 0;
     this.__pool = createPool(this.concurrency);
 
     this.failsToNext = (typeof opts.failsToNext === 'number' && opts.failsToNext > 0) ? opts.failsToNext : 4;
@@ -3110,7 +3311,12 @@ class MailTime {
     this.transports = Array.isArray(opts.transports) ? opts.transports : [];
     this.transport = 0;
     this.verifyTransports = opts.verifyTransports !== false;
+    this.verifyTimeout = (typeof opts.verifyTimeout === 'number' && opts.verifyTimeout > 0) ? Math.min(opts.verifyTimeout, 2147483647) : 30000;
     this.__unhealthyTransports = new Set();
+    this.__verifyGen = [];
+    this.__reprobe = new Map();
+    this.__probeCancels = new Set();
+    this.__uncertainRenewals = new WeakMap();
 
     if (typeof opts.from === 'string') {
       const fromStr = opts.from;
@@ -3121,6 +3327,16 @@ class MailTime {
       this.from = false;
     }
 
+    if (this.__recipientPolicies && this.type === 'server') {
+      // A transport `from` that the policy parser rejects would settle every rotated letter as
+      // failed; surface it here instead. A `from` callback is a runtime value and is not checked.
+      if (typeof opts.from === 'string') normalizePolicyAddress(opts.from, 'from');
+      this.transports.forEach((transport, i) => {
+        const from = MailTime.transportFrom(transport);
+        if (from !== void 0) normalizePolicyAddress(from, `transports[${i}].from`);
+      });
+    }
+
     this.queue.mailTimeInstance = this;
 
     /** @type {string} */
@@ -3277,7 +3493,7 @@ class MailTime {
   /**
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name destroy
-   * @description Stop the scheduler and block future dispatches. Without `{ drain: true }`, in-flight SMTP attempts are neutralized and their claims recover after `sendingTimeout`. With `{ drain: true }`, await JoSk shutdown and in-flight SMTP; resolves false if a scheduler handler exceeds `schedulerTimeout` (default 10000ms) or JoSk shutdown throws (logged); never rejects. The timeout does not bound SMTP drain time.
+   * @description Stop the scheduler and block future dispatches. Sends still waiting for a `concurrency` slot are dropped at once; their rows stay unclaimed for the next scan. Without `{ drain: true }`, in-flight SMTP attempts are neutralized and their claims recover after `sendingTimeout`. With `{ drain: true }`, await JoSk shutdown and in-flight SMTP; resolves false if the queue scan exceeds `schedulerTimeout` (default 10000ms) or JoSk shutdown throws (logged); never rejects. In-flight SMTP does not count against the timeout, and the timeout does not bound SMTP drain time.
    * @param {{ drain?: boolean, schedulerTimeout?: number }} [opts] - schedulerTimeout must be finite and non-negative; used only with drain
    * @returns {boolean | Promise<boolean>}
    */
@@ -3293,6 +3509,11 @@ class MailTime {
 
     this.__isDestroyed = true;
     this.__isPaused = false;
+    for (const cancel of [...this.__probeCancels]) cancel();
+    this.__reprobe.clear();
+    // Queued jobs never started SMTP; dropping them lets a scan blocked on a
+    // pool slot return, so JoSk shutdown does not wait for in-flight sends.
+    this.__pool.cancelQueued();
     if (opts?.drain === true) {
       return (async () => {
         let finished = true;
@@ -3325,20 +3546,40 @@ class MailTime {
    * @async
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name drain
-   * @description Wait for all in-flight email send attempts to settle
-   * @returns {Promise<void>}
+   * @description Wait for all in-flight email send attempts to settle. Resolves with `{ failedWrites }`, the count since this instance was created of failures while recording a send outcome: a storage write that threw, an exception in the completion path, or an outcome write lost after a claim-renewal error (message `outcome write lost (renewal outcome uncertain or lease taken over)`, after one retry with the renewal's stamp (no retry when the claim was already stale at renewal time)). Each is also reported once through `onError` with `details.phase` of `'complete'` or `'checkpoint'`, except after a plain `destroy()`, which still counts but suppresses the hook and the log. A row whose write failed can stay `sending` and be re-sent after `sendingTimeout`. Compare `failedWrites` before and after to scope a shutdown.
+   * @returns {Promise<MailTimeDrainResult>}
    */
   async drain() {
     this.__debug('[drain]');
     if (this.__pool) {
       await this.__pool.drain();
     }
+    return { failedWrites: this.__failedWrites };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___reportWriteFailure
+   * @description Count a failed completion step (a storage write that threw, an exception raised inside the completion path, or an outcome write lost after a claim-renewal error) and surface it once through `onError(error, task, { phase })`. Never throws. After a non-draining `destroy()` it still counts but skips the log and the hook.
+   * @param {MailTimeTask} task
+   * @param {unknown} error
+   * @param {'complete' | 'checkpoint'} [phase]
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ___reportWriteFailure(task, error, phase = 'complete') {
+    this.__failedWrites++;
+    if (this.__abortInFlight) {
+      return;
+    }
+    logError(`[private send] completion error, ${phase} write failed; row ${task?.uuid} may stay claimed and be re-sent after sendingTimeout`, error);
+    callHook('onError', this.onError, error, task || null, { phase, attempt: task?.tries, transportIndex: task?.transport });
   }
 
   /**
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name pause
-   * @description Pause this server instance from competing for the queue-drain lease. In-flight SMTP sends finish; peer server instances keep draining. Reversible (unlike `destroy()`). No-op on `client` instances or after `destroy()`. To stop scanning *and* wait for in-flight sends: `mailTime.pause(); await mailTime.drain();`.
+   * @description Pause this server instance from competing for the queue-drain lease. In-flight SMTP sends finish; sends still waiting for a `concurrency` slot are dropped and their rows stay unclaimed; peer server instances keep draining. Reversible (unlike `destroy()`). No-op on `client` instances or after `destroy()`. To stop scanning *and* wait for in-flight sends: `mailTime.pause(); await mailTime.drain();`.
    * @returns {boolean} `true` if newly paused; `false` if already paused, a client instance, or destroyed
    */
   pause() {
@@ -3349,6 +3590,9 @@ class MailTime {
     const paused = this.scheduler.pause();
     if (paused) {
       this.__isPaused = true;
+      if (this.__schedulerScans > 0) {
+        this.__pool.cancelQueued();
+      }
     }
     return paused;
   }
@@ -3434,6 +3678,10 @@ class MailTime {
       throw new Error('[mail-time] [sendMail] `mailOptions.to` is required and must be a string or non-empty Array');
     }
 
+    if (this.__recipientPolicies) {
+      validatePolicyMailOptions(mailOptions);
+    }
+
     if (this.concatEmails) {
       sendAt = sendAt + this.concatDelay;
       const task = await this.queue.getPendingTo(mailOptions.to, sendAt);
@@ -3515,21 +3763,15 @@ class MailTime {
     if (task.tries >= this.maxTries) {
       this.___finalizeRejected(task, info);
 
-      const leaseRemove = __leaseRemoveOpts(task);
-      const leaseUpdate = __withLease(task, {
-        isSent: false,
-        isFailed: true,
-        isSending: false,
-        sendingAt: 0,
-        mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
-      });
-
-      let finalized = false;
-      if (!this.keepHistory) {
-        finalized = await this.queue.remove(task, leaseRemove);
-      } else {
-        finalized = await this.queue.update(task, leaseUpdate);
-      }
+      const finalized = await this.___outcomeWrite(task, (t) => (!this.keepHistory
+        ? this.queue.remove(t, __leaseRemoveOpts(t))
+        : this.queue.update(t, __withLease(t, {
+          isSent: false,
+          isFailed: true,
+          isSending: false,
+          sendingAt: 0,
+          mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
+        }))));
 
       if (!finalized) {
         this.__debug('[private handleError] lease lost before final failure update, skipping onError', task.uuid);
@@ -3555,12 +3797,12 @@ class MailTime {
       transportIndex = this.___nextHealthyTransport(transportIndex);
     }
 
-    const released = await this.queue.update(task, __withLease(task, {
+    const released = await this.___outcomeWrite(task, (t) => this.queue.update(t, __withLease(t, {
       isSending: false,
       sendingAt: 0,
       sendAt: Date.now() + this.retryDelay,
       transport: transportIndex,
-    }));
+    })));
 
     if (!released) {
       this.__debug('[private handleError] lease lost before retry release, skipping', task.uuid);
@@ -3674,9 +3916,11 @@ class MailTime {
       compiledOpts = deepMerge(compiledOpts, transport.options.mailOptions);
     }
 
-    compiledOpts.html ??= '';
-    compiledOpts.text ??= '';
-    compiledOpts.subject ??= '';
+    for (const field of ['html', 'text', 'subject']) {
+      if (compiledOpts[field] === void 0 || compiledOpts[field] === null) {
+        compiledOpts[field] = '';
+      }
+    }
 
     const mailOptionsList = task.mailOptions || [];
     const isMulti = mailOptionsList.length > 1;
@@ -3960,6 +4204,10 @@ class MailTime {
         }));
       } catch (renewError) {
         logError('[private renewClaim] storage error during claim renewal', renewError);
+        // Storage may have applied the write before the driver failed; remember the stamp
+        // so the outcome write can retry with it (see ___outcomeWrite).
+        // A stale claim is remembered as null: the lost outcome write is reported, never retried.
+        this.__uncertainRenewals.set(task, task.sendingAt > renewedAt - this.sendingTimeout ? renewedAt : null);
         halt();
         return;
       }
@@ -3990,6 +4238,38 @@ class MailTime {
     return { stop };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * @async
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___outcomeWrite
+   * @description Run a lease-guarded outcome write. `write(t)` must derive its lease guard from `t`. When the write loses the lease and an earlier claim renewal threw (storage may have applied it), retry once with that renewal's stamp; a peer takeover bumps `tries` or stamps a later `sendingAt` while the lease is live, so the retry cannot match a taken-over row. The stamp is only remembered when the lease was still live at renewal time. If the retry also fails, count and report the lost write. A claim that was already stale when the renewal threw is reported without a retry. After `destroy()` the loss is counted without hook or log. Without an earlier renewal error a lost lease stays a debug-only skip.
+   * @param {MailTimeTask} task
+   * @param {(t: MailTimeTask) => Promise<boolean>} write
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>}
+   */
+  async ___outcomeWrite(task, write) {
+    if (await write(task)) {
+      this.__uncertainRenewals.delete(task);
+      return true;
+    }
+    const attempted = this.__uncertainRenewals.get(task);
+    if (attempted === void 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    this.__uncertainRenewals.delete(task);
+    const lost = new Error('outcome write lost (renewal outcome uncertain or lease taken over)');
+    if (attempted === null || this.__abortInFlight) {
+      this.___reportWriteFailure(task, lost, 'complete');
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (await write({ ...task, sendingAt: attempted })) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    this.___reportWriteFailure(task, lost, 'complete');
+    return false;
+  }
+
   /** @internal Serialize every policy checkpoint with this attempt's claim renewal. */
   async ___sendWithRecipientPolicies(task) {
     if (!task || task.isSent || task.isFailed || task.isCancelled || task.isSettled || this.__abortInFlight) return;
@@ -4004,9 +4284,12 @@ class MailTime {
     }
     Object.assign(task, fields);
     const lease = new RecipientPolicyLease({
-      task, queue: this.queue, interval: this.renewClaim, maxRenewals: this.maxRenewals,
+      task, queue: this.queue, interval: this.renewClaim, maxRenewals: this.maxRenewals, sendingTimeout: this.sendingTimeout,
       shouldAbort: () => this.__abortInFlight,
-      report: (error) => logError('[recipientPolicies] lease persistence failed', error),
+      report: (error, phase) => {
+        if (phase === 'complete' || phase === 'checkpoint') this.___reportWriteFailure(task, error, phase);
+        else if (!this.__abortInFlight) logError('[recipientPolicies] claim renewal write failed; renewals stop, the outcome write still runs', error);
+      },
     });
     try {
       if (!lease.active) return;
@@ -4062,7 +4345,15 @@ class MailTime {
       context.recipients = context.recipients.filter((r) => eligible.has(r.address));
       await this.___attemptPolicyTransport(task, lease, compiled, context);
     } catch (error) {
-      if (lease.active) await this.___retryPolicyTask(task, lease, error, void 0, true, true);
+      if (!lease.active) return;
+      if (isAddressError(error)) {
+        // Unparseable addresses fail identically on every attempt, so settle now instead of
+        // spending the retry budget. The message names the field, never the address.
+        if (!this.__abortInFlight) logError(`[recipientPolicies] task ${task.uuid} failed without retry:`, error.message);
+        await this.___completePolicyTask(task, lease, error, void 0, true);
+      } else {
+        await this.___retryPolicyTask(task, lease, error, void 0, true, true);
+      }
     } finally {
       await lease.stop();
     }
@@ -4071,7 +4362,7 @@ class MailTime {
   /** @internal Persist SMTP acceptance before awaiting rejection classification or observation. */
   async ___attemptPolicyTransport(task, lease, compiled, context) {
     const transport = this.transports[context.transport.index];
-    const outgoing = { ...compiled, envelope: context.envelope };
+    const outgoing = { ...rewritePolicyHeaders(compiled), envelope: context.envelope };
     const { error, info } = await new Promise((resolve) => {
       let called = false;
       const done = (error, info) => {
@@ -4193,12 +4484,12 @@ class MailTime {
    * @internal
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name ___dispatch
-   * @description Queue full-lifecycle send for `task` under the bounded send pool. Resolves as soon as a pool slot is acquired and the send has started — the SMTP roundtrip continues in the background so the adapter's `iterate` can move on to the next due row and the JoSk lease can be released. Call `await mailTime.drain()` to await in-flight sends; use `destroy({ drain: true })` for graceful shutdown.
+   * @description Queue full-lifecycle send for `task` under the bounded send pool. No-op after `destroy()`, or while paused during a scheduler-driven scan; `destroy()` and `pause()` also drop jobs still waiting for a slot. Resolves as soon as a pool slot is acquired and the send has started — the SMTP roundtrip continues in the background so the adapter's `iterate` can move on to the next due row and the JoSk lease can be released. Call `await mailTime.drain()` to await in-flight sends; use `destroy({ drain: true })` for graceful shutdown.
    * @param {MailTimeTask} task - email's task object from Storage
    * @returns {Promise<void 0>}
    */
   async ___dispatch(task) {
-    if (this.__isDestroyed) {
+    if (this.___isStopped) {
       return;
     }
     if (!task || task.isSent === true || task.isFailed === true || task.isCancelled === true) {
@@ -4209,9 +4500,9 @@ class MailTime {
       return;
     }
     this.__inFlight.add(task.uuid);
-    await this.__pool.dispatch(async () => {
+    const started = await this.__pool.dispatch(async () => {
       try {
-        if (this.__isDestroyed) {
+        if (this.___isStopped) {
           return;
         }
         await this.___send(task);
@@ -4219,6 +4510,20 @@ class MailTime {
         this.__inFlight.delete(task.uuid);
       }
     });
+    if (!started) {
+      this.__inFlight.delete(task.uuid);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___isStopped
+   * @description `true` after `destroy()`, or while paused during a scheduler-driven scan. Queue adapters check it to end an `iterate` scan early.
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  get ___isStopped() {
+    return this.__isDestroyed || (this.__isPaused && this.__schedulerScans > 0);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -4265,6 +4570,7 @@ class MailTime {
       task.tries = tries;
       task.isSending = true;
       task.sendingAt = sendingAt;
+      this.__uncertainRenewals.delete(task);
 
       let transportIndex = task.transport;
       if (!this.___isHealthyTransport(transportIndex)) {
@@ -4318,20 +4624,14 @@ class MailTime {
               if (isFullyDelivered) {
                 this.__debug(`email successfully sent, attempts: #${task.tries}, transport #${transportIndex} to: `, compiledOpts.to);
 
-                const leaseRemove = __leaseRemoveOpts(task);
-                const leaseUpdate = __withLease(task, {
-                  isSent: true,
-                  isSending: false,
-                  sendingAt: 0,
-                  mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
-                });
-
-                let completed = false;
-                if (!this.keepHistory) {
-                  completed = await this.queue.remove(task, leaseRemove);
-                } else {
-                  completed = await this.queue.update(task, leaseUpdate);
-                }
+                const completed = await this.___outcomeWrite(task, (t) => (!this.keepHistory
+                  ? this.queue.remove(t, __leaseRemoveOpts(t))
+                  : this.queue.update(t, __withLease(t, {
+                    isSent: true,
+                    isSending: false,
+                    sendingAt: 0,
+                    mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
+                  }))));
 
                 if (!completed) {
                   this.__debug('[private send] lease lost before success completion, skipping onSent', task.uuid);
@@ -4349,21 +4649,15 @@ class MailTime {
               if (task.tries >= this.maxTries) {
                 this.___finalizeRejected(task, info);
 
-                const leaseRemove = __leaseRemoveOpts(task);
-                const leaseUpdate = __withLease(task, {
-                  isSent: false,
-                  isFailed: true,
-                  isSending: false,
-                  sendingAt: 0,
-                  mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
-                });
-
-                let finalized = false;
-                if (!this.keepHistory) {
-                  finalized = await this.queue.remove(task, leaseRemove);
-                } else {
-                  finalized = await this.queue.update(task, leaseUpdate);
-                }
+                const finalized = await this.___outcomeWrite(task, (t) => (!this.keepHistory
+                  ? this.queue.remove(t, __leaseRemoveOpts(t))
+                  : this.queue.update(t, __withLease(t, {
+                    isSent: false,
+                    isFailed: true,
+                    isSending: false,
+                    sendingAt: 0,
+                    mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
+                  }))));
 
                 if (!finalized) {
                   this.__debug('[private send] lease lost before partial-failure completion, skipping onError', task.uuid);
@@ -4388,19 +4682,19 @@ class MailTime {
               }
 
               const nextSendAt = Date.now() + this.retryDelay;
-              const released = await this.queue.update(task, __withLease(task, {
+              const released = await this.___outcomeWrite(task, (t) => this.queue.update(t, __withLease(t, {
                 isSending: false,
                 sendingAt: 0,
                 sendAt: nextSendAt,
                 mailOptions: task.mailOptions,
-              }));
+              })));
               if (!released) {
                 this.__debug('[private send] lease lost before partial retry release', task.uuid);
                 return;
               }
               this.__debug(`[private send] Partial delivery, next attempt at ${new Date(nextSendAt)}: #${task.tries}/${this.maxTries} for remaining recipients`);
             } catch (completionError) {
-              logError('[private send] completion error after transport callback', completionError);
+              this.___reportWriteFailure(task, completionError);
             } finally {
               resolve();
             }
@@ -4416,7 +4710,11 @@ class MailTime {
         return;
       }
       logError('Exception during runtime:', e);
-      await this.___handleError(task, e, {});
+      try {
+        await this.___handleError(task, e, {});
+      } catch (completionError) {
+        this.___reportWriteFailure(task, completionError);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -4433,10 +4731,15 @@ class MailTime {
       return;
     }
     const limit = this.mode === 'one' ? 1 : Infinity;
-    return await this.queue.iterate({
-      limit,
-      sendingTimeout: this.sendingTimeout,
-    });
+    this.__schedulerScans++;
+    try {
+      return await this.queue.iterate({
+        limit,
+        sendingTimeout: this.sendingTimeout,
+      });
+    } finally {
+      this.__schedulerScans--;
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -4473,51 +4776,163 @@ class MailTime {
    * @internal
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name ___verifyTransports
-   * @description Probe each transport's `verify()` once at startup. Failing transports are marked unusable and skipped during rotation; the failure is surfaced through `onError(error, null, { transportIndex, phase: 'verify' })`. Throws if every transport fails — there is nothing left that could deliver.
+   * @description Probe each transport's `verify()` once at startup, in parallel. A transport whose probe fails is quarantined (skipped during rotation) and reported through `onError(error, null, { transportIndex, phase: 'verify' })`. A probe that neither settles nor fails within `verifyTimeout` stops delaying `ready()` and leaves the transport usable; a verdict that arrives later still applies. Throws if every transport is quarantined.
    * @returns {Promise<void>}
    */
   async ___verifyTransports() {
     this.__debug('[private verifyTransports]');
-    const results = await Promise.all(this.transports.map(async (transport, index) => {
+    await Promise.all(this.transports.map(async (transport, index) => {
       if (!transport || typeof transport.verify !== 'function') {
-        return { index, ok: true };
+        return;
+      }
+      const outcome = await this.___verifyOne(transport, index);
+      if (outcome === 'timeout' && !this.__isDestroyed) {
+        console.warn(`[WARN] [mail-time] [verifyTransports] transport #${index} verify() gave no verdict within ${this.verifyTimeout}ms; keeping it usable, a late verdict still applies`);
+      }
+    }));
+
+    if (this.__unhealthyTransports.size === this.transports.length) {
+      throw new Error(`[mail-time] [MailTime#ready] all ${this.transports.length} transport(s) failed verification — nothing can be delivered`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___verifyOne
+   * @description Start one `transport.verify(callback)` probe bounded by `verifyTimeout`. A callback is always passed. The first of the callback, a returned thenable, a synchronous throw, or a synchronous `true`/`false` decides the verdict. `false` is what Nodemailer's `Mailer#verify` returns, without calling back, when the underlying transport has no `verify` method. Any other synchronous non-thenable return value (for example the timer handle an expression-bodied arrow returns) is ignored, so a callback that reports an error later still counts, and a verify that never calls back waits for the timeout. The verdict is applied through `___applyVerdict` even when it arrives after the timeout, guarded by a per-transport generation. Resolves `'ok'`, `'fail'`, or `'timeout'` (the wait ended without a verdict or the instance was destroyed).
+   * @param {MailTimeTransport} transport
+   * @param {number} index
+   * @returns {Promise<'ok' | 'fail' | 'timeout'>}
+   */
+  ___verifyOne(transport, index) {
+    const gen = (this.__verifyGen[index] || 0) + 1;
+    this.__verifyGen[index] = gen;
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+      let decided = false;
+      let waiting = true;
+      const stopWaiting = (outcome) => {
+        if (!waiting) {
+          return;
+        }
+        waiting = false;
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        this.__probeCancels.delete(cancel);
+        resolve(outcome);
+      };
+      const cancel = () => stopWaiting('timeout');
+      const timer = setTimeout(cancel, this.verifyTimeout);
+      if (typeof timer.unref === 'function') {
+        timer.unref();
       }
+      this.__probeCancels.add(cancel);
+
+      const decide = (error) => {
+        if (decided) {
+          return;
+        }
+        decided = true;
+        this.___applyVerdict(index, gen, error);
+        stopWaiting(error ? 'fail' : 'ok');
+      };
+
       try {
-        await Promise.resolve(transport.verify());
-        return { index, ok: true };
+        const returned = transport.verify((error) => decide(error || void 0));
+        if (returned && typeof returned.then === 'function') {
+          returned.then(() => decide(), (error) => decide(error || new Error('[mail-time] [verifyTransports] verify() rejected')));
+        } else if (returned === true || returned === false) {
+          decide();
+        }
       } catch (error) {
-        return { index, ok: false, error };
+        decide(error || new Error('[mail-time] [verifyTransports] verify() threw'));
       }
-    }));
+    });
+  }
 
-    for (const r of results) {
-      if (r.ok) {
-        continue;
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___applyVerdict
+   * @description Apply a probe verdict to the health state. Ignored after `destroy()` and when a newer probe of the same transport has started (generation guard). Success removes the transport from quarantine. Failure quarantines it and fires `onError` once per quarantine episode; a failure for an already quarantined transport releases its re-probe slot and doubles the backoff.
+   * @param {number} index
+   * @param {number} gen
+   * @param {unknown} [error]
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ___applyVerdict(index, gen, error) {
+    if (this.__isDestroyed || this.__verifyGen[index] !== gen) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const quarantined = this.__unhealthyTransports.has(index);
+    if (!error) {
+      if (!quarantined) {
+        return;
+      }
+      this.__unhealthyTransports.delete(index);
+      this.__reprobe.delete(index);
+      if (this.strategy === 'backup' && index < this.transport) {
+        this.transport = index;
       }
-      this.__unhealthyTransports.add(r.index);
-      logError(`[mail-time] [verifyTransports] transport #${r.index} failed verification`, r.error);
-      callHook('onError', this.onError, r.error, null, { transportIndex: r.index, phase: 'verify' });
+      console.log(`[mail-time] [verifyTransports] transport #${index} recovered; back in rotation`);
+      return;
     }
-
-    if (this.__unhealthyTransports.size === this.transports.length) {
-      throw new Error(`[mail-time] [MailTime#ready] all ${this.transports.length} transport(s) failed verification — nothing can be delivered`);
+    if (quarantined) {
+      const st = this.__reprobe.get(index);
+      if (st) {
+        st.inFlight = false;
+        st.count++;
+        st.nextProbeAt = Date.now() + Math.min(REPROBE_BASE_MS * Math.pow(2, st.count), REPROBE_MAX_MS);
+        this.__debug(`[private reprobe] transport #${index} failed, next probe at ${new Date(st.nextProbeAt)}`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    this.__unhealthyTransports.add(index);
+    this.__reprobe.set(index, { count: 0, nextProbeAt: Date.now() + REPROBE_BASE_MS, inFlight: false });
+    if (this.transport === index && this.__unhealthyTransports.size < this.transports.length) {
+      this.transport = this.___nextHealthyTransport(index);
     }
+    logError(`[mail-time] [verifyTransports] transport #${index} failed verification`, error);
+    callHook('onError', this.onError, error, null, { transportIndex: index, phase: 'verify' });
+  }
 
-    if (this.__unhealthyTransports.has(this.transport)) {
-      this.transport = this.___nextHealthyTransport(this.transport);
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   * @memberOf MailTime
+   * @name ___maybeReprobe
+   * @description Start one background `verify()` probe for a quarantined transport when its backoff has elapsed and no probe is in flight. Never awaited by the send path. Backoff starts at 60 s, doubles per failed probe and caps at 15 min. A probe that times out stays in flight until its verdict arrives, so at most one `verify()` is outstanding per transport. Failures only reach `__debug`. No probes for `type: 'client'`, `verifyTransports: false`, or after `destroy()`.
+   * @param {number} index
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ___maybeReprobe(index) {
+    if (this.__isDestroyed || this.type !== 'server' || !this.verifyTransports) {
+      return;
     }
+    const st = this.__reprobe.get(index);
+    const transport = this.transports[index];
+    if (!st || st.inFlight || st.nextProbeAt > Date.now() || !transport || typeof transport.verify !== 'function') {
+      return;
+    }
+    st.inFlight = true;
+    this.__debug(`[private reprobe] transport #${index}, attempt after ${st.count} failure(s)`);
+    // The verdict, not the timeout, releases `inFlight` (see ___applyVerdict), so a hung
+    // verify() never overlaps with a new probe on the same transport.
+    this.___verifyOne(transport, index);
   }
 
   /**
    * @internal
    * @memberOf MailTime
    * @name ___isHealthyTransport
-   * @description Return true when the transport at `index` has not been marked unusable by verification.
+   * @description Return true when the transport at `index` is not quarantined. A quarantined transport whose backoff has elapsed triggers a background re-probe; this call still returns false.
    * @param {number} index
    * @returns {boolean}
    */
   ___isHealthyTransport(index) {
-    return !this.__unhealthyTransports.has(index);
+    if (!this.__unhealthyTransports.has(index)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    this.___maybeReprobe(index);
+    return false;
   }
 
   /**