luau-obfuscator 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

package/dist/index.js

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // src/index.ts
-import { luauparser } from "luau-parser";
+import { luauparser as luauparser3 } from "luau-parser";
 
 // src/config.ts
 var ObfuscateDefault = {
@@ -181,67 +181,171 @@ function visitArray(arr, visitor) {
     arr[i] = mapExpression(arr[i], visitor);
   }
 }
-function mapExpression(expr, visitor) {
+function getExpressionChildren(expr) {
   switch (expr.type) {
-    case "InterpolatedStringExpression":
+    case "InterpolatedStringExpression": {
+      const children = [];
       for (const part of expr.parts) {
         if (part.kind === "expression") {
-          part.expression = mapExpression(part.expression, visitor);
+          children.push({
+            get: () => part.expression,
+            set: (v) => {
+              part.expression = v;
+            }
+          });
         }
       }
-      break;
+      return children;
+    }
     case "FunctionExpression":
-      walkFunctionBody(expr.func, visitor);
-      break;
-    case "TableExpression":
+      return [];
+    case "TableExpression": {
+      const children = [];
       for (const field of expr.fields) {
         if (field.type === "TableFieldPositional") {
-          field.value = mapExpression(field.value, visitor);
+          children.push({ get: () => field.value, set: (v) => {
+            field.value = v;
+          } });
         } else if (field.type === "TableFieldNamed") {
-          field.value = mapExpression(field.value, visitor);
+          children.push({ get: () => field.value, set: (v) => {
+            field.value = v;
+          } });
         } else if (field.type === "TableFieldComputed") {
-          field.key = mapExpression(field.key, visitor);
-          field.value = mapExpression(field.value, visitor);
+          children.push({ get: () => field.key, set: (v) => {
+            field.key = v;
+          } });
+          children.push({ get: () => field.value, set: (v) => {
+            field.value = v;
+          } });
         }
       }
-      break;
+      return children;
+    }
     case "BinaryExpression":
-      expr.left = mapExpression(expr.left, visitor);
-      expr.right = mapExpression(expr.right, visitor);
-      break;
+      return [
+        { get: () => expr.left, set: (v) => {
+          expr.left = v;
+        } },
+        { get: () => expr.right, set: (v) => {
+          expr.right = v;
+        } }
+      ];
     case "UnaryExpression":
-      expr.argument = mapExpression(expr.argument, visitor);
-      break;
+      return [{ get: () => expr.argument, set: (v) => {
+        expr.argument = v;
+      } }];
     case "MemberExpression":
-      expr.object = mapExpression(expr.object, visitor);
-      break;
+      return [{ get: () => expr.object, set: (v) => {
+        expr.object = v;
+      } }];
     case "IndexExpression":
-      expr.object = mapExpression(expr.object, visitor);
-      expr.index = mapExpression(expr.index, visitor);
-      break;
-    case "CallExpression":
-      expr.callee = mapExpression(expr.callee, visitor);
-      visitArray(expr.arguments, visitor);
-      break;
-    case "MethodCallExpression":
-      expr.object = mapExpression(expr.object, visitor);
-      visitArray(expr.arguments, visitor);
-      break;
+      return [
+        { get: () => expr.object, set: (v) => {
+          expr.object = v;
+        } },
+        { get: () => expr.index, set: (v) => {
+          expr.index = v;
+        } }
+      ];
+    case "CallExpression": {
+      const children = [
+        { get: () => expr.callee, set: (v) => {
+          expr.callee = v;
+        } }
+      ];
+      for (let i = 0; i < expr.arguments.length; i++) {
+        const idx = i;
+        children.push({
+          get: () => expr.arguments[idx],
+          set: (v) => {
+            expr.arguments[idx] = v;
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      return children;
+    }
+    case "MethodCallExpression": {
+      const children = [
+        { get: () => expr.object, set: (v) => {
+          expr.object = v;
+        } }
+      ];
+      for (let i = 0; i < expr.arguments.length; i++) {
+        const idx = i;
+        children.push({
+          get: () => expr.arguments[idx],
+          set: (v) => {
+            expr.arguments[idx] = v;
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      return children;
+    }
     case "ParenthesizedExpression":
-      expr.expression = mapExpression(expr.expression, visitor);
-      break;
+      return [{ get: () => expr.expression, set: (v) => {
+        expr.expression = v;
+      } }];
     case "TypeAssertionExpression":
-      expr.expression = mapExpression(expr.expression, visitor);
-      break;
-    case "IfElseExpression":
+      return [{ get: () => expr.expression, set: (v) => {
+        expr.expression = v;
+      } }];
+    case "IfElseExpression": {
+      const children = [];
       for (const clause of expr.clauses) {
-        clause.condition = mapExpression(clause.condition, visitor);
-        clause.body = mapExpression(clause.body, visitor);
+        children.push({ get: () => clause.condition, set: (v) => {
+          clause.condition = v;
+        } });
+        children.push({ get: () => clause.body, set: (v) => {
+          clause.body = v;
+        } });
       }
-      expr.alternate = mapExpression(expr.alternate, visitor);
-      break;
+      children.push({ get: () => expr.alternate, set: (v) => {
+        expr.alternate = v;
+      } });
+      return children;
+    }
+    default:
+      return [];
   }
-  return visitor(expr) ?? expr;
+}
+function mapExpression(root, visitor) {
+  if (root.type === "FunctionExpression") {
+    walkFunctionBody(root.func, visitor);
+    return visitor(root) ?? root;
+  }
+  let result = root;
+  const stack = [{
+    expr: root,
+    children: getExpressionChildren(root),
+    index: 0,
+    setInParent: (v) => {
+      result = v;
+    }
+  }];
+  while (stack.length > 0) {
+    const frame = stack[stack.length - 1];
+    if (frame.index < frame.children.length) {
+      const child = frame.children[frame.index];
+      frame.index++;
+      const childExpr = child.get();
+      if (childExpr.type === "FunctionExpression") {
+        walkFunctionBody(childExpr.func, visitor);
+        child.set(visitor(childExpr) ?? childExpr);
+        continue;
+      }
+      stack.push({
+        expr: childExpr,
+        children: getExpressionChildren(childExpr),
+        index: 0,
+        setInParent: child.set
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const finished = visitor(frame.expr) ?? frame.expr;
+    frame.setInParent?.(finished);
+    stack.pop();
+  }
+  return result;
 }
 function walkFunctionBody(func, visitor) {
   walkBlock(func.body, visitor);
@@ -327,6 +431,12 @@ function stringLiteral(value) {
 function numberLiteral(value) {
   return { type: "NumberLiteral", value, raw: String(value), line: POS, column: POS };
 }
+var vmStructuralNumbers = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakSet();
+function vmNumberLiteral(value) {
+  const node = numberLiteral(value);
+  vmStructuralNumbers.add(node);
+  return node;
+}
 function binary(operator, left, right) {
   return { type: "BinaryExpression", operator, left, right, line: POS, column: POS };
 }
@@ -354,6 +464,15 @@ function computedField(key, value) {
 function positionalField(value) {
   return { type: "TableFieldPositional", value };
 }
+function namedField(name, value) {
+  return { type: "TableFieldNamed", name: identifier(name), value };
+}
+function booleanLiteral(value) {
+  return { type: "BooleanLiteral", value, line: POS, column: POS };
+}
+function nilLiteral() {
+  return { type: "NilLiteral", line: POS, column: POS };
+}
 function localStatement(name, init) {
   return {
     type: "LocalStatement",
@@ -418,14 +537,21 @@ function ifClause(condition, body) {
 function ifStatement(clauses, alternate) {
   return { type: "IfStatement", clauses, alternate, line: POS, column: POS };
 }
+function whileStatement(condition, body) {
+  return { type: "WhileStatement", condition, body, line: POS, column: POS };
+}
 function vararg() {
   return { type: "VarargExpression", line: POS, column: POS };
 }
 
 // src/passes/StringsToExpressions.ts
+var CONTROL_FLOW_PROBABILITY_DEFAULT = 0.6;
 function randomInt(min, max) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
 }
+function randomName() {
+  return "_" + globalThis.crypto.randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "");
+}
 function toUtf8Bytes(value) {
   return Array.from(new TextEncoder().encode(value));
 }
@@ -443,18 +569,116 @@ function stringCharCall(bytes) {
   return call(member(identifier("string"), "char"), bytes.map(numberLiteral));
 }
 function buildConcatChain(chunks) {
-  let expr = stringCharCall(chunks[0]);
-  for (let i = 1; i < chunks.length; i++) {
-    expr = binary("..", expr, stringCharCall(chunks[i]));
+  function build(lo, hi) {
+    if (hi - lo === 1) return stringCharCall(chunks[lo]);
+    const mid = lo + Math.floor((hi - lo) / 2);
+    return binary("..", build(lo, mid), build(mid, hi));
   }
-  return expr;
+  return build(0, chunks.length);
+}
+function shuffledIndices(n) {
+  const arr = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i);
+  for (let i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+    const j = randomInt(0, i);
+    [arr[i], arr[j]] = [arr[j], arr[i]];
+  }
+  return arr;
+}
+function iife(statements) {
+  return call(paren(functionExpression(functionBody([], block(statements)))), []);
+}
+function buildShuffledTables(chunks) {
+  const n = chunks.length;
+  const storageOrder = shuffledIndices(n);
+  const storeVar = randomName();
+  const orderVar = randomName();
+  const storeFields = storageOrder.map((originalIdx) => positionalField(stringCharCall(chunks[originalIdx])));
+  const order = new Array(n);
+  for (let slot = 0; slot < n; slot++) {
+    order[storageOrder[slot]] = slot + 1;
+  }
+  const orderFields = order.map((slot) => positionalField(numberLiteral(slot)));
+  return {
+    storeVar,
+    orderVar,
+    stmts: [
+      localStatement(storeVar, table(storeFields)),
+      localStatement(orderVar, table(orderFields))
+    ]
+  };
 }
+function buildForLoopStringExpr(chunks) {
+  const { storeVar, orderVar, stmts } = buildShuffledTables(chunks);
+  const accVar = randomName();
+  const iVar = randomName();
+  return iife([
+    ...stmts,
+    localStatement(accVar, stringLiteral("")),
+    numericForStatement(
+      iVar,
+      numberLiteral(1),
+      unary("#", identifier(orderVar)),
+      block([
+        assignmentStatement(
+          [identifier(accVar)],
+          [
+            binary(
+              "..",
+              identifier(accVar),
+              index(identifier(storeVar), index(identifier(orderVar), identifier(iVar)))
+            )
+          ]
+        )
+      ])
+    ),
+    returnStatement([identifier(accVar)])
+  ]);
+}
+function buildRecursiveStringExpr(chunks) {
+  const { storeVar, orderVar, stmts } = buildShuffledTables(chunks);
+  const recName = randomName();
+  const iParam = randomName();
+  const accParam = randomName();
+  const body = block([
+    ifStatement([
+      ifClause(
+        binary(">", identifier(iParam), unary("#", identifier(orderVar))),
+        block([returnStatement([identifier(accParam)])])
+      )
+    ]),
+    returnStatement([
+      call(identifier(recName), [
+        binary("+", identifier(iParam), numberLiteral(1)),
+        binary(
+          "..",
+          identifier(accParam),
+          index(identifier(storeVar), index(identifier(orderVar), identifier(iParam)))
+        )
+      ])
+    ])
+  ]);
+  return iife([
+    ...stmts,
+    localFunctionStatement(recName, functionBody([functionParam(iParam), functionParam(accParam)], body)),
+    returnStatement([call(identifier(recName), [numberLiteral(1), stringLiteral("")])])
+  ]);
+}
+function pickControlFlowStrategy() {
+  return Math.random() < 0.5 ? "forLoop" : "recursive";
+}
+var MAX_CHUNKS_PER_STRING = 2e4;
 function runStringsToExpressions(program, options) {
+  const controlFlowProbability = options.controlFlowProbability ?? CONTROL_FLOW_PROBABILITY_DEFAULT;
   transformExpressions(program, (expr) => {
     if (expr.type !== "StringLiteral") return;
     if (expr.value.length === 0) return;
     const bytes = toUtf8Bytes(expr.value);
+    const estimatedChunks = Math.ceil(bytes.length / Math.max(1, options.min));
+    if (estimatedChunks > MAX_CHUNKS_PER_STRING) return;
     const chunks = splitByteChunks(bytes, options.min, options.max);
+    if (chunks.length > 1 && Math.random() < controlFlowProbability) {
+      return pickControlFlowStrategy() === "forLoop" ? buildForLoopStringExpr(chunks) : buildRecursiveStringExpr(chunks);
+    }
     return buildConcatChain(chunks);
   });
 }
@@ -462,12 +686,19 @@ function runStringsToExpressions(program, options) {
 // src/passes/NumbersToExpressions.ts
 var MAX_DEPTH = 1;
 var NEST_PROBABILITY = 0.35;
+var CONTROL_FLOW_PROBABILITY_DEFAULT2 = 0.35;
 function randomInt2(min, max) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
 }
+function randomName2() {
+  return "_" + globalThis.crypto.randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "");
+}
 function randSign() {
   return Math.random() < 0.5 ? 1 : -1;
 }
+function iife2(statements) {
+  return call(paren(functionExpression(functionBody([], block(statements)))), []);
+}
 function pickStrategy(value, min, max) {
   const candidates = ["add", "sub"];
   if (value !== 0) {
@@ -517,27 +748,121 @@ function buildNumberExpr(value, min, max, depth = 0) {
   }
   return paren(inner);
 }
+function randomPartition(value, n, min, max) {
+  const parts = [];
+  let remaining = value;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
+    const part = randomInt2(min, max) * randSign();
+    parts.push(part);
+    remaining -= part;
+  }
+  parts.push(remaining);
+  return parts;
+}
+function buildForLoopNumberExpr(value, min, max) {
+  const n = randomInt2(3, 6);
+  const steps = randomPartition(value, n, min, max);
+  const accVar = randomName2();
+  const stepsVar = randomName2();
+  const iVar = randomName2();
+  const stmts = [
+    localStatement(stepsVar, table(steps.map((s) => positionalField(numberLiteral(s))))),
+    localStatement(accVar, numberLiteral(0)),
+    numericForStatement(
+      iVar,
+      numberLiteral(1),
+      unary("#", identifier(stepsVar)),
+      block([
+        assignmentStatement(
+          [identifier(accVar)],
+          [binary("+", identifier(accVar), index(identifier(stepsVar), identifier(iVar)))]
+        )
+      ])
+    ),
+    returnStatement([identifier(accVar)])
+  ];
+  return iife2(stmts);
+}
+function buildWhileLoopNumberExpr(value, min, max) {
+  const n = randomInt2(3, 6);
+  const step = randomInt2(min, max) * randSign();
+  const base = value - n * step;
+  const accVar = randomName2();
+  const nVar = randomName2();
+  const stmts = [
+    localStatement(accVar, numberLiteral(base)),
+    localStatement(nVar, numberLiteral(n)),
+    whileStatement(
+      binary(">", identifier(nVar), numberLiteral(0)),
+      block([
+        assignmentStatement([identifier(accVar)], [binary("+", identifier(accVar), numberLiteral(step))]),
+        assignmentStatement([identifier(nVar)], [binary("-", identifier(nVar), numberLiteral(1))])
+      ])
+    ),
+    returnStatement([identifier(accVar)])
+  ];
+  return iife2(stmts);
+}
+function buildRecursiveNumberExpr(value, min, max) {
+  const n = randomInt2(3, 6);
+  const step = randomInt2(min, max) * randSign();
+  const base = value - n * step;
+  const recName = randomName2();
+  const nParam = randomName2();
+  const body = block([
+    ifStatement([
+      ifClause(
+        binary("<=", identifier(nParam), numberLiteral(0)),
+        block([returnStatement([numberLiteral(base)])])
+      )
+    ]),
+    returnStatement([
+      binary(
+        "+",
+        numberLiteral(step),
+        call(identifier(recName), [binary("-", identifier(nParam), numberLiteral(1))])
+      )
+    ])
+  ]);
+  return iife2([
+    localFunctionStatement(recName, functionBody([functionParam(nParam)], body)),
+    returnStatement([call(identifier(recName), [numberLiteral(n)])])
+  ]);
+}
+function pickControlFlowStrategy2() {
+  const options = ["forLoop", "whileLoop", "recursive"];
+  return options[randomInt2(0, options.length - 1)];
+}
+function buildControlFlowNumberExpr(value, min, max) {
+  switch (pickControlFlowStrategy2()) {
+    case "forLoop":
+      return buildForLoopNumberExpr(value, min, max);
+    case "whileLoop":
+      return buildWhileLoopNumberExpr(value, min, max);
+    case "recursive":
+      return buildRecursiveNumberExpr(value, min, max);
+  }
+}
 function runNumbersToExpressions(program, options) {
+  const controlFlowProbability = options.controlFlowProbability ?? CONTROL_FLOW_PROBABILITY_DEFAULT2;
   transformExpressions(program, (expr) => {
     if (expr.type !== "NumberLiteral") return;
+    if (vmStructuralNumbers.has(expr)) return;
+    if (Number.isInteger(expr.value) && Math.random() < controlFlowProbability) {
+      return buildControlFlowNumberExpr(expr.value, options.min, options.max);
+    }
     return buildNumberExpr(expr.value, options.min, options.max);
   });
 }
 
 // src/passes/RenameVariables.ts
 import { analyzeScopes, isGlobal } from "luau-parser";
-var counter = 0;
-function defaultRandomName() {
-  counter += 1;
-  return `_l${counter.toString(36)}`;
-}
 function runRenameVariables(program, options) {
   const analysis = analyzeScopes(program);
-  const makeName = options.random ?? defaultRandomName;
   for (const binding of analysis.bindings.values()) {
     if (isGlobal(binding)) continue;
     if (binding.kind === "self") continue;
-    const newName = makeName();
+    const newName = options.random();
     binding.name = newName;
     if (binding.declarationNode) {
       binding.declarationNode.name = newName;
@@ -715,7 +1040,7 @@ function runConstantArray(program, options) {
         seen.add(k);
         order.push({ kind: "string", value: expr.value });
       }
-    } else if (expr.type === "NumberLiteral") {
+    } else if (expr.type === "NumberLiteral" && !vmStructuralNumbers.has(expr)) {
       const k = keyOf("number", expr.value);
       if (!seen.has(k)) {
         seen.add(k);
@@ -735,11 +1060,11 @@ function runConstantArray(program, options) {
   transformExpressions(program, (expr) => {
     if (expr.type === "StringLiteral") {
       const idx = indexOf.get(keyOf("string", expr.value));
-      return index(identifier(arrayName), numberLiteral(idx));
+      return index(identifier(arrayName), vmNumberLiteral(idx));
     }
-    if (expr.type === "NumberLiteral") {
+    if (expr.type === "NumberLiteral" && !vmStructuralNumbers.has(expr)) {
       const idx = indexOf.get(keyOf("number", expr.value));
-      return index(identifier(arrayName), numberLiteral(idx));
+      return index(identifier(arrayName), vmNumberLiteral(idx));
     }
     return void 0;
   });
@@ -752,53 +1077,107 @@ function runConstantArray(program, options) {
 }
 
 // src/passes/EncryptStrings.ts
+var MIN_KEY_LEN = 4;
+var MAX_KEY_LEN = 12;
 function randomInt4(min, max) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
 }
-function randomName() {
+function randomName3() {
   return "_" + globalThis.crypto.randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "");
 }
 function toUtf8Bytes2(value) {
   return Array.from(new TextEncoder().encode(value));
 }
+function lrotate32(x, disp) {
+  const d = (disp % 32 + 32) % 32;
+  const xu = x >>> 0;
+  if (d === 0) return xu;
+  return (xu << d | xu >>> 32 - d) >>> 0;
+}
+function keystreamByte(keys, mult, i) {
+  const nKeys = keys.length;
+  const keyByte = keys[(i - 1) % nKeys];
+  const rotated = lrotate32(keyByte, i % 8) & 255;
+  const posByte = i * mult & 255;
+  return (rotated ^ posByte) & 255;
+}
+function obfuscatedNumber(value) {
+  const variant = randomInt4(0, 2);
+  if (variant === 0) {
+    const a2 = randomInt4(0, value);
+    return binary("+", vmNumberLiteral(a2), vmNumberLiteral(value - a2));
+  }
+  if (variant === 1) {
+    const a2 = randomInt4(0, 16777215);
+    return binary("-", vmNumberLiteral(value + a2), vmNumberLiteral(a2));
+  }
+  const a = randomInt4(0, 16777215);
+  const b = (value ^ a) >>> 0;
+  return call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [vmNumberLiteral(a), vmNumberLiteral(b)]);
+}
 function buildDecoderStatement(name) {
-  const dataParam = randomName();
-  const keyParam = randomName();
-  const outVar = randomName();
-  const iVar = randomName();
+  const dataParam = randomName3();
+  const keysParam = randomName3();
+  const multParam = randomName3();
+  const outVar = randomName3();
+  const iVar = randomName3();
+  const nKeysVar = randomName3();
+  const idxExpr = binary(
+    "+",
+    binary("%", binary("-", identifier(iVar), vmNumberLiteral(1)), identifier(nKeysVar)),
+    vmNumberLiteral(1)
+  );
+  const keyByte = index(identifier(keysParam), idxExpr);
+  const mixed = call(member(identifier("bit32"), "band"), [
+    call(member(identifier("bit32"), "lrotate"), [keyByte, binary("%", identifier(iVar), vmNumberLiteral(8))]),
+    vmNumberLiteral(255)
+  ]);
+  const posByte = call(member(identifier("bit32"), "band"), [
+    binary("*", identifier(iVar), identifier(multParam)),
+    vmNumberLiteral(255)
+  ]);
+  const keystream = call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [mixed, posByte]);
+  const finalByte = call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [
+    index(identifier(dataParam), identifier(iVar)),
+    keystream
+  ]);
   const body = block([
+    localStatement(nKeysVar, unary("#", identifier(keysParam))),
     localStatement(outVar, table([])),
     numericForStatement(
       iVar,
-      numberLiteral(1),
+      vmNumberLiteral(1),
       unary("#", identifier(dataParam)),
       block([
         assignmentStatement(
           [index(identifier(outVar), identifier(iVar))],
-          [call(member(identifier("string"), "char"), [
-            call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [
-              index(identifier(dataParam), identifier(iVar)),
-              identifier(keyParam)
-            ])
-          ])]
+          [call(member(identifier("string"), "char"), [finalByte])]
         )
       ])
     ),
     returnStatement([call(member(identifier("table"), "concat"), [identifier(outVar)])])
   ]);
-  return localFunctionStatement(name, functionBody([functionParam(dataParam), functionParam(keyParam)], body));
+  return localFunctionStatement(
+    name,
+    functionBody([functionParam(dataParam), functionParam(keysParam), functionParam(multParam)], body)
+  );
 }
 function runEncryptStrings(program, _options) {
-  const decoderName = randomName();
+  const decoderName = randomName3();
   let used = false;
   transformExpressions(program, (expr) => {
     if (expr.type !== "StringLiteral") return;
     if (expr.value.length === 0) return;
     used = true;
-    const key = randomInt4(1, 255);
-    const bytes = toUtf8Bytes2(expr.value).map((b) => b ^ key);
-    const dataTable = table(bytes.map((b) => positionalField(numberLiteral(b))));
-    return call(identifier(decoderName), [dataTable, numberLiteral(key)]);
+    const keyLen = randomInt4(MIN_KEY_LEN, MAX_KEY_LEN);
+    const keys = Array.from({ length: keyLen }, () => randomInt4(1, 255));
+    const mult = randomInt4(1, 255);
+    const plainBytes = toUtf8Bytes2(expr.value);
+    const cipherBytes = plainBytes.map((b, idx) => b ^ keystreamByte(keys, mult, idx + 1));
+    const dataTable = table(cipherBytes.map((b) => positionalField(vmNumberLiteral(b))));
+    const keysTable = table(keys.map((k) => positionalField(obfuscatedNumber(k))));
+    const multExpr = obfuscatedNumber(mult);
+    return call(identifier(decoderName), [dataTable, keysTable, multExpr]);
   });
   if (!used) return;
   program.body.statements.unshift(buildDecoderStatement(decoderName));
@@ -806,10 +1185,11 @@ function runEncryptStrings(program, _options) {
 
 // src/passes/EncryptNumbers.ts
 var UINT32_MAX = 4294967295;
+var MOD32 = 4294967296;
 function randomInt5(min, max) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
 }
-function randomName2() {
+function randomName4() {
   return "_" + globalThis.crypto.randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "");
 }
 function isEncryptable(value) {
@@ -818,24 +1198,61 @@ function isEncryptable(value) {
 function xor32(a, b) {
   return (a ^ b) >>> 0;
 }
+function modAdd32(a, b) {
+  return ((a + b) % MOD32 + MOD32) % MOD32;
+}
+function obfuscatedNumber2(value) {
+  const variant = randomInt5(0, 2);
+  if (variant === 0) {
+    const a2 = randomInt5(0, value);
+    return binary("+", numberLiteral(a2), numberLiteral(value - a2));
+  }
+  if (variant === 1) {
+    const a2 = randomInt5(0, 16777215);
+    return binary("-", numberLiteral(value + a2), numberLiteral(a2));
+  }
+  const a = randomInt5(0, 16777215);
+  const b = xor32(value, a);
+  return call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [numberLiteral(a), numberLiteral(b)]);
+}
 function buildDecoderStatement2(name) {
-  const nParam = randomName2();
-  const keyParam = randomName2();
+  const xParam = randomName4();
+  const keyAParam = randomName4();
+  const keyBParam = randomName4();
+  const tVar = randomName4();
   const body = block([
-    returnStatement([call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [identifier(nParam), identifier(keyParam)])])
+    localStatement(
+      tVar,
+      binary(
+        "%",
+        binary("-", identifier(xParam), identifier(keyBParam)),
+        numberLiteral(MOD32)
+      )
+    ),
+    returnStatement([call(member(identifier("bit32"), "bxor"), [identifier(tVar), identifier(keyAParam)])])
   ]);
-  return localFunctionStatement(name, functionBody([functionParam(nParam), functionParam(keyParam)], body));
+  return localFunctionStatement(
+    name,
+    functionBody([functionParam(xParam), functionParam(keyAParam), functionParam(keyBParam)], body)
+  );
 }
 function runEncryptNumbers(program, _options) {
-  const decoderName = randomName2();
+  const decoderName = randomName4();
   let used = false;
   transformExpressions(program, (expr) => {
     if (expr.type !== "NumberLiteral") return;
+    if (vmStructuralNumbers.has(expr)) return;
     if (!isEncryptable(expr.value)) return;
     used = true;
-    const key = randomInt5(1, 16777215);
-    const encoded = xor32(expr.value, key);
-    return call(identifier(decoderName), [numberLiteral(encoded), numberLiteral(key)]);
+    const keyA = randomInt5(1, 16777215);
+    const keyB = randomInt5(1, 16777215);
+    const t1 = xor32(expr.value, keyA);
+    const encoded = modAdd32(t1, keyB);
+    return call(identifier(decoderName), [
+      obfuscatedNumber2(encoded),
+      obfuscatedNumber2(keyA),
+      obfuscatedNumber2(keyB)
+    ]);
   });
   if (!used) return;
   program.body.statements.unshift(buildDecoderStatement2(decoderName));
@@ -845,7 +1262,7 @@ function runEncryptNumbers(program, _options) {
 function randomInt6(min, max) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
 }
-function randomName3() {
+function randomName5() {
   return "_" + globalThis.crypto.randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "");
 }
 function junkNumberExpr() {
@@ -854,12 +1271,12 @@ function junkNumberExpr() {
 }
 function buildJunkStatement() {
   const variants = [
-    () => localStatement(randomName3(), junkNumberExpr()),
-    () => doStatement(block([localStatement(randomName3(), junkNumberExpr())])),
+    () => localStatement(randomName5(), junkNumberExpr()),
+    () => doStatement(block([localStatement(randomName5(), junkNumberExpr())])),
     () => ifStatement([
       ifClause(
         binary("==", numberLiteral(randomInt6(1, 999)), numberLiteral(randomInt6(1, 999))),
-        block([localStatement(randomName3(), junkNumberExpr())])
+        block([localStatement(randomName5(), junkNumberExpr())])
       )
     ])
   ];
@@ -1002,21 +1419,1694 @@ function runInsertJunk(program, options) {
 function runWrapInFunction(program, _options) {
   const innerBody = program.body;
   const wrapper = functionExpression(functionBody([], innerBody, true));
-  const iife = call(paren(wrapper), [vararg()]);
-  program.body = block([returnStatement([iife])]);
+  const iife3 = call(paren(wrapper), [vararg()]);
+  program.body = block([returnStatement([iife3])]);
+}
+
+// src/passes/Vmify.ts
+import { luauparser as luauparser2 } from "luau-parser";
+
+// src/passes/vmify/compiler.ts
+import { luauparser } from "luau-parser";
+
+// src/passes/vmify/opcodes.ts
+var Opcode = /* @__PURE__ */ ((Opcode2) => {
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["MOVE"] = 0] = "MOVE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LOADK"] = 1] = "LOADK";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LOADBOOL"] = 2] = "LOADBOOL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LOADNIL"] = 3] = "LOADNIL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["GETUPVAL"] = 4] = "GETUPVAL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SETUPVAL"] = 5] = "SETUPVAL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["GETGLOBAL"] = 6] = "GETGLOBAL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SETGLOBAL"] = 7] = "SETGLOBAL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["GETTABLE"] = 8] = "GETTABLE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SETTABLE"] = 9] = "SETTABLE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["NEWTABLE"] = 10] = "NEWTABLE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SELF"] = 11] = "SELF";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["ADD"] = 12] = "ADD";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SUB"] = 13] = "SUB";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["MUL"] = 14] = "MUL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["DIV"] = 15] = "DIV";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["MOD"] = 16] = "MOD";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["POW"] = 17] = "POW";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["CONCAT"] = 18] = "CONCAT";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["UNM"] = 19] = "UNM";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["NOT"] = 20] = "NOT";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LEN"] = 21] = "LEN";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["JMP"] = 22] = "JMP";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["EQ"] = 23] = "EQ";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LT"] = 24] = "LT";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["LE"] = 25] = "LE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["TEST"] = 26] = "TEST";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["CALL"] = 27] = "CALL";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["RETURN"] = 28] = "RETURN";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["FORPREP"] = 29] = "FORPREP";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["FORLOOP"] = 30] = "FORLOOP";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["CLOSURE"] = 31] = "CLOSURE";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["VARARG"] = 32] = "VARARG";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["SETLIST"] = 33] = "SETLIST";
+  Opcode2[Opcode2["IDIV"] = 34] = "IDIV";
+  return Opcode2;
+})(Opcode || {});
+function RK(regOrConstIdx, isConst) {
+  return isConst ? -(regOrConstIdx + 1) : regOrConstIdx;
+}
+var OPCODE_COUNT = Object.keys(Opcode).filter((k) => Number.isNaN(Number(k))).length;
+function createOpcodeMap(random = Math.random) {
+  const perm = Array.from({ length: OPCODE_COUNT }, (_, i) => i);
+  for (let i = perm.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+    const j = Math.floor(random() * (i + 1));
+    const tmp = perm[i];
+    perm[i] = perm[j];
+    perm[j] = tmp;
+  }
+  return perm;
+}
+
+// src/passes/vmify/chunk.ts
+function createProto(id) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    numParams: 0,
+    hasVarargs: false,
+    maxRegs: 0,
+    code: [],
+    consts: [],
+    constIndex: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+    upvalDescs: [],
+    protos: []
+  };
+}
+function internConst(proto, value) {
+  const existing = proto.constIndex.get(value);
+  if (existing !== void 0) return existing;
+  proto.consts.push(value);
+  const idx = proto.consts.length - 1;
+  proto.constIndex.set(value, idx);
+  return idx;
+}
+
+// src/passes/vmify/registers.ts
+var RegisterAllocator = class {
+  /** 현재 스코프에서 지역변수가 차지하고 있는, 즉 "보호된" 레지스터 개수. */
+  localCount = 0;
+  /** 다음에 할당할 임시 레지스터 인덱스. */
+  freereg = 0;
+  /** 지금까지 이 함수에서 동시에 살아있었던 최대 레지스터 수(Proto.maxRegs에 기록). */
+  maxUsed = 0;
+  /** 지역변수 하나를 위한 슬롯을 새로 확정한다. 반환값이 그 변수의 레지스터 번호. */
+  declareLocal() {
+    const slot = this.localCount;
+    this.localCount++;
+    if (this.freereg < this.localCount) this.freereg = this.localCount;
+    this.track();
+    return slot;
+  }
+  /** 블록/함수 스코프가 끝날 때, 그 스코프에서 선언된 지역변수 슬롯들을 반납. */
+  releaseLocalsTo(savedLocalCount) {
+    this.localCount = savedLocalCount;
+    this.freereg = savedLocalCount;
+  }
+  saveLocalCount() {
+    return this.localCount;
+  }
+  /** 표현식 평가용 임시 레지스터 하나 할당. */
+  allocTemp() {
+    const r = this.freereg;
+    this.freereg++;
+    this.track();
+    return r;
+  }
+  /**
+   * 임시 레지스터 n개를 반납(freereg를 내림). 지역변수 보호 슬롯 밑으로는
+   * 절대 안 내려가도록 clamp — 호출 순서가 꼬여도 지역변수는 항상 안전.
+   */
+  freeTemp(toReg) {
+    this.freereg = Math.max(toReg, this.localCount);
+  }
+  /** 지금 이 시점의 freereg. 임시 레지스터 블록 할당 전 저장해뒀다가 freeTemp에 씀. */
+  top() {
+    return this.freereg;
+  }
+  track() {
+    if (this.freereg > this.maxUsed) this.maxUsed = this.freereg;
+  }
+};
+
+// src/passes/vmify/scope-walk.ts
+function buildEnclosingFunctionMap(program) {
+  const ownerOf = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const parentOf = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const topMarker = { tag: "top" };
+  parentOf.set(topMarker, void 0);
+  function mark(node, fn) {
+    ownerOf.set(node, fn);
+  }
+  function walkBlock2(block2, fn) {
+    for (const stmt of block2.statements) walkStatement2(stmt, fn);
+  }
+  function walkFunctionBody2(fb, parent) {
+    const self = { tag: "fn", node: fb };
+    parentOf.set(self, parent);
+    mark(fb, self);
+    for (const p of fb.params) mark(p, self);
+    walkBlock2(fb.body, self);
+  }
+  function walkExpr(expr, fn) {
+    mark(expr, fn);
+    switch (expr.type) {
+      case "Identifier":
+        mark(expr, fn);
+        break;
+      case "InterpolatedStringExpression":
+        for (const part of expr.parts) if (part.kind === "expression") walkExpr(part.expression, fn);
+        break;
+      case "FunctionExpression":
+        walkFunctionBody2(expr.func, fn);
+        break;
+      case "TableExpression":
+        for (const field of expr.fields) {
+          if (field.type === "TableFieldPositional") walkExpr(field.value, fn);
+          else if (field.type === "TableFieldNamed") walkExpr(field.value, fn);
+          else {
+            walkExpr(field.key, fn);
+            walkExpr(field.value, fn);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      case "BinaryExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.left, fn);
+        walkExpr(expr.right, fn);
+        break;
+      case "UnaryExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.argument, fn);
+        break;
+      case "MemberExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.object, fn);
+        break;
+      case "IndexExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.object, fn);
+        walkExpr(expr.index, fn);
+        break;
+      case "CallExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.callee, fn);
+        for (const a of expr.arguments) walkExpr(a, fn);
+        break;
+      case "MethodCallExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.object, fn);
+        for (const a of expr.arguments) walkExpr(a, fn);
+        break;
+      case "ParenthesizedExpression":
+      case "TypeAssertionExpression":
+        walkExpr(expr.expression, fn);
+        break;
+      case "IfElseExpression":
+        for (const c of expr.clauses) {
+          walkExpr(c.condition, fn);
+          walkExpr(c.body, fn);
+        }
+        walkExpr(expr.alternate, fn);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  function walkStatement2(stmt, fn) {
+    mark(stmt, fn);
+    switch (stmt.type) {
+      case "LocalStatement":
+        for (const n of stmt.names) mark(n, fn);
+        for (const e of stmt.init) walkExpr(e, fn);
+        return;
+      case "LocalFunctionStatement":
+        mark(stmt.name, fn);
+        walkFunctionBody2(stmt.func, fn);
+        return;
+      case "FunctionDeclarationStatement":
+        mark(stmt.target.base, fn);
+        walkFunctionBody2(stmt.func, fn);
+        return;
+      case "AssignmentStatement":
+        for (const t of stmt.targets) walkExpr(t, fn);
+        for (const v of stmt.values) walkExpr(v, fn);
+        return;
+      case "CompoundAssignmentStatement":
+        walkExpr(stmt.target, fn);
+        walkExpr(stmt.value, fn);
+        return;
+      case "CallStatement":
+        walkExpr(stmt.expression, fn);
+        return;
+      case "DoStatement":
+        walkBlock2(stmt.body, fn);
+        return;
+      case "WhileStatement":
+        walkExpr(stmt.condition, fn);
+        walkBlock2(stmt.body, fn);
+        return;
+      case "RepeatStatement":
+        walkBlock2(stmt.body, fn);
+        walkExpr(stmt.condition, fn);
+        return;
+      case "IfStatement":
+        for (const c of stmt.clauses) {
+          walkExpr(c.condition, fn);
+          walkBlock2(c.body, fn);
+        }
+        if (stmt.alternate) walkBlock2(stmt.alternate, fn);
+        return;
+      case "NumericForStatement":
+        mark(stmt.variable, fn);
+        walkExpr(stmt.start, fn);
+        walkExpr(stmt.end, fn);
+        if (stmt.step) walkExpr(stmt.step, fn);
+        walkBlock2(stmt.body, fn);
+        return;
+      case "GenericForStatement":
+        for (const v of stmt.variables) mark(v, fn);
+        for (const it of stmt.iterators) walkExpr(it, fn);
+        walkBlock2(stmt.body, fn);
+        return;
+      case "ReturnStatement":
+        for (const a of stmt.arguments) walkExpr(a, fn);
+        return;
+      default:
+        return;
+    }
+  }
+  walkBlock2(program.body, topMarker);
+  return { ownerOf, parentOf, topMarker };
+}
+function ownerFunctionOf(map, node) {
+  const fn = map.ownerOf.get(node);
+  if (!fn) throw new Error("scope-walk: node was not visited \u2014 walker/compiler are out of sync");
+  return fn;
+}
+
+// src/passes/vmify/compiler.ts
+var BOX_FIELD = "v";
+var DEFAULT_BUILTIN_GLOBALS = [
+  "game",
+  "script",
+  "workspace",
+  "print",
+  "warn",
+  "error",
+  "pairs",
+  "ipairs",
+  "pcall",
+  "xpcall",
+  "type",
+  "typeof",
+  "tostring",
+  "tonumber",
+  "select",
+  "unpack",
+  "table",
+  "string",
+  "math",
+  "os",
+  "task",
+  "Instance",
+  "Vector3",
+  "CFrame",
+  "Color3",
+  "require",
+  "setmetatable",
+  "getmetatable",
+  "rawget",
+  "rawset",
+  "rawequal",
+  "next"
+];
+var VmCompiler = class {
+  constructor(program, builtinGlobals = DEFAULT_BUILTIN_GLOBALS, opcodeMap) {
+    this.program = program;
+    this.opcodeMap = opcodeMap;
+    this.analysis = luauparser.analyzeScopes(program, { builtinGlobals });
+    this.enclosing = buildEnclosingFunctionMap(program);
+    for (const [id, binding] of this.analysis.bindings) {
+      if (binding.declarationNode) this.declToBinding.set(binding.declarationNode, id);
+    }
+    this.computeCaptured();
+  }
+  program;
+  opcodeMap;
+  analysis;
+  enclosing;
+  captured = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  protoIdCounter = 0;
+  declToBinding = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  computeCaptured() {
+    for (const binding of this.analysis.bindings.values()) {
+      if (binding.kind === "global") continue;
+      if (!binding.declarationNode) continue;
+      const ownerFn = ownerFunctionOf(this.enclosing, binding.declarationNode);
+      for (const ref of binding.references) {
+        const refFn = ownerFunctionOf(this.enclosing, ref);
+        if (refFn !== ownerFn) {
+          this.captured.add(binding.id);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  compile() {
+    const top = this.newFuncState(void 0, this.enclosing.topMarker);
+    top.proto.hasVarargs = true;
+    this.compileBlock(this.program.body, top);
+    this.emit(top, 28 /* RETURN */, 0, 1, 0);
+    top.proto.maxRegs = top.regs.maxUsed;
+    return top.proto;
+  }
+  newFuncState(parent, marker) {
+    return {
+      proto: createProto(this.protoIdCounter++),
+      parent,
+      marker,
+      regs: new RegisterAllocator(),
+      localSlots: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+      upvalIndexByBinding: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+      breakPatchStack: [],
+      continuePatchStack: []
+    };
+  }
+  emit(state, op, a, b, c, comment) {
+    const physicalOp = this.opcodeMap ? this.opcodeMap[op] : op;
+    state.proto.code.push({ op: physicalOp, a, b, c, comment });
+    return state.proto.code.length - 1;
+  }
+  konst(state, value) {
+    return internConst(state.proto, value);
+  }
+  bindingIdOf(node) {
+    return this.analysis.bindingOf.get(node);
+  }
+  getOrCreateUpval(state, bindingId) {
+    const existing = state.upvalIndexByBinding.get(bindingId);
+    if (existing !== void 0) return existing;
+    const parent = state.parent;
+    if (!parent) throw new Error("vmify: binding not found in any enclosing function (compiler bug)");
+    const parentLocal = parent.localSlots.get(bindingId);
+    const idx = state.proto.upvalDescs.length;
+    if (parentLocal) {
+      state.proto.upvalDescs.push({ kind: "local", index: parentLocal.reg });
+    } else {
+      const parentUpvalIdx = this.getOrCreateUpval(parent, bindingId);
+      state.proto.upvalDescs.push({ kind: "upval", index: parentUpvalIdx });
+    }
+    state.upvalIndexByBinding.set(bindingId, idx);
+    return idx;
+  }
+  bindingIsLocalSomewhereUp(state, bindingId) {
+    let s = state;
+    while (s) {
+      if (s.localSlots.has(bindingId)) return true;
+      s = s.parent;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  declareLocalBinding(state, bindingId) {
+    const reg = state.regs.declareLocal();
+    state.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg, boxed: this.captured.has(bindingId) });
+    if (this.captured.has(bindingId)) this.emitNewBox(state, reg);
+    return reg;
+  }
+  emitNewBox(state, reg) {
+    this.emit(state, 10 /* NEWTABLE */, reg, 0, 0, "box");
+  }
+  emitLoadBinding(state, bindingId, dest) {
+    const local = state.localSlots.get(bindingId);
+    if (local) {
+      if (local.boxed) {
+        const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+        this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, dest, local.reg, RK(k, true));
+      } else if (dest !== local.reg) {
+        this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, dest, local.reg, 0);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.bindingIsLocalSomewhereUp(state, bindingId)) {
+      const idx = this.getOrCreateUpval(state, bindingId);
+      this.emit(state, 4 /* GETUPVAL */, dest, idx, 0);
+      const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+      this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, dest, dest, RK(k, true));
+      return;
+    }
+    const binding = this.analysis.bindings.get(bindingId);
+    const nameIdx = this.konst(state, binding.name);
+    this.emit(state, 6 /* GETGLOBAL */, dest, nameIdx, 0);
+  }
+  emitStoreBinding(state, bindingId, src) {
+    const local = state.localSlots.get(bindingId);
+    if (local) {
+      if (local.boxed) {
+        const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+        this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, local.reg, RK(k, true), src);
+      } else if (src !== local.reg) {
+        this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, local.reg, src, 0);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.bindingIsLocalSomewhereUp(state, bindingId)) {
+      const idx = this.getOrCreateUpval(state, bindingId);
+      const tmp = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 4 /* GETUPVAL */, tmp, idx, 0);
+      const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, tmp, RK(k, true), src);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(tmp);
+      return;
+    }
+    const binding = this.analysis.bindings.get(bindingId);
+    const nameIdx = this.konst(state, binding.name);
+    this.emit(state, 7 /* SETGLOBAL */, src, nameIdx, 0);
+  }
+  compileBlock(block2, state) {
+    const saved = state.regs.saveLocalCount();
+    for (const stmt of block2.statements) this.compileStatement(stmt, state);
+    state.regs.releaseLocalsTo(saved);
+  }
+  compileStatement(stmt, state) {
+    switch (stmt.type) {
+      case "LocalStatement": {
+        const bindingIds = stmt.names.map((n) => this.bindingIdOfDecl(n));
+        for (const id of bindingIds) this.declareLocalBinding(state, id);
+        const boundary = state.regs.top();
+        let filledUpTo = 0;
+        if (stmt.init.length > 0) {
+          for (let i = 0; i < stmt.init.length - 1; i++) {
+            this.compileExprTo(stmt.init[i], state, boundary + i);
+          }
+          const lastIdx = stmt.init.length - 1;
+          const remaining = Math.max(bindingIds.length - lastIdx, 1);
+          this.compileExprMultiInto(stmt.init[lastIdx], state, boundary + lastIdx, remaining);
+          filledUpTo = lastIdx + remaining;
+        }
+        for (let i = filledUpTo; i < bindingIds.length; i++) {
+          this.emit(state, 3 /* LOADNIL */, boundary + i, boundary + i, 0);
+        }
+        for (let i = 0; i < bindingIds.length; i++) {
+          this.emitStoreBinding(state, bindingIds[i], boundary + i);
+        }
+        state.regs.freeTemp(boundary);
+        return;
+      }
+      case "AssignmentStatement": {
+        const valueRegs = stmt.values.map((e) => this.compileExpr(e, state));
+        stmt.targets.forEach((target, i) => {
+          const srcReg = valueRegs[i] ?? valueRegs[valueRegs.length - 1];
+          this.compileAssignTarget(target, srcReg, state);
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      case "CompoundAssignmentStatement":
+        this.compileCompoundAssignment(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "CallStatement":
+        this.compileExpr(stmt.expression, state, true);
+        return;
+      case "IfStatement":
+        this.compileIf(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "WhileStatement":
+        this.compileWhile(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "RepeatStatement":
+        this.compileRepeat(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "NumericForStatement":
+        this.compileNumericFor(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "GenericForStatement":
+        this.compileGenericFor(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "DoStatement":
+        this.compileBlock(stmt.body, state);
+        return;
+      case "ReturnStatement": {
+        if (stmt.arguments.length === 0) {
+          this.emit(state, 28 /* RETURN */, state.regs.top(), 1, 0);
+          return;
+        }
+        if (stmt.arguments.length === 1 && this.isMultiValueExpr(stmt.arguments[0])) {
+          const base = state.regs.top();
+          this.compileExprOpenInto(stmt.arguments[0], state, base);
+          this.emit(state, 28 /* RETURN */, base, 0, 0);
+          state.regs.freeTemp(base);
+          return;
+        }
+        const boundary = state.regs.top();
+        for (let i = 0; i < stmt.arguments.length - 1; i++) {
+          this.compileExprTo(stmt.arguments[i], state, boundary + i);
+        }
+        const lastIdx = stmt.arguments.length - 1;
+        if (this.isMultiValueExpr(stmt.arguments[lastIdx])) {
+          this.compileExprOpenInto(stmt.arguments[lastIdx], state, boundary + lastIdx);
+          this.emit(state, 28 /* RETURN */, boundary, 0, 0);
+        } else {
+          this.compileExprTo(stmt.arguments[lastIdx], state, boundary + lastIdx);
+          this.emit(state, 28 /* RETURN */, boundary, stmt.arguments.length + 1, 0);
+        }
+        state.regs.freeTemp(boundary);
+        return;
+      }
+      case "LocalFunctionStatement": {
+        const bindingId = this.bindingIdOfDecl(stmt.name);
+        const reg = this.declareLocalBinding(state, bindingId);
+        const protoIdx = this.compileFunctionBody(stmt.func, state);
+        const boxed = state.localSlots.get(bindingId).boxed;
+        if (boxed) {
+          const tmp = state.regs.allocTemp();
+          this.emitClosure(state, tmp, protoIdx);
+          this.emitStoreBinding(state, bindingId, tmp);
+          state.regs.freeTemp(tmp);
+        } else {
+          this.emitClosure(state, reg, protoIdx);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      case "FunctionDeclarationStatement":
+        this.compileFunctionDeclaration(stmt, state);
+        return;
+      case "BreakStatement": {
+        if (state.breakPatchStack.length === 0) throw new Error("vmify: break outside loop");
+        const idx = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "break");
+        state.breakPatchStack[state.breakPatchStack.length - 1].push(idx);
+        return;
+      }
+      case "ContinueStatement": {
+        if (state.continuePatchStack.length === 0) throw new Error("vmify: continue outside loop");
+        const idx = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "continue");
+        state.continuePatchStack[state.continuePatchStack.length - 1].push(idx);
+        return;
+      }
+      case "TypeAliasStatement":
+      case "ExportTypeAliasStatement":
+        return;
+      default: {
+        const _exhaustive = stmt;
+        throw new Error(`vmify: unhandled statement ${_exhaustive.type}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  compileAssignTarget(target, srcReg, state) {
+    if (target.type === "Identifier") {
+      const bindingId = this.bindingIdOf(target);
+      if (bindingId === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: unresolved identifier target");
+      this.emitStoreBinding(state, bindingId, srcReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (target.type === "MemberExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(target.object, state);
+      const k = this.konst(state, target.property.name);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, objReg, RK(k, true), srcReg);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(objReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (target.type === "IndexExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(target.object, state);
+      const keyReg = this.compileExpr(target.index, state);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, objReg, keyReg, srcReg);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(objReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    throw new Error(`vmify: unsupported assignment target ${target.type}`);
+  }
+  compileCompoundAssignment(stmt, state) {
+    const opMap = {
+      "+=": 12 /* ADD */,
+      "-=": 13 /* SUB */,
+      "*=": 14 /* MUL */,
+      "/=": 15 /* DIV */,
+      "//=": 34 /* IDIV */,
+      "%=": 16 /* MOD */,
+      "^=": 17 /* POW */,
+      "..=": 18 /* CONCAT */
+    };
+    const op = opMap[stmt.operator];
+    if (!op) throw new Error(`vmify: unsupported compound operator ${stmt.operator}`);
+    const target = stmt.target;
+    if (target.type === "Identifier") {
+      const bindingId = this.bindingIdOf(target);
+      if (bindingId === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: unresolved identifier target");
+      const cur = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emitLoadBinding(state, bindingId, cur);
+      const rhs = this.compileExpr(stmt.value, state);
+      this.emit(state, op, cur, cur, rhs);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(rhs);
+      this.emitStoreBinding(state, bindingId, cur);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(cur);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (target.type === "MemberExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(target.object, state);
+      const k = this.konst(state, target.property.name);
+      const cur = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, cur, objReg, RK(k, true));
+      const rhs = this.compileExpr(stmt.value, state);
+      this.emit(state, op, cur, cur, rhs);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, objReg, RK(k, true), cur);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(objReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (target.type === "IndexExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(target.object, state);
+      const keyReg = this.compileExpr(target.index, state);
+      const cur = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, cur, objReg, keyReg);
+      const rhs = this.compileExpr(stmt.value, state);
+      this.emit(state, op, cur, cur, rhs);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, objReg, keyReg, cur);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(objReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    throw new Error(`vmify: unsupported compound assignment target ${target.type}`);
+  }
+  compileFunctionDeclaration(stmt, state) {
+    const protoIdx = this.compileFunctionBody(stmt.func, state);
+    const fnReg = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    this.emitClosure(state, fnReg, protoIdx);
+    const target = stmt.target;
+    if (target.path.length === 0 && !target.method) {
+      const bindingId = this.bindingIdOf(target.base);
+      if (bindingId === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: unresolved function name");
+      this.emitStoreBinding(state, bindingId, fnReg);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(fnReg);
+      return;
+    }
+    const baseBindingId = this.bindingIdOf(target.base);
+    if (baseBindingId === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: unresolved function name base");
+    let objReg = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    this.emitLoadBinding(state, baseBindingId, objReg);
+    const navigateSegments = target.method ? target.path : target.path.slice(0, -1);
+    for (const seg of navigateSegments) {
+      const k2 = this.konst(state, seg.name);
+      const next = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, next, objReg, RK(k2, true));
+      objReg = next;
+    }
+    const finalKeyName = target.method ? target.method.name : target.path[target.path.length - 1].name;
+    const k = this.konst(state, finalKeyName);
+    this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, objReg, RK(k, true), fnReg);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(fnReg);
+  }
+  compileIf(stmt, state) {
+    const endPatches = [];
+    for (const clause of stmt.clauses) {
+      const condReg = this.compileExpr(clause.condition, state);
+      this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, condReg, 0, 1);
+      const jmpOverBody = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "skip-then");
+      state.regs.freeTemp(condReg);
+      this.compileBlock(clause.body, state);
+      const jmpToEnd = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "then->end");
+      endPatches.push(jmpToEnd);
+      this.patchJump(state, jmpOverBody, state.proto.code.length);
+    }
+    if (stmt.alternate) this.compileBlock(stmt.alternate, state);
+    for (const p of endPatches) this.patchJump(state, p, state.proto.code.length);
+  }
+  compileWhile(stmt, state) {
+    const loopStart = state.proto.code.length;
+    const condReg = this.compileExpr(stmt.condition, state);
+    this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, condReg, 0, 1);
+    const exitJmp = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "while-exit");
+    state.regs.freeTemp(condReg);
+    state.breakPatchStack.push([]);
+    state.continuePatchStack.push([]);
+    this.compileBlock(stmt.body, state);
+    this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, loopStart - state.proto.code.length, 0, 0, "while-back");
+    const target = state.proto.code.length;
+    this.patchJump(state, exitJmp, target);
+    for (const b of state.breakPatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, b, target);
+    for (const c of state.continuePatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, c, loopStart);
+  }
+  compileRepeat(stmt, state) {
+    const loopStart = state.proto.code.length;
+    state.breakPatchStack.push([]);
+    state.continuePatchStack.push([]);
+    const saved = state.regs.saveLocalCount();
+    for (const s of stmt.body.statements) this.compileStatement(s, state);
+    const condCheckStart = state.proto.code.length;
+    const condReg = this.compileExpr(stmt.condition, state);
+    this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, condReg, 0, 1);
+    const jmpBack = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "repeat-back");
+    state.regs.freeTemp(condReg);
+    this.patchJump(state, jmpBack, loopStart);
+    state.regs.releaseLocalsTo(saved);
+    const endIdx = state.proto.code.length;
+    for (const b of state.breakPatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, b, endIdx);
+    for (const c of state.continuePatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, c, condCheckStart);
+  }
+  compileNumericFor(stmt, state) {
+    const saved = state.regs.saveLocalCount();
+    const base = state.regs.declareLocal();
+    state.regs.declareLocal();
+    state.regs.declareLocal();
+    const cursor = state.regs.declareLocal();
+    const startTmp = this.compileExpr(stmt.start, state);
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base, startTmp, 0);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(startTmp);
+    const endTmp = this.compileExpr(stmt.end, state);
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + 1, endTmp, 0);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(endTmp);
+    const stepTmp = stmt.step ? this.compileExpr(stmt.step, state) : this.loadConst(state, 1);
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + 2, stepTmp, 0);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(stepTmp);
+    const prep = this.emit(state, 29 /* FORPREP */, base, 0, 0, "forprep");
+    const loopBodyStart = state.proto.code.length;
+    const bindingId = this.bindingIdOfDecl(stmt.variable);
+    const captured = this.captured.has(bindingId);
+    let varReg;
+    if (captured) {
+      varReg = state.regs.declareLocal();
+      this.emitNewBox(state, varReg);
+      const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+      this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, varReg, RK(k, true), cursor);
+    } else {
+      varReg = cursor;
+    }
+    state.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg: varReg, boxed: captured });
+    state.breakPatchStack.push([]);
+    state.continuePatchStack.push([]);
+    this.compileBlock(stmt.body, state);
+    const loopInstr = this.emit(state, 30 /* FORLOOP */, base, 0, 0, "forloop");
+    this.patchJumpField(state, prep, loopInstr, "b");
+    this.patchJumpField(state, loopInstr, loopBodyStart, "b");
+    const endIdx = state.proto.code.length;
+    for (const b of state.breakPatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, b, endIdx);
+    for (const c of state.continuePatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, c, loopInstr);
+    state.regs.releaseLocalsTo(saved);
+  }
+  compileGenericFor(stmt, state) {
+    const saved = state.regs.saveLocalCount();
+    const base = state.regs.declareLocal();
+    state.regs.declareLocal();
+    state.regs.declareLocal();
+    const iterators = stmt.iterators;
+    if (iterators.length === 1 && iterators[0].type === "CallExpression") {
+      const firstReg = this.compileCallMultiInto(iterators[0], state, 3);
+      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + i, firstReg + i, 0);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(firstReg);
+    } else {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        if (i < iterators.length) {
+          const r = this.compileExpr(iterators[i], state);
+          this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + i, r, 0);
+          state.regs.freeTemp(r);
+        } else {
+          this.emit(state, 3 /* LOADNIL */, base + i, base + i, 0);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const loopStart = state.proto.code.length;
+    const nVars = stmt.variables.length;
+    const callBase = state.regs.top();
+    const fnSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    const stateSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    const ctrlSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, fnSlot, base, 0);
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, stateSlot, base + 1, 0);
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, ctrlSlot, base + 2, 0);
+    this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, fnSlot, 3, nVars + 1);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(callBase);
+    const resultRegs = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < nVars; i++) resultRegs.push(state.regs.declareLocal());
+    const firstResult = resultRegs[0];
+    this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, firstResult, 0, 1);
+    const exitJmp = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0, "generic-for-exit");
+    this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + 2, firstResult, 0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < nVars; i++) {
+      const bindingId = this.bindingIdOfDecl(stmt.variables[i]);
+      if (this.captured.has(bindingId)) {
+        const boxReg = state.regs.declareLocal();
+        state.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg: boxReg, boxed: true });
+        this.emitNewBox(state, boxReg);
+        const k = this.konst(state, BOX_FIELD);
+        this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, boxReg, RK(k, true), resultRegs[i]);
+      } else {
+        state.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg: resultRegs[i], boxed: false });
+      }
+    }
+    state.breakPatchStack.push([]);
+    state.continuePatchStack.push([]);
+    this.compileBlock(stmt.body, state);
+    this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, loopStart - state.proto.code.length, 0, 0, "generic-for-back");
+    const endIdx = state.proto.code.length;
+    this.patchJump(state, exitJmp, endIdx);
+    for (const b of state.breakPatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, b, endIdx);
+    for (const c of state.continuePatchStack.pop()) this.patchJump(state, c, loopStart);
+    state.regs.releaseLocalsTo(saved);
+  }
+  compileCallMultiInto(callExpr, state, wantCount) {
+    const base = this.compileExpr(callExpr.callee, state);
+    this.compileArgsContiguous(callExpr.arguments, state, base + 1);
+    this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, base, callExpr.arguments.length + 1, wantCount + 1);
+    return base;
+  }
+  loadConst(state, value) {
+    const reg = state.regs.allocTemp();
+    const k = this.konst(state, value);
+    this.emit(state, 1 /* LOADK */, reg, k, 0);
+    return reg;
+  }
+  patchJump(state, instrIdx, targetIdx) {
+    this.patchJumpField(state, instrIdx, targetIdx, "a");
+  }
+  patchJumpField(state, instrIdx, targetIdx, field) {
+    state.proto.code[instrIdx][field] = targetIdx - instrIdx;
+  }
+  bindingIdOfDecl(node) {
+    const id = this.declToBinding.get(node);
+    if (id === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: could not resolve declaration binding (compiler bug)");
+    return id;
+  }
+  /** expr을 컴파일해서 결과가 정확히 target 레지스터에 오도록 강제(필요하면 MOVE 한 번 추가). */
+  compileExprTo(expr, state, target) {
+    const r = this.compileExpr(expr, state);
+    if (r !== target) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, target, r, 0);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(target + 1);
+  }
+  /**
+   * CALL/RETURN처럼 "레지스터 base부터 연속으로 n개"를 요구하는 명령을 위해, 인자 표현식
+   * 목록을 base, base+1, base+2 ...에 강제로 배치한다. 단순히 순서대로 compileExpr만
+   * 호출하면 개별 인자는 각자 "자기 자신의 결과+1"이 다음 top이 되는 게 맞지만, 그 인자가
+   * 복합 표현식(예: 이항연산 `i > 2`)이라 내부에서 스크래치 레지스터를 여러 개 쓰면 다음
+   * 인자와의 사이에 빈틈이 생겨 CALL/RETURN이 잘못된 레지스터를 읽게 된다 — 그래서 매
+   * 인자마다 목표 레지스터를 명시하고 필요하면 MOVE로 맞춰준다.
+   */
+  compileArgsContiguous(exprs, state, base) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < exprs.length; i++) this.compileExprTo(exprs[i], state, base + i);
+  }
+  /** Call/MethodCall/Vararg처럼 "여러 값"을 낼 수 있는 표현식인지. */
+  isMultiValueExpr(expr) {
+    return expr.type === "CallExpression" || expr.type === "MethodCallExpression" || expr.type === "VarargExpression";
+  }
+  /**
+   * expr을 컴파일해서 "정확히 wantCount개"의 값을 base..base+wantCount-1에 채운다
+   * (모자라면 nil로 패딩). Call/MethodCall/Vararg만 1개 이상을 낼 수 있고, 그 외
+   * 표현식은 항상 1개만 내므로 나머지는 자동으로 nil 패딩된다.
+   */
+  compileExprMultiInto(expr, state, base, wantCount) {
+    if (wantCount <= 0) return;
+    if (expr.type === "CallExpression") {
+      const calleeReg = this.compileExpr(expr.callee, state);
+      const b = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, calleeReg + 1);
+      this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, calleeReg, b, wantCount + 1);
+      for (let i = 0; i < wantCount; i++) {
+        if (calleeReg + i !== base + i) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + i, calleeReg + i, 0);
+      }
+      state.regs.freeTemp(base + wantCount);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (expr.type === "MethodCallExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(expr.object, state);
+      const k = this.konst(state, expr.method.name);
+      const fnSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 11 /* SELF */, fnSlot, objReg, RK(k, true));
+      state.regs.allocTemp();
+      const argB = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, fnSlot + 2);
+      const b = argB === 0 ? 0 : expr.arguments.length + 2;
+      this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, fnSlot, b, wantCount + 1);
+      for (let i = 0; i < wantCount; i++) {
+        if (fnSlot + i !== base + i) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + i, fnSlot + i, 0);
+      }
+      state.regs.freeTemp(base + wantCount);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (expr.type === "VarargExpression") {
+      this.emit(state, 32 /* VARARG */, base, wantCount + 1, 0);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(base + wantCount);
+      return;
+    }
+    this.compileExprTo(expr, state, base);
+    for (let i = 1; i < wantCount; i++) this.emit(state, 3 /* LOADNIL */, base + i, base + i, 0);
+  }
+  /**
+   * expr을 컴파일해서 "런타임이 결정하는 개수만큼" base부터 이어서 채운다(frame.multiTop
+   * 갱신). Call/MethodCall/Vararg가 아니면 그냥 1개로 취급(compileExprTo와 동일).
+   * `return f()`나 `g(a, f())`의 마지막 인자처럼 다중값을 그대로 전파할 때 씀.
+   */
+  compileExprOpenInto(expr, state, base) {
+    if (expr.type === "CallExpression") {
+      const calleeReg = this.compileExpr(expr.callee, state);
+      if (calleeReg !== base) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base, calleeReg, 0);
+      state.regs.freeTemp(base + 1);
+      const b = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, base + 1);
+      this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, base, b, 0);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (expr.type === "MethodCallExpression") {
+      const objReg = this.compileExpr(expr.object, state);
+      const k = this.konst(state, expr.method.name);
+      const fnSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+      this.emit(state, 11 /* SELF */, fnSlot, objReg, RK(k, true));
+      state.regs.allocTemp();
+      if (fnSlot !== base) {
+        this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base, fnSlot, 0);
+        this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, base + 1, fnSlot + 1, 0);
+      }
+      state.regs.freeTemp(base + 2);
+      const argB = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, base + 2);
+      const b = argB === 0 ? 0 : expr.arguments.length + 2;
+      this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, base, b, 0);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (expr.type === "VarargExpression") {
+      this.emit(state, 32 /* VARARG */, base, 0, 0);
+      return;
+    }
+    this.compileExprTo(expr, state, base);
+  }
+  /**
+   * 호출 인자 목록을 base부터 컴파일. 마지막 인자가 다중값 가능한 표현식이면 열어서
+   * 끝까지 전파(`f(a, g())`가 g()의 모든 반환값을 다 넘기도록)하고 CALL의 b로 쓸 값(0)을
+   * 반환한다. 아니면 고정 개수(b=args.length+1)를 반환.
+   */
+  compileCallArgsAndGetB(args, state, base) {
+    if (args.length === 0) return 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < args.length - 1; i++) this.compileExprTo(args[i], state, base + i);
+    const last = args[args.length - 1];
+    const lastBase = base + args.length - 1;
+    if (this.isMultiValueExpr(last)) {
+      this.compileExprOpenInto(last, state, lastBase);
+      return 0;
+    }
+    this.compileExprTo(last, state, lastBase);
+    return args.length + 1;
+  }
+  compileExpr(expr, state, discard = false) {
+    switch (expr.type) {
+      case "NilLiteral": {
+        const r = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 3 /* LOADNIL */, r, r, 0);
+        return r;
+      }
+      case "BooleanLiteral": {
+        const r = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 2 /* LOADBOOL */, r, expr.value ? 1 : 0, 0);
+        return r;
+      }
+      case "NumberLiteral":
+        return this.loadConst(state, expr.value);
+      case "StringLiteral":
+        return this.loadConst(state, expr.value);
+      case "Identifier": {
+        const bindingId = this.bindingIdOf(expr);
+        if (bindingId === void 0) throw new Error("vmify: unresolved identifier");
+        const r = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emitLoadBinding(state, bindingId, r);
+        return r;
+      }
+      case "ParenthesizedExpression":
+        return this.compileExpr(expr.expression, state);
+      case "TypeAssertionExpression":
+        return this.compileExpr(expr.expression, state);
+      case "BinaryExpression": {
+        if (expr.operator === "and" || expr.operator === "or") {
+          return this.compileLogical(expr.operator, expr.left, expr.right, state);
+        }
+        let leftExpr = expr.left;
+        let rightExpr = expr.right;
+        let op;
+        let swap = false;
+        let negate = false;
+        switch (expr.operator) {
+          case "+":
+            op = 12 /* ADD */;
+            break;
+          case "-":
+            op = 13 /* SUB */;
+            break;
+          case "*":
+            op = 14 /* MUL */;
+            break;
+          case "/":
+            op = 15 /* DIV */;
+            break;
+          case "//":
+            op = 34 /* IDIV */;
+            break;
+          case "%":
+            op = 16 /* MOD */;
+            break;
+          case "^":
+            op = 17 /* POW */;
+            break;
+          case "..":
+            op = 18 /* CONCAT */;
+            break;
+          case "==":
+            op = 23 /* EQ */;
+            break;
+          case "~=":
+            op = 23 /* EQ */;
+            negate = true;
+            break;
+          case "<":
+            op = 24 /* LT */;
+            break;
+          case "<=":
+            op = 25 /* LE */;
+            break;
+          case ">":
+            op = 24 /* LT */;
+            swap = true;
+            break;
+          case ">=":
+            op = 25 /* LE */;
+            swap = true;
+            break;
+          default:
+            throw new Error(`vmify: unsupported binary operator ${expr.operator}`);
+        }
+        if (swap) {
+          const t = leftExpr;
+          leftExpr = rightExpr;
+          rightExpr = t;
+        }
+        const l = this.compileExpr(leftExpr, state);
+        const r = this.compileExpr(rightExpr, state);
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, op, dest, l, r);
+        if (negate) this.emit(state, 20 /* NOT */, dest, dest, 0);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "UnaryExpression": {
+        const argReg = this.compileExpr(expr.argument, state);
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        const op = expr.operator === "-" ? 19 /* UNM */ : expr.operator === "not" ? 20 /* NOT */ : 21 /* LEN */;
+        this.emit(state, op, dest, argReg, 0);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "TableExpression": {
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 10 /* NEWTABLE */, dest, 0, 0);
+        let posIndex = 1;
+        for (let fi = 0; fi < expr.fields.length; fi++) {
+          const field = expr.fields[fi];
+          const isLast = fi === expr.fields.length - 1;
+          if (field.type === "TableFieldPositional") {
+            if (isLast && this.isMultiValueExpr(field.value)) {
+              const valuesBase = state.regs.allocTemp();
+              this.compileExprOpenInto(field.value, state, valuesBase);
+              this.emit(state, 33 /* SETLIST */, dest, valuesBase, posIndex);
+              state.regs.freeTemp(valuesBase);
+            } else {
+              const v = this.compileExpr(field.value, state);
+              const k = this.konst(state, posIndex++);
+              this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, dest, RK(k, true), v);
+              state.regs.freeTemp(v);
+            }
+          } else if (field.type === "TableFieldNamed") {
+            const v = this.compileExpr(field.value, state);
+            const k = this.konst(state, field.name.name);
+            this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, dest, RK(k, true), v);
+            state.regs.freeTemp(v);
+          } else {
+            const k = this.compileExpr(field.key, state);
+            const v = this.compileExpr(field.value, state);
+            this.emit(state, 9 /* SETTABLE */, dest, k, v);
+            state.regs.freeTemp(k);
+          }
+        }
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "MemberExpression": {
+        const objReg = this.compileExpr(expr.object, state);
+        const k = this.konst(state, expr.property.name);
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, dest, objReg, RK(k, true));
+        state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "IndexExpression": {
+        const objReg = this.compileExpr(expr.object, state);
+        const keyReg = this.compileExpr(expr.index, state);
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 8 /* GETTABLE */, dest, objReg, keyReg);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "CallExpression": {
+        const base = this.compileExpr(expr.callee, state);
+        const b = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, base + 1);
+        this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, base, b, discard ? 1 : 2);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(base + (discard ? 0 : 1));
+        return base;
+      }
+      case "MethodCallExpression": {
+        const objReg = this.compileExpr(expr.object, state);
+        const k = this.konst(state, expr.method.name);
+        const fnSlot = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 11 /* SELF */, fnSlot, objReg, RK(k, true));
+        state.regs.allocTemp();
+        const argB = this.compileCallArgsAndGetB(expr.arguments, state, fnSlot + 2);
+        const b = argB === 0 ? 0 : expr.arguments.length + 2;
+        this.emit(state, 27 /* CALL */, fnSlot, b, discard ? 1 : 2);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(fnSlot + (discard ? 0 : 1));
+        return fnSlot;
+      }
+      case "FunctionExpression": {
+        const protoIdx = this.compileFunctionBody(expr.func, state);
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emitClosure(state, dest, protoIdx);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      case "InterpolatedStringExpression": {
+        let acc = null;
+        for (const part of expr.parts) {
+          const partReg = part.kind === "string" ? this.loadConst(state, part.value) : this.compileExpr(part.expression, state);
+          if (acc === null) {
+            acc = partReg;
+          } else {
+            const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+            this.emit(state, 18 /* CONCAT */, dest, acc, partReg);
+            state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+            acc = dest;
+          }
+        }
+        return acc ?? this.loadConst(state, "");
+      }
+      case "VarargExpression": {
+        const r = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        this.emit(state, 32 /* VARARG */, r, 2, 0, "vararg (1 value)");
+        return r;
+      }
+      case "IfElseExpression": {
+        const dest = state.regs.allocTemp();
+        const endPatches = [];
+        for (const clause of expr.clauses) {
+          const condReg = this.compileExpr(clause.condition, state);
+          this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, condReg, 0, 1);
+          const skip = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0);
+          state.regs.freeTemp(condReg);
+          const bodyReg = this.compileExpr(clause.body, state);
+          if (bodyReg !== dest) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, dest, bodyReg, 0);
+          state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+          const toEnd = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0);
+          endPatches.push(toEnd);
+          this.patchJump(state, skip, state.proto.code.length);
+        }
+        const altReg = this.compileExpr(expr.alternate, state);
+        if (altReg !== dest) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, dest, altReg, 0);
+        state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+        for (const p of endPatches) this.patchJump(state, p, state.proto.code.length);
+        return dest;
+      }
+      default: {
+        const _exhaustive = expr;
+        throw new Error(`vmify: unhandled expression ${_exhaustive.type}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  compileLogical(operator, left, right, state) {
+    const dest = this.compileExpr(left, state);
+    this.emit(state, 26 /* TEST */, dest, 0, operator === "and" ? 1 : 0, `${operator} short-circuit`);
+    const skip = this.emit(state, 22 /* JMP */, 0, 0, 0);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(dest);
+    const rightReg = this.compileExpr(right, state);
+    if (rightReg !== dest) this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, dest, rightReg, 0);
+    this.patchJump(state, skip, state.proto.code.length);
+    state.regs.freeTemp(dest + 1);
+    return dest;
+  }
+  emitClosure(state, dest, protoIdx) {
+    this.emit(state, 31 /* CLOSURE */, dest, protoIdx, 0);
+    const proto = state.proto.protos[protoIdx];
+    for (const desc of proto.upvalDescs) {
+      if (desc.kind === "local") this.emit(state, 0 /* MOVE */, 0, desc.index, 0, "capture local");
+      else this.emit(state, 4 /* GETUPVAL */, 0, desc.index, 0, "capture upval");
+    }
+  }
+  compileFunctionBody(fb, parent) {
+    const marker = ownerFunctionOf(this.enclosing, fb);
+    const child = this.newFuncState(parent, marker);
+    child.proto.numParams = fb.params.length;
+    child.proto.hasVarargs = fb.hasVarargs;
+    const naturalRegs = fb.params.map(() => child.regs.declareLocal());
+    for (let i = 0; i < fb.params.length; i++) {
+      const bindingId = this.bindingIdOfDecl(fb.params[i]);
+      if (this.captured.has(bindingId)) {
+        const boxReg = child.regs.declareLocal();
+        this.emitNewBox(child, boxReg);
+        const k = this.konst(child, BOX_FIELD);
+        this.emit(child, 9 /* SETTABLE */, boxReg, RK(k, true), naturalRegs[i]);
+        child.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg: boxReg, boxed: true });
+      } else {
+        child.localSlots.set(bindingId, { reg: naturalRegs[i], boxed: false });
+      }
+    }
+    this.compileBlock(fb.body, child);
+    this.emit(child, 28 /* RETURN */, 0, 1, 0);
+    child.proto.maxRegs = child.regs.maxUsed;
+    parent.proto.protos.push(child.proto);
+    return parent.proto.protos.length - 1;
+  }
+};
+
+// src/passes/vmify/serialize.ts
+function serializeConsts(consts) {
+  const fields = consts.map((v) => positionalField(serializeConstValue(v)));
+  return table(fields);
+}
+function serializeConstValue(v) {
+  if (v === null) return nilLiteral();
+  if (typeof v === "string") return stringLiteral(v);
+  if (typeof v === "number") return numberLiteral(v);
+  return booleanLiteral(v);
+}
+function serializeInstrs(proto) {
+  const fields = proto.code.map((instr) => positionalField(
+    table([
+      positionalField(vmNumberLiteral(instr.op)),
+      positionalField(vmNumberLiteral(instr.a)),
+      positionalField(vmNumberLiteral(instr.b)),
+      positionalField(vmNumberLiteral(instr.c))
+    ])
+  ));
+  return table(fields);
+}
+function serializeUpvalDescs(proto, names) {
+  const fields = proto.upvalDescs.map((d) => positionalField(
+    table([
+      namedField(names.kind, stringLiteral(d.kind)),
+      namedField(names.index, vmNumberLiteral(d.index))
+    ])
+  ));
+  return table(fields);
+}
+function serializeProto(proto, names) {
+  const fields = [
+    namedField(names.numParams, vmNumberLiteral(proto.numParams)),
+    namedField(names.hasVarargs, booleanLiteral(proto.hasVarargs)),
+    namedField(names.maxRegs, vmNumberLiteral(proto.maxRegs)),
+    namedField(names.code, serializeInstrs(proto)),
+    namedField(names.consts, serializeConsts(proto.consts)),
+    namedField(names.upvalDescs, serializeUpvalDescs(proto, names)),
+    namedField(names.protos, table(proto.protos.map((p) => positionalField(serializeProto(p, names)))))
+  ];
+  return table(fields);
+}
+
+// src/passes/vmify/runtime.ts
+function buildVmRuntimeSource(names, opcodeMap) {
+  const N = names;
+  const op = (o) => opcodeMap[o];
+  return `
+local ${N.handlers} = {}
+
+local function ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc)
+    local instr = ${N.frame}.${N.code}[pc]
+    return ${N.handlers}[instr[1]](${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+end
+
+local function ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, x)
+    if x < 0 then
+        return ${N.frame}.${N.K}[-x - 1 + 1]
+    else
+        return ${N.frame}.${N.R}[x]
+    end
+end
+
+-- MOVE
+${N.handlers}[${op(0 /* MOVE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- LOADK
+${N.handlers}[${op(1 /* LOADK */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.frame}.${N.K}[instr[3] + 1]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- LOADBOOL
+${N.handlers}[${op(2 /* LOADBOOL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = (instr[3] ~= 0)
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- LOADNIL
+${N.handlers}[${op(3 /* LOADNIL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    for i = instr[2], instr[3] do ${N.frame}.${N.R}[i] = nil end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- GETUPVAL
+${N.handlers}[${op(4 /* GETUPVAL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.frame}.${N.upvals}[instr[3] + 1]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- SETUPVAL
+${N.handlers}[${op(5 /* SETUPVAL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.upvals}[instr[3] + 1] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- GETGLOBAL (b\uB294 RK\uAC00 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC0C1\uC218\uD480 \uC21C\uC218 \uC778\uB371\uC2A4)
+${N.handlers}[${op(6 /* GETGLOBAL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.globals}[${N.frame}.${N.K}[instr[3] + 1]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- SETGLOBAL
+${N.handlers}[${op(7 /* SETGLOBAL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.globals}[${N.frame}.${N.K}[instr[3] + 1]] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- GETTABLE
+${N.handlers}[${op(8 /* GETTABLE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]][${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- SETTABLE
+${N.handlers}[${op(9 /* SETTABLE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]][${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3])] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- NEWTABLE
+${N.handlers}[${op(10 /* NEWTABLE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = {}
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- SELF  (R[a] = R[b][key]; R[a+1] = R[b])
+${N.handlers}[${op(11 /* SELF */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local obj = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]]
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = obj[${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])]
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2] + 1] = obj
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- ADD SUB MUL DIV MOD POW
+${N.handlers}[${op(12 /* ADD */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) + ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(13 /* SUB */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) - ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(14 /* MUL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) * ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(15 /* DIV */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) / ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(16 /* MOD */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) % ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(17 /* POW */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) ^ ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- IDIV (Luau \uBC14\uB2E5 \uB098\uB217\uC148)
+${N.handlers}[${op(34 /* IDIV */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) // ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- CONCAT
+${N.handlers}[${op(18 /* CONCAT */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) .. ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- UNM
+${N.handlers}[${op(19 /* UNM */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = -${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- NOT
+${N.handlers}[${op(20 /* NOT */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = not ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- LEN
+${N.handlers}[${op(21 /* LEN */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = #${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[3]]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- JMP (pc += a)
+${N.handlers}[${op(22 /* JMP */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + instr[2])
+end
+
+-- EQ LT LE (\uAC12 \uC0DD\uC131\uD615 \uBE44\uAD50)
+${N.handlers}[${op(23 /* EQ */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) == ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(24 /* LT */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) < ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+${N.handlers}[${op(25 /* LE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[3]) <= ${N.rk}(${N.frame}, instr[4])
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- TEST (if (not R[a]) != (c!=0) then pc += 2 else pc += 1 \u2014 \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uB2E4\uC74C \uBA85\uB839\uC740 JMP)
+${N.handlers}[${op(26 /* TEST */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    if (not ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]]) ~= (instr[4] ~= 0) then
+        return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 2)
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- CALL
+${N.handlers}[${op(27 /* CALL */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local a, b, c = instr[2], instr[3], instr[4]
+    local fn = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a]
+    local nargs
+    if b == 0 then
+        nargs = (${N.frame}.${N.multiTop} or (a + 1)) - (a + 1)
+    else
+        nargs = b - 1
+    end
+    local args = table.create(nargs)
+    for i = 1, nargs do args[i] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + i] end
+    local rets = table.pack(fn(table.unpack(args, 1, nargs)))
+    if c == 1 then
+        -- discard
+    elseif c == 0 then
+        for i = 1, rets.n do ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + i - 1] = rets[i] end
+        ${N.frame}.${N.multiTop} = a + rets.n
+    else
+        local want = c - 1
+        for i = 1, want do ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + i - 1] = rets[i] end
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- RETURN
+${N.handlers}[${op(28 /* RETURN */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local a, b = instr[2], instr[3]
+    if b == 0 then
+        return table.unpack(${N.frame}.${N.R}, a, (${N.frame}.${N.multiTop} or (a + 1)) - 1)
+    end
+    return table.unpack(${N.frame}.${N.R}, a, a + b - 2)
+end
+
+-- FORPREP
+${N.handlers}[${op(29 /* FORPREP */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local a = instr[2]
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] - ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + 2]
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + instr[3])
+end
+
+-- FORLOOP
+${N.handlers}[${op(30 /* FORLOOP */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local a = instr[2]
+    local step = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + 2]
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] + step
+    local ok
+    if step > 0 then
+        ok = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] <= ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + 1]
+    else
+        ok = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a] >= ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + 1]
+    end
+    if ok then
+        ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a + 3] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[a]
+        return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + instr[3])
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- CLOSURE
+${N.handlers}[${op(31 /* CLOSURE */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local childProto = ${N.frame}.${N.protos}[instr[3] + 1]
+    local n = #childProto.${N.upvalDescs}
+    local capturedUpvals = table.create(n)
+    for i = 1, n do
+        local desc = childProto.${N.upvalDescs}[i]
+        local captureInstr = ${N.frame}.${N.code}[pc + i]
+        if desc.${N.kind} == "local" then
+            capturedUpvals[i] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[captureInstr[3]]
+        else
+            capturedUpvals[i] = ${N.frame}.${N.upvals}[captureInstr[3] + 1]
+        end
+    end
+    ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]] = function(...)
+        return ${N.execute}(childProto, capturedUpvals, ...)
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1 + n)
+end
+
+-- VARARG
+${N.handlers}[${op(32 /* VARARG */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local count = instr[3] == 0 and ${N.frame}.${N.nVarargs} or (instr[3] - 1)
+    for i = 1, count do
+        ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2] + i - 1] = ${N.frame}.${N.varargs}[i]
+    end
+    if instr[3] == 0 then
+        ${N.frame}.${N.multiTop} = instr[2] + count
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+-- SETLIST
+${N.handlers}[${op(33 /* SETLIST */)}] = function(${N.frame}, pc, instr)
+    local tbl = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[instr[2]]
+    local valuesBase = instr[3]
+    local top = ${N.frame}.${N.multiTop} or (valuesBase + 1)
+    local startIdx = instr[4]
+    local n = top - valuesBase
+    for i = 0, n - 1 do
+        tbl[startIdx + i] = ${N.frame}.${N.R}[valuesBase + i]
+    end
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, pc + 1)
+end
+
+function ${N.execute}(proto, upvals, ...)
+    local nArgs = select("#", ...)
+    local packedArgs = table.pack(...)
+    local R = table.create(proto.${N.maxRegs} + 8)
+    for i = 1, proto.${N.numParams} do
+        R[i - 1] = packedArgs[i]
+    end
+    local nVarargs = 0
+    local varargs = {}
+    if proto.${N.hasVarargs} and nArgs > proto.${N.numParams} then
+        nVarargs = nArgs - proto.${N.numParams}
+        for i = 1, nVarargs do
+            varargs[i] = packedArgs[proto.${N.numParams} + i]
+        end
+    end
+
+    local ${N.frame} = {
+        ${N.R} = R,
+        ${N.K} = proto.${N.consts},
+        ${N.code} = proto.${N.code},
+        ${N.protos} = proto.${N.protos},
+        ${N.upvals} = upvals,
+        ${N.varargs} = varargs,
+        ${N.nVarargs} = nVarargs,
+    }
+
+    return ${N.dispatch}(${N.frame}, 1)
+end
+`;
+}
+
+// src/passes/vmify/names.ts
+var ID_CHARS_HEAD = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_";
+var ID_CHARS_TAIL = ID_CHARS_HEAD + "0123456789";
+function makeIdGenerator(random) {
+  const used = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+  return () => {
+    let id;
+    do {
+      const len = 5 + Math.floor(random() * 5);
+      let s = ID_CHARS_HEAD[Math.floor(random() * ID_CHARS_HEAD.length)];
+      for (let i = 1; i < len; i++) s += ID_CHARS_TAIL[Math.floor(random() * ID_CHARS_TAIL.length)];
+      id = s;
+    } while (used.has(id));
+    used.add(id);
+    return id;
+  };
+}
+function generateVmNames(random = Math.random) {
+  const id = makeIdGenerator(random);
+  return {
+    globals: id(),
+    protoRoot: id(),
+    execute: id(),
+    handlers: id(),
+    dispatch: id(),
+    rk: id(),
+    frame: id(),
+    R: id(),
+    K: id(),
+    code: id(),
+    protos: id(),
+    upvals: id(),
+    varargs: id(),
+    nVarargs: id(),
+    multiTop: id(),
+    numParams: id(),
+    hasVarargs: id(),
+    maxRegs: id(),
+    consts: id(),
+    upvalDescs: id(),
+    kind: id(),
+    index: id()
+  };
+}
+
+// src/passes/Vmify.ts
+function markRuntimeNumbersAsStructural(body) {
+  transformExpressions({ body }, (expr) => {
+    if (expr.type === "NumberLiteral") vmStructuralNumbers.add(expr);
+    return void 0;
+  });
+}
+function runVmify(program, options) {
+  const globalNames = options.builtinGlobals ?? DEFAULT_BUILTIN_GLOBALS;
+  const random = options.random ?? Math.random;
+  const opcodeMap = createOpcodeMap(random);
+  const names = generateVmNames(random);
+  const compiler = new VmCompiler(program, globalNames, opcodeMap);
+  const topProto = compiler.compile();
+  const globalsTable = table(
+    globalNames.map((name) => namedField(name, identifier(name)))
+  );
+  const runtimeSource = buildVmRuntimeSource(names, opcodeMap);
+  const runtimeProgram = luauparser2.parse(runtimeSource);
+  const runtimeStatements = runtimeProgram.body.statements;
+  markRuntimeNumbersAsStructural(runtimeProgram.body);
+  const protoLiteral = serializeProto(topProto, names);
+  const newBody = [
+    localStatement(names.globals, globalsTable),
+    ...runtimeStatements,
+    localStatement(names.protoRoot, protoLiteral),
+    returnStatement([call(identifier(names.execute), [identifier(names.protoRoot), table([]), vararg()])])
+  ];
+  program.body.statements = newBody;
 }
 
 // src/pipeline.ts
 var PASS_ORDER = [
+  "Vmify",
   "GlobalMapping",
-  "StringsToExpressions",
-  "NumbersToExpressions",
   "RenameVariables",
   "ConstantArray",
+  "StringsToExpressions",
+  "NumbersToExpressions",
   "EncryptStrings",
   "EncryptNumbers",
   "InsertJunk",
-  "Vmify",
   "WrapInFunction",
   "Minify"
 ];
@@ -1029,7 +3119,8 @@ var PASS_MAP = {
   EncryptStrings: runEncryptStrings,
   EncryptNumbers: runEncryptNumbers,
   InsertJunk: runInsertJunk,
-  WrapInFunction: runWrapInFunction
+  WrapInFunction: runWrapInFunction,
+  Vmify: runVmify
 };
 function runPipeline(program, config) {
   runStripTypes(program);
@@ -1052,11 +3143,11 @@ function minifyPrinted(code) {
 function obfuscateByAst(program, PConfig) {
   const config = mergeConfig(ObfuscateDefault, PConfig ?? {});
   runPipeline(program, config);
-  const printed = luauparser.print(program);
+  const printed = luauparser3.print(program);
   return config.Minify.active ? minifyPrinted(printed) : printed;
 }
 function obfuscate(source, PConfig) {
-  const program = luauparser.parse(source);
+  const program = luauparser3.parse(source);
   return obfuscateByAst(program, PConfig);
 }
 export {