leviathan-crypto 2.0.1 → 3.0.0

package/dist/docs/sha3.md

@@ -1,546 +0,0 @@
-# SHA3 TypeScript API Reference
-
-> [!NOTE]
-> Covers the SHA-3 hash functions (SHA3-224 through SHA3-512) and the SHAKE extendable-output functions (SHAKE128, SHAKE256). See [SHA-3 implementation audit](./sha3_audit.md) for algorithm correctness verifications.
-
-> ### Table of Contents
-> - [Overview](#overview)
-> - [Security Notes](#security-notes)
-> - [Module Init](#module-init)
-> - [API Reference](#api-reference)
-> - [Incremental XOF API](#incremental-xof-api-absorb--squeeze--reset)
-> - [Usage Examples](#usage-examples)
-> - [Error Conditions](#error-conditions)
-
----
-
-## Overview
-
-The SHA-3 family provides six hash functions standardized in **FIPS 202**: four
-fixed-output hash functions (SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, SHA3-512) and two
-extendable-output functions, or XOFs (SHAKE128, SHAKE256). All six are built on
-the **Keccak sponge construction**, a fundamentally different design from the
-Merkle-Damgard structure used by SHA-2.
-
-SHA-3 is **not** a replacement for SHA-2. Both are considered secure, and both are
-standardized by NIST. SHA-3 exists to provide **defense-in-depth**: if a flaw is
-ever discovered in SHA-2, SHA-3 is completely unaffected because it uses a different
-mathematical foundation. You may never need that insurance, but if you do, you will be
-very glad it is there.
-
-The SHAKE XOFs are particularly flexible. Unlike SHA3-256, which always produces
-exactly 32 bytes, SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 can produce variable-length output. You
-tell them how many bytes you want, making them useful for key derivation, generating
-nonces, or any situation where you need more (or fewer) bytes than a standard hash
-provides.
-
-One key advantage of SHA-3 over SHA-2: **SHA-3 is immune to length extension
-attacks.** With SHA-2, if you know `SHA256(secret + message)` but not the secret,
-you can compute `SHA256(secret + message + padding + extra)` without knowing the
-secret. SHA-3's sponge construction makes this impossible.
-
----
-
-## Security Notes
-
-> [!IMPORTANT]
-> Read these before using the API. Misusing hash functions is one of the most
-> common sources of security vulnerabilities.
-
-- **Length extension immunity.** Unlike SHA-2, the SHA-3 sponge construction does
-  not leak enough internal state for length extension attacks. Computing
-  `SHA3(secret + message)` does not let an attacker forge `SHA3(secret + message + extra)`.
-  That said, **HMAC is still the correct way to build a MAC** — do not use raw
-  `SHA3(key + message)` as a MAC construction, even though it is not vulnerable to
-  length extension. HMAC provides a formally proven security reduction.
-
-- **SHAKE output is unbounded.** SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 are full XOFs — output
-  length is unbounded. Request any number of bytes via `hash()`, or drive the
-  sponge directly with `absorb()` / `squeeze()`. The only constraint is
-  `outputLength >= 1`.
-
-- **Not for password hashing.** SHA-3 is a fast hash, which is the opposite of
-  what you want for password storage. Passwords must be hashed with a slow,
-  memory-hardened algorithm like **Argon2id**. See [argon2id.md](./argon2id.md) for
-  usage patterns including passphrase-based encryption with leviathan primitives.
-
-- **Call `dispose()` when finished.** Every SHA-3 class wraps a WASM module that
-  stores Keccak state in linear memory. Calling `dispose()` zeroes all internal
-  state (the 200-byte lane matrix, input buffer, output buffer, and metadata).
-  If you skip `dispose()`, key material or intermediate hash state may persist
-  in memory.
-
----
-
-## Module Init
-
-Each module subpath exports its own init function for consumers who want
-tree-shakeable imports.
-
-### `sha3Init(source)`
-
-Initializes only the sha3 WASM binary. Equivalent to calling the
-root `init({ sha3: source })` but without pulling the other three
-modules into the bundle.
-
-**Signature:**
-
-```typescript
-async function sha3Init(source: WasmSource): Promise<void>
-```
-
-**Usage:**
-
-```typescript
-import { sha3Init, SHA3_256 } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await sha3Init(sha3Wasm)
-const sha3 = new SHA3_256()
-```
-
-### keccakInit() Alias
-
-`'keccak'` is an alias for `'sha3'`. Same WASM binary, same instance slot.
-`keccakInit()` and `sha3Init()` are interchangeable.
-
-```typescript
-import { keccakInit, SHAKE256, SHA3_256 } from 'leviathan-crypto/keccak'
-import { keccakWasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/keccak/embedded'
-
-await keccakInit(keccakWasm)
-// isInitialized('sha3') === true — same slot
-```
-
-Use the `keccak` subpath when the consuming context (such as ML-KEM) makes the
-Keccak primitive name semantically clearer. See [init.md](./init.md#keccak-alias-for-ml-kem)
-for full details.
-
----
-
-## API Reference
-
-All SHA-3 classes require initialization before use. Either the root `init()`:
-
-```typescript
-import { init } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-```
-
-Or the subpath `sha3Init()`:
-
-```typescript
-import { sha3Init } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await sha3Init(sha3Wasm)
-```
-
-If you use SHA-3 classes without calling `init()` first, the constructor
-will throw an error.
-
----
-
-### SHA3_224
-
-Fixed-output hash function. Produces a **28-byte** (224-bit) digest.
-
-```typescript
-class SHA3_224 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array): Uint8Array   // returns 28 bytes
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
----
-
-### SHA3_256
-
-Fixed-output hash function. Produces a **32-byte** (256-bit) digest. This is the
-most commonly used SHA-3 variant; 256-bit security is suitable for most
-applications.
-
-```typescript
-class SHA3_256 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array): Uint8Array   // returns 32 bytes
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
----
-
-### SHA3_384
-
-Fixed-output hash function. Produces a **48-byte** (384-bit) digest.
-
-```typescript
-class SHA3_384 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array): Uint8Array   // returns 48 bytes
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
----
-
-### SHA3_512
-
-Fixed-output hash function. Produces a **64-byte** (512-bit) digest. Use this when
-you need the highest security margin.
-
-```typescript
-class SHA3_512 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array): Uint8Array   // returns 64 bytes
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
----
-
-### SHAKE128
-
-Extendable-output function (XOF). Produces **variable-length** output — any
-number of bytes you request. 128-bit security level.
-
-```typescript
-class SHAKE128 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array, outputLength: number): Uint8Array
-	absorb(msg: Uint8Array): this
-	squeeze(n: number): Uint8Array
-	reset(): this
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
-| Method | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `hash(msg, outputLength)` | One-shot: reset, absorb, squeeze. Safe on a dirty instance. |
-| `absorb(msg)` | Feed data into the sponge. Chainable. Throws if called after `squeeze()`. |
-| `squeeze(n)` | Pull `n` bytes of XOF output. Output is contiguous — `squeeze(a)` followed by `squeeze(b)` yields bytes `[0, a)` and `[a, a+b)` of the XOF stream. |
-| `reset()` | Return to a fresh, zeroed state. Chainable. Safe at any point. |
-| `dispose()` | Zero all WASM state and the TS-side block buffer. |
-
-**`outputLength`** / **`n`** must be `>= 1`. Values below 1 throw a `RangeError`.
-
----
-
-### SHAKE256
-
-Extendable-output function (XOF). Produces **variable-length** output — any
-number of bytes you request. 256-bit security level.
-
-```typescript
-class SHAKE256 {
-	constructor()
-	hash(msg: Uint8Array, outputLength: number): Uint8Array
-	absorb(msg: Uint8Array): this
-	squeeze(n: number): Uint8Array
-	reset(): this
-	dispose(): void
-}
-```
-
-| Method | Description |
-|--------|-------------|
-| `hash(msg, outputLength)` | One-shot: reset, absorb, squeeze. Safe on a dirty instance. |
-| `absorb(msg)` | Feed data into the sponge. Chainable. Throws if called after `squeeze()`. |
-| `squeeze(n)` | Pull `n` bytes of XOF output. Output is contiguous — `squeeze(a)` followed by `squeeze(b)` yields bytes `[0, a)` and `[a, a+b)` of the XOF stream. |
-| `reset()` | Return to a fresh, zeroed state. Chainable. Safe at any point. |
-| `dispose()` | Zero all WASM state and the TS-side block buffer. |
-
-**`outputLength`** / **`n`** must be `>= 1`. Values below 1 throw a `RangeError`.
-
----
-
-## Incremental XOF API (`absorb` / `squeeze` / `reset`)
-
-For use cases where you need to pull output in multiple steps — key derivation,
-mask generation, protocol-specific domain separation — the SHAKE classes expose
-a streaming interface alongside the one-shot `hash()`.
-
-### State machine
-
-| State       | Valid calls                     |
-|-------------|---------------------------------|
-| fresh       | `absorb()`, `hash()`, `reset()` |
-| absorbing   | `absorb()`, `squeeze()`, `hash()`, `reset()` |
-| squeezing   | `squeeze()`, `hash()`, `reset()` |
-
-Calling `absorb()` while squeezing throws:
-`"SHAKE128: cannot absorb after squeeze — call reset() first"`
-
-`hash()` always resets before running — safe to call on a dirty instance.
-
-### Example
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHAKE256 } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const xof = new SHAKE256()
-xof.absorb(ikm)             // input key material
-xof.absorb(salt)            // additional context
-
-const encKey  = xof.squeeze(32)   // 256-bit encryption key
-const macKey  = xof.squeeze(32)   // 256-bit MAC key
-const nonce   = xof.squeeze(12)   // 96-bit nonce
-
-xof.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-## Usage Examples
-
-### Example 1: Hash a string with SHA3-256
-
-The most common use case: hash some data and get a hex digest.
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHA3_256, bytesToHex, utf8ToBytes } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-// Initialize the SHA-3 WASM module (once, at startup)
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-// Create a hasher
-const sha3 = new SHA3_256()
-
-// Hash a UTF-8 string
-const message = utf8ToBytes('Hello, world!')
-const digest = sha3.hash(message)
-
-console.log(bytesToHex(digest))
-// 32 bytes (64 hex characters) of SHA3-256 output
-
-// Clean up -- zeroes all WASM state
-sha3.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 2: Hash binary data with SHA3-512
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHA3_512, bytesToHex } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const sha3 = new SHA3_512()
-
-// Hash raw bytes (e.g., a file, a key, a nonce)
-const data = new Uint8Array([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04])
-const digest = sha3.hash(data)
-
-console.log(bytesToHex(digest))
-// 64 bytes (128 hex characters) of SHA3-512 output
-
-sha3.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 3: Hash multiple messages
-
-Each call to `hash()` is independent; the internal state resets automatically.
-You can reuse the same class instance for multiple hashes.
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHA3_256, bytesToHex, utf8ToBytes } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const sha3 = new SHA3_256()
-
-const hash1 = sha3.hash(utf8ToBytes('first message'))
-const hash2 = sha3.hash(utf8ToBytes('second message'))
-const hash3 = sha3.hash(utf8ToBytes('first message'))
-
-// hash1 and hash3 are identical -- same input, same output
-console.log(bytesToHex(hash1) === bytesToHex(hash3))  // true
-
-// hash2 is different -- different input
-console.log(bytesToHex(hash1) === bytesToHex(hash2))  // false
-
-sha3.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 4: SHAKE128 variable-length output
-
-SHAKE lets you choose exactly how many bytes of output you need. This is useful
-for key derivation or generating fixed-size tokens.
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHAKE128, bytesToHex, utf8ToBytes } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const shake = new SHAKE128()
-
-const seed = utf8ToBytes('my-application-seed')
-
-// Derive a 16-byte key (128 bits)
-const key128 = shake.hash(seed, 16)
-console.log('16-byte key:', bytesToHex(key128))
-
-// Derive a 32-byte key (256 bits) from the same seed
-const key256 = shake.hash(seed, 32)
-console.log('32-byte key:', bytesToHex(key256))
-
-// The 16-byte output is NOT a prefix of the 32-byte output --
-// each call resets state, re-absorbs, and squeezes independently.
-// However, for SHAKE, the first 16 bytes of the 32-byte output
-// ARE identical to the 16-byte output (this is how XOFs work).
-
-shake.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 5: SHAKE256 for key derivation
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHAKE256, bytesToHex } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const shake = new SHAKE256()
-
-// Derive a 48-byte key from raw entropy
-const entropy = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(32))
-const derivedKey = shake.hash(entropy, 48)
-
-console.log('Derived key:', bytesToHex(derivedKey))
-// 48 bytes (96 hex characters) of SHAKE256 output
-
-shake.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 6: SHA-256 vs SHA3-256
-
-SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) and SHA3-256 are completely different algorithms.
-They produce different output for the same input. Both are secure; SHA3-256 adds defense-in-depth.
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHA256, SHA3_256, bytesToHex, utf8ToBytes } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha2Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha2/embedded'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-// Initialize both modules
-await init({ sha2: sha2Wasm, sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const sha2 = new SHA256()
-const sha3 = new SHA3_256()
-
-const message = utf8ToBytes('abc')
-
-const sha2Digest = sha2.hash(message)
-const sha3Digest = sha3.hash(message)
-
-console.log('SHA-256:  ', bytesToHex(sha2Digest))
-console.log('SHA3-256: ', bytesToHex(sha3Digest))
-// These are completely different values -- different algorithms
-
-sha2.dispose()
-sha3.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-### Example 7: Hashing empty input
-
-All hash functions accept empty input. This is well-defined and produces a
-deterministic output.
-
-```typescript
-import { init, SHA3_256, bytesToHex } from 'leviathan-crypto'
-import { sha3Wasm } from 'leviathan-crypto/sha3/embedded'
-
-await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })
-
-const sha3 = new SHA3_256()
-const digest = sha3.hash(new Uint8Array(0))
-
-console.log(bytesToHex(digest))
-// The SHA3-256 hash of empty input -- a fixed, known value
-
-sha3.dispose()
-```
-
----
-
-## Error Conditions
-
-### SHA-3 module not initialized
-
-If you construct a SHA-3 class before initializing the module, the constructor
-throws immediately:
-
-```
-Error: leviathan-crypto: call init({ sha3: ... }) before using this class
-```
-
-**Fix:** Call `await init({ sha3: sha3Wasm })` once at application startup, before creating
-any SHA-3 class instances.
-
----
-
-### SHAKE output length out of range
-
-SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 require `outputLength >= 1`. Passing 0 or a negative number
-throws a `RangeError`:
-
-```
-RangeError: outputLength must be >= 1 (got 0)
-```
-
-**Fix:** Request at least 1 byte.
-
----
-
-### SHAKE absorb after squeeze
-
-Calling `absorb()` after `squeeze()` has been called throws an `Error`. The sponge
-has been padded and finalized — further absorption is not meaningful.
-
-```
-Error: SHAKE128: cannot absorb after squeeze — call reset() first
-```
-
-**Fix:** Call `reset()` to return the instance to a fresh state before absorbing
-new data.
-
----
-
-### Empty input
-
-Passing an empty `Uint8Array` (length 0) is **not** an error. All SHA-3 and SHAKE
-functions produce valid, deterministic output for empty input. The sponge simply
-absorbs zero bytes and then squeezes.
-
----
-
-> ## Cross-References
->
-> - [index](./README.md) — Project Documentation index
-> - [asm_sha3](./asm_sha3.md): WASM implementation details (buffer layout, Keccak internals, variant parameters)
-> - [sha2](./sha2.md): Alternative: SHA-2 family (SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512) and HMAC
-> - [utils](./utils.md): Encoding utilities: `bytesToHex`, `hexToBytes`, `utf8ToBytes`
-> - [architecture](./architecture.md) — architecture overview, module relationships, buffer layouts, and build pipeline
-> - [sha3_audit.md](./sha3_audit.md) — SHA-3 / Keccak implementation audit