lecodes-cli 0.17.1 → 0.17.2

package/runtime/sdk/gl/Particles.ts

@@ -1,625 +1,676 @@
-// GPU particle system, as a Node. Draws with the default point-sprite material (Material.particles)
-// unless a custom one is passed; properties drive the native emitter.
-//
-// All emitter/curve config crosses the bridge as ONE Float32Array of [tag, payloadLen, ...payload]
-// records (_creator.setParticleSystemConfig) — the constructor batches every option into a single
-// call, live setters send a one-record buffer. The tag values mirror PsTag in
-// creator-gl/src/particles.h (guarded by tests/particles-tags.test.ts).
-//
-// Curves over a particle's lifetime are built with curve()/colorCurve() chains — see the builders
-// below. A builder's whole state is the flat `_data` array (the exact record payload), so the
-// chisel compiler can constant-fold literal chains into the buffer at compile time.
-
-import { Color, type ColorInput } from "../core/color"
-import { Vec3, cx, cy, cz, type Vec3Like } from "../math/vec"
-import type { Geometry } from "./Geometry"
-import { Material, _sheetColsRows, type ParticlesMaterialOptions } from "./Material"
-import { Node } from "./Node"
-
-type Range<T> = T | { min: T, max: T }
-
-// --- config record tags (keep in sync with PsTag in creator-gl/src/particles.h) -----------------
-
-const TAG_SHAPE = 1
-const TAG_LIFETIME = 2
-const TAG_RATE = 3
-const TAG_VELOCITY = 4
-const TAG_VELOCITY_RND = 5
-const TAG_ACCELERATION = 6
-const TAG_DRAG = 7
-const TAG_NOISE = 8
-const TAG_SEED = 9
-const TAG_PARAM_CURVE = 10
-const TAG_COLOR_CURVE = 11
-const TAG_SPACE = 12
-const TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY = 13
-const TAG_RATE_DISTANCE = 14
-const TAG_RENDER_MODE = 15
-const TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY = 16
-const TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY = 17
-const TAG_GROUND = 18
-
-/** @internal — exported for the tag-sync test only. */
-export const _particleTags = {
-  SHAPE: TAG_SHAPE, LIFETIME: TAG_LIFETIME, RATE: TAG_RATE, VELOCITY: TAG_VELOCITY,
-  VELOCITY_RND: TAG_VELOCITY_RND, ACCELERATION: TAG_ACCELERATION, DRAG: TAG_DRAG,
-  NOISE: TAG_NOISE, SEED: TAG_SEED, PARAM_CURVE: TAG_PARAM_CURVE, COLOR_CURVE: TAG_COLOR_CURVE,
-  SPACE: TAG_SPACE, INHERIT_VELOCITY: TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, RATE_DISTANCE: TAG_RATE_DISTANCE,
-  RENDER_MODE: TAG_RENDER_MODE, MESH_GEOMETRY: TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY,
-  ANGULAR_VELOCITY: TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, GROUND: TAG_GROUND,
-}
-
-// --- curve builders -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// A value curve reads as a journey over the particle's life:
-//   curve(0.3).from(0).via(0.15, 1).via(0.6, 1).to(0)   // fade in, hold, fade out — or:
-//   curve(0.3).fade(0.15, 0.4)
-// The curve multiplies the base value (or adds to it with mode 'add'); the base and any stop can be
-// a { min, max } range, randomized per particle. With no `.from` the curve starts at the identity
-// (1 for multiply, 0 for add); with no `.to` it holds its last value to end of life.
-//
-// chisel constant-folds a literal chain into its `_data` buffer at compile time and validates it
-// (bad stop order, >8 stops, unparsable color → a build diagnostic): chisel-core/src/curve.rs mirrors
-// these method bodies op-for-op, against a verbatim copy of them in chisel's fixtures/curve-sdk/. Keep
-// the two in step — a change here means a change there (chisel's scripts/curve-exact.mjs compares the
-// fused payload against the real builder, buffer for buffer).
-
-const lohi = (v: Range<number>): [number, number] =>
-  typeof v === "number" ? [ v, v ] : [ v.min, v.max ]
-
-export class CurveBuilder {
-  private _kind: 0 | 1
-  private _lo: number
-  private _hi: number
-  private _stops: number[] = []   // flat (t, lo, hi)
-
-  constructor(base: Range<number>, mode: "multiply" | "add") {
-    this._kind = mode === "add" ? 1 : 0
-    ;[ this._lo, this._hi ] = lohi(base)
-  }
-
-  /** Curve value at birth (t = 0). Must come before any other stop. */
-  from(v: Range<number>): this {
-    if (this._stops.length > 0) throw new Error("curve: .from() must come first")
-    return this.via(0, v)
-  }
-
-  /** Curve value at `t` (0..1 of the particle's life). Stops must be added in ascending t order. */
-  via(t: number, v: Range<number>): this {
-    const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(v)
-    this._stops.push(t, lo, hi)
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /** Curve value at death (t = 1). */
-  to(v: Range<number>): this {
-    return this.via(1, v)
-  }
-
-  /** The classic opacity envelope: rise over the first `fadeIn`, fall over the last `fadeOut`. */
-  fade(fadeIn = 0.15, fadeOut = fadeIn): this {
-    const up = Math.min(Math.max(fadeIn, 0), 1)
-    const down = Math.min(Math.max(fadeOut, 0), 1 - up)
-    if (up > 0) this.via(0, 0).via(up, 1)
-    else this.via(0, 1)
-    if (down > 0) {
-      if (1 - down > up) this.via(1 - down, 1)
-      this.via(1, 0)
-    }
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /** The PARAM_CURVE record payload (sans slot): [kind, baseLo, baseHi, n, (t, lo, hi)×n]. */
-  get _data(): Float32Array {
-    const stops = this._stops
-    const prepend = stops.length > 0 && stops[0] > 0
-    const n = stops.length / 3 + (prepend ? 1 : 0)
-    const out = new Float32Array(4 + n * 3)
-    out[0] = this._kind
-    out[1] = this._lo
-    out[2] = this._hi
-    out[3] = n
-    let o = 4
-    if (prepend) {
-      const identity = this._kind === 1 ? 0 : 1
-      out[o + 1] = identity
-      out[o + 2] = identity
-      o += 3
-    }
-    out.set(stops, o)
-    return out
-  }
-}
-
-export class ColorCurveBuilder {
-  private _lo: [number, number, number, number]
-  private _hi: [number, number, number, number]
-  private _stops: number[] = []   // flat (t, lo rgba, hi rgba)
-
-  constructor(base: Range<ColorInput>) {
-    if (isColorRange(base)) {
-      this._lo = Color.toRgba01(base.min)
-      this._hi = Color.toRgba01(base.max)
-    } else {
-      this._lo = Color.toRgba01(base)
-      this._hi = this._lo
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Curve color at birth (t = 0). Must come first. The curve multiplies the base color. */
-  from(c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
-    if (this._stops.length > 0) throw new Error("colorCurve: .from() must come first")
-    return this.via(0, c)
-  }
-
-  /** Curve color at `t` (0..1 of the particle's life), in ascending t order. */
-  via(t: number, c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
-    let lo: number[], hi: number[]
-    if (isColorRange(c)) {
-      lo = Color.toRgba01(c.min)
-      hi = Color.toRgba01(c.max)
-    } else {
-      lo = hi = Color.toRgba01(c)
-    }
-    this._stops.push(t, ...lo, ...hi)
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /** Curve color at death (t = 1). */
-  to(c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
-    return this.via(1, c)
-  }
-
-  /** The COLOR_CURVE record payload: [baseLo rgba, baseHi rgba, n, (t, lo rgba, hi rgba)×n]. */
-  get _data(): Float32Array {
-    const stops = this._stops
-    const prepend = stops.length > 0 && stops[0] > 0
-    const n = stops.length / 9 + (prepend ? 1 : 0)
-    const out = new Float32Array(9 + n * 9)
-    out.set(this._lo, 0)
-    out.set(this._hi, 4)
-    out[8] = n
-    let o = 9
-    if (prepend) {
-      for (let i = 1; i < 9; i++) out[o + i] = 1   // identity multiplier: white, t = 0
-      o += 9
-    }
-    out.set(stops, o)
-    return out
-  }
-}
-
-/** A value curve over each particle's lifetime. Default mode `multiply` (the curve scales the
- *  base); `add` offsets it instead. */
-export const curve = (base: Range<number> = 1, mode: "multiply" | "add" = "multiply"): CurveBuilder =>
-  new CurveBuilder(base, mode)
-
-/** A color curve over each particle's lifetime — always multiplies the base color. */
-export const colorCurve = (base: Range<ColorInput> = "#ffffff"): ColorCurveBuilder =>
-  new ColorCurveBuilder(base)
-
-// --- option types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export type ParticleValue = Range<number> | CurveBuilder | { _data: Float32Array }
-export type ParticleColor = ColorInput | { min: ColorInput, max: ColorInput } | ColorCurveBuilder | { _data: Float32Array }
-
-type VelocityValue = {
-  speed?: Range<number>
-  /** Cone half-angle in radians — jitter the launch direction uniformly within it. */
-  spread?: number
-  /** Asymmetric jitter: two angles (u, v — the x/y components) in radians. */
-  randomizeAngle?: { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
-} & ({ from: Vec3Like } | { to: Vec3Like } | { dir: Vec3Like } | {})
-
-type Shape =
-  | { type: "point", v: Vec3Like }
-  | { type: "box", min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
-  | { type: "circle", center: Vec3Like, radius: number }
-type Noise = { strength?: number, frequency?: number, speed?: number }
-
-/** Ground plane for bouncing particles (all render modes). `height` is in the simulation space:
- *  world y with `space: 'world'`, emitter-local y otherwise. */
-export type ParticleGround = {
-  /** Plane height (default 0). */
-  height?: number
-  /** Contact radius — particles stop `radius` above the plane (a mesh's half-extent; default 0). */
-  radius?: number
-  /** Fraction of the vertical speed kept on impact, 0..1 (default 0.3). */
-  bounce?: number
-  /** Tangential damping while in contact, per second — like `drag` (default 8). */
-  friction?: number
-}
-
-export type ParticlesOptions = ParticlesMaterialOptions & {
-  /** Draw every particle as this mesh — lit, tumbling 3D debris (shell casings, rubble, leaves,
-   *  shrapnel) in one draw call. The system switches to the mesh render mode; the default
-   *  material becomes `Material.lit()` (pass `material` for color/roughness/metallic — the
-   *  sprite look options are ignored). `size` scales the mesh (default 1); `rotation`/`opacity`/
-   *  `frame` don't apply. See `angularVelocity` and `ground`. */
-  mesh?: Geometry
-  /** (mesh) Spin, radians per second about the particle's own axes — a vector, or a per-component
-   *  `{ min, max }` range randomized at spawn. Particles are born in the emitter's orientation. */
-  angularVelocity?: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
-  /** A ground plane the particles bounce on and come to rest on (any render mode); `null`
-   *  disables it. */
-  ground?: ParticleGround | null
-  /** Custom draw material. Unset = the default point-sprite material, configured by the
-   *  `ParticlesMaterialOptions` sugar (map/sheet/emissive/blend/soft) — which is ignored
-   *  when an explicit material is passed. */
-  material?: Material
-  /** Particle pool capacity (default 1000). */
-  maxParticles?: number
-  /** Particles emitted per second. */
-  rate?: number
-  /** Simulation space. `'local'` (default) — particles ride the node's transform; `'world'` —
-   *  each particle stays where it was born as the emitter moves on (trails: drift smoke, mud,
-   *  wake). Switching at runtime resets live particles. */
-  space?: "local" | "world"
-  /** Fraction (usually 0..1) of the emitter's own velocity added to each particle at spawn —
-   *  smoke "thrown" off a moving car. Takes effect with `space: 'world'`. */
-  inheritVelocity?: number
-  /** Particles emitted per world unit the emitter MOVES, on top of `rate`, with spawn points
-   *  spread evenly along the path — trail density independent of speed, no per-frame clumps.
-   *  Meant for `space: 'world'`. */
-  rateOverDistance?: number
-  shape?: Shape
-  startVelocity?: Vec3Like | VelocityValue
-  /** Downward acceleration, world units/s² — positive pulls particles DOWN (sugar for
-   *  `acceleration: [0, -g, 0]`). */
-  gravity?: number
-  /** Constant acceleration vector (gravity, wind, …). Wins over `gravity` when both are set. */
-  acceleration?: Vec3Like
-  drag?: number
-  lifetime?: Range<number>
-  color?: ParticleColor
-  /** World-unit diameter (alias of custom[0]). Default 1. */
-  size?: ParticleValue
-  /** Radians (alias of custom[1]). */
-  rotation?: ParticleValue
-  /** Per-particle opacity 0..1 (alias of custom[2]). Default 1. */
-  opacity?: ParticleValue
-  /** Flipbook frame index (alias of custom[3]). With `sheet` set and no explicit frame, the
-   *  default is one full sheet cycle over each particle's lifetime, starting at `startFrame`. */
-  frame?: ParticleValue
-  /** Where the default flipbook cycle begins: `'random'` (default — desynchronized loops like
-   *  fire/smoke) or a frame index (`0` plays the sheet in order — explosions, one-shot bursts).
-   *  Only shapes the default; an explicit `frame` wins. */
-  startFrame?: number | "random"
-  noise?: Noise | null
-  /** Fixed random seed for deterministic tests. */
-  seed?: number
-}
-
-// --- record assembly ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const isColorRange = (v: unknown): v is { min: ColorInput, max: ColorInput } =>
-  typeof v === "object" && v !== null && !Array.isArray(v) && "min" in v
-
-const hasData = (v: unknown): v is { _data: Float32Array } =>
-  typeof v === "object" && v !== null && "_data" in v
-
-const pushParam = (out: number[], slot: number, value: ParticleValue): void => {
-  if (typeof value === "number") {
-    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, 5, slot, 0, value, value, 0)
-  } else if (hasData(value)) {
-    const d = value._data
-    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, d.length + 1, slot)
-    for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i++) out.push(d[i])
-  } else {
-    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, 5, slot, 0, value.min, value.max, 0)
-  }
-}
-
-const pushColor = (out: number[], value: ParticleColor): void => {
-  let d: Float32Array
-  if (hasData(value)) {
-    d = value._data
-  } else if (isColorRange(value)) {
-    d = new ColorCurveBuilder(value)._data
-  } else {
-    d = new ColorCurveBuilder(value as ColorInput)._data
-  }
-  out.push(TAG_COLOR_CURVE, d.length)
-  for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i++) out.push(d[i])
-}
-
-const pushMesh = (out: number[], g: Geometry): void => {
-  const nv = g.vertices.length / 3
-  const ni = g.indices.length
-  out.push(TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY, 2 + nv * 8 + ni, nv, ni)
-  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 3; i++) out.push(g.vertices[i])
-  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 3; i++) out.push(g.normals[i])
-  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 2; i++) out.push(g.uv[i])
-  for (let i = 0; i < ni; i++) out.push(g.indices[i])
-}
-
-const pushAngularVelocity = (out: number[], v: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }): void => {
-  const r = v as { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
-  if (typeof r === "object" && r !== null && !Array.isArray(r) && "min" in r && !(v instanceof Float32Array) && !(v instanceof Vec3)) {
-    out.push(TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, 6, cx(r.min), cy(r.min), cz(r.min), cx(r.max), cy(r.max), cz(r.max))
-  } else {
-    const a = v as Vec3Like
-    out.push(TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, 6, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a), cx(a), cy(a), cz(a))
-  }
-}
-
-const pushGround = (out: number[], g: ParticleGround | null): void => {
-  if (g === null) out.push(TAG_GROUND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
-  else out.push(TAG_GROUND, 5, 1, g.height ?? 0, g.radius ?? 0, g.bounce ?? 0.3, g.friction ?? 8)
-}
-
-const pushShape = (out: number[], shape: Shape): void => {
-  if (shape.type === "point") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 4, 0, cx(shape.v), cy(shape.v), cz(shape.v))
-  else if (shape.type === "box") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 7, 1, cx(shape.min), cy(shape.min), cz(shape.min), cx(shape.max), cy(shape.max), cz(shape.max))
-  else out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 5, 2, cx(shape.center), cy(shape.center), cz(shape.center), shape.radius)
-}
-
-const pushVelocity = (out: number[], val: Vec3Like | VelocityValue): void => {
-  if (Array.isArray(val) || val instanceof Float32Array || val instanceof Vec3) {
-    // a plain vector: launch along it, its length is the speed (native derives it)
-    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY, 6, 1, cx(val), cy(val), cz(val), 0, 0)
-    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
-    return
-  }
-  const v = val as VelocityValue
-  let mode = 0
-  let p: Vec3Like = [ 0, 0, 0 ]
-  if ("dir" in v) { mode = 1; p = v.dir }
-  else if ("from" in v) { mode = 2; p = v.from }
-  else if ("to" in v) { mode = 3; p = v.to }
-  let lo = 0, hi = 0
-  if (v.speed !== undefined) {
-    if (typeof v.speed === "number") lo = hi = v.speed
-    else { lo = v.speed.min; hi = v.speed.max }
-  }
-  out.push(TAG_VELOCITY, 6, mode, cx(p), cy(p), cz(p), lo, hi)
-  if (v.spread !== undefined) {
-    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 1, -v.spread, -v.spread, v.spread, v.spread)
-  } else if (v.randomizeAngle) {
-    const a = v.randomizeAngle
-    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 1, cx(a.min), cy(a.min), cx(a.max), cy(a.max))
-  } else {
-    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
-  }
-}
-
-// --- the node -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export class Particles extends Node {
-  private _material: Material
-
-  /** Custom curve-param slots (0..3); size/rotation/opacity/frame alias slots 0-3. */
-  readonly custom: ParticleValue[]
-
-  constructor(options: ParticlesOptions = {}) {
-    super()
-    this._material = options.material ?? (options.mesh ? Material.lit() : Material.particles(options))
-    _creator.createParticleSystem(this.id, Material.idOf(this._material), options.maxParticles ?? 0)
-
-    const id = this.id
-    this.custom = new Proxy([] as ParticleValue[], {
-      set(target, prop: string, value: ParticleValue) {
-        const i = parseInt(prop)
-        if (Number.isNaN(i)) { (target as any)[prop] = value; return true }
-        target[i] = value
-        const out: number[] = []
-        pushParam(out, i, value)
-        _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(id, Float32Array.from(out))
-        return true
-      },
-    })
-
-    const out: number[] = []
-    if (options.mesh) {
-      out.push(TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 3)
-      pushMesh(out, options.mesh)
-    } else if (options.render !== undefined && options.render !== "point") {
-      out.push(TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, options.render === "ribbon" ? 2 : 1)
-    }
-    if (options.angularVelocity !== undefined) pushAngularVelocity(out, options.angularVelocity)
-    if (options.ground !== undefined) pushGround(out, options.ground)
-    if (options.space !== undefined) out.push(TAG_SPACE, 1, options.space === "world" ? 1 : 0)
-    if (options.inheritVelocity !== undefined) out.push(TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, 1, options.inheritVelocity)
-    if (options.rateOverDistance !== undefined) out.push(TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, options.rateOverDistance)
-    if (options.rate !== undefined) out.push(TAG_RATE, 1, options.rate)
-    if (options.shape !== undefined) pushShape(out, options.shape)
-    if (options.startVelocity !== undefined) pushVelocity(out, options.startVelocity)
-    if (options.acceleration !== undefined) {
-      const a = options.acceleration
-      out.push(TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a))
-    } else if (options.gravity !== undefined) {
-      out.push(TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, 0, -options.gravity, 0)
-    }
-    if (options.drag !== undefined) out.push(TAG_DRAG, 1, options.drag)
-    if (options.lifetime !== undefined) {
-      const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(options.lifetime)
-      out.push(TAG_LIFETIME, 2, lo, hi)
-    }
-    if (options.color !== undefined) pushColor(out, options.color)
-    if (options.size !== undefined) pushParam(out, 0, options.size)
-    if (options.rotation !== undefined) pushParam(out, 1, options.rotation)
-    if (options.opacity !== undefined) pushParam(out, 2, options.opacity)
-    if (options.frame !== undefined) {
-      pushParam(out, 3, options.frame)
-    } else if (options.material === undefined && !options.mesh) {
-      const [ cols, rows ] = _sheetColsRows(options.sheet)
-      const frames = cols * rows
-      if (frames > 1) {
-        const start = options.startFrame ?? "random"
-        const base = start === "random" ? { min: 0, max: frames - 1 } : start
-        pushParam(out, 3, curve(base, "add").from(0).to(frames))
-      }
-    }
-    if (options.noise !== undefined) {
-      const n = options.noise
-      out.push(TAG_NOISE, 3, n ? n.strength ?? 1 : 0, n ? n.frequency ?? 1 : 0, n ? n.speed ?? 1 : 0)
-    }
-    if (options.seed !== undefined) out.push(TAG_SEED, 1, options.seed)
-
-    if (out.length > 0) _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
-  }
-
-  /** Emit `count` particles immediately (a burst). */
-  spawn(count: number): this { _creator.spawnParticles(this.id, count); return this }
-
-  private _send(out: number[]): void {
-    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
-  }
-
-  set rate(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_RATE, 1, val ]) }
-
-  /** `'world'` leaves particles behind where they were born (trails). Switching resets live ones. */
-  set space(val: "local" | "world") { this._send([ TAG_SPACE, 1, val === "world" ? 1 : 0 ]) }
-  set inheritVelocity(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, 1, val ]) }
-  set rateOverDistance(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, val ]) }
-
-  set shape(shape: Shape) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushShape(out, shape)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  /** (mesh mode) Replace the particle mesh; live particles keep flying as the new shape. */
-  set mesh(g: Geometry) {
-    const out: number[] = [ TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 3 ]
-    pushMesh(out, g)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set angularVelocity(v: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushAngularVelocity(out, v)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set ground(g: ParticleGround | null) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushGround(out, g)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set startVelocity(val: Vec3Like | VelocityValue) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushVelocity(out, val)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  /** Positive pulls particles down — sugar for `acceleration = [0, -g, 0]`. */
-  set gravity(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, 0, -val, 0 ]) }
-  set acceleration(a: Vec3Like) { this._send([ TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a) ]) }
-  set drag(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_DRAG, 1, val ]) }
-  set seed(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_SEED, 1, val ]) }
-
-  set lifetime(val: Range<number>) {
-    const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(val)
-    this._send([ TAG_LIFETIME, 2, lo, hi ])
-  }
-
-  set size(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[0] = val }
-  set rotation(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[1] = val }
-  set opacity(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[2] = val }
-  set frame(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[3] = val }
-
-  set color(value: ParticleColor) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushColor(out, value)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  get material(): Material { return this._material }
-  set material(material: Material) {
-    this._material = material
-    _creator.setMaterial(this.id, Material.idOf(material), 0)
-  }
-
-  set noise(noise: Noise | null) {
-    this._send(noise
-      ? [ TAG_NOISE, 3, noise.strength ?? 1, noise.frequency ?? 1, noise.speed ?? 1 ]
-      : [ TAG_NOISE, 3, 0, 0, 0 ])
-  }
-}
-
-// --- ribbon trail -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** `Trail` options. The look options (map/sheet/emissive/blend/soft) come from
- *  `ParticlesMaterialOptions`, same as `Particles`. */
-export type TrailOptions = Omit<ParticlesMaterialOptions, "render" | "stretch"> & {
-  /** Seconds each trail point lives — the trail's length in time. Default 0.5. */
-  time?: number
-  /** Strip width in world units; a curve tapers it over each point's life (head → tail).
-   *  Default 0.1. */
-  width?: ParticleValue
-  /** Minimum emitter movement (world units) between recorded points. Default 0.05. */
-  minDistance?: number
-  /** Point capacity (default 128). */
-  maxPoints?: number
-  color?: ParticleColor
-  /** Opacity along the trail. Defaults to fading the tail out (`curve().to(0)`). */
-  opacity?: ParticleValue
-}
-
-/** A ribbon strip that follows this node through the world — sword swings, skid marks, missile
- *  trails. Attach it to (or under) the moving node and just move; points are laid down per
- *  `minDistance` of movement, live for `time` seconds, and the strip stays glued to the node at
- *  its head. Width/opacity/color accept the same curves as `Particles`, evaluated over each
- *  point's life — i.e. along the trail from head (fresh) to tail (dying). */
-export class Trail extends Node {
-  private _material: Material
-  private _rateDistance: number
-
-  constructor(options: TrailOptions = {}) {
-    super()
-    this._material = Material.particles({ ...options, render: "ribbon" })
-    _creator.createParticleSystem(this.id, Material.idOf(this._material), options.maxPoints ?? 128)
-
-    const time = options.time ?? 0.5
-    this._rateDistance = 1 / Math.max(options.minDistance ?? 0.05, 1e-3)
-    const out: number[] = [
-      TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 2,
-      TAG_SPACE, 1, 1,          // a trail is only meaningful in world space
-      TAG_RATE, 1, 0,           // points come from movement, never from time
-      TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, this._rateDistance,
-      TAG_LIFETIME, 2, time, time,
-    ]
-    pushParam(out, 0, options.width ?? 0.1)
-    pushParam(out, 2, options.opacity ?? curve().to(0))
-    if (options.color !== undefined) pushColor(out, options.color)
-    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
-  }
-
-  private _send(out: number[]): void {
-    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
-  }
-
-  /** Trail length in seconds — how long each laid-down point lives. */
-  set time(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_LIFETIME, 2, val, val ]) }
-
-  set width(val: ParticleValue) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushParam(out, 0, val)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set opacity(val: ParticleValue) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushParam(out, 2, val)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set color(value: ParticleColor) {
-    const out: number[] = []
-    pushColor(out, value)
-    this._send(out)
-  }
-
-  set minDistance(val: number) {
-    this._rateDistance = 1 / Math.max(val, 1e-3)
-    this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, this._rateDistance ])
-  }
-
-  /** Pause/resume laying down points — existing ones still age out, so the trail fades naturally
-   *  after e.g. a sword swing ends. */
-  set emitting(val: boolean) { this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, val ? this._rateDistance : 0 ]) }
-
-  get material(): Material { return this._material }
-}
+// GPU particle system, as a Node. Draws with the default point-sprite material (Material.particles)
+// unless a custom one is passed; properties drive the native emitter.
+//
+// All emitter/curve config crosses the bridge as ONE Float32Array of [tag, payloadLen, ...payload]
+// records (_creator.setParticleSystemConfig) — the constructor batches every option into a single
+// call, live setters send a one-record buffer. The tag values mirror PsTag in
+// creator-gl/src/particles.h (guarded by tests/particles-tags.test.ts).
+//
+// Curves over a particle's lifetime are built with curve()/colorCurve() chains — see the builders
+// below. A builder's whole state is the flat `_data` array (the exact record payload), so the
+// chisel compiler can constant-fold literal chains into the buffer at compile time.
+
+import { Color, type ColorInput } from "../core/color"
+import { Vec3, cx, cy, cz, type Vec3Like } from "../math/vec"
+import type { Geometry } from "./Geometry"
+import { Material, _sheetColsRows, type ParticlesMaterialOptions } from "./Material"
+import { Node } from "./Node"
+
+type Range<T> = T | { min: T, max: T }
+
+// --- config record tags (keep in sync with PsTag in creator-gl/src/particles.h) -----------------
+
+const TAG_SHAPE = 1
+const TAG_LIFETIME = 2
+const TAG_RATE = 3
+const TAG_VELOCITY = 4
+const TAG_VELOCITY_RND = 5
+const TAG_ACCELERATION = 6
+const TAG_DRAG = 7
+const TAG_NOISE = 8
+const TAG_SEED = 9
+const TAG_PARAM_CURVE = 10
+const TAG_COLOR_CURVE = 11
+const TAG_SPACE = 12
+const TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY = 13
+const TAG_RATE_DISTANCE = 14
+const TAG_RENDER_MODE = 15
+const TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY = 16
+const TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY = 17
+const TAG_GROUND = 18
+const TAG_VELOCITY_LIFE = 19
+const TAG_ORDER = 20
+
+/** @internal — exported for the tag-sync test only. */
+export const _particleTags = {
+  SHAPE: TAG_SHAPE, LIFETIME: TAG_LIFETIME, RATE: TAG_RATE, VELOCITY: TAG_VELOCITY,
+  VELOCITY_RND: TAG_VELOCITY_RND, ACCELERATION: TAG_ACCELERATION, DRAG: TAG_DRAG,
+  NOISE: TAG_NOISE, SEED: TAG_SEED, PARAM_CURVE: TAG_PARAM_CURVE, COLOR_CURVE: TAG_COLOR_CURVE,
+  SPACE: TAG_SPACE, INHERIT_VELOCITY: TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, RATE_DISTANCE: TAG_RATE_DISTANCE,
+  RENDER_MODE: TAG_RENDER_MODE, MESH_GEOMETRY: TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY,
+  ANGULAR_VELOCITY: TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, GROUND: TAG_GROUND, VELOCITY_LIFE: TAG_VELOCITY_LIFE,
+  ORDER: TAG_ORDER,
+}
+
+// --- curve builders -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// A value curve reads as a journey over the particle's life:
+//   curve(0.3).from(0).via(0.15, 1).via(0.6, 1).to(0)   // fade in, hold, fade out — or:
+//   curve(0.3).fade(0.15, 0.4)
+// The curve multiplies the base value (or adds to it with mode 'add'); the base and any stop can be
+// a { min, max } range, randomized per particle. With no `.from` the curve starts at the identity
+// (1 for multiply, 0 for add); with no `.to` it holds its last value to end of life.
+//
+// chisel constant-folds a literal chain into its `_data` buffer at compile time and validates it
+// (bad stop order, >8 stops, unparsable color → a build diagnostic): chisel-core/src/curve.rs mirrors
+// these method bodies op-for-op, against a verbatim copy of them in chisel's fixtures/curve-sdk/. Keep
+// the two in step — a change here means a change there (chisel's scripts/curve-exact.mjs compares the
+// fused payload against the real builder, buffer for buffer).
+
+const lohi = (v: Range<number>): [number, number] =>
+  typeof v === "number" ? [ v, v ] : [ v.min, v.max ]
+
+export class CurveBuilder {
+  private _kind: 0 | 1
+  private _lo: number
+  private _hi: number
+  private _stops: number[] = []   // flat (t, lo, hi)
+
+  constructor(base: Range<number>, mode: "multiply" | "add") {
+    this._kind = mode === "add" ? 1 : 0
+    ;[ this._lo, this._hi ] = lohi(base)
+  }
+
+  /** Curve value at birth (t = 0). Must come before any other stop. */
+  from(v: Range<number>): this {
+    if (this._stops.length > 0) throw new Error("curve: .from() must come first")
+    return this.via(0, v)
+  }
+
+  /** Curve value at `t` (0..1 of the particle's life). Stops must be added in ascending t order. */
+  via(t: number, v: Range<number>): this {
+    const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(v)
+    this._stops.push(t, lo, hi)
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /** Curve value at death (t = 1). */
+  to(v: Range<number>): this {
+    return this.via(1, v)
+  }
+
+  /** The classic opacity envelope: rise over the first `fadeIn`, fall over the last `fadeOut`. */
+  fade(fadeIn = 0.15, fadeOut = fadeIn): this {
+    const up = Math.min(Math.max(fadeIn, 0), 1)
+    const down = Math.min(Math.max(fadeOut, 0), 1 - up)
+    if (up > 0) this.via(0, 0).via(up, 1)
+    else this.via(0, 1)
+    if (down > 0) {
+      if (1 - down > up) this.via(1 - down, 1)
+      this.via(1, 0)
+    }
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /** The PARAM_CURVE record payload (sans slot): [kind, baseLo, baseHi, n, (t, lo, hi)×n]. */
+  get _data(): Float32Array {
+    const stops = this._stops
+    const prepend = stops.length > 0 && stops[0] > 0
+    const n = stops.length / 3 + (prepend ? 1 : 0)
+    const out = new Float32Array(4 + n * 3)
+    out[0] = this._kind
+    out[1] = this._lo
+    out[2] = this._hi
+    out[3] = n
+    let o = 4
+    if (prepend) {
+      const identity = this._kind === 1 ? 0 : 1
+      out[o + 1] = identity
+      out[o + 2] = identity
+      o += 3
+    }
+    out.set(stops, o)
+    return out
+  }
+}
+
+export class ColorCurveBuilder {
+  private _lo: [number, number, number, number]
+  private _hi: [number, number, number, number]
+  private _stops: number[] = []   // flat (t, lo rgba, hi rgba)
+
+  constructor(base: Range<ColorInput>) {
+    if (isColorRange(base)) {
+      this._lo = Color.toRgba01(base.min)
+      this._hi = Color.toRgba01(base.max)
+    } else {
+      this._lo = Color.toRgba01(base)
+      this._hi = this._lo
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Curve color at birth (t = 0). Must come first. The curve multiplies the base color. */
+  from(c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
+    if (this._stops.length > 0) throw new Error("colorCurve: .from() must come first")
+    return this.via(0, c)
+  }
+
+  /** Curve color at `t` (0..1 of the particle's life), in ascending t order. */
+  via(t: number, c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
+    let lo: number[], hi: number[]
+    if (isColorRange(c)) {
+      lo = Color.toRgba01(c.min)
+      hi = Color.toRgba01(c.max)
+    } else {
+      lo = hi = Color.toRgba01(c)
+    }
+    this._stops.push(t, ...lo, ...hi)
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /** Curve color at death (t = 1). */
+  to(c: Range<ColorInput>): this {
+    return this.via(1, c)
+  }
+
+  /** The COLOR_CURVE record payload: [baseLo rgba, baseHi rgba, n, (t, lo rgba, hi rgba)×n]. */
+  get _data(): Float32Array {
+    const stops = this._stops
+    const prepend = stops.length > 0 && stops[0] > 0
+    const n = stops.length / 9 + (prepend ? 1 : 0)
+    const out = new Float32Array(9 + n * 9)
+    out.set(this._lo, 0)
+    out.set(this._hi, 4)
+    out[8] = n
+    let o = 9
+    if (prepend) {
+      for (let i = 1; i < 9; i++) out[o + i] = 1   // identity multiplier: white, t = 0
+      o += 9
+    }
+    out.set(stops, o)
+    return out
+  }
+}
+
+/** A value curve over each particle's lifetime. Default mode `multiply` (the curve scales the
+ *  base); `add` offsets it instead. */
+export const curve = (base: Range<number> = 1, mode: "multiply" | "add" = "multiply"): CurveBuilder =>
+  new CurveBuilder(base, mode)
+
+/** A color curve over each particle's lifetime — always multiplies the base color. */
+export const colorCurve = (base: Range<ColorInput> = "#ffffff"): ColorCurveBuilder =>
+  new ColorCurveBuilder(base)
+
+// --- option types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type ParticleValue = Range<number> | CurveBuilder | { _data: Float32Array }
+export type ParticleColor = ColorInput | { min: ColorInput, max: ColorInput } | ColorCurveBuilder | { _data: Float32Array }
+
+type VelocityValue = {
+  speed?: Range<number>
+  /** Cone half-angle in radians — jitter the launch direction uniformly within it. */
+  spread?: number
+  /** Asymmetric jitter: two angles (u, v — the x/y components) in radians. */
+  randomizeAngle?: { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
+} & ({ from: Vec3Like } | { to: Vec3Like } | { dir: Vec3Like } | {})
+
+/** Where particles are born, in emitter space. Sphere / hemisphere / cone have an axis of +Y (the
+ *  hemisphere is the +Y half, the cone opens along +Y from its base disc at `center`) — aim the
+ *  node with `lookAt(target, 'y')`. `thickness` 0 emits from the surface only, 1 (default) from the
+ *  whole volume. A sphere or cone also sets the LAUNCH DIRECTION (outward / from the cone's apex)
+ *  when `startVelocity` gives a speed but no direction, like Unity's shapes. */
+type Shape =
+  | { type: "point", v: Vec3Like }
+  | { type: "box", min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
+  | { type: "circle", center: Vec3Like, radius: number }
+  | { type: "sphere", center?: Vec3Like, radius: number, thickness?: number }
+  | { type: "hemisphere", center?: Vec3Like, radius: number, thickness?: number }
+  | { type: "cone", center?: Vec3Like, radius: number, /** half-angle, radians */ angle?: number, /** emit this far up the axis too */ length?: number, thickness?: number }
+/** Extra velocity over each particle's life — evaluated from the curves every frame and ADDED as a
+ *  displacement (not accumulated like `acceleration`): `radial` pushes outward along the particle's
+ *  birth direction (a burst that decays: `curve(4).to(0)`), `x`/`y`/`z` drift in the simulation
+ *  space (rising smoke: `y: curve(2).from(0).to(1)`). Unity's velocityOverLifetime. */
+export type VelocityOverLife = { radial?: ParticleValue, x?: ParticleValue, y?: ParticleValue, z?: ParticleValue }
+type Noise = { strength?: number, frequency?: number, speed?: number }
+
+/** Ground plane for bouncing particles (all render modes). `height` is in the simulation space:
+ *  world y with `space: 'world'`, emitter-local y otherwise. */
+export type ParticleGround = {
+  /** Plane height (default 0). */
+  height?: number
+  /** Contact radius — particles stop `radius` above the plane (a mesh's half-extent; default 0). */
+  radius?: number
+  /** Fraction of the vertical speed kept on impact, 0..1 (default 0.3). */
+  bounce?: number
+  /** Tangential damping while in contact, per second — like `drag` (default 8). */
+  friction?: number
+}
+
+export type ParticlesOptions = ParticlesMaterialOptions & {
+  /** Draw every particle as this mesh — lit, tumbling 3D debris (shell casings, rubble, leaves,
+   *  shrapnel) in one draw call. The system switches to the mesh render mode; the default
+   *  material becomes `Material.lit()` (pass `material` for color/roughness/metallic — the
+   *  sprite look options are ignored). `size` scales the mesh (default 1); `rotation`/`opacity`/
+   *  `frame` don't apply. See `angularVelocity` and `ground`. */
+  mesh?: Geometry
+  /** (mesh) Spin, radians per second about the particle's own axes — a vector, or a per-component
+   *  `{ min, max }` range randomized at spawn. Particles are born in the emitter's orientation. */
+  angularVelocity?: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
+  /** A ground plane the particles bounce on and come to rest on (any render mode); `null`
+   *  disables it. */
+  ground?: ParticleGround | null
+  /** Custom draw material. Unset = the default point-sprite material, configured by the
+   *  `ParticlesMaterialOptions` sugar (map/sheet/emissive/blend/soft) — which is ignored
+   *  when an explicit material is passed. */
+  material?: Material
+  /** Particle pool capacity (default 1000). */
+  maxParticles?: number
+  /** Particles emitted per second. */
+  rate?: number
+  /** Simulation space. `'local'` (default) — particles ride the node's transform; `'world'` —
+   *  each particle stays where it was born as the emitter moves on (trails: drift smoke, mud,
+   *  wake). Switching at runtime resets live particles. */
+  space?: "local" | "world"
+  /** Fraction (usually 0..1) of the emitter's own velocity added to each particle at spawn —
+   *  smoke "thrown" off a moving car. Takes effect with `space: 'world'`. */
+  inheritVelocity?: number
+  /** Particles emitted per world unit the emitter MOVES, on top of `rate`, with spawn points
+   *  spread evenly along the path — trail density independent of speed, no per-frame clumps.
+   *  Meant for `space: 'world'`. */
+  rateOverDistance?: number
+  /** Draw order among blended systems at the same depth — higher draws later, i.e. on top (Unity's
+   *  sortingOrder). Systems are depth-sorted by their node, so the emitters of one effect tie and
+   *  without this the engine picks who covers whom per frame (smoke popping over a fireball).
+   *  Default 0; a fireball wants 2, its smoke 1, a smoke trail -1. */
+  order?: number
+  shape?: Shape
+  /** Extra velocity over life (radial burst that decays, axis drift) — see `VelocityOverLife`. */
+  velocityOverLife?: VelocityOverLife
+  startVelocity?: Vec3Like | VelocityValue
+  /** Downward acceleration, world units/s² — positive pulls particles DOWN (sugar for
+   *  `acceleration: [0, -g, 0]`). */
+  gravity?: number
+  /** Constant acceleration vector (gravity, wind, …). Wins over `gravity` when both are set. */
+  acceleration?: Vec3Like
+  drag?: number
+  lifetime?: Range<number>
+  color?: ParticleColor
+  /** World-unit diameter (alias of custom[0]). Default 1. */
+  size?: ParticleValue
+  /** Radians (alias of custom[1]). */
+  rotation?: ParticleValue
+  /** Per-particle opacity 0..1 (alias of custom[2]). Default 1. */
+  opacity?: ParticleValue
+  /** Flipbook frame index (alias of custom[3]). With `sheet` set and no explicit frame, the
+   *  default is one full sheet cycle over each particle's lifetime, starting at `startFrame`. */
+  frame?: ParticleValue
+  /** Where the default flipbook cycle begins: `'random'` (default — desynchronized loops like
+   *  fire/smoke) or a frame index (`0` plays the sheet in order — explosions, one-shot bursts).
+   *  Only shapes the default; an explicit `frame` wins. */
+  startFrame?: number | "random"
+  noise?: Noise | null
+  /** Fixed random seed for deterministic tests. */
+  seed?: number
+}
+
+// --- record assembly ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const isColorRange = (v: unknown): v is { min: ColorInput, max: ColorInput } =>
+  typeof v === "object" && v !== null && !Array.isArray(v) && "min" in v
+
+const hasData = (v: unknown): v is { _data: Float32Array } =>
+  typeof v === "object" && v !== null && "_data" in v
+
+const pushParam = (out: number[], slot: number, value: ParticleValue): void => {
+  if (typeof value === "number") {
+    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, 5, slot, 0, value, value, 0)
+  } else if (hasData(value)) {
+    const d = value._data
+    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, d.length + 1, slot)
+    for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i++) out.push(d[i])
+  } else {
+    out.push(TAG_PARAM_CURVE, 5, slot, 0, value.min, value.max, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+const pushColor = (out: number[], value: ParticleColor): void => {
+  let d: Float32Array
+  if (hasData(value)) {
+    d = value._data
+  } else if (isColorRange(value)) {
+    d = new ColorCurveBuilder(value)._data
+  } else {
+    d = new ColorCurveBuilder(value as ColorInput)._data
+  }
+  out.push(TAG_COLOR_CURVE, d.length)
+  for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i++) out.push(d[i])
+}
+
+const pushMesh = (out: number[], g: Geometry): void => {
+  const nv = g.vertices.length / 3
+  const ni = g.indices.length
+  out.push(TAG_MESH_GEOMETRY, 2 + nv * 8 + ni, nv, ni)
+  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 3; i++) out.push(g.vertices[i])
+  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 3; i++) out.push(g.normals[i])
+  for (let i = 0; i < nv * 2; i++) out.push(g.uv[i])
+  for (let i = 0; i < ni; i++) out.push(g.indices[i])
+}
+
+const pushAngularVelocity = (out: number[], v: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }): void => {
+  const r = v as { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }
+  if (typeof r === "object" && r !== null && !Array.isArray(r) && "min" in r && !(v instanceof Float32Array) && !(v instanceof Vec3)) {
+    out.push(TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, 6, cx(r.min), cy(r.min), cz(r.min), cx(r.max), cy(r.max), cz(r.max))
+  } else {
+    const a = v as Vec3Like
+    out.push(TAG_ANGULAR_VELOCITY, 6, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a), cx(a), cy(a), cz(a))
+  }
+}
+
+const pushGround = (out: number[], g: ParticleGround | null): void => {
+  if (g === null) out.push(TAG_GROUND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+  else out.push(TAG_GROUND, 5, 1, g.height ?? 0, g.radius ?? 0, g.bounce ?? 0.3, g.friction ?? 8)
+}
+
+const pushShape = (out: number[], shape: Shape): void => {
+  if (shape.type === "point") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 4, 0, cx(shape.v), cy(shape.v), cz(shape.v))
+  else if (shape.type === "box") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 7, 1, cx(shape.min), cy(shape.min), cz(shape.min), cx(shape.max), cy(shape.max), cz(shape.max))
+  else if (shape.type === "circle") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 5, 2, cx(shape.center), cy(shape.center), cz(shape.center), shape.radius)
+  else {
+    const c = shape.center ?? [ 0, 0, 0 ]
+    const thickness = shape.thickness ?? 1
+    if (shape.type === "cone") out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 8, 5, cx(c), cy(c), cz(c), shape.radius, shape.angle ?? 0, shape.length ?? 0, thickness)
+    else out.push(TAG_SHAPE, 6, shape.type === "sphere" ? 3 : 4, cx(c), cy(c), cz(c), shape.radius, thickness)
+  }
+}
+
+const pushVelocityLife = (out: number[], v: VelocityOverLife): void => {
+  const axes: Array<[number, ParticleValue | undefined]> = [ [ 0, v.radial ], [ 1, v.x ], [ 2, v.y ], [ 3, v.z ] ]
+  for (const [ axis, value ] of axes) {
+    if (value === undefined) continue
+    if (typeof value === "number") out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_LIFE, 5, axis, 0, value, value, 0)
+    else if (hasData(value)) {
+      const d = value._data
+      out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_LIFE, d.length + 1, axis)
+      for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i++) out.push(d[i])
+    } else out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_LIFE, 5, axis, 0, value.min, value.max, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+const pushVelocity = (out: number[], val: Vec3Like | VelocityValue): void => {
+  if (Array.isArray(val) || val instanceof Float32Array || val instanceof Vec3) {
+    // a plain vector: launch along it, its length is the speed (native derives it)
+    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY, 6, 1, cx(val), cy(val), cz(val), 0, 0)
+    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+    return
+  }
+  const v = val as VelocityValue
+  let mode = 0
+  let p: Vec3Like = [ 0, 0, 0 ]
+  if ("dir" in v) { mode = 1; p = v.dir }
+  else if ("from" in v) { mode = 2; p = v.from }
+  else if ("to" in v) { mode = 3; p = v.to }
+  let lo = 0, hi = 0
+  if (v.speed !== undefined) {
+    if (typeof v.speed === "number") lo = hi = v.speed
+    else { lo = v.speed.min; hi = v.speed.max }
+  }
+  out.push(TAG_VELOCITY, 6, mode, cx(p), cy(p), cz(p), lo, hi)
+  if (v.spread !== undefined) {
+    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 1, -v.spread, -v.spread, v.spread, v.spread)
+  } else if (v.randomizeAngle) {
+    const a = v.randomizeAngle
+    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 1, cx(a.min), cy(a.min), cx(a.max), cy(a.max))
+  } else {
+    out.push(TAG_VELOCITY_RND, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+// --- the node -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class Particles extends Node {
+  private _material: Material
+
+  /** Custom curve-param slots (0..3); size/rotation/opacity/frame alias slots 0-3. */
+  readonly custom: ParticleValue[]
+
+  constructor(options: ParticlesOptions = {}) {
+    super()
+    this._material = options.material ?? (options.mesh ? Material.lit() : Material.particles(options))
+    _creator.createParticleSystem(this.id, Material.idOf(this._material), options.maxParticles ?? 0)
+
+    const id = this.id
+    this.custom = new Proxy([] as ParticleValue[], {
+      set(target, prop: string, value: ParticleValue) {
+        const i = parseInt(prop)
+        if (Number.isNaN(i)) { (target as any)[prop] = value; return true }
+        target[i] = value
+        const out: number[] = []
+        pushParam(out, i, value)
+        _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(id, Float32Array.from(out))
+        return true
+      },
+    })
+
+    const out: number[] = []
+    if (options.mesh) {
+      out.push(TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 3)
+      pushMesh(out, options.mesh)
+    } else if (options.render !== undefined && options.render !== "point") {
+      out.push(TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, options.render === "ribbon" ? 2 : 1)
+    }
+    if (options.angularVelocity !== undefined) pushAngularVelocity(out, options.angularVelocity)
+    if (options.ground !== undefined) pushGround(out, options.ground)
+    if (options.space !== undefined) out.push(TAG_SPACE, 1, options.space === "world" ? 1 : 0)
+    if (options.inheritVelocity !== undefined) out.push(TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, 1, options.inheritVelocity)
+    if (options.rateOverDistance !== undefined) out.push(TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, options.rateOverDistance)
+    if (options.order !== undefined) out.push(TAG_ORDER, 1, options.order)
+    if (options.rate !== undefined) out.push(TAG_RATE, 1, options.rate)
+    if (options.shape !== undefined) pushShape(out, options.shape)
+    if (options.velocityOverLife !== undefined) pushVelocityLife(out, options.velocityOverLife)
+    if (options.startVelocity !== undefined) pushVelocity(out, options.startVelocity)
+    if (options.acceleration !== undefined) {
+      const a = options.acceleration
+      out.push(TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a))
+    } else if (options.gravity !== undefined) {
+      out.push(TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, 0, -options.gravity, 0)
+    }
+    if (options.drag !== undefined) out.push(TAG_DRAG, 1, options.drag)
+    if (options.lifetime !== undefined) {
+      const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(options.lifetime)
+      out.push(TAG_LIFETIME, 2, lo, hi)
+    }
+    if (options.color !== undefined) pushColor(out, options.color)
+    if (options.size !== undefined) pushParam(out, 0, options.size)
+    if (options.rotation !== undefined) pushParam(out, 1, options.rotation)
+    if (options.opacity !== undefined) pushParam(out, 2, options.opacity)
+    if (options.frame !== undefined) {
+      pushParam(out, 3, options.frame)
+    } else if (options.material === undefined && !options.mesh) {
+      const [ cols, rows ] = _sheetColsRows(options.sheet)
+      const frames = cols * rows
+      if (frames > 1) {
+        const start = options.startFrame ?? "random"
+        const base = start === "random" ? { min: 0, max: frames - 1 } : start
+        pushParam(out, 3, curve(base, "add").from(0).to(frames))
+      }
+    }
+    if (options.noise !== undefined) {
+      const n = options.noise
+      out.push(TAG_NOISE, 3, n ? n.strength ?? 1 : 0, n ? n.frequency ?? 1 : 0, n ? n.speed ?? 1 : 0)
+    }
+    if (options.seed !== undefined) out.push(TAG_SEED, 1, options.seed)
+
+    if (out.length > 0) _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
+  }
+
+  /** Emit `count` particles immediately (a burst). */
+  spawn(count: number): this { _creator.spawnParticles(this.id, count); return this }
+
+  private _send(out: number[]): void {
+    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
+  }
+
+  set rate(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_RATE, 1, val ]) }
+
+  /** `'world'` leaves particles behind where they were born (trails). Switching resets live ones. */
+  set space(val: "local" | "world") { this._send([ TAG_SPACE, 1, val === "world" ? 1 : 0 ]) }
+  set inheritVelocity(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_INHERIT_VELOCITY, 1, val ]) }
+  set rateOverDistance(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, val ]) }
+  set order(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_ORDER, 1, val ]) }
+
+  set velocityOverLife(v: VelocityOverLife) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushVelocityLife(out, v)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set shape(shape: Shape) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushShape(out, shape)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  /** (mesh mode) Replace the particle mesh; live particles keep flying as the new shape. */
+  set mesh(g: Geometry) {
+    const out: number[] = [ TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 3 ]
+    pushMesh(out, g)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set angularVelocity(v: Vec3Like | { min: Vec3Like, max: Vec3Like }) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushAngularVelocity(out, v)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set ground(g: ParticleGround | null) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushGround(out, g)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set startVelocity(val: Vec3Like | VelocityValue) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushVelocity(out, val)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  /** Positive pulls particles down — sugar for `acceleration = [0, -g, 0]`. */
+  set gravity(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, 0, -val, 0 ]) }
+  set acceleration(a: Vec3Like) { this._send([ TAG_ACCELERATION, 3, cx(a), cy(a), cz(a) ]) }
+  set drag(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_DRAG, 1, val ]) }
+  set seed(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_SEED, 1, val ]) }
+
+  set lifetime(val: Range<number>) {
+    const [ lo, hi ] = lohi(val)
+    this._send([ TAG_LIFETIME, 2, lo, hi ])
+  }
+
+  set size(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[0] = val }
+  set rotation(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[1] = val }
+  set opacity(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[2] = val }
+  set frame(val: ParticleValue) { this.custom[3] = val }
+
+  set color(value: ParticleColor) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushColor(out, value)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  get material(): Material { return this._material }
+  set material(material: Material) {
+    this._material = material
+    _creator.setMaterial(this.id, Material.idOf(material), 0)
+  }
+
+  set noise(noise: Noise | null) {
+    this._send(noise
+      ? [ TAG_NOISE, 3, noise.strength ?? 1, noise.frequency ?? 1, noise.speed ?? 1 ]
+      : [ TAG_NOISE, 3, 0, 0, 0 ])
+  }
+}
+
+// --- ribbon trail -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** `Trail` options. The look options (map/sheet/emissive/blend/soft) come from
+ *  `ParticlesMaterialOptions`, same as `Particles`. */
+export type TrailOptions = Omit<ParticlesMaterialOptions, "render" | "stretch"> & {
+  /** Seconds each trail point lives — the trail's length in time. Default 0.5. */
+  time?: number
+  /** Strip width in world units; a curve tapers it over each point's life (head → tail).
+   *  Default 0.1. */
+  width?: ParticleValue
+  /** Minimum emitter movement (world units) between recorded points. Default 0.05. */
+  minDistance?: number
+  /** Point capacity (default 128). */
+  maxPoints?: number
+  color?: ParticleColor
+  /** Opacity along the trail. Defaults to fading the tail out (`curve().to(0)`). */
+  opacity?: ParticleValue
+}
+
+/** A ribbon strip that follows this node through the world — sword swings, skid marks, missile
+ *  trails. Attach it to (or under) the moving node and just move; points are laid down per
+ *  `minDistance` of movement, live for `time` seconds, and the strip stays glued to the node at
+ *  its head. Width/opacity/color accept the same curves as `Particles`, evaluated over each
+ *  point's life — i.e. along the trail from head (fresh) to tail (dying). */
+export class Trail extends Node {
+  private _material: Material
+  private _rateDistance: number
+
+  constructor(options: TrailOptions = {}) {
+    super()
+    this._material = Material.particles({ ...options, render: "ribbon" })
+    _creator.createParticleSystem(this.id, Material.idOf(this._material), options.maxPoints ?? 128)
+
+    const time = options.time ?? 0.5
+    this._rateDistance = 1 / Math.max(options.minDistance ?? 0.05, 1e-3)
+    const out: number[] = [
+      TAG_RENDER_MODE, 1, 2,
+      TAG_SPACE, 1, 1,          // a trail is only meaningful in world space
+      TAG_RATE, 1, 0,           // points come from movement, never from time
+      TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, this._rateDistance,
+      TAG_LIFETIME, 2, time, time,
+    ]
+    pushParam(out, 0, options.width ?? 0.1)
+    pushParam(out, 2, options.opacity ?? curve().to(0))
+    if (options.color !== undefined) pushColor(out, options.color)
+    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
+  }
+
+  private _send(out: number[]): void {
+    _creator.setParticleSystemConfig(this.id, Float32Array.from(out))
+  }
+
+  /** Trail length in seconds — how long each laid-down point lives. */
+  set time(val: number) { this._send([ TAG_LIFETIME, 2, val, val ]) }
+
+  set width(val: ParticleValue) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushParam(out, 0, val)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set opacity(val: ParticleValue) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushParam(out, 2, val)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set color(value: ParticleColor) {
+    const out: number[] = []
+    pushColor(out, value)
+    this._send(out)
+  }
+
+  set minDistance(val: number) {
+    this._rateDistance = 1 / Math.max(val, 1e-3)
+    this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, this._rateDistance ])
+  }
+
+  /** Pause/resume laying down points — existing ones still age out, so the trail fades naturally
+   *  after e.g. a sword swing ends. */
+  set emitting(val: boolean) { this._send([ TAG_RATE_DISTANCE, 1, val ? this._rateDistance : 0 ]) }
+
+  get material(): Material { return this._material }
+}