laminark 2.21.9 → 2.22.1

package/plugin/node_modules/sharp/src/pipeline.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1814 @@
+/*!
+  Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+*/
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <filesystem>  // NOLINT(build/c++17)
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <vips/vips8>
+#include <napi.h>
+
+#include "./common.h"
+#include "./operations.h"
+#include "./pipeline.h"
+
+class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
+ public:
+  PipelineWorker(Napi::Function callback, PipelineBaton *baton,
+    Napi::Function debuglog, Napi::Function queueListener) :
+    Napi::AsyncWorker(callback),
+    baton(baton),
+    debuglog(Napi::Persistent(debuglog)),
+    queueListener(Napi::Persistent(queueListener)) {}
+  ~PipelineWorker() {}
+
+  // libuv worker
+  void Execute() {
+    // Decrement queued task counter
+    sharp::counterQueue--;
+    // Increment processing task counter
+    sharp::counterProcess++;
+
+    try {
+      // Open input
+      vips::VImage image;
+      sharp::ImageType inputImageType;
+      if (baton->join.empty()) {
+        std::tie(image, inputImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->input);
+      } else {
+        std::vector<VImage> images;
+        bool hasAlpha = false;
+        for (auto &join : baton->join) {
+          std::tie(image, inputImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(join);
+          image = sharp::EnsureColourspace(image, baton->colourspacePipeline);
+          images.push_back(image);
+          hasAlpha |= image.has_alpha();
+        }
+        if (hasAlpha) {
+          for (auto &image : images) {
+            if (!image.has_alpha()) {
+              image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image, 1);
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          baton->input->joinBackground.pop_back();
+        }
+        inputImageType = sharp::ImageType::PNG;
+        image = VImage::arrayjoin(images, VImage::option()
+          ->set("across", baton->input->joinAcross)
+          ->set("shim", baton->input->joinShim)
+          ->set("background", baton->input->joinBackground)
+          ->set("halign", baton->input->joinHalign)
+          ->set("valign", baton->input->joinValign));
+        if (baton->input->joinAnimated) {
+          image = image.copy();
+          image.set(VIPS_META_N_PAGES, static_cast<int>(images.size()));
+          image.set(VIPS_META_PAGE_HEIGHT, static_cast<int>(image.height() / images.size()));
+        }
+      }
+      VipsAccess access = baton->input->access;
+      image = sharp::EnsureColourspace(image, baton->colourspacePipeline);
+
+      int nPages = baton->input->pages;
+      if (nPages == -1) {
+        // Resolve the number of pages if we need to render until the end of the document
+        nPages = image.get_typeof(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) != 0
+          ? image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) - baton->input->page
+          : 1;
+      }
+
+      // Get pre-resize page height
+      int pageHeight = sharp::GetPageHeight(image);
+
+      // Calculate angle of rotation
+      VipsAngle rotation = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+      VipsAngle autoRotation = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+      bool autoFlop = false;
+
+      if (baton->input->autoOrient) {
+        // Rotate and flip image according to Exif orientation
+        std::tie(autoRotation, autoFlop) = CalculateExifRotationAndFlop(sharp::ExifOrientation(image));
+      }
+
+      rotation = CalculateAngleRotation(baton->angle);
+
+      bool const shouldRotateBefore = baton->rotateBefore &&
+        (rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0 || baton->flip || baton->flop || baton->rotationAngle != 0.0);
+      bool const shouldOrientBefore = (shouldRotateBefore || baton->orientBefore) &&
+        (autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0 || autoFlop);
+
+      if (shouldOrientBefore) {
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image, autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0);
+        if (autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0) {
+          if (autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D180) {
+            MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+          }
+          image = image.rot(autoRotation);
+          autoRotation = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+        }
+        if (autoFlop) {
+          image = image.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_HORIZONTAL);
+          autoFlop = false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (shouldRotateBefore) {
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image, rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0 || baton->flip || baton->rotationAngle != 0.0);
+        if (baton->flip) {
+          image = image.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_VERTICAL);
+          baton->flip = false;
+        }
+        if (baton->flop) {
+          image = image.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_HORIZONTAL);
+          baton->flop = false;
+        }
+        if (rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0) {
+          if (rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D180) {
+            MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+          }
+          image = image.rot(rotation);
+          rotation = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+        }
+        if (baton->rotationAngle != 0.0) {
+          MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+          std::vector<double> background;
+          std::tie(image, background) = sharp::ApplyAlpha(image, baton->rotationBackground, false);
+          image = image.rotate(baton->rotationAngle, VImage::option()->set("background", background)).copy_memory();
+          baton->rotationAngle = 0.0;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Trim
+      if (baton->trimThreshold >= 0.0) {
+        MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Trim");
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+        image = sharp::Trim(image, baton->trimBackground, baton->trimThreshold, baton->trimLineArt);
+        baton->trimOffsetLeft = image.xoffset();
+        baton->trimOffsetTop = image.yoffset();
+      }
+
+      // Pre extraction
+      if (baton->topOffsetPre != -1) {
+        image = nPages > 1
+          ? sharp::CropMultiPage(image,
+              baton->leftOffsetPre, baton->topOffsetPre, baton->widthPre, baton->heightPre, nPages, &pageHeight)
+          : image.extract_area(baton->leftOffsetPre, baton->topOffsetPre, baton->widthPre, baton->heightPre);
+      }
+
+      // Get pre-resize image width and height
+      int inputWidth = image.width();
+      int inputHeight = image.height();
+
+      // Is there just one page? Shrink to inputHeight instead
+      if (nPages == 1) {
+        pageHeight = inputHeight;
+      }
+
+      // Scaling calculations
+      double hshrink;
+      double vshrink;
+      int targetResizeWidth = baton->width;
+      int targetResizeHeight = baton->height;
+
+      // When auto-rotating by 90 or 270 degrees, swap the target width and
+      // height to ensure the behavior aligns with how it would have been if
+      // the rotation had taken place *before* resizing.
+      if (autoRotation == VIPS_ANGLE_D90 || autoRotation == VIPS_ANGLE_D270) {
+        std::swap(targetResizeWidth, targetResizeHeight);
+      }
+
+      // Shrink to pageHeight, so we work for multi-page images
+      std::tie(hshrink, vshrink) = sharp::ResolveShrink(
+        inputWidth, pageHeight, targetResizeWidth, targetResizeHeight,
+        baton->canvas, baton->withoutEnlargement, baton->withoutReduction);
+
+      // The jpeg preload shrink.
+      int jpegShrinkOnLoad = 1;
+
+      // WebP, PDF, SVG scale
+      double scale = 1.0;
+
+      // Try to reload input using shrink-on-load for JPEG, WebP, SVG and PDF, when:
+      //  - the width or height parameters are specified;
+      //  - gamma correction doesn't need to be applied;
+      //  - trimming or pre-resize extract isn't required;
+      //  - input colourspace is not specified;
+      bool const shouldPreShrink = (targetResizeWidth > 0 || targetResizeHeight > 0) &&
+        baton->gamma == 0 && baton->topOffsetPre == -1 && baton->trimThreshold < 0.0 &&
+        baton->colourspacePipeline == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST && !(shouldOrientBefore || shouldRotateBefore);
+
+      if (shouldPreShrink) {
+        // The common part of the shrink: the bit by which both axes must be shrunk
+        double shrink = std::min(hshrink, vshrink);
+
+        if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JPEG) {
+          // Leave at least a factor of two for the final resize step, when fastShrinkOnLoad: false
+          // for more consistent results and to avoid extra sharpness to the image
+          int factor = baton->fastShrinkOnLoad ? 1 : 2;
+          if (shrink >= 8 * factor) {
+            jpegShrinkOnLoad = 8;
+          } else if (shrink >= 4 * factor) {
+            jpegShrinkOnLoad = 4;
+          } else if (shrink >= 2 * factor) {
+            jpegShrinkOnLoad = 2;
+          }
+          // Lower shrink-on-load for known libjpeg rounding errors
+          if (jpegShrinkOnLoad > 1 && static_cast<int>(shrink) == jpegShrinkOnLoad) {
+            jpegShrinkOnLoad /= 2;
+          }
+        } else if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::WEBP && baton->fastShrinkOnLoad && shrink > 1.0) {
+          // Avoid upscaling via webp
+          scale = 1.0 / shrink;
+        } else if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG ||
+                   inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::PDF) {
+          scale = 1.0 / shrink;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Reload input using shrink-on-load, it'll be an integer shrink
+      // factor for jpegload*, a double scale factor for webpload*,
+      // pdfload* and svgload*
+      if (jpegShrinkOnLoad > 1) {
+        vips::VOption *option = GetOptionsForImageType(inputImageType, baton->input)->set("shrink", jpegShrinkOnLoad);
+        if (baton->input->buffer != nullptr) {
+          // Reload JPEG buffer
+          VipsBlob *blob = vips_blob_new(nullptr, baton->input->buffer, baton->input->bufferLength);
+          image = VImage::jpegload_buffer(blob, option);
+          vips_area_unref(reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(blob));
+        } else {
+          // Reload JPEG file
+          image = VImage::jpegload(const_cast<char*>(baton->input->file.data()), option);
+        }
+      } else if (scale != 1.0) {
+        vips::VOption *option = GetOptionsForImageType(inputImageType, baton->input)->set("scale", scale);
+        if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::WEBP) {
+          if (baton->input->buffer != nullptr) {
+            // Reload WebP buffer
+            VipsBlob *blob = vips_blob_new(nullptr, baton->input->buffer, baton->input->bufferLength);
+            image = VImage::webpload_buffer(blob, option);
+            vips_area_unref(reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(blob));
+          } else {
+            // Reload WebP file
+            image = VImage::webpload(const_cast<char*>(baton->input->file.data()), option);
+          }
+        } else if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG) {
+          if (baton->input->buffer != nullptr) {
+            // Reload SVG buffer
+            VipsBlob *blob = vips_blob_new(nullptr, baton->input->buffer, baton->input->bufferLength);
+            image = VImage::svgload_buffer(blob, option);
+            vips_area_unref(reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(blob));
+          } else {
+            // Reload SVG file
+            image = VImage::svgload(const_cast<char*>(baton->input->file.data()), option);
+          }
+          sharp::SetDensity(image, baton->input->density);
+          if (image.width() > 32767 || image.height() > 32767) {
+            throw vips::VError("Input SVG image will exceed 32767x32767 pixel limit when scaled");
+          }
+        } else if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::PDF) {
+          if (baton->input->buffer != nullptr) {
+            // Reload PDF buffer
+            VipsBlob *blob = vips_blob_new(nullptr, baton->input->buffer, baton->input->bufferLength);
+            image = VImage::pdfload_buffer(blob, option);
+            vips_area_unref(reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(blob));
+          } else {
+            // Reload PDF file
+            image = VImage::pdfload(const_cast<char*>(baton->input->file.data()), option);
+          }
+          sharp::SetDensity(image, baton->input->density);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG && (image.width() > 32767 || image.height() > 32767)) {
+          throw vips::VError("Input SVG image exceeds 32767x32767 pixel limit");
+        }
+      }
+      if (baton->input->autoOrient) {
+        image = sharp::RemoveExifOrientation(image);
+      }
+
+      // Any pre-shrinking may already have been done
+      inputWidth = image.width();
+      inputHeight = image.height();
+
+      // After pre-shrink, but before the main shrink stage
+      // Reuse the initial pageHeight if we didn't pre-shrink
+      if (shouldPreShrink) {
+        pageHeight = sharp::GetPageHeight(image);
+      }
+
+      // Shrink to pageHeight, so we work for multi-page images
+      std::tie(hshrink, vshrink) = sharp::ResolveShrink(
+        inputWidth, pageHeight, targetResizeWidth, targetResizeHeight,
+        baton->canvas, baton->withoutEnlargement, baton->withoutReduction);
+
+      int targetHeight = static_cast<int>(std::rint(static_cast<double>(pageHeight) / vshrink));
+      int targetPageHeight = targetHeight;
+
+      // In toilet-roll mode, we must adjust vshrink so that we exactly hit
+      // pageHeight or we'll have pixels straddling pixel boundaries
+      if (inputHeight > pageHeight) {
+        targetHeight *= nPages;
+        vshrink = static_cast<double>(inputHeight) / targetHeight;
+      }
+
+      // Ensure we're using a device-independent colour space
+      std::pair<char*, size_t> inputProfile(nullptr, 0);
+      if ((baton->keepMetadata & VIPS_FOREIGN_KEEP_ICC) && baton->withIccProfile.empty()) {
+        // Cache input profile for use with output
+        inputProfile = sharp::GetProfile(image);
+        baton->input->ignoreIcc = true;
+      }
+      char const *processingProfile = image.interpretation() == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_RGB16 ? "p3" : "srgb";
+      if (
+        sharp::HasProfile(image) &&
+        image.interpretation() != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LABS &&
+        image.interpretation() != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_GREY16 &&
+        baton->colourspacePipeline != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_CMYK &&
+        !baton->input->ignoreIcc
+      ) {
+        // Convert to sRGB/P3 using embedded profile
+        try {
+          image = image.icc_transform(processingProfile, VImage::option()
+            ->set("embedded", true)
+            ->set("depth", sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation()) ? 16 : 8)
+            ->set("intent", VIPS_INTENT_PERCEPTUAL));
+        } catch(...) {
+          sharp::VipsWarningCallback(nullptr, G_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING, "Invalid embedded profile", nullptr);
+        }
+      } else if (
+        image.interpretation() == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_CMYK &&
+        baton->colourspacePipeline != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_CMYK
+      ) {
+        image = image.icc_transform(processingProfile, VImage::option()
+          ->set("input_profile", "cmyk")
+          ->set("intent", VIPS_INTENT_PERCEPTUAL));
+      }
+
+      // Flatten image to remove alpha channel
+      if (baton->flatten && image.has_alpha()) {
+        image = sharp::Flatten(image, baton->flattenBackground);
+      }
+
+      // Gamma encoding (darken)
+      if (baton->gamma >= 1 && baton->gamma <= 3) {
+        image = sharp::Gamma(image, 1.0 / baton->gamma);
+      }
+
+      // Convert to greyscale (linear, therefore after gamma encoding, if any)
+      if (baton->greyscale) {
+        image = image.colourspace(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_B_W);
+      }
+
+      bool const shouldResize = hshrink != 1.0 || vshrink != 1.0;
+      bool const shouldBlur = baton->blurSigma != 0.0;
+      bool const shouldConv = baton->convKernelWidth * baton->convKernelHeight > 0;
+      bool const shouldSharpen = baton->sharpenSigma != 0.0;
+      bool const shouldComposite = !baton->composite.empty();
+
+      if (shouldComposite && !image.has_alpha()) {
+        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image, 1);
+      }
+
+      VipsBandFormat premultiplyFormat = image.format();
+      bool const shouldPremultiplyAlpha = image.has_alpha() &&
+        (shouldResize || shouldBlur || shouldConv || shouldSharpen);
+
+      if (shouldPremultiplyAlpha) {
+        image = image.premultiply().cast(premultiplyFormat);
+      }
+
+      // Resize
+      if (shouldResize) {
+        image = image.resize(1.0 / hshrink, VImage::option()
+          ->set("vscale", 1.0 / vshrink)
+          ->set("kernel", baton->kernel));
+      }
+
+      image = sharp::StaySequential(image,
+        autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0 ||
+        baton->flip ||
+        rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0);
+      // Auto-rotate post-extract
+      if (autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0) {
+        if (autoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D180) {
+          MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+        }
+        image = image.rot(autoRotation);
+      }
+      // Mirror vertically (up-down) about the x-axis
+      if (baton->flip) {
+        image = image.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_VERTICAL);
+      }
+      // Mirror horizontally (left-right) about the y-axis
+      if (baton->flop != autoFlop) {
+        image = image.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_HORIZONTAL);
+      }
+      // Rotate post-extract 90-angle
+      if (rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0) {
+        if (rotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D180) {
+          MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+        }
+        image = image.rot(rotation);
+      }
+
+      // Join additional color channels to the image
+      if (!baton->joinChannelIn.empty()) {
+        VImage joinImage;
+        sharp::ImageType joinImageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
+
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < baton->joinChannelIn.size(); i++) {
+          baton->joinChannelIn[i]->access = access;
+          std::tie(joinImage, joinImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->joinChannelIn[i]);
+          joinImage = sharp::EnsureColourspace(joinImage, baton->colourspacePipeline);
+          image = image.bandjoin(joinImage);
+        }
+        image = image.copy(VImage::option()->set("interpretation", baton->colourspace));
+        image = sharp::RemoveGifPalette(image);
+      }
+
+      inputWidth = image.width();
+      inputHeight = nPages > 1 ? targetPageHeight : image.height();
+
+      // Resolve dimensions
+      if (baton->width <= 0) {
+        baton->width = inputWidth;
+      }
+      if (baton->height <= 0) {
+        baton->height = inputHeight;
+      }
+
+      // Crop/embed
+      if (inputWidth != baton->width || inputHeight != baton->height) {
+        if (baton->canvas == sharp::Canvas::EMBED) {
+          std::vector<double> background;
+          std::tie(image, background) = sharp::ApplyAlpha(image, baton->resizeBackground, shouldPremultiplyAlpha);
+
+          // Embed
+          const auto& [left, top] = sharp::CalculateEmbedPosition(
+            inputWidth, inputHeight, baton->width, baton->height, baton->position);
+          const int width = std::max(inputWidth, baton->width);
+          const int height = std::max(inputHeight, baton->height);
+
+          image = nPages > 1
+            ? sharp::EmbedMultiPage(image,
+                left, top, width, height, VIPS_EXTEND_BACKGROUND, background, nPages, &targetPageHeight)
+            : image.embed(left, top, width, height, VImage::option()
+              ->set("extend", VIPS_EXTEND_BACKGROUND)
+              ->set("background", background));
+        } else if (baton->canvas == sharp::Canvas::CROP) {
+          if (baton->width > inputWidth) {
+            baton->width = inputWidth;
+          }
+          if (baton->height > inputHeight) {
+            baton->height = inputHeight;
+          }
+
+          // Crop
+          if (baton->position < 9) {
+            // Gravity-based crop
+            const auto& [left, top] = sharp::CalculateCrop(
+              inputWidth, inputHeight, baton->width, baton->height, baton->position);
+            const int width = std::min(inputWidth, baton->width);
+            const int height = std::min(inputHeight, baton->height);
+
+            image = nPages > 1
+              ? sharp::CropMultiPage(image,
+                  left, top, width, height, nPages, &targetPageHeight)
+              : image.extract_area(left, top, width, height);
+          } else {
+            int attention_x;
+            int attention_y;
+
+            // Attention-based or Entropy-based crop
+            MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Resize strategy");
+            image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+            image = image.smartcrop(baton->width, baton->height, VImage::option()
+              ->set("interesting", baton->position == 16 ? VIPS_INTERESTING_ENTROPY : VIPS_INTERESTING_ATTENTION)
+              ->set("premultiplied", shouldPremultiplyAlpha)
+              ->set("attention_x", &attention_x)
+              ->set("attention_y", &attention_y));
+            baton->hasCropOffset = true;
+            baton->cropOffsetLeft = static_cast<int>(image.xoffset());
+            baton->cropOffsetTop = static_cast<int>(image.yoffset());
+            baton->hasAttentionCenter = true;
+            baton->attentionX = static_cast<int>(attention_x * jpegShrinkOnLoad / scale);
+            baton->attentionY = static_cast<int>(attention_y * jpegShrinkOnLoad / scale);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Rotate post-extract non-90 angle
+      if (!baton->rotateBefore && baton->rotationAngle != 0.0) {
+        MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Rotate");
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+        std::vector<double> background;
+        std::tie(image, background) = sharp::ApplyAlpha(image, baton->rotationBackground, shouldPremultiplyAlpha);
+        image = image.rotate(baton->rotationAngle, VImage::option()->set("background", background));
+      }
+
+      // Post extraction
+      if (baton->topOffsetPost != -1) {
+        if (nPages > 1) {
+          image = sharp::CropMultiPage(image,
+            baton->leftOffsetPost, baton->topOffsetPost, baton->widthPost, baton->heightPost,
+            nPages, &targetPageHeight);
+
+          // heightPost is used in the info object, so update to reflect the number of pages
+          baton->heightPost *= nPages;
+        } else {
+          image = image.extract_area(
+            baton->leftOffsetPost, baton->topOffsetPost, baton->widthPost, baton->heightPost);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Affine transform
+      if (!baton->affineMatrix.empty()) {
+        MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Affine");
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+        std::vector<double> background;
+        std::tie(image, background) = sharp::ApplyAlpha(image, baton->affineBackground, shouldPremultiplyAlpha);
+        vips::VInterpolate interp = vips::VInterpolate::new_from_name(
+          const_cast<char*>(baton->affineInterpolator.data()));
+        image = image.affine(baton->affineMatrix, VImage::option()->set("background", background)
+          ->set("idx", baton->affineIdx)
+          ->set("idy", baton->affineIdy)
+          ->set("odx", baton->affineOdx)
+          ->set("ody", baton->affineOdy)
+          ->set("interpolate", interp));
+      }
+
+      // Extend edges
+      if (baton->extendTop > 0 || baton->extendBottom > 0 || baton->extendLeft > 0 || baton->extendRight > 0) {
+        // Embed
+        baton->width = image.width() + baton->extendLeft + baton->extendRight;
+        baton->height = (nPages > 1 ? targetPageHeight : image.height()) + baton->extendTop + baton->extendBottom;
+
+        if (baton->extendWith == VIPS_EXTEND_BACKGROUND) {
+          std::vector<double> background;
+          std::tie(image, background) = sharp::ApplyAlpha(image, baton->extendBackground, shouldPremultiplyAlpha);
+
+          image = sharp::StaySequential(image, nPages > 1);
+          image = nPages > 1
+            ? sharp::EmbedMultiPage(image,
+                baton->extendLeft, baton->extendTop, baton->width, baton->height,
+                baton->extendWith, background, nPages, &targetPageHeight)
+            : image.embed(baton->extendLeft, baton->extendTop, baton->width, baton->height,
+                VImage::option()->set("extend", baton->extendWith)->set("background", background));
+        } else {
+          std::vector<double> ignoredBackground(1);
+          image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+          image = nPages > 1
+            ? sharp::EmbedMultiPage(image,
+                baton->extendLeft, baton->extendTop, baton->width, baton->height,
+                baton->extendWith, ignoredBackground, nPages, &targetPageHeight)
+            : image.embed(baton->extendLeft, baton->extendTop, baton->width, baton->height,
+                VImage::option()->set("extend", baton->extendWith));
+        }
+      }
+      // Median - must happen before blurring, due to the utility of blurring after thresholding
+      if (baton->medianSize > 0) {
+        image = image.median(baton->medianSize);
+      }
+
+      // Threshold - must happen before blurring, due to the utility of blurring after thresholding
+      // Threshold - must happen before unflatten to enable non-white unflattening
+      if (baton->threshold != 0) {
+        image = sharp::Threshold(image, baton->threshold, baton->thresholdGrayscale);
+      }
+
+      // Dilate - must happen before blurring, due to the utility of dilating after thresholding
+      if (baton->dilateWidth != 0) {
+        image = sharp::Dilate(image, baton->dilateWidth);
+      }
+
+      // Erode - must happen before blurring, due to the utility of eroding after thresholding
+      if (baton->erodeWidth != 0) {
+        image = sharp::Erode(image, baton->erodeWidth);
+      }
+
+      // Blur
+      if (shouldBlur) {
+        image = sharp::Blur(image, baton->blurSigma, baton->precision, baton->minAmpl);
+      }
+
+      // Unflatten the image
+      if (baton->unflatten) {
+        image = sharp::Unflatten(image);
+      }
+
+      // Convolve
+      if (shouldConv) {
+        image = sharp::Convolve(image,
+          baton->convKernelWidth, baton->convKernelHeight,
+          baton->convKernelScale, baton->convKernelOffset,
+          baton->convKernel);
+      }
+
+      // Recomb
+      if (!baton->recombMatrix.empty()) {
+        image = sharp::Recomb(image, baton->recombMatrix);
+      }
+
+      // Modulate
+      if (baton->brightness != 1.0 || baton->saturation != 1.0 || baton->hue != 0.0 || baton->lightness != 0.0) {
+        image = sharp::Modulate(image, baton->brightness, baton->saturation, baton->hue, baton->lightness);
+      }
+
+      // Sharpen
+      if (shouldSharpen) {
+        image = sharp::Sharpen(image, baton->sharpenSigma, baton->sharpenM1, baton->sharpenM2,
+          baton->sharpenX1, baton->sharpenY2, baton->sharpenY3);
+      }
+
+      // Reverse premultiplication after all transformations
+      if (shouldPremultiplyAlpha) {
+        image = image.unpremultiply().cast(premultiplyFormat);
+      }
+      baton->premultiplied = shouldPremultiplyAlpha;
+
+      // Composite
+      if (shouldComposite) {
+        std::vector<VImage> images = { image };
+        std::vector<int> modes, xs, ys;
+        for (Composite *composite : baton->composite) {
+          VImage compositeImage;
+          sharp::ImageType compositeImageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
+          composite->input->access = access;
+          std::tie(compositeImage, compositeImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(composite->input);
+
+          if (composite->input->autoOrient) {
+            // Respect EXIF Orientation
+            VipsAngle compositeAutoRotation = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+            bool compositeAutoFlop = false;
+            std::tie(compositeAutoRotation, compositeAutoFlop) =
+              CalculateExifRotationAndFlop(sharp::ExifOrientation(compositeImage));
+
+            compositeImage = sharp::RemoveExifOrientation(compositeImage);
+            compositeImage = sharp::StaySequential(compositeImage, compositeAutoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0);
+
+            if (compositeAutoRotation != VIPS_ANGLE_D0) {
+              compositeImage = compositeImage.rot(compositeAutoRotation);
+            }
+            if (compositeAutoFlop) {
+              compositeImage = compositeImage.flip(VIPS_DIRECTION_HORIZONTAL);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Verify within current dimensions
+          if (compositeImage.width() > image.width() || compositeImage.height() > image.height()) {
+            throw vips::VError("Image to composite must have same dimensions or smaller");
+          }
+          // Check if overlay is tiled
+          if (composite->tile) {
+            int across = 0;
+            int down = 0;
+            // Use gravity in overlay
+            if (compositeImage.width() <= image.width()) {
+              across = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<double>(image.width()) / compositeImage.width()));
+              // Ensure odd number of tiles across when gravity is centre, north or south
+              if (composite->gravity == 0 || composite->gravity == 1 || composite->gravity == 3) {
+                across |= 1;
+              }
+            }
+            if (compositeImage.height() <= image.height()) {
+              down = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<double>(image.height()) / compositeImage.height()));
+              // Ensure odd number of tiles down when gravity is centre, east or west
+              if (composite->gravity == 0 || composite->gravity == 2 || composite->gravity == 4) {
+                down |= 1;
+              }
+            }
+            if (across != 0 || down != 0) {
+              int left;
+              int top;
+              compositeImage = sharp::StaySequential(compositeImage).replicate(across, down);
+              if (composite->hasOffset) {
+                std::tie(left, top) = sharp::CalculateCrop(
+                  compositeImage.width(), compositeImage.height(), image.width(), image.height(),
+                  composite->left, composite->top);
+              } else {
+                std::tie(left, top) = sharp::CalculateCrop(
+                  compositeImage.width(), compositeImage.height(), image.width(), image.height(), composite->gravity);
+              }
+              compositeImage = compositeImage.extract_area(left, top, image.width(), image.height());
+            }
+            // gravity was used for extract_area, set it back to its default value of 0
+            composite->gravity = 0;
+          }
+          // Ensure image to composite is with unpremultiplied alpha
+          compositeImage = sharp::EnsureAlpha(compositeImage, 1);
+          if (composite->premultiplied) compositeImage = compositeImage.unpremultiply();
+          // Calculate position
+          int left;
+          int top;
+          if (composite->hasOffset) {
+            // Composite image at given offsets
+            if (composite->tile) {
+              std::tie(left, top) = sharp::CalculateCrop(image.width(), image.height(),
+                compositeImage.width(), compositeImage.height(), composite->left, composite->top);
+            } else {
+              left = composite->left;
+              top = composite->top;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Composite image with given gravity
+            std::tie(left, top) = sharp::CalculateCrop(image.width(), image.height(),
+              compositeImage.width(), compositeImage.height(), composite->gravity);
+          }
+          images.push_back(compositeImage);
+          modes.push_back(composite->mode);
+          xs.push_back(left);
+          ys.push_back(top);
+        }
+        image = VImage::composite(images, modes, VImage::option()
+          ->set("compositing_space", baton->colourspacePipeline == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST
+            ? VIPS_INTERPRETATION_sRGB
+            : baton->colourspacePipeline)
+          ->set("x", xs)
+          ->set("y", ys));
+        image = sharp::RemoveGifPalette(image);
+      }
+
+      // Gamma decoding (brighten)
+      if (baton->gammaOut >= 1 && baton->gammaOut <= 3) {
+        image = sharp::Gamma(image, baton->gammaOut);
+      }
+
+      // Linear adjustment (a * in + b)
+      if (!baton->linearA.empty()) {
+        image = sharp::Linear(image, baton->linearA, baton->linearB);
+      }
+
+      // Apply normalisation - stretch luminance to cover full dynamic range
+      if (baton->normalise) {
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+        image = sharp::Normalise(image, baton->normaliseLower, baton->normaliseUpper);
+      }
+
+      // Apply contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE)
+      if (baton->claheWidth != 0 && baton->claheHeight != 0) {
+        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
+        image = sharp::Clahe(image, baton->claheWidth, baton->claheHeight, baton->claheMaxSlope);
+      }
+
+      // Apply bitwise boolean operation between images
+      if (baton->boolean != nullptr) {
+        VImage booleanImage;
+        sharp::ImageType booleanImageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
+        baton->boolean->access = access;
+        std::tie(booleanImage, booleanImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->boolean);
+        booleanImage = sharp::EnsureColourspace(booleanImage, baton->colourspacePipeline);
+        image = sharp::Boolean(image, booleanImage, baton->booleanOp);
+        image = sharp::RemoveGifPalette(image);
+      }
+
+      // Apply per-channel Bandbool bitwise operations after all other operations
+      if (baton->bandBoolOp >= VIPS_OPERATION_BOOLEAN_AND && baton->bandBoolOp < VIPS_OPERATION_BOOLEAN_LAST) {
+        image = sharp::Bandbool(image, baton->bandBoolOp);
+      }
+
+      // Tint the image
+      if (baton->tint[0] >= 0.0) {
+        image = sharp::Tint(image, baton->tint);
+      }
+
+      // Remove alpha channel, if any
+      if (baton->removeAlpha) {
+        image = sharp::RemoveAlpha(image);
+      }
+
+      // Ensure alpha channel, if missing
+      if (baton->ensureAlpha != -1) {
+        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image, baton->ensureAlpha);
+      }
+
+      // Ensure output colour space
+      if (sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation())) {
+        image = image.cast(VIPS_FORMAT_USHORT);
+      }
+      if (image.interpretation() != baton->colourspace) {
+        image = image.colourspace(baton->colourspace, VImage::option()->set("source_space", image.interpretation()));
+        if (inputProfile.first != nullptr && baton->withIccProfile.empty()) {
+          image = sharp::SetProfile(image, inputProfile);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Extract channel
+      if (baton->extractChannel > -1) {
+        if (baton->extractChannel >= image.bands()) {
+          if (baton->extractChannel == 3 && image.has_alpha()) {
+            baton->extractChannel = image.bands() - 1;
+          } else {
+            (baton->err)
+              .append("Cannot extract channel ").append(std::to_string(baton->extractChannel))
+              .append(" from image with channels 0-").append(std::to_string(image.bands() - 1));
+            return Error();
+          }
+        }
+        VipsInterpretation colourspace = sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation())
+          ? VIPS_INTERPRETATION_GREY16
+          : VIPS_INTERPRETATION_B_W;
+        image = image
+          .extract_band(baton->extractChannel)
+          .copy(VImage::option()->set("interpretation", colourspace));
+      }
+
+      // Apply output ICC profile
+      if (!baton->withIccProfile.empty()) {
+        try {
+          image = image.icc_transform(const_cast<char*>(baton->withIccProfile.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("input_profile", processingProfile)
+            ->set("embedded", true)
+            ->set("depth", sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation()) ? 16 : 8)
+            ->set("intent", VIPS_INTENT_PERCEPTUAL));
+        } catch(...) {
+          sharp::VipsWarningCallback(nullptr, G_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING, "Invalid profile", nullptr);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Negate the colours in the image
+      if (baton->negate) {
+        image = sharp::Negate(image, baton->negateAlpha);
+      }
+
+      // Override EXIF Orientation tag
+      if (baton->withMetadataOrientation != -1) {
+        image = sharp::SetExifOrientation(image, baton->withMetadataOrientation);
+      }
+      // Override pixel density
+      if (baton->withMetadataDensity > 0) {
+        image = sharp::SetDensity(image, baton->withMetadataDensity);
+      }
+      // EXIF key/value pairs
+      if (baton->keepMetadata & VIPS_FOREIGN_KEEP_EXIF) {
+        image = image.copy();
+        if (!baton->withExifMerge) {
+          image = sharp::RemoveExif(image);
+        }
+        for (const auto& [key, value] : baton->withExif) {
+          image.set(key.c_str(), value.c_str());
+        }
+      }
+      // XMP buffer
+      if ((baton->keepMetadata & VIPS_FOREIGN_KEEP_XMP) && !baton->withXmp.empty()) {
+        image = image.copy();
+        image.set(VIPS_META_XMP_NAME, nullptr,
+          const_cast<void*>(static_cast<void const*>(baton->withXmp.c_str())), baton->withXmp.size());
+      }
+      // Number of channels used in output image
+      baton->channels = image.bands();
+      baton->width = image.width();
+      baton->height = image.height();
+
+      image = sharp::SetAnimationProperties(
+        image, nPages, targetPageHeight, baton->delay, baton->loop);
+
+      if (image.get_typeof(VIPS_META_PAGE_HEIGHT) == G_TYPE_INT) {
+        baton->pageHeightOut = image.get_int(VIPS_META_PAGE_HEIGHT);
+        baton->pagesOut = image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_PAGES);
+      }
+
+      // Output
+      sharp::SetTimeout(image, baton->timeoutSeconds);
+      if (baton->fileOut.empty()) {
+        // Buffer output
+        if (baton->formatOut == "jpeg" || (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JPEG)) {
+          // Write JPEG to buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JPEG);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.jpegsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->jpegQuality)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->jpegProgressive)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jpegChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
+              : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("trellis_quant", baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation)
+            ->set("quant_table", baton->jpegQuantisationTable)
+            ->set("overshoot_deringing", baton->jpegOvershootDeringing)
+            ->set("optimize_scans", baton->jpegOptimiseScans)
+            ->set("optimize_coding", baton->jpegOptimiseCoding)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "jpeg";
+          if (baton->colourspace == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_CMYK) {
+            baton->channels = std::min(baton->channels, 4);
+          } else {
+            baton->channels = std::min(baton->channels, 3);
+          }
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "jp2" || (baton->formatOut == "input"
+          && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JP2)) {
+          // Write JP2 to Buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JP2);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.jp2ksave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("Q", baton->jp2Quality)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->jp2Lossless)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jp2ChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("tile_height", baton->jp2TileHeight)
+            ->set("tile_width", baton->jp2TileWidth)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "jp2";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "png" || (baton->formatOut == "input" &&
+          (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::PNG || inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG))) {
+          // Write PNG to buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::PNG);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.pngsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->pngProgressive)
+            ->set("compression", baton->pngCompressionLevel)
+            ->set("filter", baton->pngAdaptiveFiltering ? VIPS_FOREIGN_PNG_FILTER_ALL : VIPS_FOREIGN_PNG_FILTER_NONE)
+            ->set("palette", baton->pngPalette)
+            ->set("Q", baton->pngQuality)
+            ->set("effort", baton->pngEffort)
+            ->set("bitdepth", sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation()) ? 16 : baton->pngBitdepth)
+            ->set("dither", baton->pngDither)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "png";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "webp" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::WEBP)) {
+          // Write WEBP to buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::WEBP);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.webpsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->webpQuality)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->webpLossless)
+            ->set("near_lossless", baton->webpNearLossless)
+            ->set("smart_subsample", baton->webpSmartSubsample)
+            ->set("smart_deblock", baton->webpSmartDeblock)
+            ->set("preset", baton->webpPreset)
+            ->set("effort", baton->webpEffort)
+            ->set("min_size", baton->webpMinSize)
+            ->set("mixed", baton->webpMixed)
+            ->set("alpha_q", baton->webpAlphaQuality)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "webp";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "gif" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::GIF)) {
+          // Write GIF to buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::GIF);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.gifsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->gifBitdepth)
+            ->set("effort", baton->gifEffort)
+            ->set("reuse", baton->gifReuse)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->gifProgressive)
+            ->set("interframe_maxerror", baton->gifInterFrameMaxError)
+            ->set("interpalette_maxerror", baton->gifInterPaletteMaxError)
+            ->set("keep_duplicate_frames", baton->gifKeepDuplicateFrames)
+            ->set("dither", baton->gifDither)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "gif";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "tiff" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::TIFF)) {
+          // Write TIFF to buffer
+          if (baton->tiffCompression == VIPS_FOREIGN_TIFF_COMPRESSION_JPEG) {
+            sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JPEG);
+            baton->channels = std::min(baton->channels, 3);
+          }
+          // Cast pixel values to float, if required
+          if (baton->tiffPredictor == VIPS_FOREIGN_TIFF_PREDICTOR_FLOAT) {
+            image = image.cast(VIPS_FORMAT_FLOAT);
+          }
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.tiffsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->tiffQuality)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->tiffBitdepth)
+            ->set("compression", baton->tiffCompression)
+            ->set("bigtiff", baton->tiffBigtiff)
+            ->set("miniswhite", baton->tiffMiniswhite)
+            ->set("predictor", baton->tiffPredictor)
+            ->set("pyramid", baton->tiffPyramid)
+            ->set("tile", baton->tiffTile)
+            ->set("tile_height", baton->tiffTileHeight)
+            ->set("tile_width", baton->tiffTileWidth)
+            ->set("xres", baton->tiffXres)
+            ->set("yres", baton->tiffYres)
+            ->set("resunit", baton->tiffResolutionUnit)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "tiff";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "heif" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::HEIF)) {
+          // Write HEIF to buffer
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::HEIF);
+          image = sharp::RemoveAnimationProperties(image);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.heifsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->heifQuality)
+            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
+            ->set("effort", baton->heifEffort)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->heifBitdepth)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "heif";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "dz") {
+          // Write DZ to buffer
+          baton->tileContainer = VIPS_FOREIGN_DZ_CONTAINER_ZIP;
+          if (!image.has_alpha()) {
+            baton->tileBackground.pop_back();
+          }
+          image = sharp::StaySequential(image, baton->tileAngle != 0);
+          vips::VOption *options = BuildOptionsDZ(baton);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.dzsave_buffer(options));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "dz";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "jxl" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JXL)) {
+          // Write JXL to buffer
+          image = sharp::RemoveAnimationProperties(image);
+          VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.jxlsave_buffer(VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("distance", baton->jxlDistance)
+            ->set("tier", baton->jxlDecodingTier)
+            ->set("effort", baton->jxlEffort)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->jxlLossless)));
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
+          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
+          area->free_fn = nullptr;
+          vips_area_unref(area);
+          baton->formatOut = "jxl";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "raw" ||
+          (baton->formatOut == "input" && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::RAW)) {
+          // Write raw, uncompressed image data to buffer
+          if (baton->greyscale || image.interpretation() == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_B_W) {
+            // Extract first band for greyscale image
+            image = image[0];
+            baton->channels = 1;
+          }
+          if (image.format() != baton->rawDepth) {
+            // Cast pixels to requested format
+            image = image.cast(baton->rawDepth);
+          }
+          // Get raw image data
+          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(image.write_to_memory(&baton->bufferOutLength));
+          if (baton->bufferOut == nullptr) {
+            (baton->err).append("Could not allocate enough memory for raw output");
+            return Error();
+          }
+          baton->formatOut = "raw";
+        } else {
+          // Unsupported output format
+          (baton->err).append("Unsupported output format ");
+          if (baton->formatOut == "input") {
+            (baton->err).append("when trying to match input format of ");
+            (baton->err).append(ImageTypeId(inputImageType));
+          } else {
+            (baton->err).append(baton->formatOut);
+          }
+          return Error();
+        }
+      } else {
+        // File output
+        bool const isJpeg = sharp::IsJpeg(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isPng = sharp::IsPng(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isWebp = sharp::IsWebp(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isGif = sharp::IsGif(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isTiff = sharp::IsTiff(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isJp2 = sharp::IsJp2(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isHeif = sharp::IsHeif(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isJxl = sharp::IsJxl(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isDz = sharp::IsDz(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isDzZip = sharp::IsDzZip(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const isV = sharp::IsV(baton->fileOut);
+        bool const mightMatchInput = baton->formatOut == "input";
+        bool const willMatchInput = mightMatchInput &&
+         !(isJpeg || isPng || isWebp || isGif || isTiff || isJp2 || isHeif || isDz || isDzZip || isV);
+
+        if (baton->formatOut == "jpeg" || (mightMatchInput && isJpeg) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JPEG)) {
+          // Write JPEG to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JPEG);
+          image.jpegsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->jpegQuality)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->jpegProgressive)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jpegChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
+              : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("trellis_quant", baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation)
+            ->set("quant_table", baton->jpegQuantisationTable)
+            ->set("overshoot_deringing", baton->jpegOvershootDeringing)
+            ->set("optimize_scans", baton->jpegOptimiseScans)
+            ->set("optimize_coding", baton->jpegOptimiseCoding));
+          baton->formatOut = "jpeg";
+          baton->channels = std::min(baton->channels, 3);
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "jp2" || (mightMatchInput && isJp2) ||
+          (willMatchInput && (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JP2))) {
+          // Write JP2 to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JP2);
+          image.jp2ksave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("Q", baton->jp2Quality)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->jp2Lossless)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jp2ChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("tile_height", baton->jp2TileHeight)
+            ->set("tile_width", baton->jp2TileWidth));
+            baton->formatOut = "jp2";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "png" || (mightMatchInput && isPng) || (willMatchInput &&
+          (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::PNG || inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG))) {
+          // Write PNG to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::PNG);
+          image.pngsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->pngProgressive)
+            ->set("compression", baton->pngCompressionLevel)
+            ->set("filter", baton->pngAdaptiveFiltering ? VIPS_FOREIGN_PNG_FILTER_ALL : VIPS_FOREIGN_PNG_FILTER_NONE)
+            ->set("palette", baton->pngPalette)
+            ->set("Q", baton->pngQuality)
+            ->set("bitdepth", sharp::Is16Bit(image.interpretation()) ? 16 : baton->pngBitdepth)
+            ->set("effort", baton->pngEffort)
+            ->set("dither", baton->pngDither));
+          baton->formatOut = "png";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "webp" || (mightMatchInput && isWebp) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::WEBP)) {
+          // Write WEBP to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::WEBP);
+          image.webpsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->webpQuality)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->webpLossless)
+            ->set("near_lossless", baton->webpNearLossless)
+            ->set("smart_subsample", baton->webpSmartSubsample)
+            ->set("smart_deblock", baton->webpSmartDeblock)
+            ->set("preset", baton->webpPreset)
+            ->set("effort", baton->webpEffort)
+            ->set("min_size", baton->webpMinSize)
+            ->set("mixed", baton->webpMixed)
+            ->set("alpha_q", baton->webpAlphaQuality));
+          baton->formatOut = "webp";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "gif" || (mightMatchInput && isGif) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::GIF)) {
+          // Write GIF to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::GIF);
+          image.gifsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->gifBitdepth)
+            ->set("effort", baton->gifEffort)
+            ->set("reuse", baton->gifReuse)
+            ->set("interlace", baton->gifProgressive)
+            ->set("interframe_maxerror", baton->gifInterFrameMaxError)
+            ->set("interpalette_maxerror", baton->gifInterPaletteMaxError)
+            ->set("keep_duplicate_frames", baton->gifKeepDuplicateFrames)
+            ->set("dither", baton->gifDither));
+          baton->formatOut = "gif";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "tiff" || (mightMatchInput && isTiff) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::TIFF)) {
+          // Write TIFF to file
+          if (baton->tiffCompression == VIPS_FOREIGN_TIFF_COMPRESSION_JPEG) {
+            sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::JPEG);
+            baton->channels = std::min(baton->channels, 3);
+          }
+          // Cast pixel values to float, if required
+          if (baton->tiffPredictor == VIPS_FOREIGN_TIFF_PREDICTOR_FLOAT) {
+            image = image.cast(VIPS_FORMAT_FLOAT);
+          }
+          image.tiffsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->tiffQuality)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->tiffBitdepth)
+            ->set("compression", baton->tiffCompression)
+            ->set("bigtiff", baton->tiffBigtiff)
+            ->set("miniswhite", baton->tiffMiniswhite)
+            ->set("predictor", baton->tiffPredictor)
+            ->set("pyramid", baton->tiffPyramid)
+            ->set("tile", baton->tiffTile)
+            ->set("tile_height", baton->tiffTileHeight)
+            ->set("tile_width", baton->tiffTileWidth)
+            ->set("xres", baton->tiffXres)
+            ->set("yres", baton->tiffYres)
+            ->set("resunit", baton->tiffResolutionUnit));
+          baton->formatOut = "tiff";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "heif" || (mightMatchInput && isHeif) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::HEIF)) {
+          // Write HEIF to file
+          sharp::AssertImageTypeDimensions(image, sharp::ImageType::HEIF);
+          image = sharp::RemoveAnimationProperties(image);
+          image.heifsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("Q", baton->heifQuality)
+            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
+            ->set("effort", baton->heifEffort)
+            ->set("bitdepth", baton->heifBitdepth)
+            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless));
+          baton->formatOut = "heif";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "jxl" || (mightMatchInput && isJxl) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JXL)) {
+          // Write JXL to file
+          image = sharp::RemoveAnimationProperties(image);
+          image.jxlsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+            ->set("distance", baton->jxlDistance)
+            ->set("tier", baton->jxlDecodingTier)
+            ->set("effort", baton->jxlEffort)
+            ->set("lossless", baton->jxlLossless));
+          baton->formatOut = "jxl";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "dz" || isDz || isDzZip) {
+          // Write DZ to file
+          if (isDzZip) {
+            baton->tileContainer = VIPS_FOREIGN_DZ_CONTAINER_ZIP;
+          }
+          if (!image.has_alpha()) {
+            baton->tileBackground.pop_back();
+          }
+          image = sharp::StaySequential(image, baton->tileAngle != 0);
+          vips::VOption *options = BuildOptionsDZ(baton);
+          image.dzsave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), options);
+          baton->formatOut = "dz";
+        } else if (baton->formatOut == "v" || (mightMatchInput && isV) ||
+          (willMatchInput && inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::VIPS)) {
+          // Write V to file
+          image.vipssave(const_cast<char*>(baton->fileOut.data()), VImage::option()
+            ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata));
+          baton->formatOut = "v";
+        } else {
+          // Unsupported output format
+          (baton->err).append("Unsupported output format " + baton->fileOut);
+          return Error();
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+      char const *what = err.what();
+      if (what && what[0]) {
+        (baton->err).append(what);
+      } else {
+        if (baton->input->failOn == VIPS_FAIL_ON_WARNING) {
+          (baton->err).append("Warning treated as error due to failOn setting");
+          baton->errUseWarning = true;
+        } else {
+          (baton->err).append("Unknown error");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Clean up libvips' per-request data and threads
+    vips_error_clear();
+    vips_thread_shutdown();
+  }
+
+  void OnOK() {
+    Napi::Env env = Env();
+    Napi::HandleScope scope(env);
+
+    // Handle warnings
+    std::string warning = sharp::VipsWarningPop();
+    while (!warning.empty()) {
+      if (baton->errUseWarning) {
+        (baton->err).append("\n").append(warning);
+      } else {
+        debuglog.Call(Receiver().Value(), { Napi::String::New(env, warning) });
+      }
+      warning = sharp::VipsWarningPop();
+    }
+
+    if (baton->err.empty()) {
+      int width = baton->width;
+      int height = baton->height;
+      if (baton->topOffsetPre != -1 && (baton->width == -1 || baton->height == -1)) {
+        width = baton->widthPre;
+        height = baton->heightPre;
+      }
+      if (baton->topOffsetPost != -1) {
+        width = baton->widthPost;
+        height = baton->heightPost;
+      }
+      // Info Object
+      Napi::Object info = Napi::Object::New(env);
+      info.Set("format", baton->formatOut);
+      info.Set("width", static_cast<uint32_t>(width));
+      info.Set("height", static_cast<uint32_t>(height));
+      info.Set("channels", static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->channels));
+      if (baton->formatOut == "raw") {
+        info.Set("depth", vips_enum_nick(VIPS_TYPE_BAND_FORMAT, baton->rawDepth));
+      }
+      info.Set("premultiplied", baton->premultiplied);
+      if (baton->hasCropOffset) {
+        info.Set("cropOffsetLeft", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->cropOffsetLeft));
+        info.Set("cropOffsetTop", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->cropOffsetTop));
+      }
+      if (baton->hasAttentionCenter) {
+        info.Set("attentionX", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->attentionX));
+        info.Set("attentionY", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->attentionY));
+      }
+      if (baton->trimThreshold >= 0.0) {
+        info.Set("trimOffsetLeft", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->trimOffsetLeft));
+        info.Set("trimOffsetTop", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->trimOffsetTop));
+      }
+      if (baton->input->textAutofitDpi) {
+        info.Set("textAutofitDpi", static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->input->textAutofitDpi));
+      }
+      if (baton->pageHeightOut) {
+        info.Set("pageHeight", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->pageHeightOut));
+        info.Set("pages", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->pagesOut));
+      }
+
+      if (baton->bufferOutLength > 0) {
+        // Add buffer size to info
+        info.Set("size", static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->bufferOutLength));
+        // Pass ownership of output data to Buffer instance
+        Napi::Buffer<char> data = Napi::Buffer<char>::NewOrCopy(env, static_cast<char*>(baton->bufferOut),
+          baton->bufferOutLength, sharp::FreeCallback);
+        Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { env.Null(), data, info });
+      } else {
+        // Add file size to info
+        if (baton->formatOut != "dz" || sharp::IsDzZip(baton->fileOut)) {
+          try {
+            uint32_t const size = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+              std::filesystem::file_size(std::filesystem::u8path(baton->fileOut)));
+            info.Set("size", size);
+          } catch (...) {}
+        }
+        Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { env.Null(), info });
+      }
+    } else {
+      Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { Napi::Error::New(env, sharp::TrimEnd(baton->err)).Value() });
+    }
+
+    // Delete baton
+    delete baton->input;
+    delete baton->boolean;
+    for (Composite *composite : baton->composite) {
+      delete composite->input;
+      delete composite;
+    }
+    for (sharp::InputDescriptor *input : baton->joinChannelIn) {
+      delete input;
+    }
+    for (sharp::InputDescriptor *input : baton->join) {
+      delete input;
+    }
+    delete baton;
+
+    // Decrement processing task counter
+    sharp::counterProcess--;
+    Napi::Number queueLength = Napi::Number::New(env, static_cast<int>(sharp::counterQueue));
+    queueListener.Call(Receiver().Value(), { queueLength });
+  }
+
+ private:
+  PipelineBaton *baton;
+  Napi::FunctionReference debuglog;
+  Napi::FunctionReference queueListener;
+
+  void MultiPageUnsupported(int const pages, std::string op) {
+    if (pages > 1) {
+      throw vips::VError(op + " is not supported for multi-page images");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Calculate the angle of rotation and need-to-flip for the given Exif orientation
+    By default, returns zero, i.e. no rotation.
+  */
+  std::tuple<VipsAngle, bool>
+  CalculateExifRotationAndFlop(int const exifOrientation) {
+    VipsAngle rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+    bool flop = false;
+    switch (exifOrientation) {
+      case 6: rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D90; break;
+      case 3: rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D180; break;
+      case 8: rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D270; break;
+      case 2: flop = true; break;
+      case 7: flop = true; rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D270; break;
+      case 4: flop = true; rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D180; break;
+      case 5: flop = true; rotate = VIPS_ANGLE_D90; break;
+    }
+    return std::make_tuple(rotate, flop);
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Calculate the rotation for the given angle.
+    Supports any positive or negative angle that is a multiple of 90.
+  */
+  VipsAngle
+  CalculateAngleRotation(int angle) {
+    angle = angle % 360;
+    if (angle < 0)
+      angle = 360 + angle;
+    switch (angle) {
+      case 90: return VIPS_ANGLE_D90;
+      case 180: return VIPS_ANGLE_D180;
+      case 270: return VIPS_ANGLE_D270;
+    }
+    return VIPS_ANGLE_D0;
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Assemble the suffix argument to dzsave, which is the format (by extname)
+    alongside comma-separated arguments to the corresponding `formatsave` vips
+    action.
+  */
+  std::string
+  AssembleSuffixString(std::string extname, std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options) {
+    std::string argument;
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : options) {
+      if (!argument.empty()) {
+        argument += ",";
+      }
+      argument += key + "=" + value;
+    }
+    return extname + "[" + argument + "]";
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Build VOption for dzsave
+  */
+  vips::VOption*
+  BuildOptionsDZ(PipelineBaton *baton) {
+    // Forward format options through suffix
+    std::string suffix;
+    if (baton->tileFormat == "png") {
+      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options {
+        {"interlace", baton->pngProgressive ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"compression", std::to_string(baton->pngCompressionLevel)},
+        {"filter", baton->pngAdaptiveFiltering ? "all" : "none"}
+      };
+      suffix = AssembleSuffixString(".png", options);
+    } else if (baton->tileFormat == "webp") {
+      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options {
+        {"Q", std::to_string(baton->webpQuality)},
+        {"alpha_q", std::to_string(baton->webpAlphaQuality)},
+        {"lossless", baton->webpLossless ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"near_lossless", baton->webpNearLossless ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"smart_subsample", baton->webpSmartSubsample ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"smart_deblock", baton->webpSmartDeblock ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"preset", vips_enum_nick(VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_WEBP_PRESET, baton->webpPreset)},
+        {"min_size", baton->webpMinSize ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"mixed", baton->webpMixed ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"effort", std::to_string(baton->webpEffort)}
+      };
+      suffix = AssembleSuffixString(".webp", options);
+    } else {
+      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options {
+        {"Q", std::to_string(baton->jpegQuality)},
+        {"interlace", baton->jpegProgressive ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"subsample_mode", baton->jpegChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4" ? "off" : "on"},
+        {"trellis_quant", baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"quant_table", std::to_string(baton->jpegQuantisationTable)},
+        {"overshoot_deringing", baton->jpegOvershootDeringing ? "true": "false"},
+        {"optimize_scans", baton->jpegOptimiseScans ? "true": "false"},
+        {"optimize_coding", baton->jpegOptimiseCoding ? "true": "false"}
+      };
+      std::string extname = baton->tileLayout == VIPS_FOREIGN_DZ_LAYOUT_DZ ? ".jpeg" : ".jpg";
+      suffix = AssembleSuffixString(extname, options);
+    }
+    vips::VOption *options = VImage::option()
+      ->set("keep", baton->keepMetadata)
+      ->set("tile_size", baton->tileSize)
+      ->set("overlap", baton->tileOverlap)
+      ->set("container", baton->tileContainer)
+      ->set("layout", baton->tileLayout)
+      ->set("suffix", const_cast<char*>(suffix.data()))
+      ->set("angle", CalculateAngleRotation(baton->tileAngle))
+      ->set("background", baton->tileBackground)
+      ->set("centre", baton->tileCentre)
+      ->set("id", const_cast<char*>(baton->tileId.data()))
+      ->set("skip_blanks", baton->tileSkipBlanks);
+    if (baton->tileDepth < VIPS_FOREIGN_DZ_DEPTH_LAST) {
+      options->set("depth", baton->tileDepth);
+    }
+    if (!baton->tileBasename.empty()) {
+      options->set("basename", const_cast<char*>(baton->tileBasename.data()));
+    }
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Clear all thread-local data.
+  */
+  void Error() {
+    // Clean up libvips' per-request data and threads
+    vips_error_clear();
+    vips_thread_shutdown();
+  }
+};
+
+/*
+  pipeline(options, output, callback)
+*/
+Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
+  // V8 objects are converted to non-V8 types held in the baton struct
+  PipelineBaton *baton = new PipelineBaton;
+  Napi::Object options = info[size_t(0)].As<Napi::Object>();
+
+  // Input
+  baton->input = sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(options.Get("input").As<Napi::Object>());
+  // Join images together
+  if (sharp::HasAttr(options, "join")) {
+    Napi::Array join = options.Get("join").As<Napi::Array>();
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < join.Length(); i++) {
+      baton->join.push_back(
+        sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(join.Get(i).As<Napi::Object>()));
+    }
+  }
+  // Extract image options
+  baton->topOffsetPre = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "topOffsetPre");
+  baton->leftOffsetPre = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "leftOffsetPre");
+  baton->widthPre = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "widthPre");
+  baton->heightPre = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "heightPre");
+  baton->topOffsetPost = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "topOffsetPost");
+  baton->leftOffsetPost = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "leftOffsetPost");
+  baton->widthPost = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "widthPost");
+  baton->heightPost = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "heightPost");
+  // Output image dimensions
+  baton->width = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "width");
+  baton->height = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "height");
+  // Canvas option
+  std::string canvas = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "canvas");
+  if (canvas == "crop") {
+    baton->canvas = sharp::Canvas::CROP;
+  } else if (canvas == "embed") {
+    baton->canvas = sharp::Canvas::EMBED;
+  } else if (canvas == "max") {
+    baton->canvas = sharp::Canvas::MAX;
+  } else if (canvas == "min") {
+    baton->canvas = sharp::Canvas::MIN;
+  } else if (canvas == "ignore_aspect") {
+    baton->canvas = sharp::Canvas::IGNORE_ASPECT;
+  }
+  // Composite
+  Napi::Array compositeArray = options.Get("composite").As<Napi::Array>();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < compositeArray.Length(); i++) {
+    Napi::Object compositeObject = compositeArray.Get(i).As<Napi::Object>();
+    Composite *composite = new Composite;
+    composite->input = sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(compositeObject.Get("input").As<Napi::Object>());
+    composite->mode = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsBlendMode>(compositeObject, "blend", VIPS_TYPE_BLEND_MODE);
+    composite->gravity = sharp::AttrAsUint32(compositeObject, "gravity");
+    composite->left = sharp::AttrAsInt32(compositeObject, "left");
+    composite->top = sharp::AttrAsInt32(compositeObject, "top");
+    composite->hasOffset = sharp::AttrAsBool(compositeObject, "hasOffset");
+    composite->tile = sharp::AttrAsBool(compositeObject, "tile");
+    composite->premultiplied = sharp::AttrAsBool(compositeObject, "premultiplied");
+    baton->composite.push_back(composite);
+  }
+  // Resize options
+  baton->withoutEnlargement = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withoutEnlargement");
+  baton->withoutReduction = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withoutReduction");
+  baton->position = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "position");
+  baton->resizeBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "resizeBackground");
+  baton->kernel = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsKernel>(options, "kernel", VIPS_TYPE_KERNEL);
+  baton->fastShrinkOnLoad = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "fastShrinkOnLoad");
+  // Join Channel Options
+  if (options.Has("joinChannelIn")) {
+    Napi::Array joinChannelArray = options.Get("joinChannelIn").As<Napi::Array>();
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < joinChannelArray.Length(); i++) {
+      baton->joinChannelIn.push_back(
+        sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(joinChannelArray.Get(i).As<Napi::Object>()));
+    }
+  }
+  // Operators
+  baton->flatten = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "flatten");
+  baton->flattenBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "flattenBackground");
+  baton->unflatten = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "unflatten");
+  baton->negate = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "negate");
+  baton->negateAlpha = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "negateAlpha");
+  baton->blurSigma = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "blurSigma");
+  baton->precision = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsPrecision>(options, "precision", VIPS_TYPE_PRECISION);
+  baton->minAmpl = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "minAmpl");
+  baton->brightness = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "brightness");
+  baton->saturation = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "saturation");
+  baton->hue = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "hue");
+  baton->lightness = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "lightness");
+  baton->medianSize = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "medianSize");
+  baton->sharpenSigma = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenSigma");
+  baton->sharpenM1 = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenM1");
+  baton->sharpenM2 = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenM2");
+  baton->sharpenX1 = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenX1");
+  baton->sharpenY2 = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenY2");
+  baton->sharpenY3 = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "sharpenY3");
+  baton->threshold = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "threshold");
+  baton->thresholdGrayscale = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "thresholdGrayscale");
+  baton->trimBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "trimBackground");
+  baton->trimThreshold = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "trimThreshold");
+  baton->trimLineArt = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "trimLineArt");
+  baton->gamma = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gamma");
+  baton->gammaOut = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gammaOut");
+  baton->linearA = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "linearA");
+  baton->linearB = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "linearB");
+  baton->dilateWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "dilateWidth");
+  baton->erodeWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "erodeWidth");
+  baton->greyscale = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "greyscale");
+  baton->normalise = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "normalise");
+  baton->normaliseLower = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "normaliseLower");
+  baton->normaliseUpper = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "normaliseUpper");
+  baton->tint = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "tint");
+  baton->claheWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheWidth");
+  baton->claheHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheHeight");
+  baton->claheMaxSlope = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheMaxSlope");
+  baton->angle = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "angle");
+  baton->rotationAngle = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "rotationAngle");
+  baton->rotationBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "rotationBackground");
+  baton->rotateBefore = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "rotateBefore");
+  baton->orientBefore = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "orientBefore");
+  baton->flip = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "flip");
+  baton->flop = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "flop");
+  baton->extendTop = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "extendTop");
+  baton->extendBottom = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "extendBottom");
+  baton->extendLeft = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "extendLeft");
+  baton->extendRight = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "extendRight");
+  baton->extendBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "extendBackground");
+  baton->extendWith = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsExtend>(options, "extendWith", VIPS_TYPE_EXTEND);
+  baton->extractChannel = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "extractChannel");
+  baton->affineMatrix = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "affineMatrix");
+  baton->affineBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "affineBackground");
+  baton->affineIdx = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "affineIdx");
+  baton->affineIdy = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "affineIdy");
+  baton->affineOdx = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "affineOdx");
+  baton->affineOdy = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "affineOdy");
+  baton->affineInterpolator = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "affineInterpolator");
+  baton->removeAlpha = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "removeAlpha");
+  baton->ensureAlpha = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "ensureAlpha");
+  if (options.Has("boolean")) {
+    baton->boolean = sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(options.Get("boolean").As<Napi::Object>());
+    baton->booleanOp = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsOperationBoolean>(options, "booleanOp", VIPS_TYPE_OPERATION_BOOLEAN);
+  }
+  if (options.Has("bandBoolOp")) {
+    baton->bandBoolOp = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsOperationBoolean>(options, "bandBoolOp", VIPS_TYPE_OPERATION_BOOLEAN);
+  }
+  if (options.Has("convKernel")) {
+    Napi::Object kernel = options.Get("convKernel").As<Napi::Object>();
+    baton->convKernelWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(kernel, "width");
+    baton->convKernelHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(kernel, "height");
+    baton->convKernelScale = sharp::AttrAsDouble(kernel, "scale");
+    baton->convKernelOffset = sharp::AttrAsDouble(kernel, "offset");
+    size_t const kernelSize = static_cast<size_t>(baton->convKernelWidth * baton->convKernelHeight);
+    baton->convKernel.resize(kernelSize);
+    Napi::Array kdata = kernel.Get("kernel").As<Napi::Array>();
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < kernelSize; i++) {
+      baton->convKernel[i] = sharp::AttrAsDouble(kdata, i);
+    }
+  }
+  if (options.Has("recombMatrix")) {
+    Napi::Array recombMatrix = options.Get("recombMatrix").As<Napi::Array>();
+    unsigned int matrixElements = recombMatrix.Length();
+    baton->recombMatrix.resize(matrixElements);
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < matrixElements; i++) {
+      baton->recombMatrix[i] = sharp::AttrAsDouble(recombMatrix, i);
+    }
+  }
+  baton->colourspacePipeline = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsInterpretation>(
+    options, "colourspacePipeline", VIPS_TYPE_INTERPRETATION);
+  if (baton->colourspacePipeline == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_ERROR) {
+    baton->colourspacePipeline = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST;
+  }
+  baton->colourspace = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsInterpretation>(options, "colourspace", VIPS_TYPE_INTERPRETATION);
+  if (baton->colourspace == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_ERROR) {
+    baton->colourspace = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_sRGB;
+  }
+  // Output
+  baton->formatOut = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "formatOut");
+  baton->fileOut = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "fileOut");
+  baton->keepMetadata = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "keepMetadata");
+  baton->withMetadataOrientation = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "withMetadataOrientation");
+  baton->withMetadataDensity = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "withMetadataDensity");
+  baton->withIccProfile = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "withIccProfile");
+  Napi::Object withExif = options.Get("withExif").As<Napi::Object>();
+  Napi::Array withExifKeys = withExif.GetPropertyNames();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < withExifKeys.Length(); i++) {
+    std::string k = sharp::AttrAsStr(withExifKeys, i);
+    if (withExif.HasOwnProperty(k)) {
+      baton->withExif.insert(std::make_pair(k, sharp::AttrAsStr(withExif, k)));
+    }
+  }
+  baton->withExifMerge = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withExifMerge");
+  baton->withXmp = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "withXmp");
+  baton->timeoutSeconds = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "timeoutSeconds");
+  baton->loop = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "loop");
+  baton->delay = sharp::AttrAsInt32Vector(options, "delay");
+  // Format-specific
+  baton->jpegQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jpegQuality");
+  baton->jpegProgressive = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegProgressive");
+  baton->jpegChromaSubsampling = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "jpegChromaSubsampling");
+  baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegTrellisQuantisation");
+  baton->jpegQuantisationTable = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jpegQuantisationTable");
+  baton->jpegOvershootDeringing = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegOvershootDeringing");
+  baton->jpegOptimiseScans = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegOptimiseScans");
+  baton->jpegOptimiseCoding = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegOptimiseCoding");
+  baton->pngProgressive = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "pngProgressive");
+  baton->pngCompressionLevel = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "pngCompressionLevel");
+  baton->pngAdaptiveFiltering = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "pngAdaptiveFiltering");
+  baton->pngPalette = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "pngPalette");
+  baton->pngQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "pngQuality");
+  baton->pngEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "pngEffort");
+  baton->pngBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "pngBitdepth");
+  baton->pngDither = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "pngDither");
+  baton->jp2Quality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jp2Quality");
+  baton->jp2Lossless = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jp2Lossless");
+  baton->jp2TileHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jp2TileHeight");
+  baton->jp2TileWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jp2TileWidth");
+  baton->jp2ChromaSubsampling = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "jp2ChromaSubsampling");
+  baton->webpQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "webpQuality");
+  baton->webpAlphaQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "webpAlphaQuality");
+  baton->webpLossless = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpLossless");
+  baton->webpNearLossless = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpNearLossless");
+  baton->webpSmartSubsample = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpSmartSubsample");
+  baton->webpSmartDeblock = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpSmartDeblock");
+  baton->webpPreset = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignWebpPreset>(options, "webpPreset", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_WEBP_PRESET);
+  baton->webpEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "webpEffort");
+  baton->webpMinSize = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpMinSize");
+  baton->webpMixed = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpMixed");
+  baton->gifBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "gifBitdepth");
+  baton->gifEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "gifEffort");
+  baton->gifDither = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gifDither");
+  baton->gifInterFrameMaxError = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gifInterFrameMaxError");
+  baton->gifInterPaletteMaxError = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gifInterPaletteMaxError");
+  baton->gifKeepDuplicateFrames = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "gifKeepDuplicateFrames");
+  baton->gifReuse = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "gifReuse");
+  baton->gifProgressive = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "gifProgressive");
+  baton->tiffQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tiffQuality");
+  baton->tiffBigtiff = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "tiffBigtiff");
+  baton->tiffPyramid = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "tiffPyramid");
+  baton->tiffMiniswhite = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "tiffMiniswhite");
+  baton->tiffBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tiffBitdepth");
+  baton->tiffTile = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "tiffTile");
+  baton->tiffTileWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tiffTileWidth");
+  baton->tiffTileHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tiffTileHeight");
+  baton->tiffXres = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "tiffXres");
+  baton->tiffYres = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "tiffYres");
+  if (baton->tiffXres == 1.0 && baton->tiffYres == 1.0 && baton->withMetadataDensity > 0) {
+    baton->tiffXres = baton->tiffYres = baton->withMetadataDensity / 25.4;
+  }
+  baton->tiffCompression = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignTiffCompression>(
+    options, "tiffCompression", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_TIFF_COMPRESSION);
+  baton->tiffPredictor = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignTiffPredictor>(
+    options, "tiffPredictor", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_TIFF_PREDICTOR);
+  baton->tiffResolutionUnit = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignTiffResunit>(
+    options, "tiffResolutionUnit", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_TIFF_RESUNIT);
+  baton->heifQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifQuality");
+  baton->heifLossless = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "heifLossless");
+  baton->heifCompression = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignHeifCompression>(
+    options, "heifCompression", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_HEIF_COMPRESSION);
+  baton->heifEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifEffort");
+  baton->heifChromaSubsampling = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "heifChromaSubsampling");
+  baton->heifBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifBitdepth");
+  baton->jxlDistance = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "jxlDistance");
+  baton->jxlDecodingTier = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jxlDecodingTier");
+  baton->jxlEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jxlEffort");
+  baton->jxlLossless = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jxlLossless");
+  baton->rawDepth = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsBandFormat>(options, "rawDepth", VIPS_TYPE_BAND_FORMAT);
+  baton->tileSize = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tileSize");
+  baton->tileOverlap = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "tileOverlap");
+  baton->tileAngle = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "tileAngle");
+  baton->tileBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "tileBackground");
+  baton->tileSkipBlanks = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "tileSkipBlanks");
+  baton->tileContainer = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignDzContainer>(
+    options, "tileContainer", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_DZ_CONTAINER);
+  baton->tileLayout = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignDzLayout>(options, "tileLayout", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_DZ_LAYOUT);
+  baton->tileFormat = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "tileFormat");
+  baton->tileDepth = sharp::AttrAsEnum<VipsForeignDzDepth>(options, "tileDepth", VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_DZ_DEPTH);
+  baton->tileCentre = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "tileCentre");
+  baton->tileId = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "tileId");
+  baton->tileBasename = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "tileBasename");
+
+  // Function to notify of libvips warnings
+  Napi::Function debuglog = options.Get("debuglog").As<Napi::Function>();
+
+  // Function to notify of queue length changes
+  Napi::Function queueListener = options.Get("queueListener").As<Napi::Function>();
+
+  // Join queue for worker thread
+  Napi::Function callback = info[size_t(1)].As<Napi::Function>();
+  PipelineWorker *worker = new PipelineWorker(callback, baton, debuglog, queueListener);
+  worker->Receiver().Set("options", options);
+  worker->Queue();
+
+  // Increment queued task counter
+  Napi::Number queueLength = Napi::Number::New(info.Env(), static_cast<int>(++sharp::counterQueue));
+  queueListener.Call(info.This(), { queueLength });
+
+  return info.Env().Undefined();
+}