lakutata 3.0.0 → 3.1.0

package/doc/en/examples/ServiceCalls.md

@@ -0,0 +1,829 @@
+# Calls between services
+
+This example builds two services, one calling the other. The `inventory` service keeps the stock of the products and
+serves it to other services through service actions; the `orders` service has an HTTP API that places orders, and
+reserves their stock in the inventory through a proxy. Both start from the `service` template. The example shows
+service actions and their patterns, the HTTP service transport and a proxy that calls it, a token shared by the two
+services, how the inventory's error reaches the client when it refuses an order, and the tests of each service.
+
+| Service | Call | What it does |
+|---|---|---|
+| `inventory` | `{"resource": "stock", "act": "get", "product": "lamp"}` | Gives the quantity of a product in stock |
+| `inventory` | `{"resource": "stock", "act": "reserve", "order": "<id>", "items": [{"product": "lamp", "quantity": 2}]}` | Reserves the items of an order, all of them or none |
+| `orders` | `POST /orders` | Places an order: `{"items": [{"product": "lamp", "quantity": 2}]}` |
+
+## 1. Create the projects
+
+```bash
+npx @lakutata/cli create --name inventory --template service --yes
+npx @lakutata/cli create --name orders --template service --yes
+rm inventory/packages/app/src/controllers/ExampleController.ts inventory/packages/app/src/dtos/GreetDTO.ts
+rm orders/packages/app/src/controllers/ExampleController.ts orders/packages/app/src/dtos/GreetDTO.ts
+```
+
+The two projects sit side by side, each a workspace whose service is `packages/app`
+([ProjectStructure](../ProjectStructure.md)); the paths below start with the name of their project. They share no code:
+the action patterns and the shape of the messages are the contract between them. Nothing is installed: the HTTP
+service transport and its proxy are part of lakutata.
+
+## 2. The stock
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/exceptions/StockExceptions.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {Exception} from 'lakutata'
+
+/**
+ * The product of the call does not exist
+ */
+export class ProductNotFoundException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_PRODUCT_NOT_FOUND'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 404
+}
+
+/**
+ * The stock of a product is short of the quantity asked
+ */
+export class OutOfStockException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_OUT_OF_STOCK'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 409
+}
+```
+
+Each exception has its `errno` and its status ([Exceptions](../Exceptions.md)). Its message is given when it is thrown.
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/components/Stock.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {Component, DTO} from 'lakutata'
+import {Configurable} from 'lakutata/decorator/di'
+import {OutOfStockException, ProductNotFoundException} from '../exceptions/StockExceptions.js'
+
+export type StockItem = { product: string, quantity: number }
+
+export type StockLevel = { product: string, available: number }
+
+/**
+ * The stock of the products, kept in memory, and the orders it is reserved for
+ */
+export class Stock extends Component {
+
+    /**
+     * The quantity of each product at the start
+     */
+    @Configurable(DTO.Object().pattern(DTO.String(), DTO.Number().integer().min(0)).default({}))
+    protected readonly products: Record<string, number>
+
+    /**
+     * The available quantity of each product
+     */
+    protected readonly levels: Map<string, number> = new Map()
+
+    /**
+     * The reserved orders, with the stock levels left after each reservation
+     */
+    protected readonly reserved: Map<string, StockLevel[]> = new Map()
+
+    protected async init(): Promise<void> {
+        Object.entries(this.products).forEach(([product, quantity]: [string, number]): unknown => this.levels.set(product, quantity))
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The available quantity of a product
+     * @param product
+     */
+    public level(product: string): StockLevel {
+        const available: number | undefined = this.levels.get(product)
+        if (available === undefined) throw new ProductNotFoundException('The product {product} does not exist', {product: product})
+        return {product: product, available: available}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reserve the items of an order: all of them or none
+     * @param order
+     * @param items
+     */
+    public reserve(order: string, items: StockItem[]): StockLevel[] {
+        //An order already reserved (a call sent again) is not reserved twice
+        const done: StockLevel[] | undefined = this.reserved.get(order)
+        if (done) return done
+        for (const item of items) {
+            const available: number = this.level(item.product).available
+            if (available < item.quantity) throw new OutOfStockException('{product}: {quantity} asked, {available} in stock', {...item, available: available})
+        }
+        const levels: StockLevel[] = items.map((item: StockItem): StockLevel => {
+            this.levels.set(item.product, this.level(item.product).available - item.quantity)
+            return this.level(item.product)
+        })
+        this.reserved.set(order, levels)
+        return levels
+    }
+}
+```
+
+- The stock is a component ([Objects](../Objects.md)): one instance for the whole service, while a controller lives for
+  one request. It is kept in memory, starting from the quantities of its `products` option (a `@Configurable`
+  property), which `init()` copies.
+- `reserve()` checks every item before it changes the stock: an order is reserved whole, or not at all.
+- The order id makes the reservation happen only once: a call sent again, after a timeout for example, gets the same
+  result and reserves nothing more.
+- The message of `OutOfStockException` is built from the values given with it: `desk: 5 asked, 2 in stock`.
+
+## 3. The service actions
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/dtos/StockDTO.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {DTO} from 'lakutata'
+import {Expect} from 'lakutata/decorator/dto'
+
+/**
+ * A product
+ */
+export class ProductDTO extends DTO {
+    @Expect(DTO.String().required())
+    public product: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * A quantity of a product
+ */
+export class StockItemDTO extends ProductDTO {
+    @Expect(DTO.Number().integer().min(1).required())
+    public quantity: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * The items of an order, each product once
+ */
+export class ReserveDTO extends DTO {
+    @Expect(DTO.String().required())
+    public order: string
+
+    @Expect(DTO.Array(StockItemDTO.Schema()).min(1).unique('product').required())
+    public items: StockItemDTO[]
+}
+```
+
+The DTOs validate the input of the actions as they do over HTTP ([DTOValidation](../DTOValidation.md)). A message is
+JSON, so its values keep their types: no `.strict(false)` is needed. `.unique('product')` refuses an order that lists a
+product twice.
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/controllers/StockController.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {Controller} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {Prefix, ServiceAction} from 'lakutata/decorator/ctrl'
+import {Inject} from 'lakutata/decorator/di'
+import {type Stock, type StockLevel} from '../components/Stock.js'
+import {ProductDTO, ReserveDTO} from '../dtos/StockDTO.js'
+
+@Prefix({pattern: {resource: 'stock'}})
+export class StockController extends Controller {
+
+    /**
+     * The stock (the component "stock" of the options)
+     */
+    @Inject('stock')
+    protected readonly stock: Stock
+
+    /**
+     * {"resource": "stock", "act": "get", "product": "lamp"}
+     * @param input
+     */
+    @ServiceAction({act: 'get'}, ProductDTO)
+    public async get(input: ProductDTO): Promise<StockLevel> {
+        return this.stock.level(input.product)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {"resource": "stock", "act": "reserve", "order": "…", "items": [{"product": "lamp", "quantity": 2}]}
+     * @param input
+     */
+    @ServiceAction({act: 'reserve'}, ReserveDTO)
+    public async reserve(input: ReserveDTO): Promise<StockLevel[]> {
+        return this.stock.reserve(input.order, input.items)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+- `@ServiceAction(pattern, DTO)` gives an action its pattern ([ServiceCalls](../ServiceCalls.md)). A message matches it
+  when it holds the keys of the pattern with the same values; its other keys are the input of the action.
+- `@Prefix({pattern: {resource: 'stock'}})` merges `resource: 'stock'` into the patterns of all the controller's
+  actions ([Controllers](../Controllers.md)): the `get` action answers the message
+  `{"resource": "stock", "act": "get", "product": "lamp"}`, and its input is `{"product": "lamp"}`.
+- What the action returns is the `payload` of the response, and the exception it throws is its `error`.
+
+## 4. The token of the callers
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/middlewares/Authenticate.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {Exception} from 'lakutata'
+import {type ActionInvocation, httpRequestOfContext, type Next, type ServiceContext} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+
+export class UnauthorizedException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_UNAUTHORIZED'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 401
+}
+
+/**
+ * When the environment has an API_TOKEN, the service calls must carry "Authorization: Bearer <API_TOKEN>": the services
+ * that call the inventory are given this token
+ * @param invocation
+ * @param next
+ */
+export async function authenticate(invocation: ActionInvocation, next: Next): Promise<unknown> {
+    const token: string | undefined = process.env.API_TOKEN
+    if (!token) return next()
+    //The HTTP request that carries the call
+    const authorization: string | undefined = httpRequestOfContext(invocation.context as ServiceContext)?.headers.authorization
+    if (authorization !== `Bearer ${token}`) throw new UnauthorizedException('The caller is not authenticated')
+    return next()
+}
+```
+
+The template's middleware checked the HTTP requests; here it checks the service calls. `httpRequestOfContext()` gives
+the HTTP request that carries a call, with its headers. When the environment has an `API_TOKEN`, a call without
+`Authorization: Bearer <API_TOKEN>` is refused with `E_UNAUTHORIZED` before its input is validated
+([Middlewares](../Middlewares.md)). The services that call the inventory are given this token. To let each caller reach
+only some of the actions, give each caller its own token and add an access rule that checks the action groups
+([Middlewares](../Middlewares.md), section 4).
+
+## 5. The options of the inventory
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/config/Config.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import type {ApplicationOptions} from 'lakutata'
+import {buildEntrypoints, httpServiceEntrypoint} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {expressHTTPEntrypoint, jsonEnvelope} from 'lakutata/adapter/express'
+import {authenticate} from '../middlewares/Authenticate.js'
+import {HealthController} from '../controllers/HealthController.js'
+import {StockController} from '../controllers/StockController.js'
+import {Stock} from '../components/Stock.js'
+
+/**
+ * The options of the service
+ * @param port the port of the HTTP server (the health check), the PORT environment variable or 8080 by default
+ * @param servicePort the port of the service calls, the SERVICE_PORT environment variable or 3000 by default
+ */
+export function config(port: number = Number(process.env.PORT ?? 8080), servicePort: number = Number(process.env.SERVICE_PORT ?? 3000)): ApplicationOptions {
+    return {
+        id: 'inventory',
+        name: 'inventory',
+        mode: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'production' : 'development',
+        components: {
+            //The stock at the start, in memory
+            stock: {class: Stock, products: {lamp: 10, desk: 3}},
+            entrypoint: buildEntrypoints({
+                controllers: [HealthController, StockController],
+                //GET /health
+                http: expressHTTPEntrypoint({port: port, respond: jsonEnvelope()}),
+                //POST / with the message as its JSON body, from the services that hold the token
+                service: httpServiceEntrypoint({port: servicePort, middlewares: [authenticate]})
+            })
+        },
+        bootstrap: ['entrypoint']
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The entrypoint has two adapters ([Entrypoint](../Entrypoint.md)):
+
+- `http`: an Express server on `PORT`, kept for the template's health check (`GET /health`, used by the `HEALTHCHECK`
+  of the `Dockerfile`);
+- `service`: `httpServiceEntrypoint()`, the HTTP service transport, on `SERVICE_PORT` (3000 by default). It runs its own
+  server. A call is a `POST` of the message as JSON, always answered with 200 and `{success, error, payload}`. Its
+  `middlewares` run for the calls only, so the health check needs no token.
+
+The `stock` component starts with 10 lamps and 3 desks.
+
+## 6. The client of the inventory
+
+**`orders/packages/app/src/components/Inventory.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {Component, Exception} from 'lakutata'
+import {type HTTPServiceProxy, ServiceInvokeException} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {Inject} from 'lakutata/decorator/di'
+
+export type OrderItem = { product: string, quantity: number }
+
+/**
+ * The inventory's errors that refuse an order: they are passed on to the clients of the orders service
+ */
+const REFUSALS: unknown[] = ['E_OUT_OF_STOCK', 'E_PRODUCT_NOT_FOUND']
+
+/**
+ * The inventory does not answer, or fails
+ */
+export class InventoryUnavailableException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_INVENTORY_UNAVAILABLE'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 503
+}
+
+/**
+ * The inventory, as the orders service uses it: its calls, and what their errors mean for an order
+ */
+export class Inventory extends Component {
+
+    /**
+     * The proxy of the inventory's service actions (the component "inventoryService" of the options)
+     */
+    @Inject('inventoryService')
+    protected readonly service: HTTPServiceProxy
+
+    /**
+     * Reserve the stock of an order; reserving the same order again changes nothing
+     * @param order
+     * @param items
+     */
+    public async reserve(order: string, items: OrderItem[]): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            //5 seconds at most
+            await this.service.invoke({resource: 'stock', act: 'reserve', order: order, items: items}, 5000)
+        } catch (error) {
+            //A refusal is thrown as it is, with all the properties of the inventory's error (errno, errMsg, statusCode…)
+            if (error instanceof ServiceInvokeException && REFUSALS.includes(error.errno)) throw error
+            //Any other error (no response, a refused token, a message the inventory does not understand) is a failure of the orders service, not of its clients
+            throw new InventoryUnavailableException('The inventory fails: {0}', (error as Error).message)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The orders service calls the inventory through an `HTTPServiceProxy` ([ServiceCalls](../ServiceCalls.md), section 4),
+registered in its options as the `inventoryService` component (section 8). The proxy posts the messages and reads the
+responses. `Inventory` is a component of the orders service on top of it: it decides what the inventory's errors mean
+for an order.
+
+- `invoke()` takes the message and the longest wait for the response, here 5 seconds. The proxy waits 10 minutes by
+  default; an order should not wait that long, so the call gives its own limit.
+- A refusal of an order crosses the call: the proxy throws a `ServiceInvokeException` that carries the properties of
+  the inventory's error, including its `errno`, `errMsg` and `statusCode`. `Inventory` throws it again as it is, so the
+  HTTP adapter of the orders service answers with that status and that `errno`: the client receives the inventory's
+  409 `E_OUT_OF_STOCK`.
+- The inventory's other errors are not the client's fault. A refused token, a message that the inventory does not
+  understand, or no response at all (the proxy's `ServiceUnavailableException`) is a failure of the orders service: it
+  answers 503 `E_INVENTORY_UNAVAILABLE`.
+- `Inventory` recognizes the refusals by their `errno`: the class of an exception does not cross the call
+  ([Exceptions](../Exceptions.md), section 5).
+- `reserve()` wraps the call in a typed method, so the controllers never build messages themselves.
+
+## 7. The orders
+
+**`orders/packages/app/src/dtos/OrderDTO.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {DTO} from 'lakutata'
+import {Expect} from 'lakutata/decorator/dto'
+
+/**
+ * A quantity of a product
+ */
+export class OrderItemDTO extends DTO {
+    @Expect(DTO.String().required())
+    public product: string
+
+    @Expect(DTO.Number().integer().min(1).required())
+    public quantity: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * A new order: its items, each product once
+ */
+export class PlaceOrderDTO extends DTO {
+    @Expect(DTO.Array(OrderItemDTO.Schema()).min(1).unique('product').required())
+    public items: OrderItemDTO[]
+}
+```
+
+The items have the shape that the inventory expects. The orders service validates them before the call, so an invalid
+order never reaches the inventory.
+
+**`orders/packages/app/src/controllers/OrderController.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {randomUUID} from 'node:crypto'
+import {Controller} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {POST, Prefix} from 'lakutata/decorator/ctrl'
+import {Inject} from 'lakutata/decorator/di'
+import {type Inventory, type OrderItem} from '../components/Inventory.js'
+import {PlaceOrderDTO} from '../dtos/OrderDTO.js'
+
+export type Order = { id: string, items: OrderItem[] }
+
+@Prefix({route: '/orders'})
+export class OrderController extends Controller {
+
+    /**
+     * The inventory (the component "inventory" of the options)
+     */
+    @Inject('inventory')
+    protected readonly inventory: Inventory
+
+    /**
+     * POST /orders {"items": [{"product": "lamp", "quantity": 2}]}
+     * @param input
+     */
+    @POST('/', PlaceOrderDTO)
+    public async place(input: PlaceOrderDTO): Promise<Order> {
+        const order: Order = {id: randomUUID(), items: input.items}
+        //A refusal of the inventory (E_OUT_OF_STOCK…) is the error of the request
+        await this.inventory.reserve(order.id, order.items)
+        return order
+    }
+}
+```
+
+- The controller injects the `inventory` component (`@Inject('inventory')`) and calls it like any other component.
+- The order gets its id before the call: if the call is sent again, the inventory still reserves the order only once.
+- An error of the call becomes the error of the request, so the controller needs no `try`.
+
+## 8. The options of the orders
+
+**`orders/packages/app/src/config/Config.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import type {ApplicationOptions} from 'lakutata'
+import {buildEntrypoints, buildHTTPServiceProxy} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {expressHTTPEntrypoint, jsonEnvelope} from 'lakutata/adapter/express'
+import compression from 'compression'
+import {authenticate} from '../middlewares/Authenticate.js'
+import {HealthController} from '../controllers/HealthController.js'
+import {OrderController} from '../controllers/OrderController.js'
+import {Inventory} from '../components/Inventory.js'
+
+/**
+ * The options of the service
+ * @param port the port of the HTTP server, the PORT environment variable or 8080 by default
+ * @param inventory the address where the inventory takes its service calls, the INVENTORY_URL environment variable or
+ * http://localhost:3000 by default
+ */
+export function config(port: number = Number(process.env.PORT ?? 8080), inventory: string = process.env.INVENTORY_URL ?? 'http://localhost:3000'): ApplicationOptions {
+    return {
+        id: 'orders',
+        name: 'orders',
+        mode: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'production' : 'development',
+        components: {
+            //The proxy of the inventory's service actions, with the token for its calls
+            inventoryService: buildHTTPServiceProxy({url: inventory, headers: {Authorization: `Bearer ${process.env.INVENTORY_TOKEN ?? ''}`}}),
+            inventory: {class: Inventory},
+            entrypoint: buildEntrypoints({
+                controllers: [HealthController, OrderController],
+                http: expressHTTPEntrypoint({
+                    port: port,
+                    //The results and the errors are {errno, errMsg, data}; the errors keep their status (400, 409…)
+                    respond: jsonEnvelope(),
+                    body: {limit: '1mb'},
+                    server: {keepAliveTimeout: 60000, headersTimeout: 65000},
+                    middlewares: [authenticate],
+                    before: (app): void => void app.use(compression())
+                })
+            })
+        },
+        //The proxy is created at the start: an invalid INVENTORY_URL stops the service
+        bootstrap: ['inventoryService', 'entrypoint']
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This is the `Config.ts` of the template, with:
+
+- the `inventoryService` component: the proxy, with the inventory's address (`INVENTORY_URL`, `http://localhost:3000`
+  by default) and the token for its calls (`INVENTORY_TOKEN`, the inventory's `API_TOKEN`) in their `Authorization`
+  header;
+- the `inventory` component, which the controller injects;
+- the `OrderController` instead of the example controller;
+- `jsonEnvelope()` without `errorStatus`: the errors keep their status (400, 409, 503);
+- a body of 1 MB at most (the template allows 100 MB), more than an order needs;
+- `bootstrap: ['inventoryService', 'entrypoint']`: the proxy is created at the start, so an invalid `INVENTORY_URL`
+  stops the service at once, with `The option "url" of "inventoryService" (HTTPServiceProxy) is invalid`.
+
+The template's middleware `Authenticate.ts` stays: when the orders service has an `API_TOKEN` of its own, its clients
+must carry that token.
+
+## 9. Run it
+
+Start the inventory with its HTTP server on 8081, so that the orders service keeps 8080:
+
+```bash
+cd inventory
+PORT=8081 API_TOKEN=inventory-secret npm run dev
+```
+
+Then start the orders service in another terminal, with the inventory's token:
+
+```bash
+cd orders
+INVENTORY_TOKEN=inventory-secret npm run dev
+```
+
+In a third terminal:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST localhost:8080/orders -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"items": [{"product": "desk", "quantity": 2}, {"product": "lamp", "quantity": 1}]}'
+# {"errno":null,"errMsg":null,"data":{"id":"91de56de-9ca0-45d8-8197-cd2b2526dde5","items":[{"product":"desk","quantity":2},{"product":"lamp","quantity":1}]}}
+
+curl -i -X POST localhost:8080/orders -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"items": [{"product": "desk", "quantity": 2}]}'
+# HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict
+# {"errno":"E_OUT_OF_STOCK","errMsg":"desk: 2 asked, 1 in stock","data":null}
+
+curl -i -X POST localhost:8080/orders -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"items": [{"product": "chair", "quantity": 1}]}'
+# HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
+# {"errno":"E_PRODUCT_NOT_FOUND","errMsg":"The product chair does not exist","data":null}
+```
+
+The inventory answers the calls that carry its token, and refuses the others:
+
+```bash
+curl localhost:3000 -H 'Authorization: Bearer inventory-secret' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"resource": "stock", "act": "get", "product": "desk"}'
+# {"success":true,"error":null,"payload":{"product":"desk","available":1}}
+
+curl localhost:3000 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"resource": "stock", "act": "get", "product": "desk"}'
+# {"success":false,"error":{…,"statusCode":401,"message":"The caller is not authenticated","errMsg":"The caller is not authenticated","err":"UnauthorizedException","errno":"E_UNAUTHORIZED"},"payload":null}
+```
+
+The error carries all the properties of the exception; its `stack`, `appId` and `appName` are left out here. Stop the
+inventory (Ctrl+C) and place an order:
+
+```bash
+curl -i -X POST localhost:8080/orders -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"items": [{"product": "lamp", "quantity": 1}]}'
+# HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable
+# {"errno":"E_INVENTORY_UNAVAILABLE","errMsg":"The inventory fails: The service http://localhost:3000 cannot be reached: connect ECONNREFUSED ::1:3000, connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:3000","data":null}
+```
+
+## 10. Test it
+
+Each service has its own tests, which replace the template's test. The inventory's tests start it, post the messages
+of its actions and read the envelopes of the responses:
+
+**`inventory/packages/app/src/tests/App.spec.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {after, before, describe, it} from 'node:test'
+import assert from 'node:assert'
+import {Application} from 'lakutata'
+import {config} from '../config/Config.js'
+
+const PORT: number = Number(process.env.TEST_PORT ?? 18085)
+const SERVICE_PORT: number = PORT + 1
+
+type Envelope = { success: boolean, error: { errno: string, errMsg: string } | null, payload?: any }
+
+/**
+ * Call a service action and return the envelope of the response
+ * @param message
+ * @param token
+ */
+async function call(message: Record<string, unknown>, token: string = 'test-token'): Promise<Envelope> {
+    const response: Response = await fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${SERVICE_PORT}`, {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {'Authorization': `Bearer ${token}`, 'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
+        body: JSON.stringify(message)
+    })
+    return await response.json() as Envelope
+}
+
+describe('inventory', (): void => {
+
+    let app: Application
+
+    before(async (): Promise<void> => {
+        process.env.API_TOKEN = 'test-token'
+        app = await new Promise<Application>((resolve: (app: Application) => void): void => {
+            Application.run(config(PORT, SERVICE_PORT)).onLaunched((launched: Application): void => resolve(launched))
+        })
+    })
+
+    after(async (): Promise<void> => {
+        await app?.dispose()
+    })
+
+    it('answers the health check without authentication', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(await (await fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}/health`)).json(), {errno: null, errMsg: null, data: {status: 'ok'}})
+    })
+
+    it('refuses the calls without the token', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const refused: Envelope = await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'get', product: 'lamp'}, 'wrong-token')
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.success, false)
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.error?.errno, 'E_UNAUTHORIZED')
+    })
+
+    it('gives the stock of a product', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'get', product: 'lamp'})).payload, {product: 'lamp', available: 10})
+        assert.strictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'get', product: 'chair'})).error?.errno, 'E_PRODUCT_NOT_FOUND')
+    })
+
+    it('reserves all the items of an order, once', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const message: Record<string, unknown> = {resource: 'stock', act: 'reserve', order: 'order-1', items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 2}, {product: 'desk', quantity: 1}]}
+        const levels: unknown = [{product: 'lamp', available: 8}, {product: 'desk', available: 2}]
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await call(message)).payload, levels)
+        //Sent again, the call reserves nothing more
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await call(message)).payload, levels)
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'get', product: 'lamp'})).payload, {product: 'lamp', available: 8})
+    })
+
+    it('reserves nothing when an item is short', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const refused: Envelope = await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'reserve', order: 'order-2', items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 1}, {product: 'desk', quantity: 5}]})
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.error?.errno, 'E_OUT_OF_STOCK')
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.error?.errMsg, 'desk: 5 asked, 2 in stock')
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'get', product: 'lamp'})).payload, {product: 'lamp', available: 8})
+    })
+
+    it('refuses an invalid message', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        assert.strictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'reserve', order: 'order-3', items: []})).error?.errno, 'E_INVALID_VALUE')
+        assert.strictEqual((await call({resource: 'stock', act: 'count'})).error?.errno, 'E_CONTROLLER_ACTION_NOT_FOUND')
+    })
+})
+```
+
+The tests of the orders service do not need the inventory. They start a stand-in for it in the same process: an
+entrypoint in a container of its own ([Objects](../Objects.md), section 5), with an action of the same pattern as the
+inventory's. A process runs one application, here the orders service, so the stand-in is not an application. It checks
+the token as the inventory does, and the last two tests change its token, then stop it:
+
+**`orders/packages/app/src/tests/App.spec.ts`**
+
+```typescript
+import {after, before, describe, it} from 'node:test'
+import assert from 'node:assert'
+import {Application, Container, Exception} from 'lakutata'
+import {buildEntrypoints, Controller, Entrypoint, httpRequestOfContext, httpServiceEntrypoint, type ServiceContext} from 'lakutata/com/entrypoint'
+import {Prefix, ServiceAction} from 'lakutata/decorator/ctrl'
+import {config} from '../config/Config.js'
+
+const PORT: number = Number(process.env.TEST_PORT ?? 18085)
+const INVENTORY_PORT: number = PORT + 1
+
+class UnauthorizedException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_UNAUTHORIZED'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 401
+}
+
+class OutOfStockException extends Exception {
+    public errno: string = 'E_OUT_OF_STOCK'
+
+    public readonly statusCode: number = 409
+}
+
+/**
+ * A stand-in for the inventory: an action with the same pattern, the token it expects, 3 lamps in stock, and the orders
+ * it has reserved
+ */
+@Prefix({pattern: {resource: 'stock'}})
+class InventoryStandIn extends Controller {
+    public static token: string = 'inventory-token'
+
+    public static lamps: number = 3
+
+    public static readonly orders: string[] = []
+
+    @ServiceAction({act: 'reserve'})
+    public async reserve(input: { order: string, items: { product: string, quantity: number }[] }): Promise<unknown> {
+        const authorization: string | undefined = httpRequestOfContext(this.context as ServiceContext)?.headers.authorization
+        if (authorization !== `Bearer ${InventoryStandIn.token}`) throw new UnauthorizedException('The caller is not authenticated')
+        const quantity: number = input.items[0].quantity
+        if (quantity > InventoryStandIn.lamps) throw new OutOfStockException('lamp: {0} asked, {1} in stock', quantity, InventoryStandIn.lamps)
+        InventoryStandIn.lamps -= quantity
+        InventoryStandIn.orders.push(input.order)
+        return [{product: 'lamp', available: InventoryStandIn.lamps}]
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Place an order: the status of the response and its {errno, errMsg, data}
+ * @param body
+ */
+async function placeOrder(body: unknown): Promise<{ status: number, errno: string | null, errMsg: string | null, data: any }> {
+    const response: Response = await fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}/orders`, {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {'Authorization': 'Bearer test-token', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
+        body: JSON.stringify(body)
+    })
+    return {status: response.status, ...await response.json() as { errno: string | null, errMsg: string | null, data: any }}
+}
+
+describe('orders', (): void => {
+
+    let app: Application
+    //The stand-in runs in a container of its own, in the test process
+    const inventory: Container = new Container()
+
+    before(async (): Promise<void> => {
+        await inventory.set(Entrypoint, buildEntrypoints({
+            controllers: [InventoryStandIn],
+            service: httpServiceEntrypoint({port: INVENTORY_PORT, host: '127.0.0.1'})
+        }))
+        process.env.API_TOKEN = 'test-token'
+        process.env.INVENTORY_TOKEN = 'inventory-token'
+        app = await new Promise<Application>((resolve: (app: Application) => void): void => {
+            Application.run(config(PORT, `http://127.0.0.1:${INVENTORY_PORT}`)).onLaunched((launched: Application): void => resolve(launched))
+        })
+    })
+
+    after(async (): Promise<void> => {
+        await app?.dispose()
+        await inventory.destroy()
+    })
+
+    it('places an order, its stock reserved by the inventory', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const placed = await placeOrder({items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 2}]})
+        assert.strictEqual(placed.status, 200)
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(placed.data.items, [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 2}])
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(InventoryStandIn.orders, [placed.data.id])
+        assert.strictEqual(InventoryStandIn.lamps, 1)
+    })
+
+    it('answers the refusal of the inventory', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const refused = await placeOrder({items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 5}]})
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.status, 409)
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.errno, 'E_OUT_OF_STOCK')
+        assert.strictEqual(refused.errMsg, 'lamp: 5 asked, 1 in stock')
+    })
+
+    it('refuses an invalid order without calling the inventory', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        const invalid = await placeOrder({items: []})
+        assert.strictEqual(invalid.status, 400)
+        assert.strictEqual(invalid.errno, 'E_INVALID_VALUE')
+        assert.strictEqual(InventoryStandIn.orders.length, 1)
+    })
+
+    it('answers 503 when the inventory refuses its token', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        InventoryStandIn.token = 'another-token'
+        const failed = await placeOrder({items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 1}]})
+        assert.strictEqual(failed.status, 503)
+        assert.strictEqual(failed.errno, 'E_INVENTORY_UNAVAILABLE')
+        assert.strictEqual(failed.errMsg, 'The inventory fails: The caller is not authenticated')
+    })
+
+    it('answers 503 when the inventory does not answer', async (): Promise<void> => {
+        await inventory.destroy()
+        const unavailable = await placeOrder({items: [{product: 'lamp', quantity: 1}]})
+        assert.strictEqual(unavailable.status, 503)
+        assert.strictEqual(unavailable.errno, 'E_INVENTORY_UNAVAILABLE')
+    })
+})
+```
+
+```bash
+cd inventory
+npm test
+```
+
+```
+app │   ✔ answers the health check without authentication
+app │   ✔ refuses the calls without the token
+app │   ✔ gives the stock of a product
+app │   ✔ reserves all the items of an order, once
+app │   ✔ reserves nothing when an item is short
+app │   ✔ refuses an invalid message
+app │ ℹ pass 6
+✔ test ran in app
+```
+
+```bash
+cd ../orders
+npm test
+```
+
+```
+app │   ✔ places an order, its stock reserved by the inventory
+app │   ✔ answers the refusal of the inventory
+app │   ✔ refuses an invalid order without calling the inventory
+app │   ✔ answers 503 when the inventory refuses its token
+app │   ✔ answers 503 when the inventory does not answer
+app │ ℹ pass 5
+✔ test ran in app
+```
+
+## 11. In production
+
+- `npm run docker:build` in each project makes its image (the template's `Dockerfile`). In its image, the inventory
+  serves its health check on `PORT` (8080) and the calls on `SERVICE_PORT` (3000). On the container network, the
+  orders service reaches it with `INVENTORY_URL=http://inventory:3000`; publish only the port of the orders service.
+- Give both services the token from the same secret: the inventory's `API_TOKEN` and the `INVENTORY_TOKEN` of the
+  orders service. While only one of them has a new token, the orders service answers 503.
+- The stock is kept in memory, and the orders are not kept at all: store them in a database
+  ([A REST API with a database](RestAPI.md)). There, the order id, as a unique key of the reservations, keeps an order
+  from being reserved twice.
+- Other transports serve the same actions: Socket.IO, JSON-RPC ([ServiceCalls](../ServiceCalls.md)), NATS
+  ([NATS](../NATS.md)) or gRPC ([GRPC](../GRPC.md)), each an adapter of the `service` option. The proxies of NATS and
+  gRPC have the same `invoke()` and throw the same `ServiceInvokeException`: register `inventoryService` with their
+  builders instead and change the type of the proxy in `Inventory.ts`; the rest of `Inventory.ts` stays.
+
+<!--
+check:
+  create: inventory service
+  remove: inventory/packages/app/src/controllers/ExampleController.ts inventory/packages/app/src/dtos/GreetDTO.ts
+  create: orders service
+  remove: orders/packages/app/src/controllers/ExampleController.ts orders/packages/app/src/dtos/GreetDTO.ts
+  run: inventory: npm test
+  run: orders: npm test
+-->