koffi 2.3.6-beta.6 → 2.3.7

package/vendor/dragonbox/subproject/3rdparty/grisu_exact/grisu_exact.h

@@ -1,2666 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Junekey Jeon
-//
-// The contents of this file may be used under the terms of
-// the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
-//
-//    (See accompanying file LICENSE-Apache or copy at
-//     https://llvm.org/foundation/relicensing/LICENSE.txt)
-//
-// Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
-// the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
-//    (See accompanying file LICENSE-Boost or copy at
-//     https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, this software
-// is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
-// KIND, either express or implied.
-
-#ifndef JKJ_GRISU_EXACT
-#define JKJ_GRISU_EXACT
-
-//#include <bit>		// We don't have C++20 <bit> yet
-#include <bitset>		// Payload of NaN's is of type std::bitset
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cstddef>		// std::size_t, etc
-#include <cstdint>		// std::uint32_t, etc.
-#include <cstring>		// std::memcpy; not needed if C++20 std::bit_cast is used instead
-#include <limits>
-#include <type_traits>	// std::remove_cv, etc
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#include <intrin.h>
-#include <immintrin.h>
-
-// Suppress additional buffer overrun check
-// I have no idea why MSVC thinks some functions here are vulnerable to the buffer overrun attacks
-// No, they aren't.
-#ifndef __clang__
-#define JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS __declspec(safebuffers)
-#else
-#define JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-#endif
-#else
-#define JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-#endif
-
-namespace jkj {
-	namespace grisu_exact_detail {
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		// Utilities for 128-bit arithmetic
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-		// Get 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers
-		struct uint128 {
-			uint128() = default;
-
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && defined(__x86_64__)
-			unsigned __int128	internal_;
-
-			constexpr uint128(std::uint64_t high, std::uint64_t low) noexcept :
-				internal_{ ((unsigned __int128)low) | (((unsigned __int128)high) << 64) } {}
-
-			constexpr uint128(unsigned __int128 u) : internal_{ u } {}
-
-			constexpr std::uint64_t high() const noexcept {
-				return std::uint64_t(internal_ >> 64);
-			}
-			constexpr std::uint64_t low() const noexcept {
-				return std::uint64_t(internal_);
-			}
-#else
-			std::uint64_t	high_;
-			std::uint64_t	low_;
-
-			constexpr uint128(std::uint64_t high, std::uint64_t low) noexcept :
-				high_{ high }, low_{ low } {}
-
-			constexpr std::uint64_t high() const noexcept {
-				return high_;
-			}
-			constexpr std::uint64_t low() const noexcept {
-				return low_;
-			}
-#endif
-		};
-
-		JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-		inline uint128 umul128(std::uint64_t x, std::uint64_t y) noexcept {
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && defined(__x86_64__)
-			return (unsigned __int128)(x) * (unsigned __int128)(y);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-			uint128 result;
-			result.low_ = _umul128(x, y, &result.high_);
-			return result;
-#else
-			constexpr auto mask = (std::uint64_t(1) << 32) - std::uint64_t(1);
-
-			auto a = x >> 32;
-			auto b = x & mask;
-			auto c = y >> 32;
-			auto d = y & mask;
-
-			auto ac = a * c;
-			auto bc = b * c;
-			auto ad = a * d;
-			auto bd = b * d;
-
-			auto intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
-
-			return{ ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
-				(intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask) };
-#endif
-		}
-
-		JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-		inline std::uint64_t umul128_upper64(std::uint64_t x, std::uint64_t y) noexcept {
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && defined(__x86_64__)
-			auto p = (unsigned __int128)(x) * (unsigned __int128)(y);
-			return std::uint64_t(p >> 64);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-			return __umulh(x, y);
-#else
-			constexpr auto mask = (std::uint64_t(1) << 32) - std::uint64_t(1);
-
-			auto a = x >> 32;
-			auto b = x & mask;
-			auto c = y >> 32;
-			auto d = y & mask;
-
-			auto ac = a * c;
-			auto bc = b * c;
-			auto ad = a * d;
-			auto bd = b * d;
-
-			auto intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
-
-			return ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32);
-#endif
-		}
-
-		// Get upper 64-bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a 128-bit unsigned integer
-		JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-		inline std::uint64_t umul192_upper64(std::uint64_t x, uint128 y) noexcept {
-			auto g0 = umul128(x, y.high());
-			auto g10 = umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
-
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && defined(__x86_64__)
-			return uint128{ g0.internal_ + g10 }.high();
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-			std::uint64_t high, low;
-			auto carry = _addcarry_u64(0, g0.low(), g10, &low);
-			_addcarry_u64(carry, g0.high(), 0, &high);
-			return high;
-#else
-			auto intermediate = g0.low() + g10;
-			return g0.high() + (intermediate < g10);
-#endif
-		}
-
-		// Get upper 32-bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a 64-bit unsigned integer
-		inline std::uint32_t umul96_upper32(std::uint32_t x, std::uint64_t y) noexcept {
-			return std::uint32_t(umul128_upper64(x, y));
-		}
-
-		// Compute b^e in compile-time
-		template <class UInt>
-		constexpr UInt compute_power(UInt b, unsigned int e) noexcept {
-			UInt r = 1;
-			for (unsigned int i = 0; i < e; ++i) {
-				r *= b;
-			}
-			return r;
-		}
-
-		// Check if a number is a multiple of 2^exp
-		template <class UInt>
-		inline bool divisible_by_power_of_2(UInt x, int exp) noexcept {
-			static_assert(std::is_same_v<UInt, std::uint32_t> || std::is_same_v<UInt, std::uint64_t>);
-			assert(exp >= 1);
-			assert(x != 0);
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(__x86_64__)
-			int index;
-			if constexpr (std::is_same_v<UInt, std::uint32_t>) {
-				if constexpr (sizeof(unsigned long) == 4) {
-					index = __builtin_ctzl((unsigned long)x);
-				}
-				else {
-					static_assert(sizeof(unsigned int) == 4,
-						"jkj::grisu_exact: at least one of unsigned int and unsigned long should be 4 bytes long");
-					index = __builtin_ctz((unsigned int)x);
-				}
-			}
-			else {
-				static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8,
-					"jkj::grisu_exact: unsigned long long should be 8 bytes long");
-				index = __builtin_ctzll((unsigned long long)x);
-			}
-			return index >= exp;
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-			unsigned long index;
-			if constexpr (std::is_same_v<UInt, std::uint32_t>) {
-				_BitScanForward(&index, x);
-			}
-			else {
-				_BitScanForward64(&index, x);
-			}
-			return int(index) >= exp;
-#else
-			if (exp >= int(sizeof(UInt) * 8)) {
-				return false;
-			}
-			return x == ((x >> exp) << exp); 
-#endif
-		}
-
-		// Check if a number is a multiple of 5^exp
-		// Use the algorithm introduced in Section 9 of Granlund-Montgomery
-		template <class UInt>
-		constexpr UInt compute_modular_inverse_of_5() noexcept {
-			// Use Euler's theorem
-			// phi(p^k) = p^(k-1) * (p-1), so phi(2^n) = 2^(n-1).
-			// Hence, we need to compute 5^(2^(n-1) - 1), which is equal to
-			// 5^1 * 5^2 * 5^4 * 5^8 * ... * 5^(2^(n-2)),
-			// which can be computed as:
-			constexpr unsigned int n = std::numeric_limits<UInt>::digits;
-			UInt r = 5;
-			for (unsigned int e = 1; e <= n - 2; ++e) {
-				r = 5 * r * r;
-			}
-			return r;
-		}
-		template <class UInt>
-		struct divisibility_test_table_entry {
-			UInt	max_quotient;
-			UInt	mod_inv;
-		};
-		// std::array might be an overkill
-		template <class UInt, unsigned int N>
-		struct divisibility_test_table {
-			static constexpr auto size = N;
-			divisibility_test_table_entry<UInt> value[N];
-		};
-		template <class UInt, std::size_t size>
-		constexpr auto generate_divisibility_test_table() noexcept {
-			using return_type = divisibility_test_table<UInt, size>;
-
-			return_type table{};
-			for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-				table.value[i].max_quotient =
-					std::numeric_limits<UInt>::max() / compute_power(UInt(5), i);
-				table.value[i].mod_inv =
-					compute_power(compute_modular_inverse_of_5<UInt>(), i);
-			}
-
-			return table;
-		}
-		template <class UInt>
-		struct divisibility_test_table_holder {
-			static constexpr auto table = generate_divisibility_test_table<UInt,
-				std::is_same_v<UInt, std::uint32_t> ? 12 : 24>();
-		};
-		template <class UInt>
-		constexpr bool divisible_by_power_of_5(UInt x, unsigned int exp) noexcept {
-			assert(exp < divisibility_test_table_holder<UInt>::table.size);
-			auto const& entry = divisibility_test_table_holder<UInt>::table.value[exp];
-			return (x * entry.mod_inv) <= entry.max_quotient;
-		}
-
-
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		// Fast and accurate log floor calculation
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-		// This function is accurate if e is in the range [-1650,1650]
-		template <bool should_assert = true>
-		constexpr int floor_log10_pow2(int e) noexcept {
-			if constexpr (should_assert) {
-				assert(e >= -1650 && e <= 1650);
-			}
-
-			// The next 12 digits are 0xd27
-			constexpr std::int32_t log10_2_up_to_20 = 0x4d104;
-
-			return int(
-				// Calculate 0x0.4d104 * exp * 2^20
-				(std::int32_t(e) * log10_2_up_to_20)
-				// Perform arithmetic-shift
-				>> 20);
-		}
-
-		// This function is accurate if e is in the range [-642,642]
-		template <bool should_assert = true>
-		constexpr int floor_log2_pow10(int e) noexcept {
-			if constexpr (should_assert) {
-				assert(e >= -642 && e <= 642);
-			}
-
-			// The next 12 digits are 0x12f
-			constexpr std::int32_t log2_5_over_4_up_to_20 = 0x35269e;
-
-			return int(
-				// Calculate 0x3.5269e * exp * 2^20
-				(std::int32_t(e) * log2_5_over_4_up_to_20)
-				// Perform arithmetic-shift
-				>> 20);
-		}
-
-
-		// This function is accurate if e is in the range [-65536,+65536]
-		// This function is only executed at compile-time,
-		// and never executed at runtime.
-		template <bool should_assert = true>
-		constexpr int floor_log5_pow2(int e) noexcept {
-			if constexpr (should_assert) {
-				assert(e >= -65536 && e <= 65536);
-			}
-
-			// The next 32 digits are 0x143dcb94
-			constexpr std::uint32_t log5_2_up_to_32 = 0x6e40d1a4;
-
-			return int(
-				// Calculate 0x0.6e40d1a4 * exp * 2^32
-				(std::int64_t(e) * log5_2_up_to_32)
-				// Perform arithmetic-shift
-				>> 32);
-		}
-
-
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		// Collection of relevent information about IEEE-754 and precision settings
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-		template <class Float>
-		struct common_info {
-			using float_type = Float;
-
-			static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Float>::is_iec559 &&
-				std::numeric_limits<Float>::radix == 2 &&
-				(sizeof(Float) == 4 || sizeof(Float) == 8),
-				"Grisu-Exact algorithm only applies to IEEE-754 binary32 and binary64 formats!");
-
-			static constexpr std::size_t precision = std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits - 1;
-
-			using extended_significand_type = std::conditional_t<
-				sizeof(Float) == 4,
-				std::uint32_t,
-				std::uint64_t>;
-
-			static_assert(sizeof(extended_significand_type) == sizeof(Float));
-
-			static constexpr std::size_t extended_precision =
-				sizeof(extended_significand_type) * std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits;
-
-			static constexpr auto sign_bit_mask =
-				(extended_significand_type(1) << (extended_precision - 1));
-			static constexpr std::size_t exponent_bits =
-				extended_precision - precision - 1;
-			static constexpr int exponent_bias = 1 - (1 << (exponent_bits - 1));
-			static constexpr auto exponent_bits_mask =
-				((extended_significand_type(1) << exponent_bits) - 1) << precision;
-
-			static constexpr auto boundary_bit =
-				(extended_significand_type(1) << (extended_precision - precision - 2));
-			static constexpr auto normal_interval_length = boundary_bit << 1;
-			static constexpr auto edge_case_boundary_bit = boundary_bit >> 1;
-
-			static constexpr int min_exponent =
-				std::numeric_limits<Float>::min_exponent - int(extended_precision);
-			static constexpr int max_exponent =
-				std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent - int(extended_precision);
-			static_assert(min_exponent < 0 && max_exponent > 0 && -min_exponent >= max_exponent);
-			static_assert(min_exponent == 1 + exponent_bias - int(extended_precision) + 1);
-
-			static constexpr int alpha = sizeof(Float) == 4 ? -5 : -5;
-			static constexpr int gamma = alpha + 3;
-			static_assert(alpha >= -(int(extended_precision - precision) - 4) && gamma <= 0);
-
-			static constexpr int min_kappa =
-				-floor_log10_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 3 + alpha)) - 1;
-			static constexpr int max_kappa =
-				-floor_log10_pow2(-(int(extended_precision) + gamma)) - 1;
-			static_assert(0 <= min_kappa && min_kappa <= max_kappa);
-
-			static constexpr int initial_kappa = sizeof(Float) == 4 ? 2 : 3;
-			static_assert(min_kappa <= initial_kappa && initial_kappa <= max_kappa);
-
-			// Ensure delta cannot overflow
-			// delta is upper bounded by 2^(q-p-1+gamma), and
-			// during the decreasing search, it would get multiplied by 10^(initial_kappa-min_kappa-1)
-			static_assert(floor_log2_pow10(initial_kappa - min_kappa - 1) <
-				32 - int(extended_precision - precision - 1) - gamma);
-			// Ensure 10^initial_kappa fits inside 32 bits
-			static_assert(initial_kappa < floor_log10_pow2(32));
-
-			static constexpr int min_k = -floor_log10_pow2(max_exponent + 1 - alpha);
-			static constexpr int max_k = -floor_log10_pow2(min_exponent + 1 - alpha);
-
-			static constexpr std::size_t cache_precision = extended_precision * 2;
-
-			using cache_entry_type = std::conditional_t<
-				sizeof(Float) == 4,
-				std::uint64_t,
-				uint128>;
-
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m3 =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 3 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 3);
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m2 =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 2 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 2);
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m1 =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 1 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 1);
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision));
-			static constexpr int max_exponent_for_k_geq_0 = alpha + 2;
-			static constexpr int max_exponent_for_k_geq_m1 = alpha + 5;
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p2 =
-				(alpha - 2) - floor_log2_pow10(-floor_log5_pow2(precision + 2) - 1);
-			static constexpr int integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p1 =
-				(alpha - 2) - floor_log2_pow10(-floor_log5_pow2(precision + 1) - 1);
-
-			// Ensure that fractional parts cannot vanish when exponent is the minimum
-			static_assert(min_exponent < integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m3);
-			
-			static constexpr int zero_fractional_part_min_exponent_normal =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 2 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 2);
-			static constexpr int zero_fractional_part_min_exponent_edge =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 3 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 3);
-			static constexpr int zero_fractional_part_max_exponent_normal =
-				alpha - 2 - floor_log2_pow10(-floor_log5_pow2(precision + 2) - 1);
-			static constexpr int max_exponent_for_nonnegative_k = alpha + 2;
-			static constexpr int zero_fractional_part_min_exponent_delta_normal =
-				floor_log5_pow2(-(int(extended_precision - precision) - 1 + alpha)) -
-				(int(extended_precision - precision) - 1);
-		};
-
-
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		// Computed cache entries
-		// !! You SHOULD regenerate the cache if you modify alpha and gamma !!
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-		template <class Float>
-		struct cache_holder;
-
-		template <>
-		struct cache_holder<float> {
-			static constexpr std::uint64_t cache[] = {
-				0xa2425ff75e14fc32,
-				0xcad2f7f5359a3b3f,
-				0xfd87b5f28300ca0e,
-				0x9e74d1b791e07e49,
-				0xc612062576589ddb,
-				0xf79687aed3eec552,
-				0x9abe14cd44753b53,
-				0xc16d9a0095928a28,
-				0xf1c90080baf72cb2,
-				0x971da05074da7bef,
-				0xbce5086492111aeb,
-				0xec1e4a7db69561a6,
-				0x9392ee8e921d5d08,
-				0xb877aa3236a4b44a,
-				0xe69594bec44de15c,
-				0x901d7cf73ab0acda,
-				0xb424dc35095cd810,
-				0xe12e13424bb40e14,
-				0x8cbccc096f5088cc,
-				0xafebff0bcb24aaff,
-				0xdbe6fecebdedd5bf,
-				0x89705f4136b4a598,
-				0xabcc77118461cefd,
-				0xd6bf94d5e57a42bd,
-				0x8637bd05af6c69b6,
-				0xa7c5ac471b478424,
-				0xd1b71758e219652c,
-				0x83126e978d4fdf3c,
-				0xa3d70a3d70a3d70b,
-				0xcccccccccccccccd,
-				0x8000000000000000,
-				0xa000000000000000,
-				0xc800000000000000,
-				0xfa00000000000000,
-				0x9c40000000000000,
-				0xc350000000000000,
-				0xf424000000000000,
-				0x9896800000000000,
-				0xbebc200000000000,
-				0xee6b280000000000,
-				0x9502f90000000000,
-				0xba43b74000000000,
-				0xe8d4a51000000000,
-				0x9184e72a00000000,
-				0xb5e620f480000000,
-				0xe35fa931a0000000,
-				0x8e1bc9bf04000000,
-				0xb1a2bc2ec5000000,
-				0xde0b6b3a76400000,
-				0x8ac7230489e80000,
-				0xad78ebc5ac620000,
-				0xd8d726b7177a8000,
-				0x878678326eac9000,
-				0xa968163f0a57b400,
-				0xd3c21bcecceda100,
-				0x84595161401484a0,
-				0xa56fa5b99019a5c8,
-				0xcecb8f27f4200f3a,
-				0x813f3978f8940984,
-				0xa18f07d736b90be5,
-				0xc9f2c9cd04674ede,
-				0xfc6f7c4045812296,
-				0x9dc5ada82b70b59d,
-				0xc5371912364ce305,
-				0xf684df56c3e01bc6,
-				0x9a130b963a6c115c,
-				0xc097ce7bc90715b3,
-				0xf0bdc21abb48db20,
-				0x96769950b50d88f4,
-				0xbc143fa4e250eb31,
-				0xeb194f8e1ae525fd,
-				0x92efd1b8d0cf37be,
-				0xb7abc627050305ad,
-				0xe596b7b0c643c719,
-				0x8f7e32ce7bea5c6f,
-				0xb35dbf821ae4f38b,
-				0xe0352f62a19e306e
-			};
-		};
-
-		template <>
-		struct cache_holder<double> {
-			static constexpr uint128 cache[] = {
-				{ 0xc795830d75038c1d, 0xd59df5b9ef6a2418 },
-				{ 0xf97ae3d0d2446f25, 0x4b0573286b44ad1e },
-				{ 0x9becce62836ac577, 0x4ee367f9430aec33 },
-				{ 0xc2e801fb244576d5, 0x229c41f793cda740 },
-				{ 0xf3a20279ed56d48a, 0x6b43527578c11110 },
-				{ 0x9845418c345644d6, 0x830a13896b78aaaa },
-				{ 0xbe5691ef416bd60c, 0x23cc986bc656d554 },
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-				{ 0x8533285c936b35de, 0xd53a88958f87275f },
-				{ 0xa67ff273b8460356, 0x8a892abaf368f137 },
-				{ 0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x2d2b7569b0432d85 },
-				{ 0x8213f56a67f6b29b, 0x9c3b29620e29fc73 },
-				{ 0xa298f2c501f45f42, 0x8349f3ba91b47b8f },
-				{ 0xcb3f2f7642717713, 0x241c70a936219a73 },
-				{ 0xfe0efb53d30dd4d7, 0xed238cd383aa0110 },
-				{ 0x9ec95d1463e8a506, 0xf4363804324a40aa },
-				{ 0xc67bb4597ce2ce48, 0xb143c6053edcd0d5 },
-				{ 0xf81aa16fdc1b81da, 0xdd94b7868e94050a },
-				{ 0x9b10a4e5e9913128, 0xca7cf2b4191c8326 },
-				{ 0xc1d4ce1f63f57d72, 0xfd1c2f611f63a3f0 },
-				{ 0xf24a01a73cf2dccf, 0xbc633b39673c8cec },
-				{ 0x976e41088617ca01, 0xd5be0503e085d813 },
-				{ 0xbd49d14aa79dbc82, 0x4b2d8644d8a74e18 },
-				{ 0xec9c459d51852ba2, 0xddf8e7d60ed1219e },
-				{ 0x93e1ab8252f33b45, 0xcabb90e5c942b503 },
-				{ 0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936243 },
-				{ 0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0x0cc512670a783ad4 },
-				{ 0x906a617d450187e2, 0x27fb2b80668b24c5 },
-				{ 0xb484f9dc9641e9da, 0xb1f9f660802dedf6 },
-				{ 0xe1a63853bbd26451, 0x5e7873f8a0396973 },
-				{ 0x8d07e33455637eb2, 0xdb0b487b6423e1e8 },
-				{ 0xb049dc016abc5e5f, 0x91ce1a9a3d2cda62 },
-				{ 0xdc5c5301c56b75f7, 0x7641a140cc7810fb },
-				{ 0x89b9b3e11b6329ba, 0xa9e904c87fcb0a9d },
-				{ 0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x546345fa9fbdcd44 },
-				{ 0xd732290fbacaf133, 0xa97c177947ad4095 },
-				{ 0x867f59a9d4bed6c0, 0x49ed8eabcccc485d },
-				{ 0xa81f301449ee8c70, 0x5c68f256bfff5a74 },
-				{ 0xd226fc195c6a2f8c, 0x73832eec6fff3111 },
-				{ 0x83585d8fd9c25db7, 0xc831fd53c5ff7eab },
-				{ 0xa42e74f3d032f525, 0xba3e7ca8b77f5e55 },
-				{ 0xcd3a1230c43fb26f, 0x28ce1bd2e55f35eb },
-				{ 0x80444b5e7aa7cf85, 0x7980d163cf5b81b3 },
-				{ 0xa0555e361951c366, 0xd7e105bcc332621f },
-				{ 0xc86ab5c39fa63440, 0x8dd9472bf3fefaa7 },
-				{ 0xfa856334878fc150, 0xb14f98f6f0feb951 },
-				{ 0x9c935e00d4b9d8d2, 0x6ed1bf9a569f33d3 },
-				{ 0xc3b8358109e84f07, 0x0a862f80ec4700c8 },
-				{ 0xf4a642e14c6262c8, 0xcd27bb612758c0fa },
-				{ 0x98e7e9cccfbd7dbd, 0x8038d51cb897789c },
-				{ 0xbf21e44003acdd2c, 0xe0470a63e6bd56c3 },
-				{ 0xeeea5d5004981478, 0x1858ccfce06cac74 },
-				{ 0x95527a5202df0ccb, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc8 },
-				{ 0xbaa718e68396cffd, 0xd30560258f54e6ba },
-				{ 0xe950df20247c83fd, 0x47c6b82ef32a2069 },
-				{ 0x91d28b7416cdd27e, 0x4cdc331d57fa5441 },
-				{ 0xb6472e511c81471d, 0xe0133fe4adf8e952 },
-				{ 0xe3d8f9e563a198e5, 0x58180fddd97723a6 },
-				{ 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0x570f09eaa7ea7648 },
-				{ 0xb201833b35d63f73, 0x2cd2cc6551e513da },
-				{ 0xde81e40a034bcf4f, 0xf8077f7ea65e58d1 },
-				{ 0x8b112e86420f6191, 0xfb04afaf27faf782 },
-				{ 0xadd57a27d29339f6, 0x79c5db9af1f9b563 },
-				{ 0xd94ad8b1c7380874, 0x18375281ae7822bc },
-				{ 0x87cec76f1c830548, 0x8f2293910d0b15b5 },
-				{ 0xa9c2794ae3a3c69a, 0xb2eb3875504ddb22 },
-				{ 0xd433179d9c8cb841, 0x5fa60692a46151eb },
-				{ 0x849feec281d7f328, 0xdbc7c41ba6bcd333 },
-				{ 0xa5c7ea73224deff3, 0x12b9b522906c0800 },
-				{ 0xcf39e50feae16bef, 0xd768226b34870a00 },
-				{ 0x81842f29f2cce375, 0xe6a1158300d46640 },
-				{ 0xa1e53af46f801c53, 0x60495ae3c1097fd0 },
-				{ 0xca5e89b18b602368, 0x385bb19cb14bdfc4 },
-				{ 0xfcf62c1dee382c42, 0x46729e03dd9ed7b5 },
-				{ 0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0x6c07a2c26a8346d1 },
-				{ 0xc5a05277621be293, 0xc7098b7305241885 }
-			};
-		};
-
-		template <class Float>
-		constexpr typename common_info<Float>::cache_entry_type const& get_cache(int k) noexcept {
-			assert(k >= common_info<Float>::min_k && k <= common_info<Float>::max_k);
-			return cache_holder<Float>::cache[std::size_t(k - common_info<Float>::min_k)];
-		}
-
-		// Forward declaration of the main class
-		template <class Float>
-		struct grisu_exact_impl;
-	}
-
-	////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-	// DIY floating-point data type
-	////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-	template <class Float, bool is_signed>
-	struct fp_t;
-
-	template <class Float>
-	struct fp_t<Float, false> {
-		using extended_significand_type =
-			typename grisu_exact_detail::common_info<Float>::extended_significand_type;
-
-		extended_significand_type	significand;
-		int							exponent;
-	};
-
-	template <class Float>
-	struct fp_t<Float, true> {
-		using extended_significand_type =
-			typename grisu_exact_detail::common_info<Float>::extended_significand_type;
-
-		extended_significand_type	significand;
-		int							exponent;
-		bool						is_negative;
-	};
-
-	template <class Float>
-	using unsigned_fp_t = fp_t<Float, false>;
-
-	template <class Float>
-	using signed_fp_t = fp_t<Float, true>;
-
-	// In order to reduce the argument passing overhead,
-	// this class should be as simple as possible.
-	// (e.g., no inheritance, no private non-static data member, etc.;
-	// this is an unfortunate fact about x64 calling convention.)
-	template <class Float>
-	struct bit_representation_t
-	{
-	private:
-		using common_info = grisu_exact_detail::common_info<Float>;
-
-		static constexpr auto precision = common_info::precision;
-		static constexpr auto extended_precision = common_info::extended_precision;
-		static constexpr auto sign_bit_mask = common_info::sign_bit_mask;
-		static constexpr auto exponent_bits = common_info::exponent_bits;
-		static constexpr auto exponent_bias = common_info::exponent_bias;
-		static constexpr auto exponent_bits_mask = common_info::exponent_bits_mask;
-
-	public:
-		using extended_significand_type =
-			typename common_info::extended_significand_type;
-		extended_significand_type f;
-
-		//// Inspector methods
-
-		Float as_ieee754() const noexcept {
-			Float x;
-			std::memcpy(&x, &f, sizeof(Float));
-			return x;
-		}
-
-		constexpr extended_significand_type extract_significand_bits() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto significand_bits_mask =
-				(extended_significand_type(1) << precision) - 1;
-			return f & significand_bits_mask;
-		}
-
-		constexpr std::uint32_t extract_exponent_bits() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto exponent_bits_mask =
-				(std::uint32_t(1) << exponent_bits) - 1;
-			return std::uint32_t(f >> precision) & exponent_bits_mask;
-		}
-
-		constexpr bool is_finite() const noexcept {
-			return (f & exponent_bits_mask) != exponent_bits_mask;
-		}
-
-		constexpr bool is_nonzero() const noexcept {
-			// vs (f & ~sign_bit_mask) != 0;
-			// It seems that there is no AND instruction for 64-bit immediate value in x86,
-			// thus (f & ~sign_bit_mask) != 0 generates 3 instructions (load, and, compare),
-			// while this generates only two (shift, compare).
-			return (f << 1) != 0;
-		}
-
-		// Allows positive and negative zeros
-		constexpr bool is_subnormal() const noexcept {
-			return (f & exponent_bits_mask) == 0;
-		}
-
-		// Allows negative zero and negative NaN's, but not allow positive zero
-		constexpr bool is_negative() const noexcept {
-			// vs (f & sign_bit_mask) != 0;
-			// It seems that there is no AND instruction for 64-bit immediate value in x86,
-			// thus (f & sign_bit_mask) != 0 generates 3 instructions (load, and, compare),
-			// while this generates only two (shift, compare).
-			return (f >> (extended_precision - 1)) != 0;
-		}
-
-		// Allows positive zero and positive NaN's, but not allow negative zero
-		constexpr bool is_positive() const noexcept {
-			// vs (f & sign_bit_mask) == 0;
-			// Ditto
-			return (f >> (extended_precision - 1)) == 0;
-		}
-
-		constexpr bool is_positive_infinity() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto positive_infinity = exponent_bits_mask;
-			return f == positive_infinity;
-		}
-
-		constexpr bool is_negative_infinity() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto negative_infinity = exponent_bits_mask | sign_bit_mask;
-			return f == negative_infinity;
-		}
-
-		// Allows both plus and minus infinities
-		constexpr bool is_infinity() const noexcept {
-			return is_positive_infinity() || is_negative_infinity();
-		}
-
-		constexpr bool is_nan() const noexcept {
-			return !is_finite() && (extract_significand_bits() != 0);
-		}
-
-		bool is_quiet_nan() const noexcept {
-			if (!is_nan()) {
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			auto quiet_or_signal_indicator = extended_significand_type(1) << (precision - 1);
-			auto quiet_or_signal = f & quiet_or_signal_indicator;
-
-			constexpr auto a_quiet_nan = std::numeric_limits<Float>::quiet_NaN();
-			extended_significand_type a_quiet_nan_bit_representation;
-			std::memcpy(&a_quiet_nan_bit_representation, &a_quiet_nan, sizeof(Float));
-
-			return (a_quiet_nan_bit_representation & quiet_or_signal_indicator)
-				== quiet_or_signal;
-		}
-
-		bool is_signaling_nan() const noexcept {
-			return is_nan() && !is_quiet_nan();
-		}
-
-		static constexpr std::size_t nan_payload_length = precision - 1;
-		std::bitset<nan_payload_length> get_nan_payload() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto payload_mask =
-				(extended_significand_type(1) << (precision - 1)) - 1;
-			return{ f & payload_mask };
-		}
-	};
-
-	template <class Float>
-	bit_representation_t<Float> get_bit_representation(Float x) noexcept {
-		bit_representation_t<Float> br;
-		std::memcpy(&br.f, &x, sizeof(Float));
-		return br;
-	}
-
-	// Determine what to do about the correct rounding guarantee
-	namespace grisu_exact_correct_rounding {
-		enum tag_t {
-			do_not_care_tag,
-			tie_to_even_tag,
-			tie_to_odd_tag,
-			tie_to_up_tag,
-			tie_to_down_tag
-		};
-
-		// Do not perform correct rounding search
-		struct do_not_care {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = do_not_care_tag;
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class IntervalTypeProvider>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				IntervalTypeProvider&&) const
-			{
-				return grisu_exact_detail::grisu_exact_impl<Float>::template compute<return_sign,
-					std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<IntervalTypeProvider>>, do_not_care>(br);
-			}
-		};
-
-		// Perform correct rounding search; tie-to-even
-		struct tie_to_even {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = tie_to_even_tag;
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class IntervalTypeProvider>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				IntervalTypeProvider&&) const
-			{
-				return grisu_exact_detail::grisu_exact_impl<Float>::template compute<return_sign,
-					std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<IntervalTypeProvider>>, tie_to_even>(br);
-			}
-		};
-
-		// Perform correct rounding search; tie-to-odd
-		struct tie_to_odd {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = tie_to_odd_tag;
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class IntervalTypeProvider>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				IntervalTypeProvider&&) const
-			{
-				return grisu_exact_detail::grisu_exact_impl<Float>::template compute<return_sign,
-					std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<IntervalTypeProvider>>, tie_to_odd>(br);
-			}
-		};
-
-		// Perform correct rounding search; tie-to-up
-		struct tie_to_up {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = tie_to_up_tag;
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class IntervalTypeProvider>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				IntervalTypeProvider&&) const
-			{
-				return grisu_exact_detail::grisu_exact_impl<Float>::template compute<return_sign,
-					std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<IntervalTypeProvider>>, tie_to_up>(br);
-			}
-		};
-
-		// Perform correct rounding search; tie-to-down
-		struct tie_to_down {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = tie_to_down_tag;
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class IntervalTypeProvider>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				IntervalTypeProvider&&) const
-			{
-				return grisu_exact_detail::grisu_exact_impl<Float>::template compute<return_sign,
-					std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<IntervalTypeProvider>>, tie_to_down>(br);
-			}
-		};
-	}
-
-	// Dispatch to the appropriate operator() overloading of grisu_exact_impl<Float>
-	namespace grisu_exact_rounding_modes {
-		enum tag_t {
-			to_nearest_tag,
-			left_closed_directed_tag,
-			right_closed_directed_tag
-		};
-		namespace interval_type {
-			struct symmetric_boundary {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = true;
-				bool is_closed;
-
-				constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() const noexcept {
-					return is_closed;
-				}
-				constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() const noexcept {
-					return is_closed;
-				}
-			};
-			struct asymmetric_boundary {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = false;
-				bool is_left_closed;
-				constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() const noexcept {
-					return is_left_closed;
-				}
-				constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() const noexcept {
-					return !is_left_closed;
-				}
-			};
-			struct closed {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = true;
-				static constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return true;
-				}
-				static constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return true;
-				}
-			};
-			struct open {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = true;
-				static constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return false;
-				}
-				static constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return false;
-				}
-			};
-			struct left_closed_right_open {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = false;
-				static constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return true;
-				}
-				static constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return false;
-				}
-			};
-			struct right_closed_left_open {
-				static constexpr bool is_symmetric = false;
-				static constexpr bool include_left_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return false;
-				}
-				static constexpr bool include_right_endpoint() noexcept {
-					return true;
-				}
-			};
-		}
-
-		struct nearest_to_even {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::symmetric_boundary operator()(bit_representation_t<Float> br) const noexcept {
-				return{ br.f % 2 == 0 };
-			}
-		};
-		struct nearest_to_odd {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::symmetric_boundary operator()(bit_representation_t<Float> br) const noexcept {
-				return{ br.f % 2 != 0 };
-			}
-		};
-		struct nearest_toward_plus_infinity {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::asymmetric_boundary operator()(bit_representation_t<Float> br) const noexcept {
-				return{ !br.is_negative() };
-			}
-		};
-		struct nearest_toward_minus_infinity {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::asymmetric_boundary operator()(bit_representation_t<Float> br) const noexcept {
-				return{ br.is_negative() };
-			}
-		};
-		// This may generate the fastest code among nearest rounding modes
-		struct nearest_toward_zero {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::right_closed_left_open operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-				return{};
-			}
-		};
-		struct nearest_away_from_zero {
-			static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, *this);
-			}
-			template <class Float>
-			constexpr interval_type::left_closed_right_open operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-				return{};
-			}
-		};
-
-		namespace detail {
-			struct nearest_always_closed {
-				static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-				template <class Float>
-				constexpr interval_type::closed operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-					return{};
-				}
-			};
-			struct nearest_always_open {
-				static constexpr tag_t tag = to_nearest_tag;
-
-				template <class Float>
-				constexpr interval_type::open operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-					return{};
-				}
-			};
-		}
-		
-		// Same as nearest_to_even, but generate separate codes for
-		// different boundary conditions; may produce faster (or slower) code, but bigger binary
-		struct nearest_to_even_static_boundary {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.f % 2 == 0) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::nearest_always_closed{});
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::nearest_always_open{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-		// Same as nearest_to_odd, but generate separate codes for
-		// different boundary conditions; may produce faster (or slower) code, but bigger binary
-		struct nearest_to_odd_static_boundary {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.f % 2 == 0) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::nearest_always_open{});
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::nearest_always_closed{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-		// Same as nearest_toward_plus_infinity, but generate separate codes for
-		// different boundary conditions; may produce faster (or slower) code, but bigger binary
-		struct nearest_toward_plus_infinity_static_boundary {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.is_negative()) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, nearest_toward_zero{});
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, nearest_away_from_zero{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-		// Same as nearest_toward_minus_infinity, but generate separate codes for
-		// different boundary conditions; may produce faster (or slower) code, but bigger binary
-		struct nearest_toward_minus_infinity_static_boundary {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.is_negative()) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, nearest_away_from_zero{});
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, nearest_toward_zero{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-
-		namespace detail {
-			struct left_closed_directed {
-				static constexpr tag_t tag = left_closed_directed_tag;
-
-				template <class Float>
-				constexpr interval_type::left_closed_right_open operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-					return{};
-				}
-			};
-			struct right_closed_directed {
-				static constexpr tag_t tag = right_closed_directed_tag;
-
-				template <class Float>
-				constexpr interval_type::right_closed_left_open operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const noexcept {
-					return{};
-				}
-			};
-		}
-
-		struct toward_plus_infinity {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.is_negative()) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::left_closed_directed{});
-					
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::right_closed_directed{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-		struct toward_minus_infinity {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				if (br.is_negative()) {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::right_closed_directed{});
-				}
-				else {
-					return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-						br, detail::left_closed_directed{});
-				}
-			}
-		};
-		struct toward_zero {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, detail::left_closed_directed{});
-			}
-		};
-		struct away_from_zero {
-			template <bool return_sign, class Float, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			fp_t<Float, return_sign> delegate(bit_representation_t<Float> br,
-				CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs) const
-			{
-				return std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs).template delegate<return_sign>(
-					br, detail::right_closed_directed{});
-			}
-		};
-	}
-	
-	namespace grisu_exact_detail {
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		// The main algorithm
-		////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-		// Get sign/decimal significand/decimal exponent from
-		// the bit representation of a floating-point number
-		template <class Float>
-		struct grisu_exact_impl : private common_info<Float>
-		{
-			using extended_significand_type =
-				typename common_info<Float>::extended_significand_type;
-			using cache_entry_type =
-				typename common_info<Float>::cache_entry_type;
-
-			using common_info<Float>::precision;
-			using common_info<Float>::extended_precision;
-			using common_info<Float>::cache_precision;
-			using common_info<Float>::sign_bit_mask;
-			using common_info<Float>::exponent_bits;
-			using common_info<Float>::exponent_bias;
-			using common_info<Float>::exponent_bits_mask;
-			using common_info<Float>::min_exponent;
-			using common_info<Float>::boundary_bit;
-			using common_info<Float>::normal_interval_length;
-			using common_info<Float>::edge_case_boundary_bit;
-			using common_info<Float>::alpha;
-			using common_info<Float>::gamma;
-			using common_info<Float>::min_kappa;
-			using common_info<Float>::max_kappa;
-			using common_info<Float>::initial_kappa;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m3;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m2;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m1;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp;
-			using common_info<Float>::max_exponent_for_k_geq_0;
-			using common_info<Float>::max_exponent_for_k_geq_m1;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p2;
-			using common_info<Float>::integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p1;
-
-			template <unsigned int e>
-			static constexpr extended_significand_type power_of_10 = compute_power(extended_significand_type(10), e);
-
-
-			//// The main algorithm assumes the input is a normal/subnormal finite number
-
-			template <bool return_sign, class IntervalTypeProvider, class CorrectRoundingSearch>
-			JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-			static fp_t<Float, return_sign> compute(bit_representation_t<Float> br) noexcept
-			{
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-				// Step 1: integer promotion & Grisu multiplier calculation
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-				fp_t<Float, return_sign> ret_value;
-
-				auto interval_type = IntervalTypeProvider{}(br);
-
-				if constexpr (return_sign) {
-					ret_value.is_negative = br.is_negative();
-				}
-				auto significand = br.f << exponent_bits;
-				 
-				auto exponent = int((br.f >> precision) & (exponent_bits_mask >> precision));
-				// Deal with normal/subnormal dichotomy
-				if (exponent != 0) {
-					significand |= sign_bit_mask;
-					exponent = exponent + exponent_bias - int(extended_precision) + 1;
-				}
-				else {
-					exponent = min_exponent;
-				}
-
-				// Compute the endpoints
-				extended_significand_type fr;
-				// For nearest rounding
-				if constexpr (IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-				{
-					fr = significand | boundary_bit;
-				}
-				// For left-closed directed rounding
-				else if constexpr (IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					fr = significand + normal_interval_length;
-				}
-				// For right-closed directed rounding
-				else {
-					fr = significand;
-				}
-
-				// Compute k and beta
-				int const minus_k = floor_log10_pow2(exponent + 1 - alpha);
-				int const minus_beta = -(exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k) + 1);
-				assert(-minus_beta >= alpha && -minus_beta <= gamma);
-
-				// Compute zi and deltai
-				auto const cache = jkj::grisu_exact_detail::get_cache<Float>(-minus_k);
-
-				extended_significand_type zi;
-				if constexpr (IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					// Take care of the case when overflow occurs
-					if (fr == 0) {
-						if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-							zi = extended_significand_type(cache >>
-								extended_precision >> minus_beta);
-						}
-						else {
-							zi = cache.high() >> minus_beta;
-						}
-					}
-					else {
-						zi = compute_mul(fr, cache, minus_beta);
-					}
-				}
-				else {
-					zi = compute_mul(fr, cache, minus_beta);
-				}
-				
-				auto deltai = compute_delta<IntervalTypeProvider::tag>(
-					significand == sign_bit_mask && exponent != min_exponent, cache, minus_beta);
-
-
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-				// Step 2: Search for kappa
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-				// Comparison of fractional parts is delayed
-				auto zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::not_compared_yet;
-
-				// Compute s and r for initial kappa
-				extended_significand_type divisor;
-				ret_value.significand = zi / power_of_10<initial_kappa>;
-				auto r = zi % power_of_10<initial_kappa>;
-
-				ret_value.exponent = initial_kappa + minus_k;
-
-				// We've got too much? or too less?
-				if (r < deltai) {
-					goto increasing_search_label;
-				}
-				else if (r == deltai) {
-					if (is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf<IntervalTypeProvider::tag>(significand,
-						minus_beta, cache, interval_type, exponent, minus_k))
-					{
-						zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller;
-						goto increasing_search_label;
-					}
-					zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger;
-				}
-				
-				// Perform decreasing search
-				// In the paper, we calculate 10^(kappa0 - kappa) * r_(kappa - lambda) instead of
-				// r_(kappa-lambda), and 10^(kappa0 - kappa) * deltai instead of deltai, and
-				// 10^kappa0 instead of 10^kappa, so that the search procedure can be iterated.
-				// However, in this implementation we will not iterate decreasing search and
-				// the search will be performed only once. Hence, we do not need to do that.
-				{
-					// This procedure strictly depends on our specific choice of these parameters:
-					static_assert(initial_kappa - min_kappa <= 2);
-
-					constexpr unsigned int lambda = 1;
-					// We already know r < 10^initial_kappa < 2^32
-					auto const quotient = std::uint32_t(r) / std::uint32_t(power_of_10<initial_kappa - lambda>);
-					auto const new_r = std::uint32_t(r) % std::uint32_t(power_of_10<initial_kappa - lambda>);
-
-					// Check if the remainder is still greater than or equal to the delta
-					// remainder should be strictly greater if the left boundary is contained
-
-					if (new_r < deltai) {
-						goto decrease_kappa_by_1_label;
-					}
-					else if (new_r == deltai) {
-						// zf_vs_deltaf cannot be zf_smaller here
-						if (zf_vs_deltaf == zf_vs_deltaf_t::not_compared_yet) {
-							if (is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf<IntervalTypeProvider::tag>(significand,
-								minus_beta, cache, interval_type, exponent, minus_k))
-							{
-								zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller;
-								goto decrease_kappa_by_1_label;
-							}
-							zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger;
-						}
-					}
-
-					// Decrease kappa by 1 + lambda (lambda = 1)
-					if constexpr (initial_kappa == 2) {
-						// kappa = 0
-						ret_value.significand = zi;
-						r = 0;
-					}
-					else {
-						static_assert(initial_kappa == 3);
-						// kappa = 1
-						ret_value.significand *= 100;
-						ret_value.significand += 10 * quotient + (std::uint32_t(new_r) / 10);
-						r = std::uint32_t(new_r) % 10;
-					}
-					ret_value.exponent -= 2;
-					divisor = power_of_10<initial_kappa - 2>;
-
-					// Since kappa is already the smallest possible value,
-					// we do not need to search for kappa'
-					// (But still need to get away from the boundary for certain cases)
-					if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-						grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-						IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-						grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-					{
-						// For binary32 case, kappa == 0 case requires a separate correct rounding search
-						if constexpr (min_kappa == 0)
-						{
-							goto correct_rounding_search_when_kappa_is_0_label;
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							goto correct_rounding_search_label;
-						}
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						goto boundary_adjustment_label;
-					}
-
-				decrease_kappa_by_1_label:
-					// Decrease kappa by 1
-					ret_value.significand *= 10;
-					ret_value.significand += quotient;
-					r = new_r;
-					--ret_value.exponent;
-
-					divisor = power_of_10<initial_kappa - 1>;
-					goto boundary_adjustment_label;
-				}
-
-			increasing_search_label:
-				// Perform binary search
-				divisor = power_of_10<initial_kappa>;
-
-				if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-					// This procedure strictly depends on our specific choice of these parameters:
-					static_assert(max_kappa - initial_kappa < 8);
-
-					increasing_search<4, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, true>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-					increasing_search<2, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, false>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-					increasing_search<1, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, false>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-				}
-				else {
-					// This procedure strictly depends on our specific choice of these parameters:
-					static_assert(max_kappa - initial_kappa < 16);
-
-					increasing_search<8, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, true>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-					increasing_search<4, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, false>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-					increasing_search<2, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, false>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-					increasing_search<1, IntervalTypeProvider::tag, false>(ret_value, interval_type,
-						zf_vs_deltaf, exponent, minus_k, minus_beta, significand, r, divisor, deltai, cache);
-				}
-
-
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-				// Step 3: Dealing with the right endpoint (search for kappa')
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-			boundary_adjustment_label:
-				// If right endpoint is not included, we should check if z mod 10^kappa = 0
-				if (!interval_type.include_right_endpoint() && r == 0) {
-					constexpr integer_check_case_id case_id =
-						IntervalTypeProvider::tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag ?
-						integer_check_case_id::fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_generic :
-						integer_check_case_id::other;
-
-					if (is_product_integer<case_id>(fr, exponent, minus_k)) {
-						// Decrease kappa until 10^kappa becomes smaller than delta
-						// If left boundary is included, 10^kappa can also be equal to delta
-						while (true) {
-							if (divisor < deltai) {
-								break;
-							}
-							else if (divisor == deltai) {
-								// For nearest rounding only
-								if constexpr (IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-									grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-								{
-									// We need to decrease kappa if
-									// (1) The left boundary is not included, and
-									// (2) delta is exactly equal to 10^kappa.
-									// For symmetric boundary conditions, the first condition is
-									// always true because we already have checked it,
-									// and otherwise it is always false.
-									// The second condition is true if and only if e = -(q-p-1).
-									if constexpr (decltype(interval_type)::is_symmetric)
-									{
-										if (exponent == -int(extended_precision - precision - 1))
-										{
-											ret_value.significand *= 10;
-											divisor /= 10;
-											--ret_value.exponent;
-										}
-									}
-								}
-								break;
-							}
-
-							ret_value.significand *= 10;
-							divisor /= 10;
-							--ret_value.exponent;
-						}
-
-						if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-							grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag ||
-							IntervalTypeProvider::tag !=
-							grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-						{
-							--ret_value.significand;
-						}
-
-						if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-							grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-							IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-							grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-						{
-							r = divisor;
-						}
-
-						// For binary32 case, kappa == 0 case requires a separate correct rounding search
-						if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-							grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-							IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-							grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag &&
-							min_kappa == 0)
-						{
-							if (ret_value.exponent == minus_k) {
-								goto correct_rounding_search_when_kappa_is_0_label;
-							}
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-				// Step 4: Correct rounding search
-				//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-				// Just to silence "unused label" warnings
-				goto correct_rounding_search_label;
-			correct_rounding_search_label:
-				if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-					grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-					IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					// We already know r is at most deltai
-					deltai -= std::uint32_t(r);
-					auto const approx_x = zi - deltai;
-
-					auto const current_digit = ret_value.significand % 10;
-
-					// Perform binary search to find the minimum
-					auto steps = current_digit / 2;
-					while (steps != 0) {
-						auto const displacement = steps * divisor;
-						if (displacement > deltai) {
-							steps /= 2;
-						}
-						else if (displacement == deltai) {
-							// Compare fractional parts
-							// If zf <= deltaf, we can move to the left
-							// Otherwise, we should back off by 1
-							// The function is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf relies on
-							// several assumptions that are not true here.
-							// Hence, we need to do the comparison more carefully,
-							// by comparing the parity of approx_x and xi.
-							// x = (zi - deltai) + (zf - deltaf)
-							switch (zf_vs_deltaf) {
-							case zf_vs_deltaf_t::not_compared_yet:
-								// zf >= deltaf ?
-								if ((compute_mul(significand, cache, minus_beta) & 1) == (approx_x & 1))
-								{
-									// zf > deltaf ?
-									if (!equal_fractional_parts<IntervalTypeProvider::tag>(
-										significand, exponent, minus_k))
-									{
-										--steps;
-									}
-								}
-								break;
-
-							case zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger:
-								--steps;
-								break;
-
-							case zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller:
-								break;
-							}
-							goto return_label;
-						}
-						else {
-							ret_value.significand -= steps;
-							deltai -= std::uint32_t(displacement);
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				else if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-					grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-					IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-				{
-					// Should treat the case kappa == 0 separately
-					assert(ret_value.exponent != minus_k);
-
-					// Distribution of n' with uniformly random data:
-					// [binary32]
-					// -1: 48.0%   0: 32.9%   1:  5.7%   2:  8.7%
-					//  3:  3.9%   4:  0.9%
-					// [binary64]
-					// -1: 51.9%   0: 31.9%   1: 10.2%   2:  4.5% 
-					//  3:  1.4%   4:  0.1%   5:  0.0%
-					auto const displacement = (divisor / 2) + r;
-					auto epsiloni = compute_delta<grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag>(
-						false, cache, minus_beta + 1);
-
-					// n' + 1 >= 1?
-					if (displacement <= epsiloni) {
-						auto const approx_y = zi - epsiloni;
-
-						std::uint8_t steps;
-						epsiloni -= std::uint32_t(displacement);
-
-						// At this point, we can be sure that divisor should be
-						// at most 1'000'000'000, because
-						// epsiloni < 4'294'967'296 < 5'000'000'000 = (10'000'000'000 / 2)
-						// and epsiloni >= divisor / 2.
-						// Hence, 2 * divisor can fit inside std::uint32_t.
-						auto const divisor32 = std::uint32_t(divisor);
-
-						// n' + 1 >= 2?
-						if (divisor32 <= epsiloni) {
-							epsiloni -= divisor32;
-
-							// n' + 1 >= 4?
-							if (2 * divisor32 <= epsiloni) {
-								epsiloni -= 2 * divisor32;
-
-								// n' + 1 >= 5?
-								if (divisor32 <= epsiloni) {
-									epsiloni -= divisor32;
-
-									// For binary32, this implies that n' should be 4
-									if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-										steps = 5;
-									}
-									// For binary64, there are inputs such that
-									// n' = 5, though extremely rare
-									else {
-										// n' + 1 = 6?
-										if (divisor32 <= epsiloni) {
-											epsiloni -= divisor32;
-											steps = 6;
-										}
-										// n' + 1 = 5
-										else {
-											steps = 5;
-										}
-									}
-								}
-								// n' + 1 = 4
-								else {
-									steps = 4;
-								}
-							}
-							// n' + 1 = 2 or 3
-							else {
-								// n' + 1 = 3?
-								if (divisor32 <= epsiloni) {
-									epsiloni -= divisor32;
-									steps = 3;
-								}
-								// n' + 1 = 2
-								else {
-									steps = 2;
-								}
-							}
-						}
-						// n' + 1 = 1
-						else {
-							steps = 1;
-						}
-
-						// Check fractional if necessary
-						if (epsiloni == 0) {
-							auto const yi = compute_mul(significand, cache, minus_beta);
-							// We have either yi == approx_y or yi == approx_y - 1
-							if (yi == approx_y) {
-								if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-									grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_even_tag ||
-									CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-									grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_odd_tag)
-								{
-									// Compare round-up vs round-down
-									// round-up  : steps - 1
-									// round-down: steps - 1 if !is_product_integer, steps otherwise
-									// If they differ, that is, if is_product_integer,
-									// then prefer even/odd
-									if (is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::other>(significand, exponent, minus_k))
-									{
-										// steps vs steps - 1
-										if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-											grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_even_tag)
-										{
-											steps = (ret_value.significand & 1) != extended_significand_type(steps & 1)
-												? steps - 1 : steps;
-										}
-										else
-										{
-											steps = (ret_value.significand & 1) == extended_significand_type(steps & 1)
-												? steps - 1 : steps;
-										}
-									}
-									else {
-										--steps;
-									}
-								}
-								else if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-									grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_up_tag)
-								{
-									--steps;
-								}
-								else {
-									if (!is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::other>(significand, exponent, minus_k)) {
-										--steps;
-									}
-								}
-							}
-						}
-
-						// The calculated steps might be too much if the left endpoint is closer than usual
-						if (steps == 1 && significand == sign_bit_mask) {
-							// We know already r is at most deltai
-							deltai -= std::uint32_t(r);
-							if (divisor > deltai) {
-								goto return_label;
-							}
-							else if (divisor == deltai) {
-								// See the test result of verify_incorrect_rounding_removal.cpp
-								if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-									if (exponent == 59) {
-										goto return_label;
-									}
-								}
-								else {
-									if (exponent == -203) {
-										goto return_label;
-									}
-								}
-							}
-						}
-
-						ret_value.significand -= steps;
-					}
-				}
-
-				goto return_label;
-
-				// Just to silence "unused label" warnings
-				goto correct_rounding_search_when_kappa_is_0_label;
-			correct_rounding_search_when_kappa_is_0_label:
-				if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag !=
-					grisu_exact_correct_rounding::do_not_care_tag &&
-					IntervalTypeProvider::tag ==
-					grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag &&
-					min_kappa == 0)
-				{
-					// (floor(2y) + 1) / 2 for tie-to-up, ceil(2y) / 2 for tie-to-down
-					// First, compute floor(2y)
-					auto two_yi = compute_mul(significand, cache, minus_beta - 1);
-
-					if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-						grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_even_tag ||
-						CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-						grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_odd_tag)
-					{
-						// Compare round-up vs round-down
-						// round-up  : (two_yi + 1) / 2
-						// round-down: (two_yi + 1) / 2 if !is_prodict_integer, two_yi / 2 otherwise
-						// If they can differ, that is, if is_product_integer,
-						// then prefer even/odd
-						if (is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::two_times_fc>(
-							significand, exponent, minus_k))
-						{
-							if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-								grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_even_tag)
-							{
-								ret_value.significand = (two_yi / 2) % 2 == 1 ?
-									(two_yi + 1) / 2 : two_yi / 2;
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								ret_value.significand = (two_yi / 2) % 2 == 0 ?
-									(two_yi + 1) / 2 : two_yi / 2;
-							}
-						}
-						else {
-							ret_value.significand = (two_yi + 1) / 2;
-						}
-					}
-					else if constexpr (CorrectRoundingSearch::tag ==
-						grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_up_tag)
-					{
-						ret_value.significand = (two_yi + 1) / 2;
-					}
-					else {
-						if (!is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::two_times_fc>(
-							significand, exponent, minus_k))
-						{
-							++two_yi;
-						}
-
-						ret_value.significand = two_yi / 2;
-					}
-				}
-
-			return_label:
-				return ret_value;
-			}
-
-			static extended_significand_type compute_mul(
-				extended_significand_type f, cache_entry_type const& cache, int minus_beta) noexcept
-			{
-				if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-					return umul96_upper32(f, cache) >> minus_beta;
-				}
-				else {
-					return umul192_upper64(f, cache) >> minus_beta;
-				}
-			}
-
-			template <grisu_exact_rounding_modes::tag_t tag>
-			static std::uint32_t compute_delta([[maybe_unused]] bool is_edge_case,
-				cache_entry_type const& cache, int minus_beta) noexcept
-			{
-				constexpr auto q_mp_m1 = extended_precision - precision - 1;
-				constexpr auto intermediate_precision =
-					sizeof(Float) == 4 ? cache_precision : extended_precision;
-				using intermediate_type = std::conditional_t<sizeof(Float) == 4,
-					cache_entry_type, extended_significand_type>;
-
-				intermediate_type r;
-				if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-					r = cache;
-				}
-				else {
-					r = cache.high();
-				}
-
-				// For nearest rounding
-				if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-				{
-					if (is_edge_case) {
-						r = (r >> 1) + (r >> 2);
-					}
-
-					return std::uint32_t(r >> (intermediate_precision - q_mp_m1 + minus_beta));
-				}
-				// For left-directed rounding
-				else if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					return std::uint32_t(r >> (intermediate_precision - q_mp_m1 + minus_beta));
-				}
-				// For right-directed rounding
-				else {
-					if (is_edge_case) {
-						return std::uint32_t(r >> (intermediate_precision - (q_mp_m1 - 1) + minus_beta));
-					}
-					else {
-						return std::uint32_t(r >> (intermediate_precision - q_mp_m1 + minus_beta));
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-
-			static bool is_zf_strictly_smaller_than_deltaf(
-				extended_significand_type fl,
-				int minus_beta, cache_entry_type const& cache) noexcept
-			{
-				auto mul = compute_mul(fl, cache, minus_beta);
-				return (mul & 1) != 0;
-			}
-
-			enum class integer_check_case_id {
-				fc_minus_2_to_the_q_mp_m3_edge,
-				fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_generic,
-				fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_edge,
-				two_times_fc,
-				other
-			};
-			template <integer_check_case_id case_id>
-			static bool is_product_integer([[maybe_unused]] extended_significand_type f,
-				int exponent, [[maybe_unused]] int minus_k) noexcept
-			{
-				// Case I: f = fc - 2^(q-p-3), Fw = 1 and Ew != Emin
-				if constexpr (case_id == integer_check_case_id::fc_minus_2_to_the_q_mp_m3_edge) {
-					return exponent >= integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m3 &&
-						exponent <= max_exponent_for_k_geq_0;
-				}
-				// Case II: f = fc +- 2^(q-p-2), generic case
-				else if constexpr (case_id == integer_check_case_id::fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_generic) {
-					if (exponent < integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m2) {
-						return false;
-					}
-					// For k >= 0
-					else if (exponent <= max_exponent_for_k_geq_0) {
-						return true;
-					}
-					// For k < 0
-					else if (exponent <= integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p2)
-					{
-						assert((sizeof(Float) == 4 && 1 <= minus_k && minus_k <= 10) ||
-							(sizeof(Float) == 8 && 1 <= minus_k && minus_k <= 23));
-						return divisible_by_power_of_5(f, minus_k);
-					}
-					else {
-						return false;
-					}
-				}
-				// Case III: f = fc - 2^(q-p-2), Fw = 1 and Ew != Emin
-				else if constexpr (case_id == integer_check_case_id::fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_edge) {
-					// For IEEE-754 binary32
-					if constexpr (sizeof(Float) == 4) {
-						return exponent >= integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m2 &&
-							exponent <= max_exponent_for_k_geq_m1;
-					}
-					// For IEEE-754 binary64
-					else {
-						return exponent >= integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m2 &&
-							exponent <= max_exponent_for_k_geq_0;
-					}
-				}
-				// Case IV or V or VI: f = fc or fc +- 2^(q-p-1)
-				else {
-					constexpr auto exp_2_upper_bound =
-						case_id == integer_check_case_id::two_times_fc ?
-						integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp :
-						integer_check_exponent_lower_bound_for_q_mp_m1;
-
-					// Exponent for 2 is negative
-					if (exponent < exp_2_upper_bound) {
-						auto exp_2 = minus_k - exponent;
-						if constexpr (case_id == integer_check_case_id::two_times_fc) {
-							--exp_2;
-						}
-						return divisible_by_power_of_2(f, exp_2);
-					}
-					// Both exponents for 2 and 5 are nonnegative
-					else if (exponent <= max_exponent_for_k_geq_0) {
-						return true;
-					}
-					// Exponent for 5 is negative
-					else if (exponent <= integer_check_exponent_upper_bound_for_p_p1) {
-						assert((sizeof(Float) == 4 && 1 <= minus_k && minus_k <= 10) ||
-							(sizeof(Float) == 8 && 1 <= minus_k && minus_k <= 22));
-						return divisible_by_power_of_5(f, minus_k);
-					}
-					else {
-						return false;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			enum class zf_vs_deltaf_t : std::uint8_t {
-				not_compared_yet = 0,
-				zf_larger = 1,
-				zf_smaller = 2
-			};
-
-			template <grisu_exact_rounding_modes::tag_t tag>
-			static bool equal_fractional_parts([[maybe_unused]] extended_significand_type fl,
-				[[maybe_unused]] int exponent, [[maybe_unused]] int minus_k) noexcept
-			{
-				if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-				{
-					// Generic case
-					if (fl != (sign_bit_mask - edge_case_boundary_bit))
-					{
-						return is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::fc_pm_2_to_the_q_mp_m2_generic>(
-							fl, exponent, minus_k);
-					}
-					// Edge case
-					else {
-						return is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::fc_minus_2_to_the_q_mp_m3_edge>(
-							fl, exponent, minus_k);
-					}
-				}
-				// For left-closed directed rounding
-				else if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					// Returns zf_smaller if zf = deltaf
-					return is_product_integer<integer_check_case_id::other>(
-						fl, exponent, minus_k);
-				}
-				// For right-closed directed rounding
-				else {
-					// Since left endpoint is always not included,
-					// we do not actually have to call this function at all
-					return false;
-				}
-			}
-
-			template <grisu_exact_rounding_modes::tag_t tag, class IntervalType>
-			static bool is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf(extended_significand_type fc,
-				int minus_beta, cache_entry_type const& cache,
-				IntervalType& interval_type, int exponent, int minus_k) noexcept
-			{
-				// Compute fl
-				extended_significand_type fl;
-				if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::to_nearest_tag)
-				{
-					fl = (fc == sign_bit_mask && exponent != min_exponent) ?
-						sign_bit_mask - edge_case_boundary_bit :
-						fc - boundary_bit;
-				}
-				// For left-closed directed rounding
-				else if constexpr (tag == grisu_exact_rounding_modes::left_closed_directed_tag)
-				{
-					fl = fc;
-				}
-				// For right-closed directed rounding
-				else {
-					fl = (fc == sign_bit_mask && exponent != min_exponent) ?
-						sign_bit_mask - boundary_bit :
-						fc - normal_interval_length;
-				}
-
-				return is_zf_strictly_smaller_than_deltaf(fl, minus_beta, cache) ||
-					(interval_type.include_left_endpoint() &&
-						equal_fractional_parts<tag>(fl, exponent, minus_k));
-			}
-
-			// Perform binary search to find kappa upward
-			// Returns true if kappa + lambda is a possible candidate
-			template <extended_significand_type lambda,
-				grisu_exact_rounding_modes::tag_t tag,
-				bool is_initial_search, bool is_signed, class IntervalType
-			>
-			static bool increasing_search(
-				fp_t<Float, is_signed>& ret_value,
-				IntervalType& interval_type,
-				zf_vs_deltaf_t& zf_vs_deltaf,
-				int exponent, int minus_k, int minus_beta,
-				extended_significand_type fc,
-				extended_significand_type& r,
-				extended_significand_type& divisor,
-				std::uint32_t deltai,
-				cache_entry_type const& cache) noexcept
-			{
-				auto const quotient = ret_value.significand / power_of_10<lambda>;
-				auto const new_r = r + divisor * (ret_value.significand % power_of_10<lambda>);
-
-				// Check if delta is still greater than or equal to the remainder
-				// delta should be strictly greater if the left boundary is not contained
-				if (new_r > deltai) {
-					return false;
-				}
-				else if (new_r == deltai) {
-					if constexpr (is_initial_search) {
-						// zf_vs_deltaf cannot be zf_larger here
-						if (zf_vs_deltaf == zf_vs_deltaf_t::not_compared_yet) {
-							if (!is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf<tag>(fc,
-								minus_beta, cache, interval_type, exponent, minus_k))
-							{
-								zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger;
-								return false;
-							}
-							zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller;
-						}
-					}
-					else {
-						switch (zf_vs_deltaf) {
-						case zf_vs_deltaf_t::not_compared_yet:
-							if (!is_zf_smaller_than_deltaf<tag>(fc,
-								minus_beta, cache, interval_type, exponent, minus_k))
-							{
-								zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger;
-								return false;
-							}
-							zf_vs_deltaf = zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller;
-							break;
-
-						case zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_larger:
-							return false;
-
-						case zf_vs_deltaf_t::zf_smaller:
-							// Do nothing; just to silence the warning
-							break;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				// Update kappa
-				ret_value.significand = quotient;
-				ret_value.exponent += lambda;
-				r = new_r;
-				divisor *= power_of_10<lambda>;
-				return true;
-			}
-		};
-	}
-
-	// What to do with non-finite inputs?
-	namespace grisu_exact_case_handlers {
-		struct assert_finite {
-			template <class Float>
-			void operator()([[maybe_unused]] bit_representation_t<Float> br) const
-			{
-				assert(br.is_finite());
-			}
-		};
-
-		// This policy is mainly for debugging purpose
-		struct ignore_special_cases {
-			template <class Float>
-			void operator()(bit_representation_t<Float>) const
-			{
-			}
-		};
-	}
-
-	template <bool return_sign = true, class Float,
-		class RoundingMode = grisu_exact_rounding_modes::nearest_to_even,
-		class CorrectRoundingSearch = grisu_exact_correct_rounding::tie_to_even,
-		class CaseHandler = grisu_exact_case_handlers::assert_finite
-	>
-	fp_t<Float, return_sign> grisu_exact(Float x,
-		RoundingMode&& rounding_mode = {},
-		CorrectRoundingSearch&& crs = {},
-		CaseHandler&& case_handler = {})
-	{
-		auto br = get_bit_representation(x);
-		case_handler(br);
-		return std::forward<RoundingMode>(rounding_mode).template delegate<return_sign>(
-			br, std::forward<CorrectRoundingSearch>(crs));
-	}
-}
-
-#undef JKJ_SAFEBUFFERS
-#endif