koffi 2.0.1 → 2.1.0-beta.1

package/doc/dist/html/searchindex.js

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/doc/dist/html/start.html

@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@
 
 </div>
 <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 2em;">
+    <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/NPM-2.0.1-brightgreen" alt="NPM"/></a>
     <a href="https://github.com/Koromix/luigi/tree/master/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Koffi-ff6600" alt="GitHub"/></a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/Koromix/luigi/tree/master/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/NPM-2.0.0-brightgreen" alt="NPM"/></a>
 </div>
 </div>
 

package/doc/dist/html/types.html

@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@
 
 </div>
 <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 2em;">
+    <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/NPM-2.0.1-brightgreen" alt="NPM"/></a>
     <a href="https://github.com/Koromix/luigi/tree/master/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Koffi-ff6600" alt="GitHub"/></a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/Koromix/luigi/tree/master/koffi"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/NPM-2.0.0-brightgreen" alt="NPM"/></a>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
-<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Null</p></td>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Undefined</p></td>
 <td><p>void</p></td>
 <td><p>0</p></td>
 <td><p></p></td>
@@ -510,6 +510,8 @@
 </section>
 <section id="struct-types">
 <h2>Struct types<a class="headerlink" href="#struct-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
+<section id="struct-definition">
+<h3>Struct definition<a class="headerlink" href="#struct-definition" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
 <p>Koffi converts JS objects to C structs, and vice-versa.</p>
 <p>Unlike function declarations, as of now there is only one way to create a struct type, with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.struct()</span></code> function. This function takes two arguments: the first one is the name of the type, and the second one is an object containing the struct member names and types. You can omit the first argument to declare an anonymous struct.</p>
 <p>The following example illustrates how to declare the same struct in C and in JS with Koffi:</p>
@@ -542,51 +544,38 @@
 <span class="linenos">3</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">Function2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Function&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">A</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">A</span><span class="p">]);</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
-</section>
-<section id="pointer-types">
-<h2>Pointer types<a class="headerlink" href="#pointer-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
-<p>In C, pointer arguments are used for differenty purposes. It is important to distinguish these use cases because Koffi provides different ways to deal with each of them:</p>
+<p>Koffi automatically follows the platform C ABI regarding alignment and padding. However, you can override these rules if needed with:</p>
 <ul class="simple">
-<li><p><strong>Struct pointers</strong>: Use of struct pointers by C libraries fall in two cases: avoid (potentially) expensive copies, and to let the function change struct contents (output or input/output arguments).</p></li>
-<li><p><strong>Opaque handles</strong>: the library does not expose the contents of the structs, and only provides you with a pointer to it (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>). Only the functions provided by the library can do something with this pointer, in Koffi we call this a handle. This is usually done for ABI-stability reason, and to prevent library users from messing directly with library internals.</p></li>
-<li><p><strong>Arrays</strong>: in C, you dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed to functions with pointers, either NULL-terminated (or any other sentinel value) or with an additional length argument.</p></li>
-<li><p><strong>Pointers to primitive types</strong>: This is more rare, and generally used for output or input/output arguments. The Win32 API has a lot of these.</p></li>
+<li><p>Pack all members without padding with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.pack()</span></code> (instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.struct()</span></code>)</p></li>
+<li><p>Change alignment of a specific member as shown below</p></li>
 </ul>
-<section id="struct-pointers">
-<h3>Struct pointers<a class="headerlink" href="#struct-pointers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
-<p>The following Win32 example uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetCursorPos()</span></code> (with an output parameter) to retrieve and show the current cursor position.</p>
-<div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;koffi&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 2</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">lib</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;kernel32.dll&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 3</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="c1">// Type declarations</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 5</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">POINT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">struct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;POINT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 6</span>    <span class="nx">x</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;long&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 7</span>    <span class="nx">y</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;long&#39;</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 8</span><span class="p">});</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 9</span>
-<span class="linenos">10</span><span class="c1">// Functions declarations</span>
-<span class="linenos">11</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">GetCursorPos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;int __stdcall GetCursorPos(_Out_ POINT *pos)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="linenos">12</span>
-<span class="linenos">13</span><span class="c1">// Get and show cursor position</span>
-<span class="linenos">14</span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{};</span>
-<span class="linenos">15</span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nx">GetCursorPos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="linenos">16</span>    <span class="k">throw</span> <span class="ow">new</span> <span class="ne">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Failed to get cursor position&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="linenos">17</span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="c1">// This struct is 3 bytes long</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 2</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">PackedStruct</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;PackedStruct&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 3</span>    <span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int8_t&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 4</span>    <span class="nx">b</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int16_t&#39;</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 5</span><span class="p">});</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 6</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 7</span><span class="c1">// This one is 18 bytes long, the second member has an alignment requirement of 16 bytes</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 8</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">BigStruct</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">struct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BigStruct&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 9</span>    <span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int8_t&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="linenos">10</span>    <span class="nx">b</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int16_t&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="linenos">11</span><span class="p">})</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </section>
-<section id="opaque-handles">
-<h3>Opaque handles<a class="headerlink" href="#opaque-handles" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
-<p>Many C libraries use some kind of object-oriented API, with a pair of functions dedicated to create and delete objects. An obvious example of this can be found in stdio.h, with the opaque <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> pointer. You can open and close files with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fopen()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fclose()</span></code>, and manipule the handle with other functions such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fread()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftell()</span></code>.</p>
-<p>In Koffi, you can manage this with opaque handles. Declare the handle type with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.handle(name)</span></code>, and use a pointer to this type either as a return type or some kind of <a class="reference internal" href="functions#output-parameters"><span class="std std-doc">output parameter</span></a> (with a double pointer).</p>
+<section id="opaque-types">
+<h3>Opaque types<a class="headerlink" href="#opaque-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
+<p>Many C libraries use some kind of object-oriented API, with a pair of functions dedicated to create and delete objects. An obvious example of this can be found in stdio.h, with the opaque <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> pointer. You can open and close files with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fopen()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fclose()</span></code>, and manipule the opaque pointer with other functions such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fread()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftell()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>In Koffi, you can manage this with opaque types. Declare the opaque type with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.opaque(name)</span></code>, and use a pointer to this type either as a return type or some kind of <a class="reference internal" href="functions#output-parameters"><span class="std std-doc">output parameter</span></a> (with a double pointer).</p>
 <div class="admonition note">
 <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p>Opaque handles <strong>have changed in version 2.0</strong>.</p>
+<p>Opaque types <strong>have changed in version 2.0, and again in version 2.1</strong>.</p>
 <p>In Koffi 1.x, opaque handles were defined in a way that made them usable directly as parameter and return types, obscuring the underlying pointer.</p>
 <p>Now, you must use them through a pointer, and use an array for output parameters. This is shown in the example below (look for the call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatNewOut</span></code> in the JS part), and is described in the section on <a class="reference internal" href="functions#output-parameters"><span class="std std-doc">output parameters</span></a>.</p>
+<p>In addition to this, you should use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.opaque()</span></code> (introduced in Koffi 2.1) instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koffi.handle()</span></code> which is deprecated, and will be removed eventually in Koffi 3.0.</p>
 <p>Consult the <a class="reference internal" href="changes"><span class="doc std std-doc">migration guide</span></a> for more information.</p>
 </div>
-<p>The full example below implements an iterative string builder (concatenator) in C, and uses it from Javascript to output a mix of Hello World and FizzBuzz. The builder is hidden behind an opaque handle, and is created and destroyed using a pair of C functions: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatNew</span></code> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatNewOut</span></code>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatFree</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The full example below implements an iterative string builder (concatenator) in C, and uses it from Javascript to output a mix of Hello World and FizzBuzz. The builder is hidden behind an opaque type, and is created and destroyed using a pair of C functions: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatNew</span></code> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatNewOut</span></code>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConcatFree</span></code>.</p>
 <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos">  1</span><span class="c1">// Build with: clang -fPIC -o handles.so -shared handles.c -Wall -O2</span>
 <span class="linenos">  2</span>
 <span class="linenos">  3</span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
@@ -708,7 +697,7 @@
 <div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;koffi&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 2</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">lib</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./handles.so&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 3</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">Concat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Concat&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">Concat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">opaque</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Concat&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 5</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">ConcatNewOut</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bool ConcatNewOut(_Out_ Concat **out)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 6</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">ConcatNew</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Concat *ConcatNew()&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 7</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">ConcatFree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;void ConcatFree(Concat *c)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
@@ -758,6 +747,50 @@
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </section>
+</section>
+<section id="pointer-types">
+<h2>Pointer types<a class="headerlink" href="#pointer-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
+<p>In C, pointer arguments are used for differenty purposes. It is important to distinguish these use cases because Koffi provides different ways to deal with each of them:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p><strong>Struct pointers</strong>: Use of struct pointers by C libraries fall in two cases: avoid (potentially) expensive copies, and to let the function change struct contents (output or input/output arguments).</p></li>
+<li><p><strong>Opaque pointers</strong>: the library does not expose the contents of the structs, and only provides you with a pointer to it (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>). Only the functions provided by the library can do something with this pointer, in Koffi we call this an opaque type. This is usually done for ABI-stability reason, and to prevent library users from messing directly with library internals.</p></li>
+<li><p><strong>Arrays</strong>: in C, you dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed to functions with pointers, either NULL-terminated (or any other sentinel value) or with an additional length argument.</p></li>
+<li><p><strong>Pointers to primitive types</strong>: This is more rare, and generally used for output or input/output arguments. The Win32 API has a lot of these.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<section id="struct-pointers">
+<h3>Struct pointers<a class="headerlink" href="#struct-pointers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
+<p>The following Win32 example uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetCursorPos()</span></code> (with an output parameter) to retrieve and show the current cursor position.</p>
+<div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;koffi&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 2</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">lib</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;kernel32.dll&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 3</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="c1">// Type declarations</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 5</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">POINT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">struct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;POINT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 6</span>    <span class="nx">x</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;long&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 7</span>    <span class="nx">y</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;long&#39;</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 8</span><span class="p">});</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 9</span>
+<span class="linenos">10</span><span class="c1">// Functions declarations</span>
+<span class="linenos">11</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">GetCursorPos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;int __stdcall GetCursorPos(_Out_ POINT *pos)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos">12</span>
+<span class="linenos">13</span><span class="c1">// Get and show cursor position</span>
+<span class="linenos">14</span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{};</span>
+<span class="linenos">15</span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nx">GetCursorPos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="linenos">16</span>    <span class="k">throw</span> <span class="ow">new</span> <span class="ne">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Failed to get cursor position&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos">17</span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="named-pointer-types">
+<h3>Named pointer types<a class="headerlink" href="#named-pointer-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
+<p>Some C libraries use handles, which behave as pointers to opaque structs. An example of this is the HANDLE type in the Win32 API. If you want to reproduce this behavior, you can define a <strong>named pointer type</strong> to an opaque type, like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">HANDLE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;HANDLE&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">opaque</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="linenos">2</span>
+<span class="linenos">3</span><span class="c1">// And now you get to use it this way:</span>
+<span class="linenos">4</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">GetHandleInformation</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bool __stdcall GetHandleInformation(HANDLE h, _Out_ uint32_t *flags)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="linenos">5</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">CloseHandle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bool __stdcall CloseHandle(HANDLE h)&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</section>
 <section id="array-pointers">
 <h3>Array pointers<a class="headerlink" href="#array-pointers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
 <p>In C, dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed around as pointers. The length is either passed as an additional argument, or inferred from the array content itself, for example with a terminating sentinel value (such as a NULL pointers in the case of an array of strings).</p>
@@ -798,7 +831,7 @@
 <div class="highlight-js notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;koffi&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 2</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">lib</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;kernel32.dll&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 3</span>
-<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">HANDLE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;HANDLE&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handle</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="linenos"> 4</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">HANDLE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;HANDLE&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">opaque</span><span class="p">());</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 5</span><span class="kd">const</span> <span class="nx">FILETIME</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">koffi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">struct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;FILETIME&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 6</span>    <span class="nx">dwLowDateTime</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;uint&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
 <span class="linenos"> 7</span>    <span class="nx">dwHighDateTime</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;uint&#39;</span>
@@ -1021,10 +1054,14 @@
             <ul>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Data types</a><ul>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#struct-types">Struct types</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#struct-types">Struct types</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#struct-definition">Struct definition</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opaque-types">Opaque types</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pointer-types">Pointer types</a><ul>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#struct-pointers">Struct pointers</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opaque-handles">Opaque handles</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#named-pointer-types">Named pointer types</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#array-pointers">Array pointers</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pointers-to-primitive-types">Pointers to primitive types</a></li>
 </ul>

package/doc/functions.md

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ By default, Koffi will only forward arguments from Javascript to C. However, man
 For simplicity, and because Javascript only has value semantics for primitive types, Koffi can marshal out (or in/out) two types of parameters:
 
 - [Structs](types.md#struct-types) (to/from JS objects)
-- [Opaque handles](types.md#opaque-handles)
+- [Opaque types](types.md#opaque-types)
 
 In order to change an argument from input-only to output or input/output, use the following functions:
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ gettimeofday(tv, null);
 console.log(tv);
 ```
 
-#### Opaque handle example
+#### Opaque type example
 
 This example opens an in-memory SQLite database, and uses the node-ffi-style function declaration syntax.
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ This example opens an in-memory SQLite database, and uses the node-ffi-style fun
 const koffi = require('koffi');
 const lib = koffi.load('sqlite3.so');
 
-const sqlite3 = koffi.handle('sqlite3');
+const sqlite3 = koffi.opaque('sqlite3');
 
 // Use koffi.out() on a double pointer to copy out (from C to JS) after the call
 const sqlite3_open_v2 = lib.func('sqlite3_open_v2', 'int', ['str', koffi.out(koffi.pointer(sqlite3, 2)), 'int', 'str']);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ sqlite3_close_v2(db);
 
 Some C functions return heap-allocated values directly or through output parameters. While Koffi automatically converts values from C to JS (to a string or an object), it does not know when something needs to be freed, or how.
 
-For opaque handles, such as FILE, this does not matter because you will explicitly call `fclose()` on them. But some values (such as strings) get implicitly converted by Koffi, and you lose access to the original pointer. This creates a leak if the string is heap-allocated.
+For opaque types, such as FILE, this does not matter because you will explicitly call `fclose()` on them. But some values (such as strings) get implicitly converted by Koffi, and you lose access to the original pointer. This creates a leak if the string is heap-allocated.
 
 To avoid this, you can instruct Koffi to call a function on the original pointer once the conversion is done, by creating a **disposable type** with `koffi.dispose(name, type, func)`. This creates a type derived from another type, the only difference being that *func* gets called with the original pointer once the value has been converted and is not needed anymore.
 

package/doc/types.md

@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ let struct2 = koffi.struct({ dummy: koffi.types.long });
 
 ## Struct types
 
+### Struct definition
+
 Koffi converts JS objects to C structs, and vice-versa.
 
 Unlike function declarations, as of now there is only one way to create a struct type, with the `koffi.struct()` function. This function takes two arguments: the first one is the name of the type, and the second one is an object containing the struct member names and types. You can omit the first argument to declare an anonymous struct.
@@ -109,56 +111,44 @@ const Function1 = lib.func('A Function(A value)');
 const Function2 = lib.func('Function', A, [A]);
 ```
 
-## Pointer types
+Koffi automatically follows the platform C ABI regarding alignment and padding. However, you can override these rules if needed with:
 
-In C, pointer arguments are used for differenty purposes. It is important to distinguish these use cases because Koffi provides different ways to deal with each of them:
-
-- **Struct pointers**: Use of struct pointers by C libraries fall in two cases: avoid (potentially) expensive copies, and to let the function change struct contents (output or input/output arguments).
-- **Opaque handles**: the library does not expose the contents of the structs, and only provides you with a pointer to it (e.g. `FILE *`). Only the functions provided by the library can do something with this pointer, in Koffi we call this a handle. This is usually done for ABI-stability reason, and to prevent library users from messing directly with library internals.
-- **Arrays**: in C, you dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed to functions with pointers, either NULL-terminated (or any other sentinel value) or with an additional length argument.
-- **Pointers to primitive types**: This is more rare, and generally used for output or input/output arguments. The Win32 API has a lot of these.
-
-### Struct pointers
-
-The following Win32 example uses `GetCursorPos()` (with an output parameter) to retrieve and show the current cursor position.
+- Pack all members without padding with `koffi.pack()` (instead of `koffi.struct()`)
+- Change alignment of a specific member as shown below
 
 ```js
-const koffi = require('koffi');
-const lib = koffi.load('kernel32.dll');
-
-// Type declarations
-const POINT = koffi.struct('POINT', {
-    x: 'long',
-    y: 'long'
+// This struct is 3 bytes long
+const PackedStruct = koffi.pack('PackedStruct', {
+    a: 'int8_t',
+    b: 'int16_t'
 });
 
-// Functions declarations
-const GetCursorPos = lib.func('int __stdcall GetCursorPos(_Out_ POINT *pos)');
-
-// Get and show cursor position
-let pos = {};
-if (!GetCursorPos(pos))
-    throw new Error('Failed to get cursor position');
-console.log(pos);
+// This one is 18 bytes long, the second member has an alignment requirement of 16 bytes
+const BigStruct = koffi.struct('BigStruct', {
+    a: 'int8_t',
+    b: [16, 'int16_t']
+})
 ```
 
-### Opaque handles
+### Opaque types
 
-Many C libraries use some kind of object-oriented API, with a pair of functions dedicated to create and delete objects. An obvious example of this can be found in stdio.h, with the opaque `FILE *` pointer. You can open and close files with `fopen()` and `fclose()`, and manipule the handle with other functions such as `fread()` or `ftell()`.
+Many C libraries use some kind of object-oriented API, with a pair of functions dedicated to create and delete objects. An obvious example of this can be found in stdio.h, with the opaque `FILE *` pointer. You can open and close files with `fopen()` and `fclose()`, and manipule the opaque pointer with other functions such as `fread()` or `ftell()`.
 
-In Koffi, you can manage this with opaque handles. Declare the handle type with `koffi.handle(name)`, and use a pointer to this type either as a return type or some kind of [output parameter](functions.md#output-parameters) (with a double pointer).
+In Koffi, you can manage this with opaque types. Declare the opaque type with `koffi.opaque(name)`, and use a pointer to this type either as a return type or some kind of [output parameter](functions.md#output-parameters) (with a double pointer).
 
 ```{note}
-Opaque handles **have changed in version 2.0**.
+Opaque types **have changed in version 2.0, and again in version 2.1**.
 
 In Koffi 1.x, opaque handles were defined in a way that made them usable directly as parameter and return types, obscuring the underlying pointer.
 
 Now, you must use them through a pointer, and use an array for output parameters. This is shown in the example below (look for the call to `ConcatNewOut` in the JS part), and is described in the section on [output parameters](functions.md#output-parameters).
 
+In addition to this, you should use `koffi.opaque()` (introduced in Koffi 2.1) instead of `koffi.handle()` which is deprecated, and will be removed eventually in Koffi 3.0.
+
 Consult the [migration guide](changes.md) for more information.
 ```
 
-The full example below implements an iterative string builder (concatenator) in C, and uses it from Javascript to output a mix of Hello World and FizzBuzz. The builder is hidden behind an opaque handle, and is created and destroyed using a pair of C functions: `ConcatNew` (or `ConcatNewOut`) and `ConcatFree`.
+The full example below implements an iterative string builder (concatenator) in C, and uses it from Javascript to output a mix of Hello World and FizzBuzz. The builder is hidden behind an opaque type, and is created and destroyed using a pair of C functions: `ConcatNew` (or `ConcatNewOut`) and `ConcatFree`.
 
 ```c
 // Build with: clang -fPIC -o handles.so -shared handles.c -Wall -O2
@@ -283,7 +273,7 @@ const char *ConcatBuild(Concat *c)
 const koffi = require('koffi');
 const lib = koffi.load('./handles.so');
 
-const Concat = koffi.handle('Concat');
+const Concat = koffi.opaque('Concat');
 const ConcatNewOut = lib.func('bool ConcatNewOut(_Out_ Concat **out)');
 const ConcatNew = lib.func('Concat *ConcatNew()');
 const ConcatFree = lib.func('void ConcatFree(Concat *c)');
@@ -332,6 +322,51 @@ try {
 }
 ```
 
+## Pointer types
+
+In C, pointer arguments are used for differenty purposes. It is important to distinguish these use cases because Koffi provides different ways to deal with each of them:
+
+- **Struct pointers**: Use of struct pointers by C libraries fall in two cases: avoid (potentially) expensive copies, and to let the function change struct contents (output or input/output arguments).
+- **Opaque pointers**: the library does not expose the contents of the structs, and only provides you with a pointer to it (e.g. `FILE *`). Only the functions provided by the library can do something with this pointer, in Koffi we call this an opaque type. This is usually done for ABI-stability reason, and to prevent library users from messing directly with library internals.
+- **Arrays**: in C, you dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed to functions with pointers, either NULL-terminated (or any other sentinel value) or with an additional length argument.
+- **Pointers to primitive types**: This is more rare, and generally used for output or input/output arguments. The Win32 API has a lot of these.
+
+### Struct pointers
+
+The following Win32 example uses `GetCursorPos()` (with an output parameter) to retrieve and show the current cursor position.
+
+```js
+const koffi = require('koffi');
+const lib = koffi.load('kernel32.dll');
+
+// Type declarations
+const POINT = koffi.struct('POINT', {
+    x: 'long',
+    y: 'long'
+});
+
+// Functions declarations
+const GetCursorPos = lib.func('int __stdcall GetCursorPos(_Out_ POINT *pos)');
+
+// Get and show cursor position
+let pos = {};
+if (!GetCursorPos(pos))
+    throw new Error('Failed to get cursor position');
+console.log(pos);
+```
+
+### Named pointer types
+
+Some C libraries use handles, which behave as pointers to opaque structs. An example of this is the HANDLE type in the Win32 API. If you want to reproduce this behavior, you can define a **named pointer type** to an opaque type, like so:
+
+```js
+const HANDLE = koffi.pointer('HANDLE', koffi.opaque());
+
+// And now you get to use it this way:
+const GetHandleInformation = lib.func('bool __stdcall GetHandleInformation(HANDLE h, _Out_ uint32_t *flags)');
+const CloseHandle = lib.func('bool __stdcall CloseHandle(HANDLE h)');
+```
+
 ### Array pointers
 
 In C, dynamically-sized arrays are usually passed around as pointers. The length is either passed as an additional argument, or inferred from the array content itself, for example with a terminating sentinel value (such as a NULL pointers in the case of an array of strings).
@@ -380,7 +415,7 @@ Here is an example based on the Win32 API, listing files in the current director
 const koffi = require('koffi');
 const lib = koffi.load('kernel32.dll');
 
-const HANDLE = koffi.pointer('HANDLE', koffi.handle());
+const HANDLE = koffi.pointer('HANDLE', koffi.opaque());
 const FILETIME = koffi.struct('FILETIME', {
     dwLowDateTime: 'uint',
     dwHighDateTime: 'uint'