knex 2.5.0 → 2.5.1

package/lib/query/querycompiler.js

@@ -1,1591 +1,1591 @@
-// Query Compiler
-// -------
-const helpers = require('../util/helpers');
-const Raw = require('../raw');
-const QueryBuilder = require('./querybuilder');
-const JoinClause = require('./joinclause');
-const debug = require('debug');
-
-const assign = require('lodash/assign');
-const compact = require('lodash/compact');
-const groupBy = require('lodash/groupBy');
-const has = require('lodash/has');
-const isEmpty = require('lodash/isEmpty');
-const map = require('lodash/map');
-const omitBy = require('lodash/omitBy');
-const reduce = require('lodash/reduce');
-const { nanoid } = require('../util/nanoid');
-const { isString, isUndefined } = require('../util/is');
-const {
-  columnize: columnize_,
-  direction: direction_,
-  operator: operator_,
-  wrap: wrap_,
-  unwrapRaw: unwrapRaw_,
-  rawOrFn: rawOrFn_,
-} = require('../formatter/wrappingFormatter');
-
-const debugBindings = debug('knex:bindings');
-
-const components = [
-  'comments',
-  'columns',
-  'join',
-  'where',
-  'union',
-  'group',
-  'having',
-  'order',
-  'limit',
-  'offset',
-  'lock',
-  'waitMode',
-];
-
-// The "QueryCompiler" takes all of the query statements which
-// have been gathered in the "QueryBuilder" and turns them into a
-// properly formatted / bound query string.
-class QueryCompiler {
-  constructor(client, builder, bindings) {
-    this.client = client;
-    this.method = builder._method || 'select';
-    this.options = builder._options;
-    this.single = builder._single;
-    this.queryComments = builder._comments;
-    this.timeout = builder._timeout || false;
-    this.cancelOnTimeout = builder._cancelOnTimeout || false;
-    this.grouped = groupBy(builder._statements, 'grouping');
-    this.formatter = client.formatter(builder);
-    // Used when the insert call is empty.
-    this._emptyInsertValue = 'default values';
-    this.first = this.select;
-
-    this.bindings = bindings || [];
-    this.formatter.bindings = this.bindings;
-    this.bindingsHolder = this;
-    this.builder = this.formatter.builder;
-  }
-
-  // Collapse the builder into a single object
-  toSQL(method, tz) {
-    this._undefinedInWhereClause = false;
-    this.undefinedBindingsInfo = [];
-
-    method = method || this.method;
-    const val = this[method]() || '';
-
-    const query = {
-      method,
-      options: reduce(this.options, assign, {}),
-      timeout: this.timeout,
-      cancelOnTimeout: this.cancelOnTimeout,
-      bindings: this.bindingsHolder.bindings || [],
-      __knexQueryUid: nanoid(),
-    };
-
-    Object.defineProperties(query, {
-      toNative: {
-        value: () => {
-          return {
-            sql: this.client.positionBindings(query.sql),
-            bindings: this.client.prepBindings(query.bindings),
-          };
-        },
-        enumerable: false,
-      },
-    });
-
-    if (isString(val)) {
-      query.sql = val;
-    } else {
-      assign(query, val);
-    }
-
-    if (method === 'select' || method === 'first') {
-      if (this.single.as) {
-        query.as = this.single.as;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (this._undefinedInWhereClause) {
-      debugBindings(query.bindings);
-      throw new Error(
-        `Undefined binding(s) detected when compiling ` +
-          `${method.toUpperCase()}. Undefined column(s): [${this.undefinedBindingsInfo.join(
-            ', '
-          )}] query: ${query.sql}`
-      );
-    }
-
-    return query;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the `select` statement, or nested sub-selects by calling each of
-  // the component compilers, trimming out the empties, and returning a
-  // generated query string.
-  select() {
-    let sql = this.with();
-
-    let unionStatement = '';
-
-    const firstStatements = [];
-    const endStatements = [];
-
-    components.forEach((component) => {
-      const statement = this[component](this);
-      // We store the 'union' statement to append it at the end.
-      // We still need to call the component sequentially because of
-      // order of bindings.
-      switch (component) {
-        case 'union':
-          unionStatement = statement;
-          break;
-        case 'comments':
-        case 'columns':
-        case 'join':
-        case 'where':
-          firstStatements.push(statement);
-          break;
-        default:
-          endStatements.push(statement);
-          break;
-      }
-    });
-
-    // Check if we need to wrap the main query.
-    // We need to wrap main query if one of union have wrap options to true
-    // to avoid error syntax (in PostgreSQL for example).
-    const wrapMainQuery =
-      this.grouped.union &&
-      this.grouped.union.map((u) => u.wrap).some((u) => u);
-
-    if (this.onlyUnions()) {
-      const statements = compact(firstStatements.concat(endStatements)).join(
-        ' '
-      );
-      sql += unionStatement + (statements ? ' ' + statements : '');
-    } else {
-      const allStatements =
-        (wrapMainQuery ? '(' : '') +
-        compact(firstStatements).join(' ') +
-        (wrapMainQuery ? ')' : '');
-      const endStat = compact(endStatements).join(' ');
-      sql +=
-        allStatements +
-        (unionStatement ? ' ' + unionStatement : '') +
-        (endStat ? ' ' + endStat : endStat);
-    }
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  pluck() {
-    let toPluck = this.single.pluck;
-    if (toPluck.indexOf('.') !== -1) {
-      toPluck = toPluck.split('.').slice(-1)[0];
-    }
-    return {
-      sql: this.select(),
-      pluck: toPluck,
-    };
-  }
-
-  // Compiles an "insert" query, allowing for multiple
-  // inserts using a single query statement.
-  insert() {
-    const insertValues = this.single.insert || [];
-    const sql = this.with() + `insert into ${this.tableName} `;
-    const body = this._insertBody(insertValues);
-    return body === '' ? '' : sql + body;
-  }
-
-  _onConflictClause(columns) {
-    return columns instanceof Raw
-      ? this.formatter.wrap(columns)
-      : `(${this.formatter.columnize(columns)})`;
-  }
-
-  _buildInsertValues(insertData) {
-    let sql = '';
-    let i = -1;
-    while (++i < insertData.values.length) {
-      if (i !== 0) sql += '), (';
-      sql += this.client.parameterize(
-        insertData.values[i],
-        this.client.valueForUndefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    }
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  _insertBody(insertValues) {
-    let sql = '';
-    if (Array.isArray(insertValues)) {
-      if (insertValues.length === 0) {
-        return '';
-      }
-    } else if (typeof insertValues === 'object' && isEmpty(insertValues)) {
-      return sql + this._emptyInsertValue;
-    }
-
-    const insertData = this._prepInsert(insertValues);
-    if (typeof insertData === 'string') {
-      sql += insertData;
-    } else {
-      if (insertData.columns.length) {
-        sql += `(${columnize_(
-          insertData.columns,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        )}`;
-        sql += ') values (' + this._buildInsertValues(insertData) + ')';
-      } else if (insertValues.length === 1 && insertValues[0]) {
-        sql += this._emptyInsertValue;
-      } else {
-        sql = '';
-      }
-    }
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the "update" query.
-  update() {
-    // Make sure tableName is processed by the formatter first.
-    const withSQL = this.with();
-    const { tableName } = this;
-    const updateData = this._prepUpdate(this.single.update);
-    const wheres = this.where();
-    return (
-      withSQL +
-      `update ${this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''}${tableName}` +
-      ' set ' +
-      updateData.join(', ') +
-      (wheres ? ` ${wheres}` : '')
-    );
-  }
-
-  _hintComments() {
-    let hints = this.grouped.hintComments || [];
-    hints = hints.map((hint) => compact(hint.value).join(' '));
-    hints = compact(hints).join(' ');
-    return hints ? `/*+ ${hints} */ ` : '';
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the columns in the query, specifying if an item was distinct.
-  columns() {
-    let distinctClause = '';
-    if (this.onlyUnions()) return '';
-    const hints = this._hintComments();
-    const columns = this.grouped.columns || [];
-    let i = -1,
-      sql = [];
-    if (columns) {
-      while (++i < columns.length) {
-        const stmt = columns[i];
-        if (stmt.distinct) distinctClause = 'distinct ';
-        if (stmt.distinctOn) {
-          distinctClause = this.distinctOn(stmt.value);
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (stmt.type === 'aggregate') {
-          sql.push(...this.aggregate(stmt));
-        } else if (stmt.type === 'aggregateRaw') {
-          sql.push(this.aggregateRaw(stmt));
-        } else if (stmt.type === 'analytic') {
-          sql.push(this.analytic(stmt));
-        } else if (stmt.type === 'json') {
-          sql.push(this.json(stmt));
-        } else if (stmt.value && stmt.value.length > 0) {
-          sql.push(
-            columnize_(
-              stmt.value,
-              this.builder,
-              this.client,
-              this.bindingsHolder
-            )
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (sql.length === 0) sql = ['*'];
-    const select = this.onlyJson() ? '' : 'select ';
-    return (
-      `${select}${hints}${distinctClause}` +
-      sql.join(', ') +
-      (this.tableName
-        ? ` from ${this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''}${this.tableName}`
-        : '')
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Add comments to the query
-  comments() {
-    if (!this.queryComments.length) return '';
-    return this.queryComments
-      .map((comment) => `/* ${comment.comment} */`)
-      .join(' ');
-  }
-
-  _aggregate(stmt, { aliasSeparator = ' as ', distinctParentheses } = {}) {
-    const value = stmt.value;
-    const method = stmt.method;
-    const distinct = stmt.aggregateDistinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
-    const wrap = (identifier) =>
-      wrap_(
-        identifier,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    const addAlias = (value, alias) => {
-      if (alias) {
-        return value + aliasSeparator + wrap(alias);
-      }
-      return value;
-    };
-    const aggregateArray = (value, alias) => {
-      let columns = value.map(wrap).join(', ');
-      if (distinct) {
-        const openParen = distinctParentheses ? '(' : ' ';
-        const closeParen = distinctParentheses ? ')' : '';
-        columns = distinct.trim() + openParen + columns + closeParen;
-      }
-      const aggregated = `${method}(${columns})`;
-      return addAlias(aggregated, alias);
-    };
-    const aggregateString = (value, alias) => {
-      const aggregated = `${method}(${distinct + wrap(value)})`;
-      return addAlias(aggregated, alias);
-    };
-
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-      return [aggregateArray(value)];
-    }
-
-    if (typeof value === 'object') {
-      if (stmt.alias) {
-        throw new Error('When using an object explicit alias can not be used');
-      }
-      return Object.entries(value).map(([alias, column]) => {
-        if (Array.isArray(column)) {
-          return aggregateArray(column, alias);
-        }
-        return aggregateString(column, alias);
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Allows us to speciy an alias for the aggregate types.
-    const splitOn = value.toLowerCase().indexOf(' as ');
-    let column = value;
-    let { alias } = stmt;
-    if (splitOn !== -1) {
-      column = value.slice(0, splitOn);
-      if (alias) {
-        throw new Error(`Found multiple aliases for same column: ${column}`);
-      }
-      alias = value.slice(splitOn + 4);
-    }
-    return [aggregateString(column, alias)];
-  }
-
-  aggregate(stmt) {
-    return this._aggregate(stmt);
-  }
-
-  aggregateRaw(stmt) {
-    const distinct = stmt.aggregateDistinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
-    return `${stmt.method}(${
-      distinct +
-      unwrapRaw_(
-        stmt.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      )
-    })`;
-  }
-
-  _joinTable(join) {
-    return join.schema && !(join.table instanceof Raw)
-      ? `${join.schema}.${join.table}`
-      : join.table;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles all each of the `join` clauses on the query,
-  // including any nested join queries.
-  join() {
-    let sql = '';
-    let i = -1;
-    const joins = this.grouped.join;
-    if (!joins) return '';
-    while (++i < joins.length) {
-      const join = joins[i];
-      const table = this._joinTable(join);
-      if (i > 0) sql += ' ';
-      if (join.joinType === 'raw') {
-        sql += unwrapRaw_(
-          join.table,
-          undefined,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        );
-      } else {
-        sql +=
-          join.joinType +
-          ' join ' +
-          wrap_(
-            table,
-            undefined,
-            this.builder,
-            this.client,
-            this.bindingsHolder
-          );
-        let ii = -1;
-        while (++ii < join.clauses.length) {
-          const clause = join.clauses[ii];
-          if (ii > 0) {
-            sql += ` ${clause.bool} `;
-          } else {
-            sql += ` ${clause.type === 'onUsing' ? 'using' : 'on'} `;
-          }
-          const val = this[clause.type](clause);
-          if (val) {
-            sql += val;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  onBetween(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'between') +
-      ' ' +
-      statement.value
-        .map((value) =>
-          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
-        )
-        .join(' and ')
-    );
-  }
-
-  onNull(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' is ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'null')
-    );
-  }
-
-  onExists(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
-      ' (' +
-      rawOrFn_(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ')'
-    );
-  }
-
-  onIn(statement) {
-    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) return this.multiOnIn(statement);
-
-    let values;
-    if (statement.value instanceof Raw) {
-      values = this.client.parameter(
-        statement.value,
-        this.builder,
-        this.formatter
-      );
-    } else {
-      values = this.client.parameterize(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    }
-
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'in ') +
-      this.wrap(values)
-    );
-  }
-
-  multiOnIn(statement) {
-    let i = -1,
-      sql = `(${columnize_(
-        statement.column,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      )}) `;
-    sql += this._not(statement, 'in ') + '((';
-    while (++i < statement.value.length) {
-      if (i !== 0) sql += '),(';
-      sql += this.client.parameterize(
-        statement.value[i],
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    }
-    return sql + '))';
-  }
-
-  // Compiles all `where` statements on the query.
-  where() {
-    const wheres = this.grouped.where;
-    if (!wheres) return;
-    const sql = [];
-    let i = -1;
-    while (++i < wheres.length) {
-      const stmt = wheres[i];
-      if (
-        Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(stmt, 'value') &&
-        helpers.containsUndefined(stmt.value)
-      ) {
-        this.undefinedBindingsInfo.push(stmt.column);
-        this._undefinedInWhereClause = true;
-      }
-      const val = this[stmt.type](stmt);
-      if (val) {
-        if (sql.length === 0) {
-          sql[0] = 'where';
-        } else {
-          sql.push(stmt.bool);
-        }
-        sql.push(val);
-      }
-    }
-    return sql.length > 1 ? sql.join(' ') : '';
-  }
-
-  group() {
-    return this._groupsOrders('group');
-  }
-
-  order() {
-    return this._groupsOrders('order');
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the `having` statements.
-  having() {
-    const havings = this.grouped.having;
-    if (!havings) return '';
-    const sql = ['having'];
-    for (let i = 0, l = havings.length; i < l; i++) {
-      const s = havings[i];
-      const val = this[s.type](s);
-      if (val) {
-        if (sql.length === 0) {
-          sql[0] = 'where';
-        }
-        if (sql.length > 1 || (sql.length === 1 && sql[0] !== 'having')) {
-          sql.push(s.bool);
-        }
-        sql.push(val);
-      }
-    }
-    return sql.length > 1 ? sql.join(' ') : '';
-  }
-
-  havingRaw(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, '') +
-      unwrapRaw_(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      )
-    );
-  }
-
-  havingWrapped(statement) {
-    const val = rawOrFn_(
-      statement.value,
-      'where',
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-    return (val && this._not(statement, '') + '(' + val.slice(6) + ')') || '';
-  }
-
-  havingBasic(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, '') +
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      operator_(
-        statement.operator,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this.client.parameter(statement.value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
-    );
-  }
-
-  havingNull(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' is ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'null')
-    );
-  }
-
-  havingExists(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
-      ' (' +
-      rawOrFn_(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ')'
-    );
-  }
-
-  havingBetween(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'between') +
-      ' ' +
-      statement.value
-        .map((value) =>
-          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
-        )
-        .join(' and ')
-    );
-  }
-
-  havingIn(statement) {
-    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) return this.multiHavingIn(statement);
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'in ') +
-      this.wrap(
-        this.client.parameterize(
-          statement.value,
-          undefined,
-          this.builder,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        )
-      )
-    );
-  }
-
-  multiHavingIn(statement) {
-    return this.multiOnIn(statement);
-  }
-
-  // Compile the "union" queries attached to the main query.
-  union() {
-    const onlyUnions = this.onlyUnions();
-    const unions = this.grouped.union;
-    if (!unions) return '';
-    let sql = '';
-    for (let i = 0, l = unions.length; i < l; i++) {
-      const union = unions[i];
-      if (i > 0) sql += ' ';
-      if (i > 0 || !onlyUnions) sql += union.clause + ' ';
-      const statement = rawOrFn_(
-        union.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-      if (statement) {
-        const wrap = union.wrap;
-        if (wrap) sql += '(';
-        sql += statement;
-        if (wrap) sql += ')';
-      }
-    }
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  // If we haven't specified any columns or a `tableName`, we're assuming this
-  // is only being used for unions.
-  onlyUnions() {
-    return (
-      (!this.grouped.columns || !!this.grouped.columns[0].value) &&
-      this.grouped.union &&
-      !this.tableName
-    );
-  }
-
-  _getValueOrParameterFromAttribute(attribute, rawValue) {
-    if (this.single.skipBinding[attribute] === true) {
-      return rawValue !== undefined && rawValue !== null
-        ? rawValue
-        : this.single[attribute];
-    }
-    return this.client.parameter(
-      this.single[attribute],
-      this.builder,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-  }
-
-  onlyJson() {
-    return (
-      !this.tableName &&
-      this.grouped.columns &&
-      this.grouped.columns.length === 1 &&
-      this.grouped.columns[0].type === 'json'
-    );
-  }
-
-  limit() {
-    const noLimit = !this.single.limit && this.single.limit !== 0;
-    if (noLimit) return '';
-    return `limit ${this._getValueOrParameterFromAttribute('limit')}`;
-  }
-
-  offset() {
-    if (!this.single.offset) return '';
-    return `offset ${this._getValueOrParameterFromAttribute('offset')}`;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles a `delete` query.
-  del() {
-    // Make sure tableName is processed by the formatter first.
-    const { tableName } = this;
-    const withSQL = this.with();
-    const wheres = this.where();
-    const joins = this.join();
-    // When using joins, delete the "from" table values as a default
-    const deleteSelector = joins ? tableName + ' ' : '';
-    return (
-      withSQL +
-      `delete ${deleteSelector}from ${
-        this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''
-      }${tableName}` +
-      (joins ? ` ${joins}` : '') +
-      (wheres ? ` ${wheres}` : '')
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Compiles a `truncate` query.
-  truncate() {
-    return `truncate ${this.tableName}`;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the "locks".
-  lock() {
-    if (this.single.lock) {
-      return this[this.single.lock]();
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the wait mode on the locks.
-  waitMode() {
-    if (this.single.waitMode) {
-      return this[this.single.waitMode]();
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Fail on unsupported databases
-  skipLocked() {
-    throw new Error(
-      '.skipLocked() is currently only supported on MySQL 8.0+ and PostgreSQL 9.5+'
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Fail on unsupported databases
-  noWait() {
-    throw new Error(
-      '.noWait() is currently only supported on MySQL 8.0+, MariaDB 10.3.0+ and PostgreSQL 9.5+'
-    );
-  }
-
-  distinctOn(value) {
-    throw new Error('.distinctOn() is currently only supported on PostgreSQL');
-  }
-
-  // On Clause
-  // ------
-
-  onWrapped(clause) {
-    const self = this;
-
-    const wrapJoin = new JoinClause();
-    clause.value.call(wrapJoin, wrapJoin);
-
-    let sql = '';
-
-    for (let ii = 0; ii < wrapJoin.clauses.length; ii++) {
-      const wrapClause = wrapJoin.clauses[ii];
-      if (ii > 0) {
-        sql += ` ${wrapClause.bool} `;
-      }
-      const val = self[wrapClause.type](wrapClause);
-      if (val) {
-        sql += val;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (sql.length) {
-      return `(${sql})`;
-    }
-    return '';
-  }
-
-  onBasic(clause) {
-    const toWrap = clause.value instanceof QueryBuilder;
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        clause.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      operator_(
-        clause.operator,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      (toWrap ? '(' : '') +
-      wrap_(
-        clause.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      (toWrap ? ')' : '')
-    );
-  }
-
-  onVal(clause) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        clause.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      operator_(
-        clause.operator,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this.client.parameter(clause.value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
-    );
-  }
-
-  onRaw(clause) {
-    return unwrapRaw_(
-      clause.value,
-      undefined,
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-  }
-
-  onUsing(clause) {
-    return (
-      '(' +
-      columnize_(
-        clause.column,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ')'
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Where Clause
-  // ------
-
-  _valueClause(statement) {
-    return statement.asColumn
-      ? wrap_(
-          statement.value,
-          undefined,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        )
-      : this.client.parameter(
-          statement.value,
-          this.builder,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        );
-  }
-
-  _columnClause(statement) {
-    let columns;
-    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) {
-      columns = `(${columnize_(
-        statement.column,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      )})`;
-    } else {
-      columns = wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    }
-    return columns;
-  }
-
-  whereIn(statement) {
-    const values = this.client.values(
-      statement.value,
-      this.builder,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
-      statement,
-      'in '
-    )}${values}`;
-  }
-
-  whereLike(statement) {
-    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
-      statement,
-      'like '
-    )}${this._valueClause(statement)}`;
-  }
-
-  whereILike(statement) {
-    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
-      statement,
-      'ilike '
-    )}${this._valueClause(statement)}`;
-  }
-
-  whereNull(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' is ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'null')
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Compiles a basic "where" clause.
-  whereBasic(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, '') +
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      operator_(
-        statement.operator,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._valueClause(statement)
-    );
-  }
-
-  whereExists(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
-      ' (' +
-      rawOrFn_(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ')'
-    );
-  }
-
-  whereWrapped(statement) {
-    const val = rawOrFn_(
-      statement.value,
-      'where',
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-    return (val && this._not(statement, '') + '(' + val.slice(6) + ')') || '';
-  }
-
-  whereBetween(statement) {
-    return (
-      wrap_(
-        statement.column,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ' ' +
-      this._not(statement, 'between') +
-      ' ' +
-      statement.value
-        .map((value) =>
-          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
-        )
-        .join(' and ')
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Compiles a "whereRaw" query.
-  whereRaw(statement) {
-    return (
-      this._not(statement, '') +
-      unwrapRaw_(
-        statement.value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      )
-    );
-  }
-
-  _jsonWrapValue(jsonValue) {
-    if (!this.builder._isJsonObject(jsonValue)) {
-      try {
-        return JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(jsonValue.replace(/\n|\t/g, '')));
-      } catch (e) {
-        return jsonValue;
-      }
-    }
-    return JSON.stringify(jsonValue);
-  }
-
-  _jsonValueClause(statement) {
-    statement.value = this._jsonWrapValue(statement.value);
-    return this._valueClause(statement);
-  }
-
-  whereJsonObject(statement) {
-    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${
-      statement.not ? '!=' : '='
-    } ${this._jsonValueClause(statement)}`;
-  }
-
-  wrap(str) {
-    if (str.charAt(0) !== '(') return `(${str})`;
-    return str;
-  }
-
-  json(stmt) {
-    return this[stmt.method](stmt.params);
-  }
-
-  analytic(stmt) {
-    let sql = '';
-    const self = this;
-    sql += stmt.method + '() over (';
-
-    if (stmt.raw) {
-      sql += stmt.raw;
-    } else {
-      if (stmt.partitions.length) {
-        sql += 'partition by ';
-        sql +=
-          map(stmt.partitions, function (partition) {
-            if (isString(partition)) {
-              return self.formatter.columnize(partition);
-            } else return self.formatter.columnize(partition.column) + (partition.order ? ' ' + partition.order : '');
-          }).join(', ') + ' ';
-      }
-
-      sql += 'order by ';
-      sql += map(stmt.order, function (order) {
-        if (isString(order)) {
-          return self.formatter.columnize(order);
-        } else return self.formatter.columnize(order.column) + (order.order ? ' ' + order.order : '');
-      }).join(', ');
-    }
-
-    sql += ')';
-
-    if (stmt.alias) {
-      sql += ' as ' + stmt.alias;
-    }
-
-    return sql;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles all `with` statements on the query.
-  with() {
-    if (!this.grouped.with || !this.grouped.with.length) {
-      return '';
-    }
-    const withs = this.grouped.with;
-    if (!withs) return;
-    const sql = [];
-    let i = -1;
-    let isRecursive = false;
-    while (++i < withs.length) {
-      const stmt = withs[i];
-      if (stmt.recursive) {
-        isRecursive = true;
-      }
-      const val = this[stmt.type](stmt);
-      sql.push(val);
-    }
-    return `with ${isRecursive ? 'recursive ' : ''}${sql.join(', ')} `;
-  }
-
-  withWrapped(statement) {
-    const val = rawOrFn_(
-      statement.value,
-      undefined,
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-    const columnList = statement.columnList
-      ? '(' +
-        columnize_(
-          statement.columnList,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        ) +
-        ')'
-      : '';
-    const materialized =
-      statement.materialized === undefined
-        ? ''
-        : statement.materialized
-        ? 'materialized '
-        : 'not materialized ';
-    return (
-      (val &&
-        columnize_(
-          statement.alias,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        ) +
-          columnList +
-          ' as ' +
-          materialized +
-          '(' +
-          val +
-          ')') ||
-      ''
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Determines whether to add a "not" prefix to the where clause.
-  _not(statement, str) {
-    if (statement.not) return `not ${str}`;
-    return str;
-  }
-
-  _prepInsert(data) {
-    const isRaw = rawOrFn_(
-      data,
-      undefined,
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-    if (isRaw) return isRaw;
-    let columns = [];
-    const values = [];
-    if (!Array.isArray(data)) data = data ? [data] : [];
-    let i = -1;
-    while (++i < data.length) {
-      if (data[i] == null) break;
-      if (i === 0) columns = Object.keys(data[i]).sort();
-      const row = new Array(columns.length);
-      const keys = Object.keys(data[i]);
-      let j = -1;
-      while (++j < keys.length) {
-        const key = keys[j];
-        let idx = columns.indexOf(key);
-        if (idx === -1) {
-          columns = columns.concat(key).sort();
-          idx = columns.indexOf(key);
-          let k = -1;
-          while (++k < values.length) {
-            values[k].splice(idx, 0, undefined);
-          }
-          row.splice(idx, 0, undefined);
-        }
-        row[idx] = data[i][key];
-      }
-      values.push(row);
-    }
-    return {
-      columns,
-      values,
-    };
-  }
-
-  // "Preps" the update.
-  _prepUpdate(data = {}) {
-    const { counter = {} } = this.single;
-
-    for (const column of Object.keys(counter)) {
-      //Skip?
-      if (has(data, column)) {
-        //Needed?
-        this.client.logger.warn(
-          `increment/decrement called for a column that has already been specified in main .update() call. Ignoring increment/decrement and using value from .update() call.`
-        );
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      let value = counter[column];
-
-      const symbol = value < 0 ? '-' : '+';
-
-      if (symbol === '-') {
-        value = -value;
-      }
-
-      data[column] = this.client.raw(`?? ${symbol} ?`, [column, value]);
-    }
-
-    data = omitBy(data, isUndefined);
-
-    const vals = [];
-    const columns = Object.keys(data);
-    let i = -1;
-
-    while (++i < columns.length) {
-      vals.push(
-        wrap_(
-          columns[i],
-          undefined,
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        ) +
-          ' = ' +
-          this.client.parameter(
-            data[columns[i]],
-            this.builder,
-            this.bindingsHolder
-          )
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (isEmpty(vals)) {
-      throw new Error(
-        [
-          'Empty .update() call detected!',
-          'Update data does not contain any values to update.',
-          'This will result in a faulty query.',
-          this.single.table ? `Table: ${this.single.table}.` : '',
-          this.single.update
-            ? `Columns: ${Object.keys(this.single.update)}.`
-            : '',
-        ].join(' ')
-      );
-    }
-
-    return vals;
-  }
-
-  _formatGroupsItemValue(value, nulls) {
-    const { formatter } = this;
-    let nullOrder = '';
-    if (nulls === 'last') {
-      nullOrder = ' is null';
-    } else if (nulls === 'first') {
-      nullOrder = ' is not null';
-    }
-
-    let groupOrder;
-    if (value instanceof Raw) {
-      groupOrder = unwrapRaw_(
-        value,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      );
-    } else if (value instanceof QueryBuilder || nulls) {
-      groupOrder = '(' + formatter.columnize(value) + nullOrder + ')';
-    } else {
-      groupOrder = formatter.columnize(value);
-    }
-    return groupOrder;
-  }
-
-  _basicGroupOrder(item, type) {
-    const column = this._formatGroupsItemValue(item.value, item.nulls);
-    const direction =
-      type === 'order' && item.type !== 'orderByRaw'
-        ? ` ${direction_(
-            item.direction,
-            this.builder,
-            this.client,
-            this.bindingsHolder
-          )}`
-        : '';
-    return column + direction;
-  }
-
-  _groupOrder(item, type) {
-    return this._basicGroupOrder(item, type);
-  }
-
-  _groupOrderNulls(item, type) {
-    const column = this._formatGroupsItemValue(item.value);
-    const direction =
-      type === 'order' && item.type !== 'orderByRaw'
-        ? ` ${direction_(
-            item.direction,
-            this.builder,
-            this.client,
-            this.bindingsHolder
-          )}`
-        : '';
-    if (item.nulls && !(item.value instanceof Raw)) {
-      return `${column}${direction ? direction : ''} nulls ${item.nulls}`;
-    }
-    return column + direction;
-  }
-
-  // Compiles the `order by` statements.
-  _groupsOrders(type) {
-    const items = this.grouped[type];
-    if (!items) return '';
-    const sql = items.map((item) => {
-      return this._groupOrder(item, type);
-    });
-    return sql.length ? type + ' by ' + sql.join(', ') : '';
-  }
-
-  // Get the table name, wrapping it if necessary.
-  // Implemented as a property to prevent ordering issues as described in #704.
-  get tableName() {
-    if (!this._tableName) {
-      // Only call this.formatter.wrap() the first time this property is accessed.
-      let tableName = this.single.table;
-      const schemaName = this.single.schema;
-
-      if (tableName && schemaName) {
-        const isQueryBuilder = tableName instanceof QueryBuilder;
-        const isRawQuery = tableName instanceof Raw;
-        const isFunction = typeof tableName === 'function';
-
-        if (!isQueryBuilder && !isRawQuery && !isFunction) {
-          tableName = `${schemaName}.${tableName}`;
-        }
-      }
-
-      this._tableName = tableName
-        ? // Wrap subQuery with parenthesis, #3485
-          wrap_(
-            tableName,
-            tableName instanceof QueryBuilder,
-            this.builder,
-            this.client,
-            this.bindingsHolder
-          )
-        : '';
-    }
-    return this._tableName;
-  }
-
-  _jsonPathWrap(extraction) {
-    return this.client.parameter(
-      extraction.path || extraction[1],
-      this.builder,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Json common functions
-  _jsonExtract(nameFunction, params) {
-    let extractions;
-    if (Array.isArray(params.column)) {
-      extractions = params.column;
-    } else {
-      extractions = [params];
-    }
-    if (!Array.isArray(nameFunction)) {
-      nameFunction = [nameFunction];
-    }
-    return extractions
-      .map((extraction) => {
-        let jsonCol = `${columnize_(
-          extraction.column || extraction[0],
-          this.builder,
-          this.client,
-          this.bindingsHolder
-        )}, ${this._jsonPathWrap(extraction)}`;
-        nameFunction.forEach((f) => {
-          jsonCol = f + '(' + jsonCol + ')';
-        });
-        const alias = extraction.alias || extraction[2];
-        return alias
-          ? this.client.alias(jsonCol, this.formatter.wrap(alias))
-          : jsonCol;
-      })
-      .join(', ');
-  }
-
-  _jsonSet(nameFunction, params) {
-    const jsonSet = `${nameFunction}(${columnize_(
-      params.column,
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    )}, ${this.client.parameter(
-      params.path,
-      this.builder,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    )}, ${this.client.parameter(
-      params.value,
-      this.builder,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    )})`;
-    return params.alias
-      ? this.client.alias(jsonSet, this.formatter.wrap(params.alias))
-      : jsonSet;
-  }
-
-  _whereJsonPath(nameFunction, statement) {
-    return `${nameFunction}(${this._columnClause(
-      statement
-    )}, ${this._jsonPathWrap({ path: statement.jsonPath })}) ${operator_(
-      statement.operator,
-      this.builder,
-      this.client,
-      this.bindingsHolder
-    )} ${this._jsonValueClause(statement)}`;
-  }
-
-  _onJsonPathEquals(nameJoinFunction, clause) {
-    return (
-      nameJoinFunction +
-      '(' +
-      wrap_(
-        clause.columnFirst,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ', ' +
-      this.client.parameter(
-        clause.jsonPathFirst,
-        this.builder,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ') = ' +
-      nameJoinFunction +
-      '(' +
-      wrap_(
-        clause.columnSecond,
-        undefined,
-        this.builder,
-        this.client,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ', ' +
-      this.client.parameter(
-        clause.jsonPathSecond,
-        this.builder,
-        this.bindingsHolder
-      ) +
-      ')'
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-module.exports = QueryCompiler;
+// Query Compiler
+// -------
+const helpers = require('../util/helpers');
+const Raw = require('../raw');
+const QueryBuilder = require('./querybuilder');
+const JoinClause = require('./joinclause');
+const debug = require('debug');
+
+const assign = require('lodash/assign');
+const compact = require('lodash/compact');
+const groupBy = require('lodash/groupBy');
+const has = require('lodash/has');
+const isEmpty = require('lodash/isEmpty');
+const map = require('lodash/map');
+const omitBy = require('lodash/omitBy');
+const reduce = require('lodash/reduce');
+const { nanoid } = require('../util/nanoid');
+const { isString, isUndefined } = require('../util/is');
+const {
+  columnize: columnize_,
+  direction: direction_,
+  operator: operator_,
+  wrap: wrap_,
+  unwrapRaw: unwrapRaw_,
+  rawOrFn: rawOrFn_,
+} = require('../formatter/wrappingFormatter');
+
+const debugBindings = debug('knex:bindings');
+
+const components = [
+  'comments',
+  'columns',
+  'join',
+  'where',
+  'union',
+  'group',
+  'having',
+  'order',
+  'limit',
+  'offset',
+  'lock',
+  'waitMode',
+];
+
+// The "QueryCompiler" takes all of the query statements which
+// have been gathered in the "QueryBuilder" and turns them into a
+// properly formatted / bound query string.
+class QueryCompiler {
+  constructor(client, builder, bindings) {
+    this.client = client;
+    this.method = builder._method || 'select';
+    this.options = builder._options;
+    this.single = builder._single;
+    this.queryComments = builder._comments;
+    this.timeout = builder._timeout || false;
+    this.cancelOnTimeout = builder._cancelOnTimeout || false;
+    this.grouped = groupBy(builder._statements, 'grouping');
+    this.formatter = client.formatter(builder);
+    // Used when the insert call is empty.
+    this._emptyInsertValue = 'default values';
+    this.first = this.select;
+
+    this.bindings = bindings || [];
+    this.formatter.bindings = this.bindings;
+    this.bindingsHolder = this;
+    this.builder = this.formatter.builder;
+  }
+
+  // Collapse the builder into a single object
+  toSQL(method, tz) {
+    this._undefinedInWhereClause = false;
+    this.undefinedBindingsInfo = [];
+
+    method = method || this.method;
+    const val = this[method]() || '';
+
+    const query = {
+      method,
+      options: reduce(this.options, assign, {}),
+      timeout: this.timeout,
+      cancelOnTimeout: this.cancelOnTimeout,
+      bindings: this.bindingsHolder.bindings || [],
+      __knexQueryUid: nanoid(),
+    };
+
+    Object.defineProperties(query, {
+      toNative: {
+        value: () => {
+          return {
+            sql: this.client.positionBindings(query.sql),
+            bindings: this.client.prepBindings(query.bindings),
+          };
+        },
+        enumerable: false,
+      },
+    });
+
+    if (isString(val)) {
+      query.sql = val;
+    } else {
+      assign(query, val);
+    }
+
+    if (method === 'select' || method === 'first') {
+      if (this.single.as) {
+        query.as = this.single.as;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this._undefinedInWhereClause) {
+      debugBindings(query.bindings);
+      throw new Error(
+        `Undefined binding(s) detected when compiling ` +
+          `${method.toUpperCase()}. Undefined column(s): [${this.undefinedBindingsInfo.join(
+            ', '
+          )}] query: ${query.sql}`
+      );
+    }
+
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the `select` statement, or nested sub-selects by calling each of
+  // the component compilers, trimming out the empties, and returning a
+  // generated query string.
+  select() {
+    let sql = this.with();
+
+    let unionStatement = '';
+
+    const firstStatements = [];
+    const endStatements = [];
+
+    components.forEach((component) => {
+      const statement = this[component](this);
+      // We store the 'union' statement to append it at the end.
+      // We still need to call the component sequentially because of
+      // order of bindings.
+      switch (component) {
+        case 'union':
+          unionStatement = statement;
+          break;
+        case 'comments':
+        case 'columns':
+        case 'join':
+        case 'where':
+          firstStatements.push(statement);
+          break;
+        default:
+          endStatements.push(statement);
+          break;
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Check if we need to wrap the main query.
+    // We need to wrap main query if one of union have wrap options to true
+    // to avoid error syntax (in PostgreSQL for example).
+    const wrapMainQuery =
+      this.grouped.union &&
+      this.grouped.union.map((u) => u.wrap).some((u) => u);
+
+    if (this.onlyUnions()) {
+      const statements = compact(firstStatements.concat(endStatements)).join(
+        ' '
+      );
+      sql += unionStatement + (statements ? ' ' + statements : '');
+    } else {
+      const allStatements =
+        (wrapMainQuery ? '(' : '') +
+        compact(firstStatements).join(' ') +
+        (wrapMainQuery ? ')' : '');
+      const endStat = compact(endStatements).join(' ');
+      sql +=
+        allStatements +
+        (unionStatement ? ' ' + unionStatement : '') +
+        (endStat ? ' ' + endStat : endStat);
+    }
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  pluck() {
+    let toPluck = this.single.pluck;
+    if (toPluck.indexOf('.') !== -1) {
+      toPluck = toPluck.split('.').slice(-1)[0];
+    }
+    return {
+      sql: this.select(),
+      pluck: toPluck,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Compiles an "insert" query, allowing for multiple
+  // inserts using a single query statement.
+  insert() {
+    const insertValues = this.single.insert || [];
+    const sql = this.with() + `insert into ${this.tableName} `;
+    const body = this._insertBody(insertValues);
+    return body === '' ? '' : sql + body;
+  }
+
+  _onConflictClause(columns) {
+    return columns instanceof Raw
+      ? this.formatter.wrap(columns)
+      : `(${this.formatter.columnize(columns)})`;
+  }
+
+  _buildInsertValues(insertData) {
+    let sql = '';
+    let i = -1;
+    while (++i < insertData.values.length) {
+      if (i !== 0) sql += '), (';
+      sql += this.client.parameterize(
+        insertData.values[i],
+        this.client.valueForUndefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    }
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  _insertBody(insertValues) {
+    let sql = '';
+    if (Array.isArray(insertValues)) {
+      if (insertValues.length === 0) {
+        return '';
+      }
+    } else if (typeof insertValues === 'object' && isEmpty(insertValues)) {
+      return sql + this._emptyInsertValue;
+    }
+
+    const insertData = this._prepInsert(insertValues);
+    if (typeof insertData === 'string') {
+      sql += insertData;
+    } else {
+      if (insertData.columns.length) {
+        sql += `(${columnize_(
+          insertData.columns,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        )}`;
+        sql += ') values (' + this._buildInsertValues(insertData) + ')';
+      } else if (insertValues.length === 1 && insertValues[0]) {
+        sql += this._emptyInsertValue;
+      } else {
+        sql = '';
+      }
+    }
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the "update" query.
+  update() {
+    // Make sure tableName is processed by the formatter first.
+    const withSQL = this.with();
+    const { tableName } = this;
+    const updateData = this._prepUpdate(this.single.update);
+    const wheres = this.where();
+    return (
+      withSQL +
+      `update ${this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''}${tableName}` +
+      ' set ' +
+      updateData.join(', ') +
+      (wheres ? ` ${wheres}` : '')
+    );
+  }
+
+  _hintComments() {
+    let hints = this.grouped.hintComments || [];
+    hints = hints.map((hint) => compact(hint.value).join(' '));
+    hints = compact(hints).join(' ');
+    return hints ? `/*+ ${hints} */ ` : '';
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the columns in the query, specifying if an item was distinct.
+  columns() {
+    let distinctClause = '';
+    if (this.onlyUnions()) return '';
+    const hints = this._hintComments();
+    const columns = this.grouped.columns || [];
+    let i = -1,
+      sql = [];
+    if (columns) {
+      while (++i < columns.length) {
+        const stmt = columns[i];
+        if (stmt.distinct) distinctClause = 'distinct ';
+        if (stmt.distinctOn) {
+          distinctClause = this.distinctOn(stmt.value);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (stmt.type === 'aggregate') {
+          sql.push(...this.aggregate(stmt));
+        } else if (stmt.type === 'aggregateRaw') {
+          sql.push(this.aggregateRaw(stmt));
+        } else if (stmt.type === 'analytic') {
+          sql.push(this.analytic(stmt));
+        } else if (stmt.type === 'json') {
+          sql.push(this.json(stmt));
+        } else if (stmt.value && stmt.value.length > 0) {
+          sql.push(
+            columnize_(
+              stmt.value,
+              this.builder,
+              this.client,
+              this.bindingsHolder
+            )
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (sql.length === 0) sql = ['*'];
+    const select = this.onlyJson() ? '' : 'select ';
+    return (
+      `${select}${hints}${distinctClause}` +
+      sql.join(', ') +
+      (this.tableName
+        ? ` from ${this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''}${this.tableName}`
+        : '')
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Add comments to the query
+  comments() {
+    if (!this.queryComments.length) return '';
+    return this.queryComments
+      .map((comment) => `/* ${comment.comment} */`)
+      .join(' ');
+  }
+
+  _aggregate(stmt, { aliasSeparator = ' as ', distinctParentheses } = {}) {
+    const value = stmt.value;
+    const method = stmt.method;
+    const distinct = stmt.aggregateDistinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
+    const wrap = (identifier) =>
+      wrap_(
+        identifier,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    const addAlias = (value, alias) => {
+      if (alias) {
+        return value + aliasSeparator + wrap(alias);
+      }
+      return value;
+    };
+    const aggregateArray = (value, alias) => {
+      let columns = value.map(wrap).join(', ');
+      if (distinct) {
+        const openParen = distinctParentheses ? '(' : ' ';
+        const closeParen = distinctParentheses ? ')' : '';
+        columns = distinct.trim() + openParen + columns + closeParen;
+      }
+      const aggregated = `${method}(${columns})`;
+      return addAlias(aggregated, alias);
+    };
+    const aggregateString = (value, alias) => {
+      const aggregated = `${method}(${distinct + wrap(value)})`;
+      return addAlias(aggregated, alias);
+    };
+
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      return [aggregateArray(value)];
+    }
+
+    if (typeof value === 'object') {
+      if (stmt.alias) {
+        throw new Error('When using an object explicit alias can not be used');
+      }
+      return Object.entries(value).map(([alias, column]) => {
+        if (Array.isArray(column)) {
+          return aggregateArray(column, alias);
+        }
+        return aggregateString(column, alias);
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Allows us to speciy an alias for the aggregate types.
+    const splitOn = value.toLowerCase().indexOf(' as ');
+    let column = value;
+    let { alias } = stmt;
+    if (splitOn !== -1) {
+      column = value.slice(0, splitOn);
+      if (alias) {
+        throw new Error(`Found multiple aliases for same column: ${column}`);
+      }
+      alias = value.slice(splitOn + 4);
+    }
+    return [aggregateString(column, alias)];
+  }
+
+  aggregate(stmt) {
+    return this._aggregate(stmt);
+  }
+
+  aggregateRaw(stmt) {
+    const distinct = stmt.aggregateDistinct ? 'distinct ' : '';
+    return `${stmt.method}(${
+      distinct +
+      unwrapRaw_(
+        stmt.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      )
+    })`;
+  }
+
+  _joinTable(join) {
+    return join.schema && !(join.table instanceof Raw)
+      ? `${join.schema}.${join.table}`
+      : join.table;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles all each of the `join` clauses on the query,
+  // including any nested join queries.
+  join() {
+    let sql = '';
+    let i = -1;
+    const joins = this.grouped.join;
+    if (!joins) return '';
+    while (++i < joins.length) {
+      const join = joins[i];
+      const table = this._joinTable(join);
+      if (i > 0) sql += ' ';
+      if (join.joinType === 'raw') {
+        sql += unwrapRaw_(
+          join.table,
+          undefined,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        );
+      } else {
+        sql +=
+          join.joinType +
+          ' join ' +
+          wrap_(
+            table,
+            undefined,
+            this.builder,
+            this.client,
+            this.bindingsHolder
+          );
+        let ii = -1;
+        while (++ii < join.clauses.length) {
+          const clause = join.clauses[ii];
+          if (ii > 0) {
+            sql += ` ${clause.bool} `;
+          } else {
+            sql += ` ${clause.type === 'onUsing' ? 'using' : 'on'} `;
+          }
+          const val = this[clause.type](clause);
+          if (val) {
+            sql += val;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  onBetween(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'between') +
+      ' ' +
+      statement.value
+        .map((value) =>
+          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
+        )
+        .join(' and ')
+    );
+  }
+
+  onNull(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' is ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'null')
+    );
+  }
+
+  onExists(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
+      ' (' +
+      rawOrFn_(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ')'
+    );
+  }
+
+  onIn(statement) {
+    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) return this.multiOnIn(statement);
+
+    let values;
+    if (statement.value instanceof Raw) {
+      values = this.client.parameter(
+        statement.value,
+        this.builder,
+        this.formatter
+      );
+    } else {
+      values = this.client.parameterize(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    }
+
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'in ') +
+      this.wrap(values)
+    );
+  }
+
+  multiOnIn(statement) {
+    let i = -1,
+      sql = `(${columnize_(
+        statement.column,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      )}) `;
+    sql += this._not(statement, 'in ') + '((';
+    while (++i < statement.value.length) {
+      if (i !== 0) sql += '),(';
+      sql += this.client.parameterize(
+        statement.value[i],
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    }
+    return sql + '))';
+  }
+
+  // Compiles all `where` statements on the query.
+  where() {
+    const wheres = this.grouped.where;
+    if (!wheres) return;
+    const sql = [];
+    let i = -1;
+    while (++i < wheres.length) {
+      const stmt = wheres[i];
+      if (
+        Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(stmt, 'value') &&
+        helpers.containsUndefined(stmt.value)
+      ) {
+        this.undefinedBindingsInfo.push(stmt.column);
+        this._undefinedInWhereClause = true;
+      }
+      const val = this[stmt.type](stmt);
+      if (val) {
+        if (sql.length === 0) {
+          sql[0] = 'where';
+        } else {
+          sql.push(stmt.bool);
+        }
+        sql.push(val);
+      }
+    }
+    return sql.length > 1 ? sql.join(' ') : '';
+  }
+
+  group() {
+    return this._groupsOrders('group');
+  }
+
+  order() {
+    return this._groupsOrders('order');
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the `having` statements.
+  having() {
+    const havings = this.grouped.having;
+    if (!havings) return '';
+    const sql = ['having'];
+    for (let i = 0, l = havings.length; i < l; i++) {
+      const s = havings[i];
+      const val = this[s.type](s);
+      if (val) {
+        if (sql.length === 0) {
+          sql[0] = 'where';
+        }
+        if (sql.length > 1 || (sql.length === 1 && sql[0] !== 'having')) {
+          sql.push(s.bool);
+        }
+        sql.push(val);
+      }
+    }
+    return sql.length > 1 ? sql.join(' ') : '';
+  }
+
+  havingRaw(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, '') +
+      unwrapRaw_(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      )
+    );
+  }
+
+  havingWrapped(statement) {
+    const val = rawOrFn_(
+      statement.value,
+      'where',
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+    return (val && this._not(statement, '') + '(' + val.slice(6) + ')') || '';
+  }
+
+  havingBasic(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, '') +
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      operator_(
+        statement.operator,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this.client.parameter(statement.value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
+    );
+  }
+
+  havingNull(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' is ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'null')
+    );
+  }
+
+  havingExists(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
+      ' (' +
+      rawOrFn_(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ')'
+    );
+  }
+
+  havingBetween(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'between') +
+      ' ' +
+      statement.value
+        .map((value) =>
+          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
+        )
+        .join(' and ')
+    );
+  }
+
+  havingIn(statement) {
+    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) return this.multiHavingIn(statement);
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'in ') +
+      this.wrap(
+        this.client.parameterize(
+          statement.value,
+          undefined,
+          this.builder,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        )
+      )
+    );
+  }
+
+  multiHavingIn(statement) {
+    return this.multiOnIn(statement);
+  }
+
+  // Compile the "union" queries attached to the main query.
+  union() {
+    const onlyUnions = this.onlyUnions();
+    const unions = this.grouped.union;
+    if (!unions) return '';
+    let sql = '';
+    for (let i = 0, l = unions.length; i < l; i++) {
+      const union = unions[i];
+      if (i > 0) sql += ' ';
+      if (i > 0 || !onlyUnions) sql += union.clause + ' ';
+      const statement = rawOrFn_(
+        union.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+      if (statement) {
+        const wrap = union.wrap;
+        if (wrap) sql += '(';
+        sql += statement;
+        if (wrap) sql += ')';
+      }
+    }
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  // If we haven't specified any columns or a `tableName`, we're assuming this
+  // is only being used for unions.
+  onlyUnions() {
+    return (
+      (!this.grouped.columns || !!this.grouped.columns[0].value) &&
+      this.grouped.union &&
+      !this.tableName
+    );
+  }
+
+  _getValueOrParameterFromAttribute(attribute, rawValue) {
+    if (this.single.skipBinding[attribute] === true) {
+      return rawValue !== undefined && rawValue !== null
+        ? rawValue
+        : this.single[attribute];
+    }
+    return this.client.parameter(
+      this.single[attribute],
+      this.builder,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+  }
+
+  onlyJson() {
+    return (
+      !this.tableName &&
+      this.grouped.columns &&
+      this.grouped.columns.length === 1 &&
+      this.grouped.columns[0].type === 'json'
+    );
+  }
+
+  limit() {
+    const noLimit = !this.single.limit && this.single.limit !== 0;
+    if (noLimit) return '';
+    return `limit ${this._getValueOrParameterFromAttribute('limit')}`;
+  }
+
+  offset() {
+    if (!this.single.offset) return '';
+    return `offset ${this._getValueOrParameterFromAttribute('offset')}`;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles a `delete` query.
+  del() {
+    // Make sure tableName is processed by the formatter first.
+    const { tableName } = this;
+    const withSQL = this.with();
+    const wheres = this.where();
+    const joins = this.join();
+    // When using joins, delete the "from" table values as a default
+    const deleteSelector = joins ? tableName + ' ' : '';
+    return (
+      withSQL +
+      `delete ${deleteSelector}from ${
+        this.single.only ? 'only ' : ''
+      }${tableName}` +
+      (joins ? ` ${joins}` : '') +
+      (wheres ? ` ${wheres}` : '')
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Compiles a `truncate` query.
+  truncate() {
+    return `truncate ${this.tableName}`;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the "locks".
+  lock() {
+    if (this.single.lock) {
+      return this[this.single.lock]();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the wait mode on the locks.
+  waitMode() {
+    if (this.single.waitMode) {
+      return this[this.single.waitMode]();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fail on unsupported databases
+  skipLocked() {
+    throw new Error(
+      '.skipLocked() is currently only supported on MySQL 8.0+ and PostgreSQL 9.5+'
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Fail on unsupported databases
+  noWait() {
+    throw new Error(
+      '.noWait() is currently only supported on MySQL 8.0+, MariaDB 10.3.0+ and PostgreSQL 9.5+'
+    );
+  }
+
+  distinctOn(value) {
+    throw new Error('.distinctOn() is currently only supported on PostgreSQL');
+  }
+
+  // On Clause
+  // ------
+
+  onWrapped(clause) {
+    const self = this;
+
+    const wrapJoin = new JoinClause();
+    clause.value.call(wrapJoin, wrapJoin);
+
+    let sql = '';
+
+    for (let ii = 0; ii < wrapJoin.clauses.length; ii++) {
+      const wrapClause = wrapJoin.clauses[ii];
+      if (ii > 0) {
+        sql += ` ${wrapClause.bool} `;
+      }
+      const val = self[wrapClause.type](wrapClause);
+      if (val) {
+        sql += val;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (sql.length) {
+      return `(${sql})`;
+    }
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  onBasic(clause) {
+    const toWrap = clause.value instanceof QueryBuilder;
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        clause.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      operator_(
+        clause.operator,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      (toWrap ? '(' : '') +
+      wrap_(
+        clause.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      (toWrap ? ')' : '')
+    );
+  }
+
+  onVal(clause) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        clause.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      operator_(
+        clause.operator,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this.client.parameter(clause.value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
+    );
+  }
+
+  onRaw(clause) {
+    return unwrapRaw_(
+      clause.value,
+      undefined,
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+  }
+
+  onUsing(clause) {
+    return (
+      '(' +
+      columnize_(
+        clause.column,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ')'
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Where Clause
+  // ------
+
+  _valueClause(statement) {
+    return statement.asColumn
+      ? wrap_(
+          statement.value,
+          undefined,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        )
+      : this.client.parameter(
+          statement.value,
+          this.builder,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        );
+  }
+
+  _columnClause(statement) {
+    let columns;
+    if (Array.isArray(statement.column)) {
+      columns = `(${columnize_(
+        statement.column,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      )})`;
+    } else {
+      columns = wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    }
+    return columns;
+  }
+
+  whereIn(statement) {
+    const values = this.client.values(
+      statement.value,
+      this.builder,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
+      statement,
+      'in '
+    )}${values}`;
+  }
+
+  whereLike(statement) {
+    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
+      statement,
+      'like '
+    )}${this._valueClause(statement)}`;
+  }
+
+  whereILike(statement) {
+    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${this._not(
+      statement,
+      'ilike '
+    )}${this._valueClause(statement)}`;
+  }
+
+  whereNull(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' is ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'null')
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Compiles a basic "where" clause.
+  whereBasic(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, '') +
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      operator_(
+        statement.operator,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._valueClause(statement)
+    );
+  }
+
+  whereExists(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, 'exists') +
+      ' (' +
+      rawOrFn_(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ')'
+    );
+  }
+
+  whereWrapped(statement) {
+    const val = rawOrFn_(
+      statement.value,
+      'where',
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+    return (val && this._not(statement, '') + '(' + val.slice(6) + ')') || '';
+  }
+
+  whereBetween(statement) {
+    return (
+      wrap_(
+        statement.column,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ' ' +
+      this._not(statement, 'between') +
+      ' ' +
+      statement.value
+        .map((value) =>
+          this.client.parameter(value, this.builder, this.bindingsHolder)
+        )
+        .join(' and ')
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Compiles a "whereRaw" query.
+  whereRaw(statement) {
+    return (
+      this._not(statement, '') +
+      unwrapRaw_(
+        statement.value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      )
+    );
+  }
+
+  _jsonWrapValue(jsonValue) {
+    if (!this.builder._isJsonObject(jsonValue)) {
+      try {
+        return JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(jsonValue.replace(/\n|\t/g, '')));
+      } catch (e) {
+        return jsonValue;
+      }
+    }
+    return JSON.stringify(jsonValue);
+  }
+
+  _jsonValueClause(statement) {
+    statement.value = this._jsonWrapValue(statement.value);
+    return this._valueClause(statement);
+  }
+
+  whereJsonObject(statement) {
+    return `${this._columnClause(statement)} ${
+      statement.not ? '!=' : '='
+    } ${this._jsonValueClause(statement)}`;
+  }
+
+  wrap(str) {
+    if (str.charAt(0) !== '(') return `(${str})`;
+    return str;
+  }
+
+  json(stmt) {
+    return this[stmt.method](stmt.params);
+  }
+
+  analytic(stmt) {
+    let sql = '';
+    const self = this;
+    sql += stmt.method + '() over (';
+
+    if (stmt.raw) {
+      sql += stmt.raw;
+    } else {
+      if (stmt.partitions.length) {
+        sql += 'partition by ';
+        sql +=
+          map(stmt.partitions, function (partition) {
+            if (isString(partition)) {
+              return self.formatter.columnize(partition);
+            } else return self.formatter.columnize(partition.column) + (partition.order ? ' ' + partition.order : '');
+          }).join(', ') + ' ';
+      }
+
+      sql += 'order by ';
+      sql += map(stmt.order, function (order) {
+        if (isString(order)) {
+          return self.formatter.columnize(order);
+        } else return self.formatter.columnize(order.column) + (order.order ? ' ' + order.order : '');
+      }).join(', ');
+    }
+
+    sql += ')';
+
+    if (stmt.alias) {
+      sql += ' as ' + stmt.alias;
+    }
+
+    return sql;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles all `with` statements on the query.
+  with() {
+    if (!this.grouped.with || !this.grouped.with.length) {
+      return '';
+    }
+    const withs = this.grouped.with;
+    if (!withs) return;
+    const sql = [];
+    let i = -1;
+    let isRecursive = false;
+    while (++i < withs.length) {
+      const stmt = withs[i];
+      if (stmt.recursive) {
+        isRecursive = true;
+      }
+      const val = this[stmt.type](stmt);
+      sql.push(val);
+    }
+    return `with ${isRecursive ? 'recursive ' : ''}${sql.join(', ')} `;
+  }
+
+  withWrapped(statement) {
+    const val = rawOrFn_(
+      statement.value,
+      undefined,
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+    const columnList = statement.columnList
+      ? '(' +
+        columnize_(
+          statement.columnList,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        ) +
+        ')'
+      : '';
+    const materialized =
+      statement.materialized === undefined
+        ? ''
+        : statement.materialized
+        ? 'materialized '
+        : 'not materialized ';
+    return (
+      (val &&
+        columnize_(
+          statement.alias,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        ) +
+          columnList +
+          ' as ' +
+          materialized +
+          '(' +
+          val +
+          ')') ||
+      ''
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Determines whether to add a "not" prefix to the where clause.
+  _not(statement, str) {
+    if (statement.not) return `not ${str}`;
+    return str;
+  }
+
+  _prepInsert(data) {
+    const isRaw = rawOrFn_(
+      data,
+      undefined,
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+    if (isRaw) return isRaw;
+    let columns = [];
+    const values = [];
+    if (!Array.isArray(data)) data = data ? [data] : [];
+    let i = -1;
+    while (++i < data.length) {
+      if (data[i] == null) break;
+      if (i === 0) columns = Object.keys(data[i]).sort();
+      const row = new Array(columns.length);
+      const keys = Object.keys(data[i]);
+      let j = -1;
+      while (++j < keys.length) {
+        const key = keys[j];
+        let idx = columns.indexOf(key);
+        if (idx === -1) {
+          columns = columns.concat(key).sort();
+          idx = columns.indexOf(key);
+          let k = -1;
+          while (++k < values.length) {
+            values[k].splice(idx, 0, undefined);
+          }
+          row.splice(idx, 0, undefined);
+        }
+        row[idx] = data[i][key];
+      }
+      values.push(row);
+    }
+    return {
+      columns,
+      values,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // "Preps" the update.
+  _prepUpdate(data = {}) {
+    const { counter = {} } = this.single;
+
+    for (const column of Object.keys(counter)) {
+      //Skip?
+      if (has(data, column)) {
+        //Needed?
+        this.client.logger.warn(
+          `increment/decrement called for a column that has already been specified in main .update() call. Ignoring increment/decrement and using value from .update() call.`
+        );
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      let value = counter[column];
+
+      const symbol = value < 0 ? '-' : '+';
+
+      if (symbol === '-') {
+        value = -value;
+      }
+
+      data[column] = this.client.raw(`?? ${symbol} ?`, [column, value]);
+    }
+
+    data = omitBy(data, isUndefined);
+
+    const vals = [];
+    const columns = Object.keys(data);
+    let i = -1;
+
+    while (++i < columns.length) {
+      vals.push(
+        wrap_(
+          columns[i],
+          undefined,
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        ) +
+          ' = ' +
+          this.client.parameter(
+            data[columns[i]],
+            this.builder,
+            this.bindingsHolder
+          )
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (isEmpty(vals)) {
+      throw new Error(
+        [
+          'Empty .update() call detected!',
+          'Update data does not contain any values to update.',
+          'This will result in a faulty query.',
+          this.single.table ? `Table: ${this.single.table}.` : '',
+          this.single.update
+            ? `Columns: ${Object.keys(this.single.update)}.`
+            : '',
+        ].join(' ')
+      );
+    }
+
+    return vals;
+  }
+
+  _formatGroupsItemValue(value, nulls) {
+    const { formatter } = this;
+    let nullOrder = '';
+    if (nulls === 'last') {
+      nullOrder = ' is null';
+    } else if (nulls === 'first') {
+      nullOrder = ' is not null';
+    }
+
+    let groupOrder;
+    if (value instanceof Raw) {
+      groupOrder = unwrapRaw_(
+        value,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      );
+    } else if (value instanceof QueryBuilder || nulls) {
+      groupOrder = '(' + formatter.columnize(value) + nullOrder + ')';
+    } else {
+      groupOrder = formatter.columnize(value);
+    }
+    return groupOrder;
+  }
+
+  _basicGroupOrder(item, type) {
+    const column = this._formatGroupsItemValue(item.value, item.nulls);
+    const direction =
+      type === 'order' && item.type !== 'orderByRaw'
+        ? ` ${direction_(
+            item.direction,
+            this.builder,
+            this.client,
+            this.bindingsHolder
+          )}`
+        : '';
+    return column + direction;
+  }
+
+  _groupOrder(item, type) {
+    return this._basicGroupOrder(item, type);
+  }
+
+  _groupOrderNulls(item, type) {
+    const column = this._formatGroupsItemValue(item.value);
+    const direction =
+      type === 'order' && item.type !== 'orderByRaw'
+        ? ` ${direction_(
+            item.direction,
+            this.builder,
+            this.client,
+            this.bindingsHolder
+          )}`
+        : '';
+    if (item.nulls && !(item.value instanceof Raw)) {
+      return `${column}${direction ? direction : ''} nulls ${item.nulls}`;
+    }
+    return column + direction;
+  }
+
+  // Compiles the `order by` statements.
+  _groupsOrders(type) {
+    const items = this.grouped[type];
+    if (!items) return '';
+    const sql = items.map((item) => {
+      return this._groupOrder(item, type);
+    });
+    return sql.length ? type + ' by ' + sql.join(', ') : '';
+  }
+
+  // Get the table name, wrapping it if necessary.
+  // Implemented as a property to prevent ordering issues as described in #704.
+  get tableName() {
+    if (!this._tableName) {
+      // Only call this.formatter.wrap() the first time this property is accessed.
+      let tableName = this.single.table;
+      const schemaName = this.single.schema;
+
+      if (tableName && schemaName) {
+        const isQueryBuilder = tableName instanceof QueryBuilder;
+        const isRawQuery = tableName instanceof Raw;
+        const isFunction = typeof tableName === 'function';
+
+        if (!isQueryBuilder && !isRawQuery && !isFunction) {
+          tableName = `${schemaName}.${tableName}`;
+        }
+      }
+
+      this._tableName = tableName
+        ? // Wrap subQuery with parenthesis, #3485
+          wrap_(
+            tableName,
+            tableName instanceof QueryBuilder,
+            this.builder,
+            this.client,
+            this.bindingsHolder
+          )
+        : '';
+    }
+    return this._tableName;
+  }
+
+  _jsonPathWrap(extraction) {
+    return this.client.parameter(
+      extraction.path || extraction[1],
+      this.builder,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Json common functions
+  _jsonExtract(nameFunction, params) {
+    let extractions;
+    if (Array.isArray(params.column)) {
+      extractions = params.column;
+    } else {
+      extractions = [params];
+    }
+    if (!Array.isArray(nameFunction)) {
+      nameFunction = [nameFunction];
+    }
+    return extractions
+      .map((extraction) => {
+        let jsonCol = `${columnize_(
+          extraction.column || extraction[0],
+          this.builder,
+          this.client,
+          this.bindingsHolder
+        )}, ${this._jsonPathWrap(extraction)}`;
+        nameFunction.forEach((f) => {
+          jsonCol = f + '(' + jsonCol + ')';
+        });
+        const alias = extraction.alias || extraction[2];
+        return alias
+          ? this.client.alias(jsonCol, this.formatter.wrap(alias))
+          : jsonCol;
+      })
+      .join(', ');
+  }
+
+  _jsonSet(nameFunction, params) {
+    const jsonSet = `${nameFunction}(${columnize_(
+      params.column,
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    )}, ${this.client.parameter(
+      params.path,
+      this.builder,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    )}, ${this.client.parameter(
+      params.value,
+      this.builder,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    )})`;
+    return params.alias
+      ? this.client.alias(jsonSet, this.formatter.wrap(params.alias))
+      : jsonSet;
+  }
+
+  _whereJsonPath(nameFunction, statement) {
+    return `${nameFunction}(${this._columnClause(
+      statement
+    )}, ${this._jsonPathWrap({ path: statement.jsonPath })}) ${operator_(
+      statement.operator,
+      this.builder,
+      this.client,
+      this.bindingsHolder
+    )} ${this._jsonValueClause(statement)}`;
+  }
+
+  _onJsonPathEquals(nameJoinFunction, clause) {
+    return (
+      nameJoinFunction +
+      '(' +
+      wrap_(
+        clause.columnFirst,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ', ' +
+      this.client.parameter(
+        clause.jsonPathFirst,
+        this.builder,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ') = ' +
+      nameJoinFunction +
+      '(' +
+      wrap_(
+        clause.columnSecond,
+        undefined,
+        this.builder,
+        this.client,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ', ' +
+      this.client.parameter(
+        clause.jsonPathSecond,
+        this.builder,
+        this.bindingsHolder
+      ) +
+      ')'
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = QueryCompiler;