jz 0.5.1 → 0.6.0

package/src/compile/emit.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3201 @@
+/**
+ * AST → WASM IR emission.
+ *
+ * # Stage contract
+ *   IN:  prepared AST node + ctx state (func.locals, func.localReps, types.typedElem, etc.)
+ *   OUT: IR node (array) with `.type` ('i32' | 'f64' | 'void'). For statements, a flat
+ *        list of WASM instructions (no type tag).
+ *   NO-MUTATE: emit does not rewrite the AST. Side effects go to ctx.runtime.*,
+ *        ctx.core.includes (via inc()), ctx.func.uniq (local naming), and ctx.features.*.
+ *
+ * # Dispatch
+ *   `emit(node, expect?)` handles literals inline and routes arrays to ctx.core.emit[op].
+ *   `emitVoid(node)` emits + drops any value (statement context; routes block bodies to emitBlockBody).
+ *   `emitBlockBody(node)` unwraps a `{}` block and concatenates flat statement IR.
+ *
+ * The emitter table (`emitter` export) is copied into ctx.core.emit by reset();
+ * language modules add/override entries to extend dispatch.
+ *
+ * Low-level IR construction helpers live in `ir.js` and are imported below.
+ *
+ * @module emit
+ */
+
+import {
+  commaList, T, isBlockBody, isReassigned, mutatesArrayLength, isConstLiteral, constLiteralHoistable,
+  hasOwnContinue, hasLabeledContinueTo, hasOwnBreakOrContinue, extractParams, classifyParam, JZ_UNDEF, TYPEOF,
+} from '../ast.js'
+import { ctx, err, inc, PTR } from '../ctx.js'
+import { nonNegIntLiteral, staticPropertyKey } from '../static.js'
+import { findFreeVars } from './analyze.js'
+import {
+  containsNestedClosure, containsNestedLoop, nestedSmallLoopBudget,
+  containsDeclOf, cloneWithSubst, containsKnownTypedArrayIndex,
+  smallConstForTripCount, isTerminator, scanBoundedLoops, inBoundsCharCodeAt,
+  exprType, MAX_SMALL_FOR_UNROLL, MAX_NESTED_FOR_UNROLL,
+} from '../type.js'
+import { valTypeOf, shapeOf } from '../kind.js'
+import { VAL, lookupValType, repOf, updateRep, repOfGlobal } from '../reps.js'
+import {
+  typed, asF64, asI32, asI64, asPtrOffset, asParamType, toI32, fromI64,
+  NULL_IR, nullExpr, undefExpr, MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY,
+  WASM_OPS, SPREAD_MUTATORS, BOXED_MUTATORS,
+  mkPtrIR, ptrOffsetIR, ptrTypeIR, ptrTypeEq, dispatchByPtrType, sidecarOverride, valKindToPtr,
+  isLit, litVal, isNullishLit, isPureIR, emitNum, f64rem, toNumF64, toStrI64,
+  truthyIR, toBoolFromEmitted, isPostfix,
+  isGlobal, isConst, usesDynProps, needsDynShadow,
+  temp, tempI32, tempI64, allocPtr,
+  block64, withTemp,
+  boxedAddr, readVar, writeVar, isNullish, isNull, isUndef, isBoolAtom,
+  boolBoxIR,
+  isLiteralStr, resolveValType, isFuncRef,
+  multiCount, loopTop, flat,
+  reconstructArgsWithSpreads, tcoTailRewrite,
+} from '../ir.js'
+import { isBoundName } from '../ir.js'
+import { extractRefinements, withRefinements } from './flow-types.js'
+import { emitElementAssign, emitPropertyAssign, persistBindingPtr } from './emit-assign.js'
+
+const stringOps = (node) => {
+  const rep = typeof node === 'string' ? repOf(node) : null
+  return ctx.abi.resolve('string', rep)?.ops ?? ctx.abi.string.ops
+}
+
+
+// === Emitter state & operand classification ===
+
+// Current emission "expect" mode ('void' or null); set by emit(), read by
+// compound-assignment emitters (here and in emit-assign.js — shared via ctx so
+// the module graph stays acyclic) to decide between value-returning and
+// side-effect-only forms. Transient: meaningful only within one dispatch.
+
+// A genuine i32 *number* — safe for the i32 fast path in arithmetic/bitwise
+// operators. An unboxed pointer (object/array/string/closure local kept as a
+// raw i32 handle) is *also* i32-typed but carries `.ptrKind`; treating it as a
+// number would compute on raw pointer bits. A ptrKind-carrying operand must
+// instead route through ToNumber (`toNumF64`), which performs ToPrimitive.
+const isI32Num = (v) => v.type === 'i32' && v.ptrKind == null
+
+const canonNum = (node) => {
+  const t = temp('cn')
+  return typed(['block', ['result', 'f64'],
+    ['local.set', `$${t}`, node],
+    ['select',
+      ['f64.const', 'nan'],
+      ['local.get', `$${t}`],
+      ['f64.ne', ['local.get', `$${t}`], ['local.get', `$${t}`]]]], 'f64')
+}
+
+// Host globals auto-imported as `(import "env" "name" (global … i64))` when
+// referenced as a value. Drained from ctx.core.hostGlobals at assembly.
+const HOST_GLOBALS = new Set(['WebAssembly', 'globalThis', 'self', 'window', 'global', 'process'])
+
+// An operand whose uint32 value can be *observed as a JS number* — a `>>>`
+// result, an `unsignedResult` call, or an unsigned i32.const. Its magnitude can
+// exceed signed-i32 range, so wrapping i32 arithmetic would corrupt it; widen to
+// f64 instead. A `.wrapSafe` operand is also unsigned but is a `narrowUint32`
+// accumulator read proven to be re-truncated by a `>>>` (ToUint32) sink at every
+// use — wrapping is exactly its intended semantics, so it stays on the i32 path.
+const widensUnsigned = (v) => v.unsigned && !v.wrapSafe
+
+const FIRST_CLASS_UNARY_MATH = {
+  'math.abs': 'f64.abs',
+  'math.sqrt': 'f64.sqrt',
+  'math.ceil': 'f64.ceil',
+  'math.floor': 'f64.floor',
+  'math.trunc': 'f64.trunc',
+}
+
+function builtinFunctionValue(name) {
+  const op = FIRST_CLASS_UNARY_MATH[name]
+  if (!op) err(`Builtin function '${name}' cannot be used as a first-class value`)
+  if (!ctx.closure.table) err(`Builtin function '${name}' used as value requires closure support`)
+  const fn = `${T}builtin_${name.replace(/\W/g, '_')}`
+  if (!ctx.core.stdlib[fn]) {
+    const width = ctx.closure.width ?? MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY
+    const params = ['(param $__env f64)', '(param $__argc i32)']
+    for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) params.push(`(param $__a${i} f64)`)
+    ctx.core.stdlib[fn] = `(func $${fn} ${params.join(' ')} (result f64) (${op} (local.get $__a0)))`
+    inc(fn)
+  }
+  let idx = ctx.closure.table.indexOf(fn)
+  if (idx < 0) { idx = ctx.closure.table.length; ctx.closure.table.push(fn) }
+  const ir = mkPtrIR(PTR.CLOSURE, idx, 0)
+  ir.closureFuncIdx = idx
+  return ir
+}
+
+/** Emit unary negation: constant-fold, or i32 sub from 0 / f64.neg. */
+const emitNeg = (a) => {
+  if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT) return fromI64(['i64.sub', ['i64.const', 0], asI64(emit(a))])
+  const v = emit(a)
+  if (isLit(v)) return emitNum(-litVal(v))
+  if (isI32Num(v)) return typed(['i32.sub', typed(['i32.const', 0], 'i32'), v], 'i32')
+  // f64.neg flips the sign bit, so negating a NaN yields 0xFFF8.. — a non-canonical
+  // number-NaN that overlaps the NaN-boxed value space (jz reserves 0x7FF8.. as THE
+  // number-NaN). `__is_truthy`/`__eq` compare against that exact pattern, so a sign-
+  // flipped NaN reads as a tagged value (truthy / not-NaN). Fold any NaN result back
+  // to canonical — the same invariant math.sqrt/min/max keep via `canon` (module/math.js).
+  const t = temp('ng')
+  return typed(['block', ['result', 'f64'],
+    ['local.set', `$${t}`, ['f64.neg', toNumF64(a, v)]],
+    ['select', ['f64.const', 'nan'], ['local.get', `$${t}`],
+      ['f64.ne', ['local.get', `$${t}`], ['local.get', `$${t}`]]]], 'f64')
+}
+
+/** Try constant-folding binary arith: returns emitNum(result) or null. */
+// `.unsigned` literals carry a uint32 value whose i32 `litVal` is its *signed* bit
+// pattern (e.g. `-1` for 4294967295), so folding them through `fn` numerically would
+// be wrong. Bail to the runtime path — the arithmetic handlers widen unsigned operands
+// to f64 (convert_i32_u), reproducing the JS-spec result.
+const foldConst = (va, vb, fn, guard) =>
+  isLit(va) && isLit(vb) && !va.unsigned && !vb.unsigned && (!guard || guard(litVal(vb)))
+    ? emitNum(fn(litVal(va), litVal(vb))) : null
+
+// JS `*` is an f64 multiply; `i32.mul` yields only the exact product mod 2^32.
+// Those agree under a ToInt32/ToUint32 sink (and as plain numbers) while the
+// exact product stays f64-exact, i.e. |product| <= 2^53. Two i32 operands can
+// reach 2^62, so `i32.mul` is sound only when one side is a literal small
+// enough that, against the full i32 range (2^31) of the other, the product
+// holds within 2^53 — i.e. |literal| <= 2^22. Keeps index arithmetic (`i*4`,
+// `row*16`) on `i32.mul` while routing hash-mix-scale products to `f64.mul`.
+const mulFitsI32 = (va, vb) =>
+  (isLit(va) && Math.abs(litVal(va)) <= 0x400000) ||
+  (isLit(vb) && Math.abs(litVal(vb)) <= 0x400000)
+
+/** Emit typeof comparison: typeof x == typeCode → type-aware check. */
+export function emitTypeofCmp(a, b, cmpOp) {
+  let typeofExpr, code
+  if (Array.isArray(a) && a[0] === 'typeof' && typeof b === 'number') { typeofExpr = a[1]; code = b }
+  else if (Array.isArray(a) && a[0] === 'typeof' && Array.isArray(b) && b[0] == null) { typeofExpr = a[1]; code = b[1] }
+  else return null
+  if (typeof code !== 'number') return null
+
+  const t = temp()
+  const va = asF64(emit(typeofExpr))
+  const eq = cmpOp === 'eq'
+  // Trailing eqz-wrapper for atomic checks: `check` if eq, `!check` if ne.
+  const wrap = check => typed(eq ? check : ['i32.eqz', check], 'i32')
+  // De-Morgan'd `(X && Y)` vs `(!X || !Y)` — kept explicit so WAT output is
+  // byte-identical to the previous inlined form (watopt may shape it differently).
+  const both = (X, Y) => typed(eq ? ['i32.and', X, Y] : ['i32.or', ['i32.eqz', X], ['i32.eqz', Y]], 'i32')
+  // "isPtr AND ptr_type == kind" — shared by typeof "string" / "function" /
+  // user-supplied positive PTR codes. The tee in isPtr caches v in `t` for reuse.
+  const isPtrKind = kind => {
+    const isPtr = ['f64.ne', ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va], ['local.get', `$${t}`]]
+    const isKind = ptrTypeEq(['local.get', `$${t}`], kind)
+    return both(isPtr, isKind)
+  }
+  // Static fold for known-VAL operands of "boolean"/"bigint" — saves a runtime branch.
+  const staticFold = (target) => {
+    const vt = resolveValType(typeofExpr, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+    if (vt) return typed(['i32.const', (vt === target) === eq ? 1 : 0], 'i32')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (code === TYPEOF.number) {
+    // typeof "number": v===v rejects NaN-box pointers; BOOL carrier is 0/1 → still typeof "boolean".
+    if (resolveValType(typeofExpr, valTypeOf, lookupValType) === VAL.BOOL) return typed(['i32.const', eq ? 0 : 1], 'i32')
+    return typed([eq ? 'f64.eq' : 'f64.ne', ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va], ['local.get', `$${t}`]], 'i32')
+  }
+  if (code === TYPEOF.string) return isPtrKind(PTR.STRING)
+  if (code === TYPEOF.undefined) return wrap(isNullish(va))
+  if (code === TYPEOF.boolean) return staticFold(VAL.BOOL) ?? wrap(isBoolAtom(['local.tee', `$${t}`, va]))
+  if (code === TYPEOF.object) {
+    // object: a NaN-box whose ptr_type is a heap kind — NOT STRING (typeof "string"),
+    // NOT CLOSURE (typeof "function"), and NOT ATOM. The ATOM tag covers null AND undef
+    // AND the boolean atoms true/false: excluding it in one ptr_type check is both the
+    // null/undef guard and the (previously missing) boolean guard — without it
+    // `typeof aBool === "object"` wrongly returned true whenever the operand's static
+    // type was unknown (e.g. a value off JSON.parse), since a bool atom is a NaN-box
+    // that isn't STRING/CLOSURE/nullish. Numbers (incl. NaN) and bigint aren't NaN-box
+    // pointers, so isPtr already rejects them.
+    inc('__ptr_type')
+    const tt = `${T}${ctx.func.uniq++}`; ctx.func.locals.set(tt, 'i32')
+    const isPtr = ['f64.ne', ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va], ['local.get', `$${t}`]]
+    const heapKind = ['i32.and',
+      ['i32.and',
+        ['i32.ne', ['local.tee', `$${tt}`, ['call', '$__ptr_type', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${t}`]]]], ['i32.const', PTR.STRING]],
+        ['i32.ne', ['local.get', `$${tt}`], ['i32.const', PTR.CLOSURE]]],
+      ['i32.ne', ['local.get', `$${tt}`], ['i32.const', PTR.ATOM]]]
+    return wrap(['i32.and', isPtr, heapKind])
+  }
+  if (code === TYPEOF.function) return isPtrKind(PTR.CLOSURE)
+  if (code === TYPEOF.bigint) {
+    const fold = staticFold(VAL.BIGINT); if (fold) return fold
+    // bigint heuristic: finite, nonzero, sub-normal abs (boxed BigInt carrier).
+    const n = ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va]
+    return wrap(['i32.and',
+      ['f64.eq', n, ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+      ['i32.and',
+        ['f64.ne', ['local.get', `$${t}`], ['f64.const', 0]],
+        ['f64.lt', ['f64.abs', ['local.get', `$${t}`]], ['f64.const', 2.2250738585072014e-308]]]])
+  }
+  if (code >= 0) return isPtrKind(code)
+  return null
+}
+
+/** Stringify a VAL.BOOL operand to "true"/"false" (f64 string pointer). The
+ *  boolean rides the cheap 0/1 carrier, so we runtime-select between the two
+ *  interned literals; a constant operand folds to a single literal downstream. */
+export const emitBoolStr = (node) =>
+  typed(['select', asF64(emit(['str', 'true'])), asF64(emit(['str', 'false'])), truthyIR(emit(node))], 'f64')
+
+const CMP_SET = new Set(['>', '<', '>=', '<=', '==', '!=', '!'])
+const isCmp = n => Array.isArray(n) && CMP_SET.has(n[0])
+
+// Map/Set methods whose generic (`.${method}`) emitter assumes a collection
+// receiver and dereferences a key/value argument. Every one needs ≥1 argument
+// (`.get(k)` / `.has(v)` / `.add(v)` / `.delete(v)` / `.set(k[,v])`), so a
+// zero-arg call on a not-proven-collection receiver cannot be the collection
+// op — it is a user/closure method and must not reach the collection emitter.
+const COLLECTION_METHODS = new Set(['get', 'set', 'has', 'add', 'delete'])
+
+// String char-index methods bound generically (no `.string:` qualifier — no array
+// name collision). `String.prototype.{charCodeAt,charAt}` each take at most one
+// argument (the index), so a call supplying ≥2 args on a not-proven-string receiver
+// cannot be the string built-in — it is a user method that happens to share the
+// name (e.g. the self-host abi's `ctx.abi.string.ops.charCodeAt(sF64,iI32,ctx,oobNan)`).
+// It must fall through to dynamic dispatch, mirroring COLLECTION_METHODS' arity guard.
+const STR_INDEX_METHODS = new Set(['charCodeAt', 'charAt'])
+
+// Pointer kinds for which JS `==` / `!=` is pure reference equality — i.e. i64 bit
+// compare of the NaN-box is equivalent to __eq. Excludes STRING (content compare for
+// heap strings) and BIGINT (content compare).
+const REF_EQ_KINDS = new Set([
+  VAL.ARRAY, VAL.OBJECT, VAL.SET, VAL.MAP,
+  VAL.BUFFER, VAL.TYPED, VAL.CLOSURE, VAL.REGEX, VAL.DATE,
+])
+
+function stringLiteral(node) {
+  if (Array.isArray(node) && node[0] === 'str' && typeof node[1] === 'string') return node[1]
+  if (Array.isArray(node) && node[0] == null && typeof node[1] === 'string') return node[1]
+  return null
+}
+
+// Index expressions where peepholing `s[k] === 'X'` to char-byte compare is
+// semantics-preserving: must produce a non-negative *integer* at run time so
+// `__str_byteLen u> k` bounds-checks the same range JS would. Out-of-range
+// (negative or ≥ len) falls into the `else 0` arm — matches `undefined === 'X'`.
+function intIndexIR(key) {
+  const lit = nonNegIntLiteral(key)
+  if (lit != null) return ['i32.const', lit]
+  // intCertain name: forward-prop says every defining RHS is integer-shaped.
+  // Captures loop variables (`for(let i=0;;i++)`), `let k = j + 1`, etc.
+  if (typeof key === 'string' && repOf(key)?.intCertain) return asI32(emit(key))
+  // intCertain schema slot read `o.x`: every observed write is integer-shaped,
+  // so the loaded f64 represents an int — fold into the byte-compare fast path.
+  if (Array.isArray(key) && key[0] === '.' && typeof key[1] === 'string' && typeof key[2] === 'string' &&
+      ctx.schema.slotIntCertainAt?.(key[1], key[2]) === true) return asI32(emit(key))
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Emit an array-index expression in i32 arithmetic. A subscript is truncated to
+ * i32 at the memory boundary regardless, so `+`/`-`/`*` over i32-typed leaves are
+ * computed with wrapping i32 ops instead of the f64 round-trip
+ * (`convert_i32 … f64.mul/add … trunc_sat_f64_s`) that `*` of two non-literal
+ * i32s would otherwise force (see analyze.js exprType `*`).
+ *
+ * Correctness: i32 +/-/* preserve the residue mod 2^32, so the result equals the
+ * expression's true integer value mod 2^32 — even if an intermediate product
+ * overflows. Any valid index is in [0, 2^30) ⊂ [-2^31, 2^31), where two's
+ * complement reproduces the true value exactly; out-of-range indices are OOB
+ * (already UB — jz truncates the index to i32 at the boundary either way). Bails
+ * to the f64 path for any non-i32 leaf (an f64 leaf may be fractional, where
+ * trunc-then-add ≠ add-then-trunc) or non-{+,-,*} operator.
+ */
+const I32_INDEX_OP = { '+': 'i32.add', '-': 'i32.sub', '*': 'i32.mul' }
+function tryI32Index(e) {
+  if (Array.isArray(e)) {
+    const inner = I32_INDEX_OP[e[0]]
+    if (inner && e[2] != null) {
+      const a = tryI32Index(e[1]); if (a == null) return null
+      const b = tryI32Index(e[2]); if (b == null) return null
+      return typed([inner, a, b], 'i32')
+    }
+    return null
+  }
+  const lit = nonNegIntLiteral(e)
+  if (lit != null) return ['i32.const', lit]
+  return exprType(e, ctx.func.locals) === 'i32' ? asI32(emit(e)) : null
+}
+export const emitIndex = (idx) => tryI32Index(idx) ?? asI32(emit(idx))
+
+function emitSingleCharIndexCmp(a, b, negate = false) {
+  const leftLit = stringLiteral(a)
+  const rightLit = stringLiteral(b)
+  const aIdx = Array.isArray(a) && a[0] === '[]'
+  const bIdx = Array.isArray(b) && b[0] === '[]'
+  let indexed, lit
+  if (bIdx && leftLit != null) { indexed = b; lit = leftLit }
+  else if (aIdx && rightLit != null) { indexed = a; lit = rightLit }
+  else return null
+
+  if (lit.length === 0) return null
+  if ([...lit].some(c => c.charCodeAt(0) > 0x7F)) return null
+
+  const [, obj, key] = indexed
+  const idxIR = intIndexIR(key)
+  if (idxIR == null) return null
+
+  const vt = typeof obj === 'string' ? lookupValType(obj) : valTypeOf(obj)
+  if (vt && vt !== VAL.STRING) return null
+
+  const finish = expr => negate ? ['i32.eqz', expr] : expr
+
+  // Known STRING: s[i] always returns 1-char SSO. Multi-char literal → always false.
+  if (vt === VAL.STRING && lit.length > 1) return emitNum(negate ? 1 : 0)
+
+  // Single-char literal: compare byte directly, skipping __str_idx allocation.
+  if (lit.length !== 1 || !ctx.core.stdlib['__char_at'] || !ctx.core.stdlib['__str_byteLen']) return null
+
+  // Stash the index in a local when it isn't a constant — bounds + load both reference it.
+  const isConstIdx = Array.isArray(idxIR) && idxIR[0] === 'i32.const'
+  let idxRefIR = idxIR, idxBindIR = null
+  if (!isConstIdx) {
+    const idxTmp = tempI32('si')
+    idxBindIR = ['local.set', `$${idxTmp}`, idxIR]
+    idxRefIR = ['local.get', `$${idxTmp}`]
+  }
+
+  const ptr = temp('sc')
+  inc('__str_byteLen', '__char_at')
+  const charEq = ['if', ['result', 'i32'],
+    ['i32.gt_u', ['call', '$__str_byteLen', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${ptr}`]]], idxRefIR],
+    ['then', ['i32.eq', ['call', '$__char_at', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${ptr}`]], idxRefIR], ['i32.const', lit.charCodeAt(0)]]],
+    ['else', ['i32.const', 0]]]
+
+  const prelude = idxBindIR ? [['local.set', `$${ptr}`, asF64(emit(obj))], idxBindIR] : [['local.set', `$${ptr}`, asF64(emit(obj))]]
+
+  if (vt === VAL.STRING) {
+    return typed(['block', ['result', 'i32'], ...prelude, finish(charEq)], 'i32')
+  }
+
+  inc('__ptr_type', '__typed_idx', '__eq')
+  const genericEq = ['call', '$__eq',
+    ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['call', '$__typed_idx', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${ptr}`]], idxRefIR]],
+    asI64(emit(['str', lit]))]
+  const cmp = ['if', ['result', 'i32'],
+    ptrTypeEq(['local.get', `$${ptr}`], PTR.STRING),
+    ['then', charEq],
+    ['else', genericEq]]
+  return typed(['block', ['result', 'i32'], ...prelude, finish(cmp)], 'i32')
+}
+
+// `<str>.{substr,substring,slice}(...) === <other>` whose substring is consumed
+// only by the equality: materialising it (an __alloc + byte copy) is pure waste.
+// Fuse to __str_{substring,slice}_eq, which clamp the range like the method then
+// byte-compare it against `other` in place. Sibling to emitSingleCharIndexCmp,
+// tried at the same `==`/`!=` sites. Motivating hot path: the parser keyword
+// scan, `cur.substr(i,l) === keyword`.
+function emitSubstringEqCmp(a, b, negate = false) {
+  // Post-prepare a multi-arg call keeps its args as one comma list; a single
+  // arg sits bare. Normalise either (and a flat tail, defensively) to a list.
+  const callInfo = node => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== '()') return null
+    const callee = node[1]
+    if (!Array.isArray(callee) || callee[0] !== '.') return null
+    const method = callee[2]
+    if (method !== 'substr' && method !== 'substring' && method !== 'slice') return null
+    let args = node.slice(2)
+    if (args.length === 1 && Array.isArray(args[0]) && args[0][0] === ',') args = args[0].slice(1)
+    while (args.length && args[args.length - 1] == null) args = args.slice(0, -1)
+    return { recv: callee[1], method, args }
+  }
+
+  let info = callInfo(a), other = b, callIsLeft = true
+  if (!info) { info = callInfo(b); other = a; callIsLeft = false }
+  if (!info) return null
+  const { recv, method, args } = info
+  if (args.length > 2) return null
+  if (!ctx.core.stdlib['__char_at'] || !ctx.core.stdlib['__str_byteLen']) return null
+
+  // The receiver must be a string. `substr`/`substring` name string-only methods,
+  // so an unknown receiver is safe — the normal `.substr`/`.substring` emitter
+  // assumes a string too. `slice` is also Array.prototype.slice — require a
+  // statically-known STRING there. A known non-string receiver bails always.
+  const vt = resolveValType(recv, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+  if (vt && vt !== VAL.STRING) return null
+  if (method === 'slice' && vt !== VAL.STRING) return null
+
+  const helper = method === 'slice' ? '__str_slice_eq' : '__str_substring_eq'
+  inc(helper)
+
+  // Absent end → byteLen: pass i32 max — every clamp arm floors it to the length.
+  const TO_END = ['i32.const', 0x7FFFFFFF]
+  let startIR, endIR
+  if (method === 'substr' && args[1] != null) {
+    // substr's 2nd arg is a length: end = start + length, so start reads twice.
+    const s = tempI32('subS')
+    startIR = ['local.tee', `$${s}`, args[0] == null ? ['i32.const', 0] : asI32(emit(args[0]))]
+    endIR = ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${s}`], asI32(emit(args[1]))]
+  } else {
+    startIR = args[0] == null ? ['i32.const', 0] : asI32(emit(args[0]))
+    endIR = args[1] == null ? TO_END : asI32(emit(args[1]))
+  }
+
+  const finish = expr => negate ? ['i32.eqz', expr] : expr
+
+  if (callIsLeft)
+    return typed(finish(['call', `$${helper}`, asI64(emit(recv)), startIR, endIR, asI64(emit(other))]), 'i32')
+
+  // `other` is the source-left operand — evaluate it first to preserve order.
+  const o = temp('subO')
+  return typed(['block', ['result', 'i32'],
+    ['local.set', `$${o}`, asF64(emit(other))],
+    finish(['call', `$${helper}`, asI64(emit(recv)), startIR, endIR,
+      ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]]])], 'i32')
+}
+
+// Flow-sensitive type refinement moved to ./flow-types.js (extractRefinements,
+// predicateRefinement, mergeRefinement, withRefinements). emit.js imports them
+// from there — see the import block at the top of this file.
+
+function unrollSmallConstFor(init, cond, step, body) {
+  const end = smallConstForTripCount(init, cond, step)
+  if (end == null) return null
+  const name = init[1][1]
+  if (containsNestedLoop(body)) {
+    const nestedMode = ctx.transform.optimize?.nestedSmallConstForUnroll
+    if (nestedMode !== true && (nestedMode !== 'auto' || !containsKnownTypedArrayIndex(body))) return null
+    if (end * nestedSmallLoopBudget(body) > MAX_NESTED_FOR_UNROLL) return null
+  }
+  if (hasOwnBreakOrContinue(body) || containsNestedClosure(body) || containsDeclOf(body, name)) return null
+  if (isReassigned(body, name)) return null
+
+  const out = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < end; i++) out.push(...emitVoid(cloneWithSubst(body, name, i)))
+  return out
+}
+
+function canThrow(body, seen = new Set()) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(body)) return false
+  const op = body[0]
+  if (op === 'throw') return true
+  if (op === '=>') return false
+  if (op === '()') {
+    const callee = body[1]
+    // A call can throw unless we can see the whole callee and prove it can't:
+    // only direct calls into a resolvable, non-raw function body are traceable.
+    // Indirect/method/builtin calls (callee not a plain name, or a name we can't
+    // resolve) are conservatively throwing — a user `try` must wrap them.
+    if (typeof callee !== 'string') return true
+    const bodyName = ctx.func.directClosures?.get(callee)
+    const f = ctx.func.map?.get(bodyName || callee)
+    if (!f?.body || f.raw) return true
+    if (!seen.has(f.name)) {
+      seen.add(f.name)
+      if (canThrow(f.body, seen)) return true
+    }
+  }
+  for (let i = 1; i < body.length; i++) if (canThrow(body[i], seen)) return true
+  return false
+}
+
+// Loop-bound hoisting (see the 'for' emitter): comparison ops whose invariant side
+// is worth lifting, and the test for an immutable, loop-stable `arr.length`. A typed
+// array's length is fixed, so it is loop-invariant whenever `arr` is not reassigned.
+// A plain array's length CAN change (push/pop/index-grow/length=), so it is hoistable
+// only when the loop body provably never mutates it — `mutatesArrayLength` decides that.
+const HOIST_CMP = new Set(['<', '<=', '>', '>='])
+const immutableLenBound = (node, body) => {
+  // Unwrap the `| 0` i32 coercion jz wraps a loop bound in (`i < arr.length`
+  // emits `i < (arr.length | 0)`).
+  if (Array.isArray(node) && node[0] === '|' && Array.isArray(node[2]) && node[2][0] == null && node[2][1] === 0)
+    node = node[1]
+  if (!(Array.isArray(node) && node[0] === '.' && node[2] === 'length' && typeof node[1] === 'string')) return false
+  const vt = lookupValType(node[1])
+  if (vt === VAL.TYPED) return !isReassigned(body, node[1])
+  if (vt === VAL.ARRAY) return !mutatesArrayLength(body, node[1])
+  return false
+}
+
+// Pull `const x = <array/object literal>` decls out of a loop body when the literal is
+// deeply constant and `x` is provably read-only + non-escaping in the loop (so a single
+// shared allocation is sound) — otherwise the constant table is re-allocated every
+// iteration. Returns { hoisted: [decl…], body: strippedBody } or null. Only top-level
+// statements of the loop body are considered.
+const extractHoistableLiterals = (body) => {
+  let stmts, rebuild
+  if (Array.isArray(body) && body[0] === '{}' && Array.isArray(body[1]) && body[1][0] === ';') {
+    stmts = body[1].slice(1); rebuild = kept => ['{}', [';', ...kept]]
+  } else if (Array.isArray(body) && body[0] === ';') {
+    stmts = body.slice(1); rebuild = kept => kept.length === 1 ? kept[0] : [';', ...kept]
+  } else return null
+  const hoisted = [], kept = []
+  for (const s of stmts) {
+    const lit = Array.isArray(s) && (s[0] === 'const' || s[0] === 'let') && s.length === 2
+      && Array.isArray(s[1]) && s[1][0] === '=' && typeof s[1][1] === 'string' ? s[1][2] : null
+    if (lit && Array.isArray(lit) && lit[0] === '[' && isConstLiteral(lit) && constLiteralHoistable(body, s[1][1]))
+      hoisted.push(s)
+    else kept.push(s)
+  }
+  return hoisted.length ? { hoisted, body: rebuild(kept) } : null
+}
+
+// A source-defined function (carries a body) — as opposed to an imported name,
+// which `ctx.func.names` also holds but which has no body and may legitimately
+// share a name with a built-in emitter (e.g. an imported `parseInt`).
+const isUserFunc = name => !!ctx.func.map.get(name)?.body
+
+/** Emit pending `finally` cleanups for an abrupt control-flow exit.
+ *  Inner cleanups run before outer cleanups. While emitting each cleanup, remove
+ *  it from the active stack so `return` inside `finally` does not re-enter it. */
+function emitFinalizers() {
+  const stack = ctx.func.finallyStack || []
+  if (stack.length === 0) return []
+  const saved = stack.slice()
+  const out = []
+  for (let i = saved.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    ctx.func.finallyStack = saved.slice(0, i)
+    out.push(...emitVoid(saved[i]))
+  }
+  ctx.func.finallyStack = saved
+  return out
+}
+
+function withFinallyStack(stack, fn) {
+  const prev = ctx.func.finallyStack || []
+  ctx.func.finallyStack = stack
+  try { return fn() }
+  finally { ctx.func.finallyStack = prev }
+}
+
+// withRefinements moved to ./flow-types.js
+
+/** Coerce an AST node to an i32 boolean, folding && / || at the boolean boundary. */
+export function toBool(node) {
+  const op = Array.isArray(node) ? node[0] : null
+  if (CMP_SET.has(op)) return emit(node)
+  if (op === '&&') {
+    const la = toBool(node[1]), lb = toBool(node[2])
+    if (isCmp(node[1]) && isCmp(node[2])) return typed(['i32.and', la, lb], 'i32')
+    return typed(['if', ['result', 'i32'], la, ['then', lb], ['else', ['i32.const', 0]]], 'i32')
+  }
+  if (op === '||') {
+    const la = toBool(node[1]), lb = toBool(node[2])
+    if (isCmp(node[1]) && isCmp(node[2])) return typed(['i32.or', la, lb], 'i32')
+    return typed(['if', ['result', 'i32'], la, ['then', ['i32.const', 1]], ['else', lb]], 'i32')
+  }
+  return toBoolFromEmitted(emit(node))
+}
+
+/** Coerce an emitted arg IR to match a callee param. Param may carry ptrKind (pointer-ABI
+ *  i32 offset), else falls back to numeric WASM type coercion. */
+function coerceArg(ir, param) {
+  if (param?.ptrKind != null) return ptrOffsetIR(ir, param.ptrKind)
+  return asParamType(ir, param?.type)
+}
+
+/** Pad an emitted-args array up to a signature's arity with type-appropriate
+ *  defaults (`i32.const 0` for i32 params, `undefExpr()` for f64). Mutates and
+ *  returns `args` for chaining. */
+function padArgs(args, params) {
+  while (args.length < params.length)
+    args.push(params[args.length].type === 'i32' ? typed(['i32.const', 0], 'i32') : undefExpr())
+  return args
+}
+
+/** Emit a node list as call arguments for the given param list: per-param
+ *  coercion then arity padding. Used at every direct-call site. */
+function emitCallArgs(argNodes, params) {
+  return padArgs(argNodes.map((a, k) => coerceArg(emit(a), params[k])), params)
+}
+
+/** Stamp a `call` IR with the pointer-ABI / sign metadata its signature carries.
+ *  Returns `callIR` for chaining. Centralizes the three-property copy every
+ *  direct-call emission did inline. */
+function attachSigMeta(callIR, sig) {
+  if (sig?.ptrKind != null) callIR.ptrKind = sig.ptrKind
+  if (sig?.ptrAux != null) callIR.ptrAux = sig.ptrAux
+  if (sig?.unsignedResult) callIR.unsigned = true
+  return callIR
+}
+
+/**
+ * Materialize a multi-value function call as a heap array.
+ * Call → store each result in temp → copy to allocated array → return pointer.
+ */
+export function materializeMulti(callNode) {
+  const name = callNode[1]
+  const func = ctx.func.map.get(name)
+  const n = func.sig.results.length
+  const argList = commaList(callNode[2])
+  const emittedArgs = emitCallArgs(argList, func.sig.params)
+  const temps = Array.from({ length: n }, () => temp())
+  const out = allocPtr({ type: 1, len: n, tag: 'marr' })
+  const ir = [out.init, ['call', `$${name}`, ...emittedArgs]]
+  for (let k = n - 1; k >= 0; k--) ir.push(['local.set', `$${temps[k]}`])
+  for (let k = 0; k < n; k++)
+    ir.push(['f64.store', ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${out.local}`], ['i32.const', k * 8]], ['local.get', `$${temps[k]}`]])
+  ir.push(out.ptr)
+  return block64(...ir)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fresh per-iteration heap cells for boxed (closure-captured) locals declared
+ * in a loop body. ECMAScript establishes the per-iteration environment at the
+ * START of each iteration, so the cell must exist before ANY body statement —
+ * including a closure declared *before* the binding (mutual recursion, or a
+ * `function` decl jzify hoists above its captures). Allocating at the decl point
+ * instead would let an earlier closure capture the previous iteration's (stale)
+ * cell while the binding reads/writes the freshly-allocated one. `emitDecl` then
+ * stores the initializer into this cell rather than re-allocating (see
+ * `frame.loopFresh`). Returns the alloc IR to splice at loop-body entry.
+ */
+export function emitLoopFreshBoxed(body, frame) {
+  if (!ctx.func.boxed?.size) return []
+  const names = new Set()
+  ;(function scan(node) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
+    if (op === '=>' || op === 'for' || op === 'for-of' || op === 'for-in' || op === 'while' || op === 'do') return
+    if (op === 'let' || op === 'const') {
+      for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+        const d = node[i]
+        const nm = Array.isArray(d) && d[0] === '=' ? d[1] : d
+        if (typeof nm === 'string' && ctx.func.boxed.has(nm)) names.add(nm)
+      }
+    }
+    for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) scan(node[i])
+  })(body)
+  if (!names.size) return []
+  frame.loopFresh = names
+  const inits = []
+  for (const name of names) {
+    const cell = ctx.func.boxed.get(name)
+    ctx.func.locals.set(cell, 'i32')
+    inits.push(
+      ['local.set', `$${cell}`, ['call', '$__alloc', ['i32.const', 8]]],
+      ['f64.store', ['local.get', `$${cell}`], undefExpr()])
+  }
+  return inits
+}
+
+/** Emit let/const initializations as typed local.set instructions. */
+export function emitDecl(...inits) {
+  const result = []
+  // A `let`/`const` declared inside a loop creates a *fresh* binding each
+  // iteration (ECMAScript per-iteration environment). Boxed (closure-captured)
+  // locals therefore need a fresh heap cell per iteration — but the cell is
+  // allocated at loop-body entry by `emitLoopFreshBoxed` (so a closure declared
+  // before the binding captures the right cell), recorded in `frame.loopFresh`.
+  // Here we only re-allocate when the loop body did NOT pre-allocate it; a
+  // function-level declaration keeps its preboxed cell (forward/mutual-recursion
+  // capture relies on it pre-existing).
+  const inLoop = ctx.func.stack.some(f => f.loop)
+  const loopPrebox = (name) => ctx.func.stack.some(f => f.loopFresh?.has(name))
+  for (let ii = 0; ii < inits.length; ii++) {
+    const i = inits[ii]
+    if (typeof i === 'string') {
+      const undef = undefExpr()
+      if (ctx.func.boxed.has(i)) {
+        const cell = ctx.func.boxed.get(i)
+        ctx.func.locals.set(cell, 'i32')
+        if (inLoop ? !loopPrebox(i) : !ctx.func.preboxed?.has(i))
+          result.push(['local.set', `$${cell}`, ['call', '$__alloc', ['i32.const', 8]]])
+        result.push(['f64.store', ['local.get', `$${cell}`], undef])
+        continue
+      }
+      if (isGlobal(i)) {
+        if (!ctx.scope.globalTypes.has(i)) result.push(['global.set', `$${i}`, undef])
+        continue
+      }
+      // An i32-typed local (a narrowed integer index feeder) can't hold the f64
+      // NaN-box undef sentinel — and wasm zero-inits locals anyway, so a 0 init is
+      // equivalent for the assigned-before-read pattern that earns i32.
+      result.push(['local.set', `$${i}`, ctx.func.locals.get(i) === 'i32' ? ['i32.const', 0] : undef])
+      continue
+    }
+    if (!Array.isArray(i) || i[0] !== '=') continue
+    const [, name, init] = i
+    if (typeof name !== 'string' || init == null) continue
+    // Flag bindings initialized to a nullish literal so arithmetic on them coerces (null→0,
+    // undefined→NaN) rather than propagating the raw sentinel. See toNumF64 / maybeNullish.
+    if (isNullishLit(init)) ctx.func.maybeNullish?.add(name)
+
+    // SRoA flat object: `let o = {a:1, b:2}` — dissolve fields into `o#i`
+    // locals, no heap alloc. Each field local ← asF64(value). Reads/writes are
+    // rewritten by the `.`/`[]` flat hooks. See scanFlatObjects (analyze.js).
+    // Monotonic-extension fields (`o.newProp = …`) carry no literal value —
+    // they init to undefined so a read before the write matches JS.
+    const flatDecl = ctx.func.flatObjects?.get(name)
+    if (flatDecl && Array.isArray(init) && init[0] === '{}') {
+      for (let j = 0; j < flatDecl.names.length; j++)
+        result.push(['local.set', `$${name}#${j}`,
+          flatDecl.values[j] === undefined ? undefExpr() : asF64(emit(flatDecl.values[j]))])
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Multi-value ephemeral destructuring — skip heap alloc when temp is
+    // assigned from a multi-value call then immediately destructured element-by-element.
+    if (name.startsWith(T) && Array.isArray(init) && init[0] === '()' && typeof init[1] === 'string'
+      && ctx.func.names?.has(init[1])) {
+      const func = ctx.func.map.get(init[1])
+      const n = func?.sig.results.length
+      if (n > 1) {
+        const targets = []
+        let match = true
+        for (let k = 0; k < n && match; k++) {
+          const next = inits[ii + 1 + k]
+          if (!Array.isArray(next) || next[0] !== '=' || typeof next[1] !== 'string') { match = false; break }
+          const rhs = next[2]
+          if (!Array.isArray(rhs) || rhs[0] !== '[]' || rhs[1] !== name) { match = false; break }
+          const idx = rhs[2]
+          if (!Array.isArray(idx) || idx[0] != null || idx[1] !== k) { match = false; break }
+          if (ctx.func.boxed.has(next[1]) || isGlobal(next[1])) { match = false; break }
+          targets.push(next[1])
+        }
+        if (match && targets.length === n) {
+          const argList = commaList(init[2])
+          const emittedArgs = emitCallArgs(argList, func.sig.params)
+          result.push(['call', `$${init[1]}`, ...emittedArgs])
+          for (let k = n - 1; k >= 0; k--)
+            result.push(['local.set', `$${targets[k]}`])
+          ii += n
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // No-copy slice view: `let t = s.slice(...)` whose result scanSliceViews
+    // proved never escapes — lower the initializer to a SLICE_BIT view instead
+    // of a copying slice. Everything downstream treats `t` as an ordinary
+    // string. Gated here (not in the analysis) on a statically-known STRING
+    // receiver — param types are settled only by emit time — and on plain-local
+    // carriers (boxed/global escape); any miss falls back to the copying slice.
+    let viewInit = null
+    if (ctx.func.sliceViews?.has(name) && !ctx.func.boxed.has(name) && !isGlobal(name)
+        && Array.isArray(init) && init[0] === '()'
+        && Array.isArray(init[1]) && init[1][0] === '.' && init[1][2] === 'slice') {
+      const recv = init[1][1]
+      const recvVt = valTypeOf(recv)
+      if (recvVt === VAL.STRING) {
+        const raw = init[2]
+        const sa = raw == null ? [] : Array.isArray(raw) && raw[0] === ',' ? raw.slice(1) : [raw]
+        viewInit = ctx.core.emit['.string:slice#view'](recv, sa[0], sa[1])
+      }
+    }
+
+    const isObjLit = Array.isArray(init) && init[0] === '{}'
+    if (isObjLit) ctx.schema.targetStack.push({ name, active: true })
+    const val = viewInit || emit(init)
+    if (isObjLit) ctx.schema.targetStack.pop()
+    // Direct-call dispatch for const-bound, non-escaping local closures: skip call_indirect.
+    // Gate: not boxed (no mutable cross-fn capture), not global, not reassigned in this body.
+    // isReassigned is conservative across nested arrow shadows — we miss the optimization
+    // rather than emit a wrong direct call.
+    if (Array.isArray(init) && init[0] === '=>' && val?.closureBodyName && !ctx.func.boxed.has(name) && !isGlobal(name)
+        && ctx.func.body && !isReassigned(ctx.func.body, name)) {
+      if (!ctx.func.directClosures) ctx.func.directClosures = new Map()
+      ctx.func.directClosures.set(name, val.closureBodyName)
+    }
+    if (ctx.func.boxed.has(name)) {
+      const cell = ctx.func.boxed.get(name)
+      ctx.func.locals.set(cell, 'i32')
+      if (inLoop ? !loopPrebox(name) : !ctx.func.preboxed?.has(name))
+        result.push(['local.set', `$${cell}`, ['call', '$__alloc', ['i32.const', 8]]])
+      // i32-narrowed cell stores the raw i32 (see readVar/writeVar). The undef
+      // pre-store stays f64: its NaN atom's low word is 0, which is exactly the
+      // plain-local default an i32 read of an uninitialized cell must see.
+      result.push(ctx.func.cellTypes?.has(name)
+        ? ['i32.store', ['local.get', `$${cell}`], asI32(val)]
+        : ['f64.store', ['local.get', `$${cell}`], asF64(val)])
+      continue
+    }
+    if (isGlobal(name)) {
+      // Unboxed pointer const globals carry the raw i32 offset; init coerces via asPtrOffset.
+      // Only an i32-STORED global is a raw pointer carrier — an f64 global holds a
+      // NaN-boxed value, so coercing its init to an i32 offset (asPtrOffset → i32.wrap)
+      // would store i32 into an f64 global (invalid wasm). Mirror readVar's storage gate.
+      const grep = repOfGlobal(name)
+      if ((ctx.scope.globalTypes.get(name) || 'f64') === 'i32' && grep?.ptrKind != null) {
+        result.push(['global.set', `$${name}`, asPtrOffset(val, grep.ptrKind)])
+        continue
+      }
+      // Pre-folded numeric const globals have their init baked into an *immutable* decl
+      // (`(global $x i32 (i32.const V))`) — skip the runtime init (global.set on an
+      // immutable global is invalid anyway). But a const typed only by integer-global
+      // inference (or a mutable global narrowed to i32) keeps the declareGlobal-default
+      // `(mut … (i32.const 0))` decl, so its real — possibly non-foldable — initializer
+      // must still run (e.g. `const V = NULLISH + 1` where NULLISH is a cross-module /
+      // dynamic const: V is i32-typed but unfolded, and without this it stays 0).
+      if (ctx.scope.globalTypes.has(name)) {
+        if (ctx.scope.consts?.has(name) && !ctx.scope.globals.get(name)?.mut) continue
+        const gt = ctx.scope.globalTypes.get(name)
+        result.push(['global.set', `$${name}`, gt === 'i32' ? asI32(val) : asF64(val)])
+        continue
+      }
+      result.push(['global.set', `$${name}`, asF64(val)])
+      continue
+    }
+    const localType = ctx.func.locals.get(name) || 'f64'
+    let ptrKind = repOf(name)?.ptrKind
+    // Emit-time rep mutation (lifecycle: analysis → emit transition).
+    // Inherit ptrKind from a pointer-ABI RHS: destructure temps (`__d0 = v`) and other
+    // fresh let-bindings whose init is already an unboxed pointer. Without this, readVar
+    // returns an untyped i32 local.get and later `asF64` emits a numeric convert instead
+    // of a ptr-rebox. Safe because emitDecl runs once per let/const binding — no prior
+    // emit-time read could have observed the unset rep.
+    if (ptrKind == null && val.ptrKind != null && localType === 'i32' && !ctx.func.boxed?.has(name)) {
+      updateRep(name, { ptrKind: val.ptrKind })
+      ptrKind = val.ptrKind
+      if (val.ptrAux != null) {
+        updateRep(name, { ptrAux: val.ptrAux })
+        // OBJECT-only: aux *is* the schemaId; mirror to ctx.schema.vars + rep.schemaId so
+        // .prop slot resolution sees a precise binding. TYPED/CLOSURE aux carries other
+        // semantics (elem code / funcIdx) and must not leak into schema lookups.
+        // Poisoned names (shape-disagreeing assignments) must stay schema-free.
+        if (val.ptrKind === VAL.OBJECT && !ctx.schema.vars?.has(name) && !ctx.schema.poisoned?.has(name)) {
+          ctx.schema.vars.set(name, val.ptrAux)
+          updateRep(name, { schemaId: val.ptrAux })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    let coerced
+    if (ptrKind != null) {
+      // Unboxed pointer local — extract i32 offset from NaN-boxed f64 via reinterpret, not numeric trunc.
+      // CLOSURE init carries funcIdx in val.closureFuncIdx; persist it on the rep so a later
+      // asF64 (escape: store, return, indirect-call rebox) reconstructs the correct table slot.
+      // Emit-time mutation — analyzeValTypes never sees closureFuncIdx.
+      if (ptrKind === VAL.CLOSURE && val.closureFuncIdx != null && repOf(name)?.ptrAux == null)
+        updateRep(name, { ptrAux: val.closureFuncIdx })
+      coerced = val.ptrKind === ptrKind ? val
+        : typed(['i32.wrap_i64', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(val)]], 'i32')
+    } else {
+      coerced = localType === 'v128' ? val : localType === 'f64' ? asF64(val) : val.type === 'i32' ? val : toI32(val)
+    }
+    if (!(isLit(coerced) && coerced[1] === 0 && !Object.is(coerced[1], -0) && !ctx.func.stack.length))
+      result.push(['local.set', `$${name}`, coerced])
+
+    const schemaId = ctx.schema.idOf?.(name)
+    if (ctx.func.localProps?.has(name) && schemaId != null) {
+      const schema = ctx.schema.resolve(name)
+      if (schema?.[0] === '__inner__') {
+        inc('__alloc_hdr', '__mkptr')
+        const bt = `${T}bx${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+        ctx.func.locals.set(bt, 'i32')
+        const innerName = `${name}${T}inner`
+        ctx.func.locals.set(innerName, 'f64')
+        result.push(
+          ['local.set', `$${innerName}`, ['local.get', `$${name}`]],
+          ['local.set', `$${bt}`, ['call', '$__alloc_hdr', ['i32.const', 0], ['i32.const', Math.max(1, schema.length)]]],
+          ['f64.store', ['local.get', `$${bt}`], ['local.get', `$${name}`]],
+          ...schema.slice(1).map((_, j) =>
+            ['f64.store', ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${bt}`], ['i32.const', (j + 1) * 8]], ['f64.const', 0]]),
+          ['local.set', `$${name}`, mkPtrIR(PTR.OBJECT, schemaId, ['local.get', `$${bt}`])])
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return result.length === 0 ? null : result.length === 1 ? result[0] : result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copy a spread source's elements into a destination array.
+ *
+ * `dest` is the destination data-base i32 local; `posLocal` the element index to
+ * start writing at — advanced by the source length on exit. An ARRAY source is a
+ * contiguous block of f64 NaN-boxes, so it copies with a single `memory.copy`; a
+ * string/typed source needs a per-element decode. The source's *type* is
+ * loop-invariant — it cannot change while the spread runs — so when it is not
+ * statically known it is resolved exactly once (one `__ptr_type`) and branched,
+ * never re-checked per element. Returns a list of IR instructions.
+ */
+function emitSpreadCopy(dest, posLocal, srcLocal, srcLenLocal, staticVT) {
+  const srcI64 = () => ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${srcLocal}`]]
+  const destAddr = idx => ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${dest}`], ['i32.shl', idx, ['i32.const', 3]]]
+  const arrCopy = () => (inc('__ptr_offset'),
+    ['memory.copy', destAddr(['local.get', `$${posLocal}`]),
+      ['call', '$__ptr_offset', srcI64()],
+      ['i32.shl', ['local.get', `$${srcLenLocal}`], ['i32.const', 3]]])
+  const scalarLoop = () => {
+    const sidx = `${T}sidx${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+    ctx.func.locals.set(sidx, 'i32')
+    const loopId = ctx.func.uniq++
+    const elem = ctx.module.modules['string']
+      ? ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+          ['i32.eq', ['call', '$__ptr_type', srcI64()], ['i32.const', PTR.STRING]],
+          ['then', (inc('__str_idx'), ['call', '$__str_idx', srcI64(), ['local.get', `$${sidx}`]])],
+          ['else', (inc('__typed_idx'), ['call', '$__typed_idx', srcI64(), ['local.get', `$${sidx}`]])]]
+      : (inc('__typed_idx'), ['call', '$__typed_idx', srcI64(), ['local.get', `$${sidx}`]])
+    // Reset the counter on each entry — WASM zeroes locals once at function
+    // entry, but this loop re-executes when the spread sits inside a JS loop;
+    // a stale `sidx` (= prior srcLen) would skip the copy entirely.
+    return ['block', `$break${loopId}`,
+      ['local.set', `$${sidx}`, ['i32.const', 0]],
+      ['loop', `$loop${loopId}`,
+        ['br_if', `$break${loopId}`, ['i32.ge_s', ['local.get', `$${sidx}`], ['local.get', `$${srcLenLocal}`]]],
+        ['f64.store', destAddr(['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${posLocal}`], ['local.get', `$${sidx}`]]), elem],
+        ['local.set', `$${sidx}`, ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${sidx}`], ['i32.const', 1]]],
+        ['br', `$loop${loopId}`]]]
+  }
+  const advance = ['local.set', `$${posLocal}`,
+    ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${posLocal}`], ['local.get', `$${srcLenLocal}`]]]
+  if (staticVT === VAL.ARRAY) return [arrCopy(), advance]
+  if (staticVT === VAL.STRING || staticVT === VAL.TYPED) return [scalarLoop(), advance]
+  inc('__ptr_type')
+  const tt = tempI32(`${T}spt`)
+  return [
+    ['local.set', `$${tt}`, ['call', '$__ptr_type', srcI64()]],
+    dispatchByPtrType(tt, [[PTR.ARRAY, arrCopy()]], scalarLoop(), null),
+    advance,
+  ]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build an array from items, handling ['__spread', expr] markers.
+ * Split into sections (normal arrays and spreads), then copy all into result.
+ */
+export function buildArrayWithSpreads(items) {
+  const spreads = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+    if (Array.isArray(items[i]) && items[i][0] === '__spread') {
+      spreads.push({ pos: i, expr: items[i][1] })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (spreads.length === 0) {
+    return emit(['[', ...items])
+  }
+
+  const sections = []
+  let currentArray = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+    if (Array.isArray(items[i]) && items[i][0] === '__spread') {
+      if (currentArray.length > 0) {
+        sections.push({ type: 'array', items: currentArray })
+        currentArray = []
+      }
+      sections.push({ type: 'spread', expr: items[i][1] })
+    } else {
+      currentArray.push(items[i])
+    }
+  }
+  if (currentArray.length > 0) {
+    sections.push({ type: 'array', items: currentArray })
+  }
+
+  // A single all-normal section is a plain literal — defer to the `[` emitter.
+  // A single *spread* section is NOT shortcut to `emit(sec.expr)`: that would
+  // alias the source, but `[...x]` must yield a fresh array. It falls through
+  // to the alloc + emitSpreadCopy path below, which copies.
+  if (sections.length === 1 && sections[0].type === 'array') {
+    return emit(['[', ...sections[0].items])
+  }
+
+  const len = tempI32('len')
+  const pos = tempI32('pos')
+  const out = allocPtr({ type: 1, len: ['local.get', `$${len}`], tag: 'arr' })
+  const result = out.local
+
+  const ir = []
+  inc('__len')
+
+  // Pass 1 — evaluate every section IN SOURCE ORDER into temps. JS spread keeps
+  // strict left-to-right order: a later spread whose source mutates an earlier
+  // element's input must still observe the pre-mutation value. Array items
+  // become per-item f64 temps; spreads become a ptr temp + a cached __len.
+  for (const sec of sections) {
+    if (sec.type === 'array') {
+      sec.itemLocals = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < sec.items.length; i++) {
+        const it = `${T}ai${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+        ctx.func.locals.set(it, 'f64')
+        sec.itemLocals.push(it)
+        ir.push(['local.set', `$${it}`, asF64(emit(sec.items[i]))])
+      }
+    } else {
+      sec.local = `${T}sp${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+      ctx.func.locals.set(sec.local, 'f64')
+      sec.lenLocal = `${T}spl${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+      ctx.func.locals.set(sec.lenLocal, 'i32')
+      const n = multiCount(sec.expr)
+      // Normalize a (non-multi) spread source to an index-iterable: Set→keys /
+      // Map→[k,v] arrays, others pass through. Only when `collection` is loaded —
+      // otherwise no Set/Map can exist and the source is already index-iterable.
+      const srcExpr = !n && ctx.module.modules.collection ? ['()', '__iter_arr', sec.expr] : sec.expr
+      // A materialized multi-value is not a statically-typed pointer — let
+      // emitSpreadCopy resolve its kind at runtime via its one-time __ptr_type branch.
+      sec.val = n ? undefined : valTypeOf(srcExpr)
+      ir.push(['local.set', `$${sec.local}`, n ? materializeMulti(sec.expr) : asF64(emit(srcExpr))])
+      // Cache __len once per spread; reused below for total-len sum and the copy.
+      ir.push(['local.set', `$${sec.lenLocal}`, ['call', '$__len', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${sec.local}`]]]])
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Pass 2 — total length (array sections statically sized, spreads cached above).
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${len}`, ['i32.const', 0]])
+  for (const sec of sections) {
+    if (sec.type === 'array') {
+      ir.push(['local.set', `$${len}`, ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${len}`], ['i32.const', sec.items.length]]])
+    } else {
+      ir.push(['local.set', `$${len}`, ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${len}`], ['local.get', `$${sec.lenLocal}`]]])
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Pass 3 — allocate exact, then store the pre-evaluated temps.
+  ir.push(out.init, ['local.set', `$${pos}`, ['i32.const', 0]])
+  for (const sec of sections) {
+    if (sec.type === 'array') {
+      for (const it of sec.itemLocals) {
+        ir.push(
+          ['f64.store',
+            ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${result}`], ['i32.shl', ['local.get', `$${pos}`], ['i32.const', 3]]],
+            ['local.get', `$${it}`]],
+          ['local.set', `$${pos}`, ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${pos}`], ['i32.const', 1]]]
+        )
+      }
+    } else {
+      ir.push(...emitSpreadCopy(result, pos, sec.local, sec.lenLocal, sec.val))
+    }
+  }
+
+  ir.push(out.ptr)
+  return block64(...ir)
+}
+
+/** Emit node in void context: emit + drop any value. Block bodies route through emitBlockBody. */
+export function emitVoid(node) {
+  if (isBlockBody(node)) return emitBlockBody(node)
+  const ir = emit(node, 'void')
+  const items = flat(ir)
+  if (ir?.type && ir.type !== 'void') items.push('drop')
+  return items
+}
+
+/** Emit block body as flat list of WASM instructions. Unwraps {} and delegates to emitVoid per statement.
+ *  Also drives early-return refinement: `if (!guard) return/throw` narrows `guard` for the
+ *  rest of the enclosing block. Refinements added here are rolled back on block exit. */
+export function emitBlockBody(node) {
+  const inner = node[1]
+  const stmts = Array.isArray(inner) && inner[0] === ';' ? inner.slice(1) : [inner]
+  const out = []
+  const accumulated = []
+  const prevValOverlay = ctx.func.localValTypesOverlay
+  ctx.func.localValTypesOverlay = new Map(prevValOverlay || [])
+  const setFlowVal = (name, vt) => {
+    if (!isBoundName(name)) return
+    if (vt) ctx.func.localValTypesOverlay.set(name, vt)
+    else ctx.func.localValTypesOverlay.delete(name)
+  }
+  const updateFlowVal = (stmt) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(stmt)) return
+    const op = stmt[0]
+    if (op === '=' && typeof stmt[1] === 'string') {
+      setFlowVal(stmt[1], valTypeOf(stmt[2]))
+      return
+    }
+    if (op === 'let' || op === 'const') {
+      for (let i = 1; i < stmt.length; i++) {
+        const d = stmt[i]
+        if (Array.isArray(d) && d[0] === '=' && typeof d[1] === 'string')
+          setFlowVal(d[1], valTypeOf(d[2]))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  try {
+    for (let i = 0; i < stmts.length; i++) {
+      const s = stmts[i]
+      if (s == null || typeof s === 'number') continue
+      out.push(...emitVoid(s))
+      updateFlowVal(s)
+      // After an `if (cond) terminator` (no else), narrow types from !cond for subsequent statements.
+      // Skip names that are reassigned later — refinement would be unsound past the assignment.
+      if (Array.isArray(s) && s[0] === 'if' && s[3] == null && isTerminator(s[2])) {
+        const refs = extractRefinements(s[1], new Map(), false)
+        for (const [name, fact] of refs) {
+          let reassigned = false
+          for (let j = i + 1; j < stmts.length; j++)
+            if (isReassigned(stmts[j], name)) { reassigned = true; break }
+          if (reassigned) continue
+          const cur = ctx.func.refinements.get(name)
+          accumulated.push([name, cur])
+          // Merge so sibling early-returns layering on the same name compose
+          // (e.g. `if (typeof x === 'string') return; if (Array.isArray(x)) return;`
+          // leaves both `notString: true` and would-be array exclusion stacked).
+          ctx.func.refinements.set(name, cur ? { ...cur, ...fact } : fact)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    ctx.func.localValTypesOverlay = prevValOverlay
+    // Restore prior refinements on block exit.
+    for (let i = accumulated.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const [name, prev] = accumulated[i]
+      if (prev === undefined) ctx.func.refinements.delete(name); else ctx.func.refinements.set(name, prev)
+    }
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+// A VAL.BOOL value can ride either the cheap 0/1 numeric carrier or, after it has
+// escaped into an object slot, a boxed boolean atom. `ToNumber(bool)` normalizes
+// both to 0/1, so for relational / loose-equality coercion a boolean behaves
+// identically to a number. Normalize it before the type-directed compare dispatch
+// (the BOOL fact still drives typeof / String / boundary boxing).
+const numericVal = vt => vt === VAL.BOOL ? VAL.NUMBER : vt
+
+// Primitive value-type classes for strict-equality type-mismatch folding. Two
+// operands of different known classes — when at least one is a primitive — can
+// never be `===` (number/boolean/string/bigint don't cross-coerce under `===`).
+// Two *reference* kinds (array vs object, …) fall through to the shared ref-eq
+// path instead, which already resolves distinct pointers to `false`.
+const STRICT_PRIM = new Set([VAL.NUMBER, VAL.BOOL, VAL.STRING, VAL.BIGINT])
+
+/**
+ * Strict `===`/`!==`. Unlike loose `==`, no coercion: a statically-known type
+ * mismatch folds to a constant (`true === 1` → false, `"1" === 1` → false). When
+ * the types match — or one side is statically unknown — the result is bit-for-bit
+ * identical to loose `==` on same-type operands, so we delegate to it.
+ *
+ * `null` and `undefined` are distinct NaN-boxed sentinels, so `===` tells them
+ * apart (`null === undefined` is false) even though loose `==` treats both nullish.
+ *
+ * One carrier-level limitation remains (documented gap, not a regression): booleans
+ * and numbers share the 0/1 carrier, so `1 === trueDynamic` can only be told apart
+ * when the boolean's type is statically known.
+ */
+// A binding the analyzer marked `nullable` (its init or some assignment was a
+// nullish literal) can hold null/undefined at runtime, so `x === null` / `x == null`
+// must NOT fold to a constant even when `val` is a definite non-null kind. Only bare
+// variable reads carry the flag; literals/fresh allocations are inherently non-null.
+const nullableOperand = (n) =>
+  typeof n === 'string' && !!(repOf(n)?.nullable || repOfGlobal(n)?.nullable)
+
+function emitLooseEq(a, b, negate) {
+  const eqOp = negate ? 'ne' : 'eq'
+  const sentinel = emitNum(negate ? 1 : 0)
+  const charCmp = emitSingleCharIndexCmp(a, b, negate); if (charCmp) return charCmp
+  const subCmp = emitSubstringEqCmp(a, b, negate); if (subCmp) return subCmp
+  // JS loose nullish equality: x == null / x == undefined.
+  // If the non-literal side has a known non-null VAL type, fold to the sentinel.
+  const nullishOf = (other) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(other) && !nullableOperand(other)) return sentinel
+    const chk = isNullish(asF64(emit(other)))
+    return negate ? typed(['i32.eqz', chk], 'i32') : chk
+  }
+  if (isNullishLit(a)) return nullishOf(b)
+  if (isNullishLit(b)) return nullishOf(a)
+  // typeof x == 'string' → compile-time type check (prepare rewrites string to type code)
+  const tc = emitTypeofCmp(a, b, eqOp); if (tc) return tc
+  const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b)
+  if (va.type === 'i32' && vb.type === 'i32') return typed([`i32.${eqOp}`, va, vb], 'i32')
+  // Either side known-pure NUMBER (literal or typed) → f64.eq/ne is correct regardless
+  // of the other side: jz's `==` is strict (prepare.js:868), and every NaN-boxed pointer
+  // reinterprets to a quiet NaN (0x7FF8… prefix) so f64.eq with any normal float is false.
+  // Catches `closureVar === 34` in jzified hot loops where the unknown side has no VAL.
+  const rawA = resolveValType(a, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+  const rawB = resolveValType(b, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+  const vta = numericVal(rawA)
+  const vtb = numericVal(rawB)
+  const numA = () => rawA === VAL.BOOL ? toNumF64(a, va) : asF64(va)
+  const numB = () => rawB === VAL.BOOL ? toNumF64(b, vb) : asF64(vb)
+  if (vta === VAL.NUMBER && needsToNumberCoercion(b, vtb)) return looseNumberEq(numA(), b, vb, negate)
+  if (vtb === VAL.NUMBER && needsToNumberCoercion(a, vta)) return looseNumberEq(numB(), a, va, negate)
+  if (vta === VAL.NUMBER || vtb === VAL.NUMBER) return typed([`f64.${eqOp}`, numA(), numB()], 'i32')
+  // Reference-equal pointer kinds (same kind, non-STRING, non-BIGINT): i64 bit equality.
+  // JS `==` on objects/arrays/sets/maps/etc. is pure reference equality — no content path.
+  // STRING needs __eq (heap strings can be equal by content but different pointers).
+  // BIGINT needs __eq (heap-allocated, content compare).
+  if (vta && vta === vtb && REF_EQ_KINDS.has(vta)) {
+    return typed([`i64.${eqOp}`, ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(va)], ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(vb)]], 'i32')
+  }
+  inc('__eq')
+  const call = typed(['call', '$__eq', asI64(va), asI64(vb)], 'i32')
+  return negate ? typed(['i32.eqz', call], 'i32') : call
+}
+
+function emitStrictEq(a, b, negate) {
+  // `typeof x === 'type'` (prepare rewrote the literal to a numeric code) — typeof
+  // always yields a string, so strict and loose agree; reuse the loose lowering.
+  const tc = emitTypeofCmp(a, b, negate ? 'ne' : 'eq'); if (tc) return tc
+  // Strict equality against a `null` or `undefined` literal must match ONLY that
+  // exact sentinel — `undefined === null` is false, unlike loose `==`. prepare
+  // normalizes both to the value-wrapper form `[, v]` (op==null) where the *strict*
+  // value of node[1] is the discriminator (=== null vs === undefined); the loose
+  // isNullLit/isUndefLit predicates use `== null` and can't tell them apart, so key
+  // off node[1] here — exactly as emit()'s literal value path does. A statically
+  // non-nullish operand (known VAL) is neither sentinel, so fold to a constant.
+  const sentinelOf = (n) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(n) || n[0] != null) return null
+    if (n.length < 2 || n[1] === undefined) return 'undef'
+    if (n[1] === null) return 'null'
+    return null  // numeric / string literal value — not a nullish sentinel
+  }
+  const strictSentinel = (other, undef) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(other) && !nullableOperand(other)) return emitNum(negate ? 1 : 0)
+    const chk = (undef ? isUndef : isNull)(asF64(emit(other)))
+    return negate ? typed(['i32.eqz', chk], 'i32') : chk
+  }
+  const sa = sentinelOf(a), sb = sentinelOf(b)
+  if (sb) return strictSentinel(a, sb === 'undef')
+  if (sa) return strictSentinel(b, sa === 'undef')
+  // Known, differing primitive classes can never be strictly equal.
+  const strictA = resolveValType(a, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+  const strictB = resolveValType(b, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+  if (strictA && strictB && strictA !== strictB && (STRICT_PRIM.has(strictA) || STRICT_PRIM.has(strictB)))
+    return emitNum(negate ? 1 : 0)
+  // Same type (or dynamic-unknown): identical bits to loose `==`/`!=`.
+  return emitter[negate ? '!=' : '=='](a, b)
+}
+
+/** Comparison op factory with constant folding. */
+const cmpOp = (i32op, f64op, fn) => (a, b) => {
+  const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b)
+  // Skip the const-fold for `.unsigned` operands: `litVal` is the signed bit pattern
+  // (-1, not 4294967295), so folding the order would be wrong. Fall through to the
+  // f64 widen path below, which converts each operand by its own signedness.
+  if (isLit(va) && isLit(vb) && !va.unsigned && !vb.unsigned) return emitNum(fn(litVal(va), litVal(vb)) ? 1 : 0)
+  // String compare: NaN-boxed string pointers compare as NaN under f64.lt/gt
+  // (always false), so without this the spec-correct `"a" < "b"` returns 0.
+  // Route both-STRING operands through __str_cmp's three-way result, then apply
+  // the same i32 sign op as numeric (lt_s/gt_s/le_s/ge_s vs 0).
+  const vta = numericVal(resolveValType(a, valTypeOf, lookupValType))
+  const vtb = numericVal(resolveValType(b, valTypeOf, lookupValType))
+  if (vta === VAL.BIGINT || vtb === VAL.BIGINT) {
+    const op = bigintUnsignedBound(a) || bigintUnsignedBound(b) ? i32op.replace('_s', '_u') : i32op
+    return typed([`i64.${op}`, asI64(va), asI64(vb)], 'i32')
+  }
+  if (vta === VAL.STRING && vtb === VAL.STRING) {
+    return typed([`i32.${i32op}`, stringOps(a).cmp(asF64(va), asF64(vb), ctx), ['i32.const', 0]], 'i32')
+  }
+  // Exactly one operand is a known string; the other has no static type, so it
+  // may hold a string pointer at runtime (e.g. `c >= '0'` where `c` came from
+  // `s[i]` on an untyped receiver). JS relational compare is lexicographic only
+  // when *both* sides are strings, else it ToNumbers both. The f64 path below
+  // would compare the unknown side's NaN-boxed string bits as a float (NaN ⇒
+  // always false), so dispatch at runtime on the unknown side: string → __str_cmp
+  // three-way; else ToNumber both. Mirrors `+`'s __is_str_key string dispatch.
+  // Gated on a *known-string* counterpart, so numeric loops (`i < n`) never pay
+  // the check — comparing against a string literal signals string intent.
+  if (((vta === VAL.STRING && vtb == null) || (vtb === VAL.STRING && vta == null)) && stringOps(a)?.cmp) {
+    const unkIsA = vta == null
+    const ta = temp('cmp'), tb = temp('cmp')
+    inc('__is_str_key')
+    const getA = typed(['local.get', `$${ta}`], 'f64'), getB = typed(['local.get', `$${tb}`], 'f64')
+    const check = ['call', '$__is_str_key', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${unkIsA ? ta : tb}`]]]
+    const strCmp = [`i32.${i32op}`, stringOps(a).cmp(getA, getB, ctx), ['i32.const', 0]]
+    const numCmp = [`f64.${f64op}`, toNumF64(a, getA), toNumF64(b, getB)]
+    return typed(['block', ['result', 'i32'],
+      ['local.set', `$${ta}`, asF64(va)],
+      ['local.set', `$${tb}`, asF64(vb)],
+      ['if', ['result', 'i32'], check, ['then', strCmp], ['else', numCmp]]], 'i32')
+  }
+  if (vta === VAL.DATE || vtb === VAL.DATE) {
+    const dateNum = (node, v, vt) => {
+      if (vt !== VAL.DATE) return toNumF64(node, v)
+      const ptr = v.ptrKind === VAL.DATE
+        ? v
+        : ['i32.wrap_i64', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(v)]]
+      return typed(['f64.load', ptr], 'f64')
+    }
+    return typed([`f64.${f64op}`, dateNum(a, va, vta), dateNum(b, vb, vtb)], 'i32')
+  }
+  if (vtb === VAL.NUMBER && needsToNumberCoercion(a, vta))
+    return typed([`f64.${f64op}`, toNumF64(a, va), asF64(vb)], 'i32')
+  if (vta === VAL.NUMBER && needsToNumberCoercion(b, vtb))
+    return typed([`f64.${f64op}`, asF64(va), toNumF64(b, vb)], 'i32')
+  // An `.unsigned` i32 operand ([0, 2^32)) can't share a signed i32 compare with a
+  // possibly-signed one: mixed sign inverts the order (3 < 0xFFFFFFFF unsigned, but
+  // 3 > -1 signed). Widen to f64, where asF64 converts each operand by its own
+  // signedness (convert_i32_u for unsigned, _s otherwise) to its true numeric value.
+  if (!va.unsigned && !vb.unsigned) {
+    const ai = intConstValue(a), bi = intConstValue(b)
+    if (va.type === 'i32' && bi != null) return typed([`i32.${i32op}`, va, ['i32.const', bi]], 'i32')
+    if (vb.type === 'i32' && ai != null) return typed([`i32.${i32op}`, ['i32.const', ai], vb], 'i32')
+    if (va.type === 'i32' && vb.type === 'i32') return typed([`i32.${i32op}`, va, vb], 'i32')
+  }
+  return typed([`f64.${f64op}`, asF64(va), asF64(vb)], 'i32')
+}
+
+/** Both relational (`<` `>=` …) and loose `==`/`!=` need ToNumber on the
+ *  unknown side iff it's known-string or might dereference a boxed value. */
+function needsToNumberCoercion(expr, vt) {
+  if (vt === VAL.STRING) return true
+  if (vt != null) return false
+  return mayReadBoxedValue(expr)
+}
+
+function looseNumberEq(numIR, otherNode, otherIR, negate = false) {
+  const t = temp('eq')
+  const other = typed(['local.get', `$${t}`], 'f64')
+  const cmp = ['f64.eq', asF64(numIR), toNumF64(otherNode, other)]
+  return typed(['block', ['result', 'i32'],
+    ['local.set', `$${t}`, asF64(otherIR)],
+    ['if', ['result', 'i32'], isNullish(other),
+      ['then', ['i32.const', negate ? 1 : 0]],
+      ['else', negate ? ['i32.eqz', cmp] : cmp]]], 'i32')
+}
+
+function mayReadBoxedValue(expr) {
+  return Array.isArray(expr) && (expr[0] === '.' || expr[0] === '[]' || expr[0] === '?.' || expr[0] === '?.[]')
+}
+
+function intConstValue(expr) {
+  if (typeof expr === 'number' && Number.isInteger(expr)) return expr
+  if (Array.isArray(expr) && expr[0] == null && typeof expr[1] === 'number' && Number.isInteger(expr[1])) return expr[1]
+  if (typeof expr === 'string') {
+    const v = repOf(expr)?.intConst
+    if (v != null) return v
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+function bigintUnsignedBound(expr) {
+  // Self-describing literal carries the unsigned-64 decimal (`BigInt.asUintN(64,…)`,
+  // so 1–20 digits, always ≤ 2^64-1). Detect the high-unsigned range (> 2^63-1) by
+  // decimal magnitude — the kernel can't parse large decimals back to BigInt.
+  if (Array.isArray(expr) && expr[0] === 'bigint') {
+    const s = expr[1]
+    return s.length > 19 || (s.length === 19 && s > '9223372036854775807')
+  }
+  const n = bigintConstValue(expr)
+  return n != null && n > 0x7fffffffffffffffn && n <= 0xffffffffffffffffn
+}
+
+function bigintConstValue(expr) {
+  if (typeof expr === 'bigint') return expr
+  if (!Array.isArray(expr)) return null
+  if (expr[0] == null && typeof expr[1] === 'bigint') return expr[1]
+  if (expr[0] === 'u-') {
+    const n = bigintConstValue(expr[1])
+    return n == null ? null : -n
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+// === Call IR helpers ===
+
+/** Split a flat argList into normal positional args + spread positions. */
+function parseCallArgs(args) {
+  const normal = []
+  const spreads = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+    const arg = args[i]
+    if (Array.isArray(arg) && arg[0] === '...') {
+      spreads.push({ pos: normal.length, expr: arg[1] })
+    } else {
+      normal.push(arg)
+    }
+  }
+  return { normal, spreads, hasSpread: spreads.length > 0 }
+}
+
+/** Bulk `obj.push(...src)` fast path — single trailing spread, no normal args, named
+ *  receiver. Amortizes the per-element grow + set_len of the generic loop into one
+ *  __arr_grow / __set_len pair, then bulk-copies the source via emitSpreadCopy.
+ *  Hot path in watr's `out.push(...HANDLER[op](...))` (~24M bytes/iter on raycast). */
+function emitBulkPushSpread(objArg, parsed) {
+  const spreadExpr = parsed.spreads[0].expr
+  inc('__len'); inc('__arr_grow'); inc('__set_len'); inc('__ptr_offset')
+  const o = `${T}po${ctx.func.uniq++}`,
+        sa = `${T}psa${ctx.func.uniq++}`,
+        sl = `${T}psl${ctx.func.uniq++}`,
+        ol = `${T}pol${ctx.func.uniq++}`,
+        si = `${T}psi${ctx.func.uniq++}`,
+        base = `${T}pb${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  ctx.func.locals.set(o, 'f64'); ctx.func.locals.set(sa, 'f64')
+  ctx.func.locals.set(sl, 'i32'); ctx.func.locals.set(ol, 'i32')
+  ctx.func.locals.set(si, 'i32'); ctx.func.locals.set(base, 'i32')
+
+  const objIsArr = lookupValType(objArg) === VAL.ARRAY
+  const n = multiCount(spreadExpr)
+  // Normalize a (non-multi) spread source to an index-iterable: Set→keys /
+  // Map→[k,v] arrays, others pass through. Only when `collection` is loaded.
+  const srcExpr = !n && ctx.module.modules.collection ? ['()', '__iter_arr', spreadExpr] : spreadExpr
+  // A materialized multi-value is not a statically-typed pointer — let
+  // emitSpreadCopy resolve its kind once at runtime.
+  const srcVT = n ? undefined : valTypeOf(srcExpr)
+  const ir = []
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${o}`, asF64(emit(objArg))])
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${sa}`, n ? materializeMulti(spreadExpr) : asF64(emit(srcExpr))])
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${sl}`, ['call', '$__len', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${sa}`]]]])
+  // Old length: inline as `i32.load (off-8)` if obj is known ARRAY (matches .push handler).
+  if (objIsArr) {
+    ir.push(['local.set', `$${ol}`,
+      ['i32.load', ['i32.sub', ['call', '$__ptr_offset', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]]], ['i32.const', 8]]]])
+  } else {
+    ir.push(['local.set', `$${ol}`, ['call', '$__len', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]]]])
+  }
+  // Single grow for the full spread (vs per-element grow check in the generic loop).
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${o}`, ['call', '$__arr_grow', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]],
+    ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${ol}`], ['local.get', `$${sl}`]]]])
+  // base captured AFTER grow (grow may relocate the array).
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${base}`, ['call', '$__ptr_offset', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]]]])
+  // Bulk-copy the spread: an ARRAY source is a contiguous f64 block → memory.copy.
+  ir.push(['local.set', `$${si}`, ['local.get', `$${ol}`]])
+  ir.push(...emitSpreadCopy(base, si, sa, sl, srcVT))
+  // Single set_len for the full spread.
+  ir.push(['call', '$__set_len', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${o}`]],
+    ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${ol}`], ['local.get', `$${sl}`]]])
+  // Update source variable: grow may have moved the pointer.
+  ir.push(persistBindingPtr(objArg, ['local.get', `$${o}`]))
+  ir.push(['f64.convert_i32_s', ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${ol}`], ['local.get', `$${sl}`]]])
+  return block64(...ir)
+}
+
+/** Single trailing spread, with optional preceding normal args. Calls methodEmitter
+ *  once for the normal args (if any), then loops methodEmitter over each spread
+ *  element. `unshift` walks the spread end-to-start so prepend order matches JS. */
+/** Emit a per-element loop over `spreadExpr`: allocate arr/len/idx locals, seed
+ *  the arr rep when the spread VT is known, run `bodyFn(arr, idx, len)` once per
+ *  element. When `reverse` is set, walks the spread from end to start (used by
+ *  `unshift` to preserve argument order under successive prepends). Returns the
+ *  IR instruction list (caller embeds it into its own block64). */
+function emitSpreadElementLoop(spreadExpr, bodyFn, { reverse = false } = {}) {
+  const arr = `${T}sp${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  const len = `${T}splen${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  const idx = `${T}spidx${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  ctx.func.locals.set(arr, 'f64'); ctx.func.locals.set(len, 'i32'); ctx.func.locals.set(idx, 'i32')
+  // Emit-time rep seeding for a fresh spread-staging local (no prior reader).
+  // Without this, the loop body's `[]` read on `arr` falls back to polymorphic
+  // dispatch — VAL.* on the rep elides STRING gate for ARRAY/TYPED spreads.
+  const spreadVT = valTypeOf(spreadExpr)
+  if (spreadVT) updateRep(arr, { val: spreadVT })
+  inc('__len')
+  const n = multiCount(spreadExpr)
+  const loopId = ctx.func.uniq++
+  const exhausted = reverse
+    ? ['i32.lt_s', ['local.get', `$${idx}`], ['i32.const', 0]]
+    : ['i32.ge_u', ['local.get', `$${idx}`], ['local.get', `$${len}`]]
+  return [
+    ['local.set', `$${arr}`, n ? materializeMulti(spreadExpr) : asF64(emit(spreadExpr))],
+    ['local.set', `$${len}`, ['call', '$__len', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${arr}`]]]],
+    ['local.set', `$${idx}`, reverse ? ['i32.sub', ['local.get', `$${len}`], ['i32.const', 1]] : ['i32.const', 0]],
+    ['block', `$break${loopId}`,
+      ['loop', `$continue${loopId}`,
+        ['br_if', `$break${loopId}`, exhausted],
+        ...bodyFn(arr, idx, len),
+        ['local.set', `$${idx}`, ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${idx}`], ['i32.const', reverse ? -1 : 1]]],
+        ['br', `$continue${loopId}`]]],
+  ]
+}
+
+function emitSingleSpreadMethodCall(objArg, parsed, method, methodEmitter) {
+  const inPlace = SPREAD_MUTATORS.has(method)
+  // unshift prepends each arg to the front — forward iteration reverses intent.
+  const reverse = method === 'unshift'
+  const acc = `${T}acc${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  ctx.func.locals.set(acc, 'f64')
+  const ir = [['local.set', `$${acc}`, asF64(emit(objArg))]]
+  if (parsed.normal.length > 0) {
+    const r = asF64(methodEmitter(objArg, ...parsed.normal))
+    ir.push(inPlace ? ['drop', r] : ['local.set', `$${acc}`, r])
+  }
+  ir.push(...emitSpreadElementLoop(parsed.spreads[0].expr, (arr, idx) => {
+    const body = asF64(methodEmitter(inPlace ? objArg : acc, ['[]', arr, idx]))
+    return [inPlace ? ['drop', body] : ['local.set', `$${acc}`, body]]
+  }, { reverse }))
+  ir.push(inPlace ? asF64(emit(objArg)) : ['local.get', `$${acc}`])
+  return block64(...ir)
+}
+
+/** General spread mix: iterate combined args in original order, batch contiguous
+ *  normal args into a single methodEmitter call, emit a per-element loop for each
+ *  spread. For in-place methods chains via `objArg` (source variable); otherwise
+ *  threads through an accumulator local. */
+function emitMultiSpreadMethodCall(objArg, parsed, method, methodEmitter) {
+  const inPlace = SPREAD_MUTATORS.has(method)
+  const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+  // Accumulator (only used when not in-place); recv passed to methodEmitter is the live target.
+  const acc = inPlace ? null : `${T}acc${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  if (acc) ctx.func.locals.set(acc, 'f64')
+  const recv = inPlace ? objArg : acc
+  const ir = inPlace ? [] : [['local.set', `$${acc}`, asF64(emit(objArg))]]
+  let batch = []
+  const flushBatch = () => {
+    if (!batch.length) return
+    const r = asF64(methodEmitter(recv, ...batch))
+    ir.push(inPlace ? ['drop', r] : ['local.set', `$${acc}`, r])
+    batch = []
+  }
+  for (const item of combined) {
+    if (Array.isArray(item) && item[0] === '__spread') {
+      flushBatch()
+      ir.push(...emitSpreadElementLoop(item[1], (arr, idx) => {
+        const body = asF64(methodEmitter(recv, ['[]', arr, idx]))
+        return [inPlace ? ['drop', body] : ['local.set', `$${acc}`, body]]
+      }))
+    } else {
+      batch.push(item)
+    }
+  }
+  flushBatch()
+  ir.push(inPlace ? asF64(emit(objArg)) : ['local.get', `$${acc}`])
+  return block64(...ir)
+}
+
+/** Method-emitter call: directly, or via one of the spread fast paths. */
+function emitMethodCallSpread(objArg, methodEmitter, parsed, method) {
+  if (!parsed.hasSpread) return methodEmitter(objArg, ...parsed.normal)
+  if (method === 'push' && parsed.normal.length === 0 &&
+      parsed.spreads.length === 1 && typeof objArg === 'string')
+    return emitBulkPushSpread(objArg, parsed)
+  if (parsed.spreads.length === 1 && parsed.spreads[0].pos === parsed.normal.length)
+    return emitSingleSpreadMethodCall(objArg, parsed, method, methodEmitter)
+  return emitMultiSpreadMethodCall(objArg, parsed, method, methodEmitter)
+}
+
+/** Hoist `headExpr` into a temp, evaluate it once, and yield `body(t)` when the
+ *  temp is non-nullish, else `undefined`. Shared by every `?.`-shaped optional
+ *  emitter (chain-lift, `?.`, `?.[]`, `?.()` via `evalOnce` + this helper) so
+ *  the nullish-guard scaffold stays in one place. */
+function withNullGuard(headExpr, body, tag = 'ng') {
+  const t = temp(tag)
+  return block64(
+    ['local.set', `$${t}`, headExpr],
+    ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+      ['i32.eqz', isNullish(['local.get', `$${t}`])],
+      ['then', body(t)],
+      ['else', undefExpr()]])
+}
+
+// Leading method-call strategies (chain positions 1–4). Each is *context-free* —
+// it depends only on the parsed call, not on the receiver-type analysis (`vt` /
+// `callMethod`) that emitMethodCall computes below — so they factor out into an
+// ordered, first-match-wins table. A strategy returns its IR, or `undefined` to
+// fall through to the next. (Positions 5–12 thread shared mid-function state and
+// stay inline.) New context-free strategies just push onto LEADING_STRATEGIES.
+
+// 1. SRoA flat object: `o.method(args)` — scanFlatObjects dissolved `o` into
+// `o#i` field locals and deleted `$o`, so the method closure lives in the field
+// local, not a heap slot. Read it directly and dispatch. Without this, every
+// path below loads from `local.get $o`, which no longer exists (watr then reports
+// "Unknown local $o"). Mirrors the flat `.`/`[]` hooks.
+function tryFlatObjectMethod(callee, obj, method, parsed) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'string' && ctx.closure.call) {
+    const flat = ctx.func.flatObjects?.get(obj)
+    const fi = flat ? flat.names.indexOf(method) : -1
+    if (fi >= 0) {
+      const propRead = typed(['local.get', `$${obj}#${fi}`], 'f64')
+      if (parsed.hasSpread)
+        return ctx.closure.call(propRead, [buildArrayWithSpreads(reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads))], true)
+      return ctx.closure.call(propRead, parsed.normal)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 2. charCodeAt with a statically in-bounds index — emit the i32 (OOB-impossible)
+// contract directly; the generic path keeps the f64/NaN JS-spec result. See
+// analyze.js inBoundsCharCodeAt.
+function tryCharCodeAtFast(callee, obj, method, parsed) {
+  if (method === 'charCodeAt' && !parsed.hasSpread && parsed.normal.length === 1
+      && stringOps(obj)?.charCodeAt && inBoundsCharCodeAt(ctx).has(callee)) {
+    const recv = emit(obj)
+    // jsstring carrier: receiver is an externref boundary param. Route to
+    // `wasm:js-string.charCodeAt` directly — the in-bounds proof rules out the
+    // OOB trap the builtin would otherwise raise.
+    if (recv?.type === 'externref') {
+      ctx.core.jsstring.add('charCodeAt')
+      return typed(['call', '$__jss_charCodeAt', recv, asI32(emit(parsed.normal[0]))], 'i32')
+    }
+    return typed(stringOps(obj).charCodeAt(
+      asF64(recv), asI32(emit(parsed.normal[0])), ctx, false), 'i32')
+  }
+}
+
+// 3. splice(start, deleteCount, ...items): the one array method that both deletes
+// and inserts. callMethod's spread machinery models per-element mutators
+// (push/concat), not a single delete+insert, so a spread of inserts would be
+// misapplied. Handle the full arg list here: delete-only (no inserts) falls
+// through to the inline `.splice` emitter; any insert items route through
+// __arr_splice, which grows/shifts in place (the caller's pointer stays valid via
+// array forwarding) and returns the removed elements. Guard against a spread in
+// the start/deleteCount slots (`splice(...x)`) — that form has no static arity.
+function trySpliceInsert(callee, obj, method, parsed) {
+  if (method === 'splice' && ctx.core.emit['.splice']) {
+    const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+    const inserts = combined.slice(2)
+    const headSpread = combined[0]?.[0] === '__spread' || combined[1]?.[0] === '__spread'
+    if (inserts.length && !headSpread) {
+      inc('__arr_splice')
+      return typed(['call', '$__arr_splice',
+        asI64(emit(obj)),
+        asI32(emit(combined[0])),
+        asI32(emit(combined[1])),
+        asI64(buildArrayWithSpreads(inserts))], 'f64')
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 4. Function property call: fn.prop(args) → direct call to fn$prop. Skipped when
+// the property was reassigned (wrapper composition) — then it is a mutable slot
+// and must be read dynamically before the call.
+function tryFnPropCall(callee, obj, method, parsed) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'string' && ctx.func.names.has(obj) && !ctx.func.multiProp.has(`${obj}.${method}`)) {
+    const fname = `${obj}$${method}`
+    if (ctx.func.names.has(fname)) {
+      const func = ctx.func.map.get(fname)
+      const emittedArgs = emitCallArgs(parsed.normal, func.sig.params)
+      return attachSigMeta(typed(['call', `$${fname}`, ...emittedArgs], func.sig.results[0]), func.sig)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const LEADING_STRATEGIES = [tryFlatObjectMethod, tryCharCodeAtFast, trySpliceInsert, tryFnPropCall]
+
+// Strategies 5–12 share the receiver's resolved value type and the
+// `callMethod` shim — packaged once into a dispatch-context record `c` =
+// `{ obj, method, parsed, vt, callMethod }` so each strategy is a named
+// function in TYPED_STRATEGIES, same first-match-wins contract as
+// LEADING_STRATEGIES. The last entry (external fallback) is total.
+
+// 5. Boxed object: delegate method to inner value (slot 0)
+function tryBoxedDelegate({ obj, method, callMethod }) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'string' && ctx.schema.isBoxed?.(obj)) {
+    const innerVt = repOf(obj)?.val
+    const innerEmitter = ctx.core.emit[`.${innerVt}:${method}`] || ctx.core.emit[`.${method}`]
+    if (innerEmitter) {
+      const innerName = `${obj}${T}inner`
+      if (!ctx.func.locals.has(innerName)) ctx.func.locals.set(innerName, 'f64')
+      const boxBase = tempI32('bb')
+      // Load current inner value from boxed object's slot 0 (may have been updated by prior mutations)
+      // Boxed handle is OBJECT-kind, never ARRAY — skip forwarding.
+      const loadInner = [
+        ['local.set', `$${boxBase}`, ptrOffsetIR(asF64(emit(obj)), lookupValType(obj) || VAL.OBJECT)],
+        ['local.set', `$${innerName}`, ctx.abi.object.ops.load(['local.get', `$${boxBase}`], 0)]]
+      const result = callMethod(innerName, innerEmitter)
+      // Mutating methods may reallocate; writeback inner value to boxed slot
+      if (BOXED_MUTATORS.has(method)) {
+        const wb = ctx.abi.object.ops.store(['local.get', `$${boxBase}`], 0, ['local.get', `$${innerName}`])
+        return block64(...loadInner, asF64(result), wb)
+      }
+      // Non-mutating: just load inner and call
+      return block64(...loadInner, asF64(result))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 6. valueOf/toString are ToPrimitive hooks (ES2024 7.1.1) that an own data
+// property shadows. An assigned `obj.valueOf`/`obj.toString` must win over
+// the builtin emitter for any receiver that can carry a dynamic-prop
+// sidecar — a sidecar-bearing static type (array/typed/object) OR a
+// statically-unknown receiver (e.g. an array-element read `arr[0]`, whose
+// type is only known at runtime). Probe the sidecar and call it when it
+// holds a closure, else fall back to the builtin (generic when untyped:
+// `.valueOf` returns the receiver, `.toString` runs type-aware __to_str).
+// Parallels the member-READ check in module/core.js emitPropAccess (which
+// stays scoped to known sidecar types). (watr's `str()` attaches
+// `bytes.valueOf = () => s`, recovered via `.valueOf()`.)
+function trySidecarToPrimitive({ obj, method, parsed, vt, callMethod }) {
+  if ((method === 'valueOf' || method === 'toString') && ctx.closure.call
+      && !parsed.hasSpread && parsed.normal.length === 0
+      && (vt === VAL.ARRAY || vt === VAL.TYPED || vt === VAL.OBJECT || !vt)) {
+    const builtin = (vt && ctx.core.emit[`.${vt}:${method}`]) || ctx.core.emit[`.${method}`]
+    if (builtin) {
+      return sidecarOverride(emit(obj), asI64(emit(['str', method])),
+        (p) => ctx.closure.call(typed(['local.get', `$${p}`], 'f64'), []),  // CALL the override
+        (o) => asF64(callMethod(o, builtin)))                                // else the builtin method
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 7. Known type → static dispatch
+function tryStaticDispatch({ obj, method, vt, callMethod }) {
+  if (vt && ctx.core.emit[`.${vt}:${method}`]) {
+    return callMethod(obj, ctx.core.emit[`.${vt}:${method}`])
+  }
+}
+
+// 8. Unknown / guessed-array type, both string + generic exist → runtime dispatch by ptr type.
+// analyze.js defaults untyped `.slice()` results to VAL.ARRAY, which is a guess, not a proof;
+// runtime dispatch resolves whether the operand is actually a string or an array.
+// Concretely-typed non-string values (BUFFER, TYPED, MAP, …) fall through to the generic
+// emitter which already knows how to handle them.
+function tryRuntimeStringFork({ obj, method, vt, callMethod }) {
+  const strKey = `.string:${method}`, genKey = `.${method}`
+  if ((!vt || vt === VAL.ARRAY) && ctx.core.emit[strKey] && ctx.core.emit[genKey]) {
+    const t = `${T}rt${ctx.func.uniq++}`, tt = `${T}rtt${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+    ctx.func.locals.set(t, 'f64'); ctx.func.locals.set(tt, 'i32')
+    const strEmitter = ctx.core.emit[strKey]
+    const genEmitter = ctx.core.emit[genKey]
+    // A string/array method is only valid on a NaN-boxed pointer (string/array/…).
+    // `f64.eq(t,t)` is true only for a non-NaN value, so guard the dispatch with
+    // it. A plain-number receiver dispatches the `.number:` emitter when the
+    // method has one (`x.toString(16)` on an untyped x — the kernel-L2 ratchet's
+    // data-segment corruption root: this used to yield `undefined`, and
+    // `'\\' + undefined.padStart(2,'0')` collapsed every escaped byte to \\00);
+    // methods numbers don't have keep yielding `undefined` (spec: `(5).indexOf`
+    // is undefined) instead of feeding number bits to `__ptr_type` → OOB.
+    // Every NaN-boxed receiver still reaches the string-vs-generic fork unchanged.
+    const numEmitter = ctx.core.emit[`.number:${method}`]
+    return block64(
+      ['local.set', `$${t}`, asF64(emit(obj))],
+      ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+        ['f64.eq', ['local.get', `$${t}`], ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+        ['then', numEmitter ? asF64(callMethod(t, numEmitter)) : undefExpr()],
+        ['else', block64(
+          ['local.set', `$${tt}`, ['call', '$__ptr_type', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${t}`]]]],
+          ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+            ['i32.eq', ['local.get', `$${tt}`], ['i32.const', PTR.STRING]],
+            ['then', callMethod(t, strEmitter)],
+            ['else', callMethod(t, genEmitter)]])]])
+  }
+}
+
+// 8b. Number-only method (toFixed/toPrecision/toExponential/toString-with-radix
+// when no string fork applies) on an untyped receiver: a runtime number check
+// routes to the `.number:` emitter; a NaN-boxed receiver probes the dynamic-prop
+// sidecar (a user's own `.toFixed` closure must win — ES own-property shadowing)
+// and otherwise yields `undefined`, the same result the dynamic path produced.
+function tryRuntimeNumberMethod({ obj, method, parsed, vt, callMethod }) {
+  const numEmitter = ctx.core.emit[`.number:${method}`]
+  if (vt || !numEmitter || parsed.hasSpread || !ctx.closure.call) return
+  const t = `${T}rn${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+  ctx.func.locals.set(t, 'f64')
+  return block64(
+    ['local.set', `$${t}`, asF64(emit(obj))],
+    ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+      ['f64.eq', ['local.get', `$${t}`], ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+      ['then', asF64(callMethod(t, numEmitter))],
+      ['else', sidecarOverride(typed(['local.get', `$${t}`], 'f64'), asI64(emit(['str', method])),
+        (p) => ctx.closure.call(typed(['local.get', `$${p}`], 'f64'), parsed.normal),
+        () => undefExpr())]])
+}
+
+// 9. Schema property closure call: `x.prop(args)` where prop is a closure slot in
+// x's schema. Boxed schemas don't currently support spread callers (each box
+// hands the inner value through), so spread is restricted to the non-boxed path.
+function trySchemaClosureCall({ obj, method, parsed }) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'string' && ctx.schema.slotOf && ctx.closure.call) {
+    const idx = ctx.schema.slotOf(obj, method)
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      const propRead = typed(ctx.abi.object.ops.load(ptrOffsetIR(asF64(emit(obj)), lookupValType(obj) || VAL.OBJECT), idx), 'f64')
+      if (parsed.hasSpread && !ctx.schema.isBoxed?.(obj)) {
+        const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+        return ctx.closure.call(propRead, [buildArrayWithSpreads(combined)], true)
+      }
+      return ctx.closure.call(propRead, parsed.normal)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 10. Generic only — but a collection emitter (`.get`/`.set`/`.has`/`.add`/
+// `.delete`) assumes a Map/Set receiver: a proven collection already
+// dispatched via `.${vt}:${method}` above, so reaching here means the
+// receiver is not a proven collection. A zero-arg call then cannot be the
+// collection op (each needs ≥1 key/value arg) — it is a user/closure
+// method (e.g. `new C().get()`). Skip the collection emitter so it falls
+// through to closure/dynamic dispatch instead of crashing on `emit(key)`.
+function tryGenericEmitter({ obj, method, parsed, vt, callMethod }) {
+  const collectionMisfit = COLLECTION_METHODS.has(method) &&
+    !parsed.hasSpread && parsed.normal.length === 0
+  const strIndexMisfit = STR_INDEX_METHODS.has(method) &&
+    !parsed.hasSpread && parsed.normal.length > 1
+  // A proven plain-object/dict receiver never inherits the Array/collection
+  // builtins these generic emitters serve — an own property of the same name
+  // shadows them (ES prototype semantics). Skip the builtin so the dynamic
+  // property-call dispatch below reads the actual slot/sidecar closure. This
+  // is the type-based generalization of the collection/strIndex arity guards
+  // above: it is what lets self-host user methods whose names collide with
+  // builtins — `ctx.schema.slotOf(o,p)`, `node.map(...)`, `s.get(k)` — dispatch
+  // correctly instead of being hijacked by `Array.prototype.{find,map,…}`.
+  const objectShadow = vt === VAL.OBJECT || vt === VAL.HASH
+  if (ctx.core.emit[`.${method}`] && !collectionMisfit && !strIndexMisfit && !objectShadow) {
+    return callMethod(obj, ctx.core.emit[`.${method}`])
+  }
+}
+
+// 11. Dynamic property function call on non-external values. Two emission shapes:
+// (1) closure-only fork — receiver carries no PTR.EXTERNAL (sidecar-bearing static
+//     types OR wasi target, where __ext_call doesn't exist); and (2) full fork
+//     adding a PTR.EXTERNAL → __ext_call leg for opaque js receivers.
+function tryDynamicPropCall({ obj, method, parsed, vt }) {
+  if (ctx.closure.call) {
+    if (ctx.transform.strict)
+      err(`strict mode: method call \`${typeof obj === 'string' ? obj : '<expr>'}.${method}(...)\` on a value of unknown type pulls dynamic dispatch stdlib. Annotate the receiver type or pass { strict: false }.`)
+    const objTmp = temp('mobj')
+    const propTmp = temp('mprop')
+    const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+    const arrayIR = buildArrayWithSpreads(combined)
+    const propRead = typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', ['call', '$__dyn_get_expr', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${objTmp}`]], asI64(emit(['str', method]))]], 'f64')
+    const closureOnly = usesDynProps(vt) || ctx.transform.host === 'wasi'
+    inc('__dyn_get_expr', '__ptr_type')
+    if (!closureOnly) { inc('__ext_call'); ctx.features.external = true }
+    const extFallback = closureOnly ? undefExpr()
+      : ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+          ptrTypeEq(['local.get', `$${objTmp}`], PTR.EXTERNAL),
+          ['then', ['f64.reinterpret_i64', ['call', '$__ext_call',
+            ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${objTmp}`]],
+            ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(emit(['str', method]))],
+            ['i64.reinterpret_f64', arrayIR]]]],
+          ['else', undefExpr()]]
+    return block64(
+      ['local.set', `$${objTmp}`, asF64(emit(obj))],
+      ['local.set', `$${propTmp}`, propRead],
+      ['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+        ptrTypeEq(['local.get', `$${propTmp}`], PTR.CLOSURE),
+        ['then', ctx.closure.call(typed(['local.get', `$${propTmp}`], 'f64'), [arrayIR], true)],
+        ['else', extFallback]])
+  }
+}
+
+// 12. Unknown callee — assume external method. Total: always returns.
+function externalMethodFallback({ obj, method, parsed }) {
+  if (ctx.transform.strict)
+    err(`strict mode: method call \`${typeof obj === 'string' ? obj : '<expr>'}.${method}(...)\` on a value of unknown type falls through to host \`__ext_call\`. Annotate the receiver type or pass { strict: false }.`)
+  // Under wasi there is no host `__ext_call` — the call lowers to a
+  // no-op returning `undefined`. This is by-design so polymorphic code
+  // can target js and wasi from one source; users who want fail-fast
+  // pass `strict: true` (handled above).
+  if (ctx.transform.host === 'wasi') return undefExpr()
+  inc('__ext_call')
+  ctx.features.external = true
+  const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+  const arrayIR = buildArrayWithSpreads(combined)
+  return typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', ['call', '$__ext_call',
+    ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(emit(obj))],
+    ['i64.reinterpret_f64', asF64(emit(['str', method]))],
+    ['i64.reinterpret_f64', arrayIR]]], 'f64')
+}
+
+const TYPED_STRATEGIES = [
+  tryBoxedDelegate, trySidecarToPrimitive, tryStaticDispatch, tryRuntimeStringFork,
+  tryRuntimeNumberMethod, trySchemaClosureCall, tryGenericEmitter, tryDynamicPropCall,
+  externalMethodFallback,
+]
+
+/** Method-call dispatch: `obj.method(args)`. Linear strategy chain, first
+ *  match wins. 1–4 are context-free (LEADING_STRATEGIES); 5–12 share the
+ *  resolved receiver type + callMethod shim via the dispatch-context record
+ *  (TYPED_STRATEGIES — the last entry is total):
+ *    1. SRoA flat-object method (read closure from `o#i` local)
+ *    2. charCodeAt with statically-proven in-bounds index → i32 fast path
+ *    3. splice with insert items → __arr_splice (the one method that delete+insert)
+ *    4. fn.prop direct call to fn$prop (skipped for reassigned wrapper-composition)
+ *    5. Boxed-schema receiver → delegate to inner value at slot 0 (+ writeback)
+ *    6. valueOf / toString — sidecar own-property shadow check
+ *    7. Known-type static dispatch via .${vt}:${method}
+ *    8. Unknown / guessed-ARRAY runtime ptr-type fork over string vs generic
+ *    9. Schema property closure call
+ *    10. Generic emitter (with collection/strIndex arity guards + object shadow)
+ *    11. Dynamic property closure call (with PTR.EXTERNAL fallback if non-wasi)
+ *    12. External method fallback via __ext_call (or undefined under wasi)
+ */
+function emitMethodCall(callee, parsed, callArgs) {
+  const [, obj, method] = callee
+
+  // Strategies 1–4 (context-free, order-sensitive, first match wins).
+  for (const strategy of LEADING_STRATEGIES) {
+    const r = strategy(callee, obj, method, parsed)
+    if (r !== undefined) return r
+  }
+
+  let vt = valTypeOf(obj)
+  // A reassigned slice/concat receiver may carry a stale `vt` — a reassignment
+  // inside a nested closure escapes analyzeValTypes' poisoning (its walk stops
+  // at `=>`). Drop to runtime dispatch, but only for guessy types: STRING/ARRAY
+  // dispatch correctly either way, and BUFFER/TYPED are construction proofs
+  // (`new ArrayBuffer`/`new XxxArray`) — the runtime String/Array fallback has
+  // no branch for them, so nulling `vt` would miscompile `ab.slice()` into an
+  // f64-array copy. jzify also splits every `var x = init` into `let x; x = init`,
+  // marking single-assignment vars "reassigned"; keeping definite BUFFER/TYPED
+  // is what keeps `var`-declared buffers correct.
+  if (typeof obj === 'string' && isReassigned(ctx.func.body, obj)
+    && (method === 'slice' || method === 'concat')
+    && vt !== VAL.STRING && vt !== VAL.ARRAY
+    && vt !== VAL.BUFFER && vt !== VAL.TYPED) vt = null
+
+  // Method-emitter shim — threads parsed/method through the shared dispatcher so
+  // strategies keep the simple `callMethod(receiver, emitter)` shape.
+  const c = {
+    obj, method, parsed, vt,
+    callMethod: (objArg, methodEmitter) => emitMethodCallSpread(objArg, methodEmitter, parsed, method),
+  }
+  for (const strategy of TYPED_STRATEGIES) {
+    const r = strategy(c)
+    if (r !== undefined) return r
+  }
+}
+
+/** Builtin / module-emitter call: `Math.max(...)`, `JSON.parse(...)`, etc. The
+ *  emitter accepts the same `...args` flat shape as the AST (with `['...', x]`
+ *  spread markers re-inserted in original position). */
+function emitBuiltinCall(callee, parsed) {
+  if (parsed.hasSpread) {
+    const allArgs = []
+    let ni = 0
+    for (const s of parsed.spreads) {
+      while (ni < s.pos) allArgs.push(parsed.normal[ni++])
+      allArgs.push(['...', s.expr])
+    }
+    while (ni < parsed.normal.length) allArgs.push(parsed.normal[ni++])
+    return ctx.core.emit[callee](...allArgs)
+  }
+  return ctx.core.emit[callee](...parsed.normal)
+}
+
+/** Direct call to a known top-level user function — emits `(call $callee args)`.
+ *  Handles rest params (collect into trailing array), in-spread fixed params
+ *  (runtime split), default-param padding, multi-value return materialization. */
+function emitDirectFunctionCall(callee, parsed, callArgs) {
+  const func = ctx.func.map.get(callee)
+
+  // Rest param case: collect all args (including expanded spreads) into array
+  if (func?.rest) {
+    const fixedParamCount = func.sig.params.length - 1
+    // A spread positioned within the fixed-param range supplies fixed params from
+    // inside the spread — they can't be sliced out statically. Build the full args
+    // array A and split it at runtime: fixed[k] = A[k], rest = A.slice(fixedParamCount).
+    // (Otherwise the static slice below is exact and skips the extra alloc + copy.)
+    if (fixedParamCount > 0 && parsed.spreads.some(s => s.pos < fixedParamCount)) {
+      const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+      const aVal = temp('ra'), aOff = tempI32('rao'), aLen = tempI32('ral'), rLen = tempI32('rln')
+      const rest = allocPtr({ type: PTR.ARRAY, len: ['local.get', `$${rLen}`], tag: 'rr' })
+      const fixedLoads = []
+      for (let k = 0; k < fixedParamCount; k++) {
+        const load = typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+          ['i32.gt_s', ['local.get', `$${aLen}`], ['i32.const', k]],
+          ['then', ['f64.load', ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${aOff}`], ['i32.const', k * 8]]]],
+          ['else', undefExpr()]], 'f64')
+        fixedLoads.push(coerceArg(load, func.sig.params[k]))
+      }
+      const callIR = typed(['block', ['result', func.sig.results[0]],
+        ['local.set', `$${aVal}`, asF64(buildArrayWithSpreads(combined))],
+        ['local.set', `$${aOff}`, ['call', '$__ptr_offset', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${aVal}`]]]],
+        ['local.set', `$${aLen}`, ['i32.load', ['i32.sub', ['local.get', `$${aOff}`], ['i32.const', 8]]]],
+        ['local.set', `$${rLen}`, ['select',
+          ['i32.sub', ['local.get', `$${aLen}`], ['i32.const', fixedParamCount]],
+          ['i32.const', 0],
+          ['i32.gt_s', ['local.get', `$${aLen}`], ['i32.const', fixedParamCount]]]],
+        rest.init,
+        ['memory.copy', ['local.get', `$${rest.local}`],
+          ['i32.add', ['local.get', `$${aOff}`], ['i32.const', fixedParamCount * 8]],
+          ['i32.shl', ['local.get', `$${rLen}`], ['i32.const', 3]]],
+        ['call', `$${callee}`, ...fixedLoads, rest.ptr]], func.sig.results[0])
+      return attachSigMeta(callIR, func.sig)
+    }
+    // Pad missing fixed args with `undefined` so default-param init triggers per spec.
+    const fixedParams = func.sig.params.slice(0, fixedParamCount)
+    const emittedFixed = emitCallArgs(parsed.normal.slice(0, fixedParamCount), fixedParams)
+
+    // Reconstruct with spreads, then take rest args
+    const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+    const restArgsFinal = combined.slice(fixedParamCount)
+
+    // Build array: emit code for normal args + code to expand spreads
+    const arrayIR = buildArrayWithSpreads(restArgsFinal)
+    return attachSigMeta(typed(['call', `$${callee}`, ...emittedFixed, arrayIR], func.sig.results[0]), func.sig)
+  }
+
+  // Regular function call without rest params
+  if (parsed.hasSpread) err(`Spread not supported in calls to non-variadic function ${callee}`)
+  // Pad missing args with `undefined` so default-param init triggers per spec
+  // (only undefined, not null, should trigger defaults). Drop extras to match
+  // JS calling convention — emitting them anyway produces an invalid call
+  // when the callee is a fixed-arity import (e.g. `_interp`-registered host
+  // stubs) since wasm validates arg count. Use ?? rather than || so a
+  // legitimate 0-arity callee isn't bypassed.
+  const params = func?.sig.params ?? []
+  const args = func ? emitCallArgs(parsed.normal, params)
+                    : parsed.normal.map(a => coerceArg(emit(a), undefined))
+  if (func && args.length > params.length) args.length = params.length
+  // Multi-value return: materialize as heap array (caller expects single pointer).
+  // Reuse the canonical comma-wrapped arg slot — materializeMulti re-reads args
+  // via commaList(node[2]); a spread-form `[…, ...parsed.normal]` would drop every
+  // argument past the first.
+  if (func?.sig.results.length > 1) return materializeMulti(['()', callee, callArgs])
+  // attachSigMeta also handles the unsigned-uint32 flag (every tail was `>>>`),
+  // so consumer's asF64 uses `f64.convert_i32_u` instead of `_s` ([0, 2^32) range).
+  const callIR = attachSigMeta(typed(['call', `$${callee}`, ...args], func?.sig.results[0] || 'f64'), func?.sig)
+  return callIR
+}
+
+/** Const-bound, non-escaping closure — direct call to its body, skipping
+ *  call_indirect. emitDecl registered name→bodyName when it saw the closure.make
+ *  IR. Returns null if arity exceeds the closure-table slot width (caller falls
+ *  through to the generic closure path). */
+function tryDirectClosureCall(callee, parsed) {
+  const bodyName = ctx.func.directClosures.get(callee)
+  const W = ctx.closure.width ?? MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY
+  const n = parsed.normal.length
+  if (n > W) return null
+  // Per-param "every direct call site passed a number" lattice. Every call to a
+  // direct (non-escaping) closure flows through here, so once the body is emitted
+  // (module end, after all calls) a param only ever seen with numeric args is marked
+  // VAL.NUMBER — its body uses then skip __to_num, the same boxing win the numeric
+  // export-param path gives. An arg we can't prove numeric poisons the slot to false.
+  const pt = (ctx.closure.paramTypes ||= new Map())
+  let row = pt.get(bodyName); if (!row) pt.set(bodyName, row = [])
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const numeric = valTypeOf(parsed.normal[i]) === VAL.NUMBER
+    row[i] = row[i] === undefined ? numeric : (row[i] && numeric)
+  }
+  // Track the fewest args any call passed: a slot at index ≥ minArgc is omitted by some call
+  // site (padded with UNDEF_NAN), so it may be undefined — emitClosureBody flags it nullable.
+  const mn = (ctx.closure.minArgc ||= new Map())
+  const prev = mn.get(bodyName)
+  mn.set(bodyName, prev === undefined ? n : (n < prev ? n : prev))
+  // Body signature is uniform $ftN: (env f64, argc i32, a0..a{W-1} f64) → f64.
+  // We pass the closure NaN-box itself as env (body extracts captures via __ptr_offset(__env)).
+  const slots = parsed.normal.map(a => asF64(emit(a)))
+  while (slots.length < W) slots.push(undefExpr())
+  return typed(['call', `$${bodyName}`,
+    asF64(emit(callee)),
+    typed(['i32.const', n], 'i32'),
+    ...slots], 'f64')
+}
+
+/** Generic closure call: callee is a value holding a NaN-boxed closure pointer.
+ *  Uniform convention: fn.call packs all args into an array and trampolines. */
+function emitGenericClosureCall(callee, parsed) {
+  if (parsed.hasSpread) {
+    const combined = reconstructArgsWithSpreads(parsed.normal, parsed.spreads)
+    const arrayIR = buildArrayWithSpreads(combined)
+    // Pass pre-built array as single already-emitted arg
+    return ctx.closure.call(emit(callee), [arrayIR], true)
+  }
+  return ctx.closure.call(emit(callee), parsed.normal)
+}
+
+/** Last-resort fallback: assume `(call $callee args)` against an import / unknown
+ *  identifier. Matches arg count to the env-import signature when known — wasm
+ *  validates arity strictly, so JS-style "pad missing / drop extra" needs to be
+ *  done here rather than by the host. */
+function emitUnknownCalleeCall(callee, argList) {
+  let calleeArity = null
+  if (typeof callee === 'string') {
+    const imp = ctx.module.imports?.find(i =>
+      Array.isArray(i) && i[0] === 'import' && i[3]?.[0] === 'func' && i[3]?.[1] === `$${callee}`)
+    if (imp) {
+      let n = 0
+      for (let k = 2; k < imp[3].length; k++) if (Array.isArray(imp[3][k]) && imp[3][k][0] === 'param') n++
+      calleeArity = n
+    }
+  }
+  const emittedArgs = argList.map(a => asF64(emit(a)))
+  if (calleeArity != null) {
+    while (emittedArgs.length < calleeArity) emittedArgs.push(undefExpr())
+    if (emittedArgs.length > calleeArity) emittedArgs.length = calleeArity
+  }
+  return typed(['call', `$${callee}`, ...emittedArgs], 'f64')
+}
+
+/** Compound assignment: read → op → write back (via readVar/writeVar). */
+function compoundAssign(name, val, f64op, i32op) {
+  if (typeof name === 'string' && isConst(name)) err(`Assignment to const '${name}'`)
+  const void_ = ctx.func._expect === 'void'
+  const va = readVar(name), vb = emit(val)
+  // Peel f64.convert_i32_s/u when va is i32 — typed-array integer reads wrap their
+  // i32.load in convert_i32_* by default, but the i32 arithmetic path can use the
+  // raw i32 directly (eliminates per-iter widen + saturating-trunc roundtrip on
+  // hot accumulator loops like `let s = 0; for (...) s += i32arr[i]`).
+  let vbi = vb
+  if (i32op && va.type === 'i32' && vb.type !== 'i32' &&
+      Array.isArray(vb) && (vb[0] === 'f64.convert_i32_s' || vb[0] === 'f64.convert_i32_u')) {
+    const inner = vb[1]
+    vbi = Array.isArray(inner) ? typed(inner, 'i32') : inner
+  }
+  if (i32op && va.type === 'i32' && vbi.type === 'i32')
+    return writeVar(name, i32op(va, vbi), void_)
+  return writeVar(name, f64op(asF64(va), asF64(vb)), void_)
+}
+
+// === Core emitter dispatch table ===
+// ctx.core.emit is seeded with a flat copy of this object on reset;
+// language modules add or override ops on ctx.core.emit directly.
+
+/**
+ * Core emitter table. Maps AST ops to WASM IR generators.
+ * @type {Record<string, (...args: any[]) => Array>}
+ */
+export const emitter = {
+  // === Spread operator ===
+  // Note: spread is handled specially in call contexts; this catches stray uses
+  '...': () => err('Spread (...) can only be used in function/method calls or array literals'),
+
+  // === Statements ===
+
+  ';': (...args) => {
+    const out = []
+    for (const a of args) {
+      out.push(...emitVoid(a))
+    }
+    return out
+  },
+  '{': (...args) => args.map(emit).filter(x => x != null),
+  ',': (...args) => {
+    const results = args.map(emit).filter(x => x != null)
+    if (results.length === 0) return null
+    if (results.length === 1) return results[0]
+    const last = results[results.length - 1]
+    // Flatten: multi-instruction arrays (from ';') need spreading, typed nodes need drop
+    const spread = r => Array.isArray(r) && Array.isArray(r[0]) ? r : [r]
+    const dropSpread = r => r.type ? [['drop', r]] : spread(r)
+    // If last expression is void (store, etc.), add explicit return value
+    if (!last.type) {
+      return block64(
+        ...results.flatMap(dropSpread),
+        ['f64.const', 0])
+    }
+    return typed(['block', ['result', last.type],
+      ...results.slice(0, -1).flatMap(dropSpread), last], last.type)
+  },
+  'let': emitDecl,
+  'const': emitDecl,
+  'export': () => null,
+  // 'block' can appear from jzify transforming labeled blocks or as WASM block IR
+  'block': (...args) => {
+    // WASM block IR: first arg is ['result', type] → pass through, preserve type
+    if (Array.isArray(args[0]) && args[0][0] === 'result')
+      return typed(['block', ...args], args[0][1])
+    const inner = args.length === 1 ? args[0] : [';', ...args]
+    return emitVoid(['{}', inner])
+  },
+
+  'throw': expr => {
+    ctx.runtime.throws = ctx.runtime.userThrows = true
+    const thrown = temp()
+    return typed(['block',
+      ['local.set', `$${thrown}`, asF64(emit(expr))],
+      ['global.set', '$__jz_last_err_bits', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${thrown}`]]],
+      ['throw', '$__jz_err', ['local.get', `$${thrown}`]]], 'void')
+  },
+
+  'catch': (body, errName, handler) => {
+    if (!canThrow(body)) return emitVoid(body)
+
+    ctx.runtime.throws = ctx.runtime.userThrows = true
+    const id = ctx.func.uniq++
+    ctx.func.locals.set(errName, 'f64')
+    const prev = ctx.func.inTry; ctx.func.inTry = true
+    let bodyIR; try { bodyIR = emitVoid(body) } finally { ctx.func.inTry = prev }
+    const handlerIR = emitVoid(handler)
+    return typed(['block', `$outer${id}`, ['result', 'f64'],
+      ['block', `$catch${id}`, ['result', 'f64'],
+        ['try_table', ['catch', '$__jz_err', `$catch${id}`],
+          ...bodyIR],
+        ['f64.const', 0],
+        ['br', `$outer${id}`]],
+      ['local.set', `$${errName}`],
+      ...handlerIR,
+      ['f64.const', 0]], 'f64')
+  },
+
+  'finally': (body, cleanup) => {
+    if (!canThrow(body)) {
+      const parentStack = ctx.func.finallyStack || []
+      const activeStack = parentStack.concat([cleanup])
+      const bodyIR = withFinallyStack(activeStack, () => emitVoid(body))
+      const cleanupIR = isTerminator(body) ? [] : withFinallyStack(parentStack, () => emitVoid(cleanup))
+      return [...bodyIR, ...cleanupIR]
+    }
+
+    ctx.runtime.throws = ctx.runtime.userThrows = true
+    const id = ctx.func.uniq++
+    const errLocal = temp('err')
+    const parentStack = ctx.func.finallyStack || []
+    const activeStack = parentStack.concat([cleanup])
+
+    const prevTry = ctx.func.inTry
+    ctx.func.inTry = true
+    const bodyIR = withFinallyStack(activeStack, () => {
+      try { return emitVoid(body) }
+      finally { ctx.func.inTry = prevTry }
+    })
+    const normalCleanup = withFinallyStack(parentStack, () => emitVoid(cleanup))
+    const throwCleanup = withFinallyStack(parentStack, () => emitVoid(cleanup))
+
+    return ['block', `$fin_done${id}`,
+      ['block', `$fin_catch${id}`, ['result', 'f64'],
+        ['try_table', ['catch', '$__jz_err', `$fin_catch${id}`],
+          ...bodyIR],
+        ...normalCleanup,
+        ['br', `$fin_done${id}`]],
+      ['local.set', `$${errLocal}`],
+      ...throwCleanup,
+      ['global.set', '$__jz_last_err_bits', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${errLocal}`]]],
+      ['throw', '$__jz_err', ['local.get', `$${errLocal}`]]]
+  },
+
+  'return': expr => {
+    const finalizers = emitFinalizers()
+    const finalizerBlock = () => [['block', ...finalizers]]
+    if (ctx.func.current?.results.length > 1 && Array.isArray(expr) && expr[0] === '[') {
+      const vals = expr.slice(1).map(e => asF64(emit(e)))
+      if (finalizers.length === 0) return typed(['return', ...vals], 'void')
+      const names = vals.map(() => temp('ret'))
+      return [
+        ...vals.map((v, i) => ['local.set', `$${names[i]}`, v]),
+        ...finalizerBlock(),
+        typed(['return', ...names.map(n => ['local.get', `$${n}`])], 'void'),
+      ]
+    }
+    // A value-less `return;` yields `undefined` per spec (not null). The function
+    // result is never i32-narrowed when a bare return is present (see hasBareReturn
+    // guard in narrowI32Results), so the f64 UNDEF carrier is type-compatible.
+    if (expr == null) return [...finalizers, typed(['return', undefExpr()], 'void')]
+    const rt = ctx.func.current?.results[0] || 'f64'
+    const pk = ctx.func.current?.ptrKind
+    const ir = pk != null ? asPtrOffset(emit(expr), pk) : asParamType(emit(expr), rt)
+    const ty = pk != null ? 'i32' : rt
+    const tcoed = tcoTailRewrite(ir, ty)
+    if (Array.isArray(tcoed) && tcoed[0] === 'return_call' && finalizers.length === 0) {
+      return typed(tcoed, 'void')
+    }
+    if (finalizers.length > 0) {
+      const name = ty === 'i32' ? tempI32('ret') : ty === 'i64' ? tempI64('ret') : temp('ret')
+      return [
+        ['local.set', `$${name}`, tcoed],
+        ...finalizerBlock(),
+        typed(['return', ['local.get', `$${name}`]], 'void'),
+      ]
+    }
+    return typed(['return', tcoed], 'void')
+  },
+
+  // === Assignment ===
+
+  '=': (name, val) => {
+    if (typeof name === 'string' && isConst(name)) err(`Assignment to const '${name}'`)
+    if (Array.isArray(name) && name[0] === '[]') return emitElementAssign(name[1], name[2], val)
+    if (Array.isArray(name) && name[0] === '.')  return emitPropertyAssign(name[1], name[2], val)
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') err(`Assignment to non-variable: ${JSON.stringify(name)}`)
+    if (isNullishLit(val)) ctx.func.maybeNullish?.add(name)   // null-flow: later arithmetic on this var coerces
+    const void_ = ctx.func._expect === 'void'
+    if (Array.isArray(val) && val[0] === 'u+' && val[1] === name) {
+      inc('__to_num')
+      return writeVar(name, typed(['call', '$__to_num', asI64(emit(name))], 'f64'), void_)
+    }
+    return writeVar(name, emit(val), void_)
+  },
+
+  // Compound assignments: read-modify-write with type coercion
+  '+=': (name, val) => {
+    // Complex LHS (obj.prop, arr[i]) → desugar to side-effect-safe `name = name + val`
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') return emit(['=', name, ['+', name, val]])
+    // String concatenation: desugar to name = name + val (+ handler knows about strings).
+    // Also desugar when either side has unknown type — the `+` operator picks runtime
+    // string/numeric dispatch (`__is_str_key`); compoundAssign would force f64.add and
+    // silently corrupt string concatenations through unknown-typed values.
+    const vt = typeof name === 'string' ? valTypeOf(name) : null
+    const vtB = valTypeOf(val)
+    if (vt === VAL.STRING || vtB === VAL.STRING) return emit(['=', name, ['+', name, val]])
+    if ((vt == null || vtB == null) && ctx.core.stdlib['__str_concat']) return emit(['=', name, ['+', name, val]])
+    return compoundAssign(name, val, (a, b) => typed(['f64.add', a, b], 'f64'), (a, b) => typed(['i32.add', a, b], 'i32'))
+  },
+  ...Object.fromEntries([
+    ['-=', 'sub'], ['*=', 'mul'], ['/=', 'div'],
+  ].map(([op, fn]) => [op, (name, val) => {
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') return emit(['=', name, [op.slice(0, -1), name, val]])
+    return compoundAssign(name, val,
+      (a, b) => typed([`f64.${fn}`, a, b], 'f64'),
+      fn === 'div' ? null : (a, b) => typed([`i32.${fn}`, a, b], 'i32')
+    )
+  }])),
+  '%=': (name, val) => {
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') return emit(['=', name, ['%', name, val]])
+    return compoundAssign(name, val, f64rem, (a, b) => typed(['i32.rem_s', a, b], 'i32'))
+  },
+
+  // Bitwise compound assignments: i32 normally, i64 when either operand is BigInt
+  ...Object.fromEntries([
+    ['&=', 'and'], ['|=', 'or'], ['^=', 'xor'],
+    ['>>=', 'shr_s'], ['<<=', 'shl'], ['>>>=', 'shr_u'],
+  ].map(([op, fn]) => [op, (name, val) => {
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') return emit(['=', name, [op.slice(0, -1), name, val]])
+    if (valTypeOf(name) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(val) === VAL.BIGINT) {
+      const void_ = ctx.func._expect === 'void'
+      const result = fromI64([`i64.${fn}`, asI64(readVar(name)), asI64(emit(val))])
+      return writeVar(name, result, void_)
+    }
+    return compoundAssign(name, val,
+      (a, b) => asF64(typed([`i32.${fn}`, toI32(a), toI32(b)], 'i32')),
+      (a, b) => typed([`i32.${fn}`, a, b], 'i32')
+    )
+  }])),
+
+  // Logical compound assignments: a ||= b → a = a || b, a &&= b → a = a && b
+  // Logical/nullish compound assignments: read → check → conditionally write
+  // For complex LHS (obj.prop, arr[i]): emit as check(read(lhs)) ? write(lhs, val) : read(lhs)
+  ...Object.fromEntries(['||=', '&&=', '??='].map(op => [op, (name, val) => {
+    // Complex LHS → desugar (side-effect-safe since obj/arr/idx are locals)
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+      const baseOp = op.slice(0, -1) // '||', '&&', '??'
+      return emit([baseOp, name, ['=', name, val]])
+    }
+    if (isConst(name)) err(`Assignment to const '${name}'`)
+    const void_ = ctx.func._expect === 'void'
+    const t = temp()
+    const va = readVar(name)
+    // Condition: ||= → truthy check, &&= → truthy check, ??= → nullish check
+    const lhs = typed(['local.tee', `$${t}`, asF64(va)], 'f64')
+    const cond = op === '??=' ? isNullish(lhs) : truthyIR(lhs)
+    // &&= and ??= assign when cond is true (truthy / nullish); ||= assigns when cond is false
+    const [thenExpr, elseExpr] = op === '||='
+      ? [['local.get', `$${t}`], asF64(emit(val))]
+      : [asF64(emit(val)), ['local.get', `$${t}`]]
+    const result = typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'], cond, ['then', thenExpr], ['else', elseExpr]], 'f64')
+    // Write back — writeVar owns the cell/global/local discipline INCLUDING the
+    // i32-narrowed-cell width (a direct f64.store here desynced narrowed cells).
+    return writeVar(name, result, void_)
+  }])),
+
+  // === Increment/Decrement ===
+  // Postfix resolved in prepare: i++ → (++i) - 1
+
+  ...Object.fromEntries([['++', 'add'], ['--', 'sub']].map(([op, fn]) => [op, name => {
+    if (typeof name === 'string' && isConst(name)) err(`Assignment to const '${name}'`)
+    const void_ = ctx.func._expect === 'void'
+    const v = readVar(name)
+    const one = v.type === 'i32' ? ['i32.const', 1] : ['f64.const', 1]
+    return writeVar(name, typed([`${v.type}.${fn}`, v, one], v.type), void_)
+  }])),
+
+  // === Arithmetic (type-preserving) ===
+
+  // Postfix in void: (++i)-1 / (--i)+1 → just ++i / --i
+  '+': (a, b) => {
+    if (ctx.func._expect === 'void' && isPostfix(a, '--', b)) return emit(a, 'void')
+    // String concatenation: pure string operands skip generic ToString coercion.
+    const vtA = valTypeOf(a)
+    const vtB = valTypeOf(b)
+    if (vtA === VAL.STRING && vtB === VAL.STRING) {
+      // Fused append-byte: `buf += s[i]` skips 1-char SSO construction +
+      // generic concat dispatch when rhs is a string-index. The byte flows
+      // straight from __char_at into memory, and the bump-extend path elides
+      // the alloc+copy when lhs is the heap-top STRING.
+      if (Array.isArray(b) && b[0] === '[]' && ctx.core.stdlib['__str_append_byte'] && ctx.core.stdlib['__char_at']) {
+        if (valTypeOf(b[1]) === VAL.STRING) {
+          inc('__str_append_byte', '__char_at')
+          return typed(['call', '$__str_append_byte',
+            asI64(emit(a)),
+            ctx.abi.string.ops.charCodeAt(asF64(emit(b[1])), asI32(emit(b[2])), ctx),
+          ], 'f64')
+        }
+      }
+      return typed(ctx.abi.string.ops.concatRaw(asF64(emit(a)), asF64(emit(b)), ctx), 'f64')
+    }
+    if (vtA === VAL.STRING || vtB === VAL.STRING) {
+      // An OBJECT operand coerces via ToPrimitive(string) at compile time —
+      // __str_concat's runtime __to_str cannot invoke a user-defined toString.
+      // A BOOL operand renders "true"/"false" rather than its 0/1 carrier.
+      const strOperand = (vt, n) => vt === VAL.OBJECT ? typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', toStrI64(n, emit(n))], 'f64')
+        : vt === VAL.BOOL ? emitBoolStr(n) : asF64(emit(n))
+      const ea = strOperand(vtA, a)
+      const eb = strOperand(vtB, b)
+      return typed(ctx.abi.string.ops.cat(ea, eb, ctx), 'f64')
+    }
+    if (vtA === VAL.BIGINT || vtB === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return fromI64(['i64.add', asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    // Runtime string dispatch when at least one side could be a string. When one side has
+    // a known non-STRING vtype, skip its `__is_str_key` (statically false). Common in
+    // chained additions `s + a*b + c.d` — left grows as `+` (=NUMBER), only the new right
+    // operand needs the runtime check.
+    if ((vtA == null || vtB == null) && ctx.core.stdlib['__str_concat']) {
+      const tA = temp('add'), tB = temp('add')
+      inc('__str_concat', '__is_str_key')
+      const checkA = vtA == null ? ['call', '$__is_str_key', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.tee', `$${tA}`, asF64(emit(a))]]] : null
+      const checkB = vtB == null ? ['call', '$__is_str_key', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.tee', `$${tB}`, asF64(emit(b))]]] : null
+      const concat = ['call', '$__str_concat', ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${tA}`]], ['i64.reinterpret_f64', ['local.get', `$${tB}`]]]
+      const add    = ['f64.add', ['local.get', `$${tA}`], ['local.get', `$${tB}`]]
+      if (checkA && checkB) {
+        return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'], ['i32.or', checkA, checkB], ['then', concat], ['else', add]], 'f64')
+      }
+      // Exactly one side is checked. Pre-eval the known side first, then the if branches on the unknown.
+      const preEval = vtA == null ? ['local.set', `$${tB}`, asF64(emit(b))] : ['local.set', `$${tA}`, asF64(emit(a))]
+      return block64(
+        preEval,
+        ['if', ['result', 'f64'], checkA ?? checkB, ['then', concat], ['else', add]])
+    }
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b), _f = foldConst(va, vb, (a, b) => a + b)
+    if (_f) return _f
+    // Neither side is a string here (string paths handled above), but either may
+    // still be null/undefined/pointer — numeric `+` performs ToNumber like `-`/`*`.
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 0) return toNumF64(a, va)
+    if (isLit(va) && litVal(va) === 0) return toNumF64(b, vb)
+    // An `.unsigned` operand is a uint32 (range [0, 2^32)); JS `+` is a float
+    // op whose result can exceed i32, so `i32.add` would wrap (4294967295+1→0).
+    // Widen to f64 — never wrap — matching spec. Only `>>>0`/`|0`/imul wrap.
+    if (isI32Num(va) && isI32Num(vb) && !widensUnsigned(va) && !widensUnsigned(vb)) return typed(['i32.add', va, vb], 'i32')
+    return typed(['f64.add', toNumF64(a, va), toNumF64(b, vb)], 'f64')
+  },
+  '-': (a, b) => {
+    if (ctx.func._expect === 'void' && isPostfix(a, '++', b)) return emit(a, 'void')
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(b) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return b === undefined
+        ? fromI64(['i64.sub', ['i64.const', 0], asI64(emit(a))])
+        : fromI64(['i64.sub', asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    if (b === undefined) return emitNeg(a)
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b), _f = foldConst(va, vb, (a, b) => a - b)
+    if (_f) return _f
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 0) return toNumF64(a, va)
+    // Unsigned uint32 operand: JS `-` is float (can go negative / exceed i32),
+    // so avoid the wrapping i32.sub fast-path. See `+` above.
+    if (isI32Num(va) && isI32Num(vb) && !widensUnsigned(va) && !widensUnsigned(vb)) return typed(['i32.sub', va, vb], 'i32')
+    return typed(['f64.sub', toNumF64(a, va), toNumF64(b, vb)], 'f64')
+  },
+  'u+': a => {
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return typed(['f64.convert_i64_s', asI64(emit(a))], 'f64')
+    const v = emit(a)
+    if (v.type === 'i32') return asF64(v)
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.NUMBER) return toNumF64(a, v)
+    inc('__to_num')
+    return typed(['call', '$__to_num', asI64(v)], 'f64')
+  },
+  'u-': a => emitNeg(a),
+  '*': (a, b) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(b) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return fromI64(['i64.mul', asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b), _f = foldConst(va, vb, (a, b) => a * b)
+    if (_f) return _f
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 1) return toNumF64(a, va)
+    if (isLit(va) && litVal(va) === 1) return toNumF64(b, vb)
+    // `x * 0` → 0 only when the other factor is provably finite (i32, or a finite
+    // literal): JS `NaN*0` / `±Inf*0` are NaN, so a non-finite f64 must fall
+    // through to `f64.mul` (which yields NaN). For finite x the dropped product is
+    // ±0 — and -0 === +0, so consumers are unaffected. The block evaluates x for
+    // its side effects before dropping.
+    const finiteFactor = (v) => isI32Num(v) || (isLit(v) && Number.isFinite(litVal(v)))
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 0 && finiteFactor(va)) return isLit(va) ? vb : typed(['block', ['result', vb.type], va, 'drop', vb], vb.type)
+    if (isLit(va) && litVal(va) === 0 && finiteFactor(vb)) return isLit(vb) ? va : typed(['block', ['result', va.type], vb, 'drop', va], va.type)
+    // `.unsigned` operand is a uint32 ([0, 2^32)); its product can exceed i32, so
+    // `i32.mul` would wrap ((2^32-1)*2 → -2). Widen to f64 — see `+` above.
+    if (isI32Num(va) && isI32Num(vb) && !widensUnsigned(va) && !widensUnsigned(vb) && mulFitsI32(va, vb)) return typed(['i32.mul', va, vb], 'i32')
+    return typed(['f64.mul', toNumF64(a, va), toNumF64(b, vb)], 'f64')
+  },
+  '/': (a, b) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(b) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return fromI64(['i64.div_s', asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b), _f = foldConst(va, vb, (a, b) => a / b, b => b !== 0)
+    if (_f) return _f
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 1) return toNumF64(a, va)
+    return typed(['f64.div', toNumF64(a, va), toNumF64(b, vb)], 'f64')
+  },
+  '%': (a, b) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(b) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return fromI64(['i64.rem_s', asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b), _f = foldConst(va, vb, (a, b) => a % b, b => b !== 0)
+    if (_f) return _f
+    // ES remainder by zero is NaN; only the f64 path yields that (a - trunc(a/0)*0).
+    // The i32.rem_s fast path traps on a zero divisor, so divert a literal-zero divisor.
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) === 0) return emitNum(NaN)
+    // i32.rem_s is exact for integer operands AND fast, but it TRAPS on a zero
+    // divisor where JS yields NaN. Only take it when the divisor is a literal
+    // integer (necessarily nonzero — literal 0 is handled above); a runtime i32
+    // divisor could be 0, so route it to f64rem (exact for in-range integers,
+    // NaN for 0). The dividend may be a bare i32 or a FAITHFUL signed-convert
+    // wrapper (f64.convert_i32_s X — the i32 view equals the JS value): peel it.
+    // `.unsigned` operand: `i32.rem_s` reads the uint32 as a negative signed value
+    // ((2^32-1)%7 → rem_s(-1,7) = -1, not 3). Widen to f64 — see `+` above.
+    if (isLit(vb) && Number.isInteger(litVal(vb)) && Math.abs(litVal(vb)) < 2 ** 31 && !vb.unsigned) {
+      const pa = isI32Num(va) && !va.unsigned ? va
+        : Array.isArray(va) && va[0] === 'f64.convert_i32_s' && !va.unsigned
+          ? (Array.isArray(va[1]) ? typed(va[1], 'i32') : va[1]) : null
+      if (pa) return typed(['i32.rem_s', pa, ['i32.const', litVal(vb) | 0]], 'i32')
+    }
+    // Fast path: positive literal divisor → inline a - trunc(a/b) * b.
+    // Exact when |a| < 2^53 × |b| (all practical audio/control-range values).
+    // The full __rem handles NaN/±Inf/0 edges exactly; this avoids the call overhead.
+    if (isLit(vb) && litVal(vb) > 0) {
+      const fa = toNumF64(a, va), fb = toNumF64(b, vb)
+      const rem = ta => typed(['f64.sub', ta, ['f64.mul', ['f64.trunc', ['f64.div', ta, fb]], fb]], 'f64')
+      if (isPureIR(fa)) return rem(fa)
+      return withTemp(fa, t => rem(['local.get', `$${t}`]), 'rem')
+    }
+    return f64rem(toNumF64(a, va), toNumF64(b, vb))
+  },
+  // === Comparisons (always i32 result) ===
+
+  '==': (a, b) => emitLooseEq(a, b, false),
+  '!=': (a, b) => emitLooseEq(a, b, true),
+  '===': (a, b) => emitStrictEq(a, b, false),
+  '!==': (a, b) => emitStrictEq(a, b, true),
+  '<':  cmpOp('lt_s', 'lt', (a, b) => a < b),
+  '>':  cmpOp('gt_s', 'gt', (a, b) => a > b),
+  '<=': cmpOp('le_s', 'le', (a, b) => a <= b),
+  '>=': cmpOp('ge_s', 'ge', (a, b) => a >= b),
+
+  // === Logical ===
+
+  '!': a => {
+    const v = emit(a)
+    if (v.type === 'i32') return typed(['i32.eqz', v], 'i32')
+    // Unboxed pointer offsets: falsy iff zero offset.
+    if (v.ptrKind != null) return typed(['i32.eqz', v], 'i32')
+    // Known pointer-kinded operand: `!x` is just `x is nullish` (null/undefined).
+    // Excludes STRING — empty string '' is a valid (non-null) pointer but is falsy.
+    // VAL.BOOL rides the 0/1 numeric carrier (not a pointer), so normalize it to
+    // NUMBER and let it fall to the truthy path — `!false` must be `true`.
+    const vt = numericVal(resolveValType(a, valTypeOf, lookupValType))
+    if (vt && vt !== VAL.NUMBER && vt !== VAL.BIGINT && vt !== VAL.STRING) {
+      return isNullish(asF64(v))
+    }
+    // Route through truthyIR (not a bare __is_truthy) so a NUMBER operand uses the
+    // NaN-safe f64 test — `!(0/0)` must be `true` on every platform (x86's sign-set
+    // NaN would read as a truthy box through the bit-based __is_truthy).
+    return typed(['i32.eqz', truthyIR(v)], 'i32')
+  },
+
+  '?:': (a, b, c) => {
+    // Constant condition → emit only the live branch
+    const ca = emit(a)
+    if (isLit(ca)) { const v = litVal(ca); return (v !== 0 && v === v) ? emit(b) : emit(c) }
+    const cond = toBoolFromEmitted(ca)
+    // Flow-sensitive refinement: each arm sees narrowing consistent with `a` being truthy / falsy.
+    const thenRefs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), true)
+    const elseRefs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), false)
+    const vb = withRefinements(thenRefs, b, () => emit(b))
+    const vc = withRefinements(elseRefs, c, () => emit(c))
+    // L: Use WASM select for pure ternaries — branchless, smaller bytecode
+    if (vb.type === 'i32' && vc.type === 'i32') {
+      // A single i32 select is only sound when BOTH arms' i32 carriers mean the same
+      // thing to the downstream asF64 — otherwise the result is interpreted one way and
+      // the other arm's value is corrupted. Two compatible shapes:
+      //   • both non-pointer i32 (numbers/bools) → asF64 numeric-converts, correct; or
+      //   • both the SAME pointer kind+aux → result carries that ptrKind so asF64 takes
+      //     the NaN-rebox path (and boxPtrIR's single aux slot is the shared one).
+      // Anything else — a pointer arm beside a number/bool arm, two different pointer
+      // kinds, or the same kind with diverging aux (polymorphic OBJECT schemaIds, TYPED
+      // element types) — must fall through to the f64 path, where each arm is asF64'd
+      // independently and reboxed with its own kind/aux in the NaN-box. The pre-4.x bug:
+      // a pointer arm vs a `true`/number arm took the i32 select, dropped the ptrKind,
+      // and `f64.convert_i32_s` numeric-converted the pointer bits — so `cond ? obj : 1`
+      // lost its object-ness (typeof → "number").
+      const bothPlain = vb.ptrKind == null && vc.ptrKind == null
+      const samePtr = vb.ptrKind != null && vb.ptrKind === vc.ptrKind
+        && (vb.ptrAux ?? null) === (vc.ptrAux ?? null)
+      if (bothPlain || samePtr) {
+        const tagPtr = (n) => {
+          if (vb.ptrKind != null && vb.ptrKind === vc.ptrKind) {
+            n.ptrKind = vb.ptrKind
+            if (vb.ptrAux != null && vb.ptrAux === vc.ptrAux) n.ptrAux = vb.ptrAux
+          }
+          return n
+        }
+        if (isPureIR(vb) && isPureIR(vc))
+          return tagPtr(typed(['select', vb, vc, cond], 'i32'))
+        return tagPtr(typed(['if', ['result', 'i32'], cond, ['then', vb], ['else', vc]], 'i32'))
+      }
+    }
+    const fb = asF64(vb), fc = asF64(vc)
+    const vtb = resolveValType(b, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+    const vtc = resolveValType(c, valTypeOf, lookupValType)
+    const isNaNBoxLit = n => Array.isArray(n) && n[0] === 'f64.const' && typeof n[1] === 'string' && n[1].startsWith('nan:')
+    const refPayload = (vtb && vtb === vtc && REF_EQ_KINDS.has(vtb))
+      || vb.closureFuncIdx != null || vc.closureFuncIdx != null
+      || isNaNBoxLit(fb) || isNaNBoxLit(fc)
+    const numericB = isI32Num(vb) || vb.valKind === VAL.NUMBER || vtb === VAL.NUMBER
+    const numericC = isI32Num(vc) || vc.valKind === VAL.NUMBER || vtc === VAL.NUMBER
+    const branchB = numericB && !numericC ? canonNum(fb) : fb
+    const branchC = numericC && !numericB ? canonNum(fc) : fc
+    const markNumeric = (n) => {
+      if (numericB && numericC) n.valKind = VAL.NUMBER
+      return n
+    }
+    if (refPayload) {
+      const ib = ['i64.reinterpret_f64', branchB]
+      const ic = ['i64.reinterpret_f64', branchC]
+      const bits = isPureIR(branchB) && isPureIR(branchC)
+        ? ['select', ib, ic, cond]
+        : ['if', ['result', 'i64'], cond, ['then', ib], ['else', ic]]
+      return typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', bits], 'f64')
+    }
+    if (!refPayload && isPureIR(branchB) && isPureIR(branchC))
+      return markNumeric(typed(['select', branchB, branchC, cond], 'f64'))
+    return markNumeric(typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'], cond, ['then', branchB], ['else', branchC]], 'f64'))
+  },
+
+  '&&': (a, b) => {
+    const va = emit(a)
+    // Constant-folded literal: pre-bind under truthy refinements (b runs only when a was truthy).
+    if (isLit(va)) {
+      const v = litVal(va)
+      if (v !== 0 && v === v) {
+        const refs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), true)
+        return withRefinements(refs, b, () => emit(b))
+      }
+      return va
+    }
+    // a is truthy in the right-arm — narrow b accordingly. Matches `?:`'s then-arm threading
+    // (`Array.isArray(x) && x[0]` → x[0] sees x as ARRAY, eliding union-rep fallbacks).
+    const rightRefs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), true)
+    const emitRight = () => withRefinements(rightRefs, b, () => emit(b))
+    // i32 fast path: use i32 tee as cond directly (nonzero=truthy in wasm `if`),
+    // skip f64 round-trip and __is_truthy call entirely.
+    if (va.type === 'i32') {
+      const vb = emitRight()
+      const t = tempI32()
+      if (vb.type === 'i32') {
+        return typed(['if', ['result', 'i32'],
+          ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va],
+          ['then', vb],
+          ['else', ['local.get', `$${t}`]]], 'i32')
+      }
+      return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+        ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va],
+        ['then', asF64(vb)],
+        ['else', typed(['f64.convert_i32_s', ['local.get', `$${t}`]], 'f64')]], 'f64')
+    }
+    const t = temp()
+    const teed = typed(['local.tee', `$${t}`, asF64(va)], 'f64')
+    return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+      toBoolFromEmitted(teed),
+      ['then', asF64(emitRight())],
+      ['else', ['local.get', `$${t}`]]], 'f64')
+  },
+
+  '||': (a, b) => {
+    const va = emit(a)
+    // Constant-folded literal: pre-bind under falsy refinements (b runs only when a was falsy).
+    if (isLit(va)) {
+      const v = litVal(va)
+      if (v !== 0 && v === v) return va
+      const refs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), false)
+      return withRefinements(refs, b, () => emit(b))
+    }
+    // a is falsy in the right-arm — `x == null || ...` proves x is null/undefined in b;
+    // De Morgan'd via the sense=false branch of extractRefinements (mirrors the ?: else-arm).
+    const rightRefs = extractRefinements(a, new Map(), false)
+    const emitRight = () => withRefinements(rightRefs, b, () => emit(b))
+    if (va.type === 'i32') {
+      const vb = emitRight()
+      const t = tempI32()
+      if (vb.type === 'i32') {
+        return typed(['if', ['result', 'i32'],
+          ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va],
+          ['then', ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+          ['else', vb]], 'i32')
+      }
+      return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+        ['local.tee', `$${t}`, va],
+        ['then', typed(['f64.convert_i32_s', ['local.get', `$${t}`]], 'f64')],
+        ['else', asF64(vb)]], 'f64')
+    }
+    const t = temp()
+    const teed = typed(['local.tee', `$${t}`, asF64(va)], 'f64')
+    return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+      toBoolFromEmitted(teed),
+      ['then', ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+      ['else', asF64(emitRight())]], 'f64')
+  },
+
+  // a ?? b: returns b only if a is nullish
+  '??': (a, b) => {
+    const va = emit(a)
+    const t = temp()
+    return typed(['if', ['result', 'f64'],
+      // Check: is a NOT nullish?
+      ['i32.eqz', isNullish(['local.tee', `$${t}`, asF64(va)])],
+      ['then', ['local.get', `$${t}`]],
+      ['else', asF64(emit(b))]], 'f64')
+  },
+
+  'void': a => {
+    const v = emit(a)
+    const dropAndUndef = (instr) => block64(instr, 'drop', undefExpr())
+    if (v == null) return undefExpr()
+    const op = Array.isArray(v) ? v[0] : null
+    const wasmVoid = op === 'local.set' || (typeof op === 'string' && op.endsWith('.store'))
+      || op === 'memory.copy' || op === 'global.set'
+    if (wasmVoid)
+      return block64(v, undefExpr())
+    if (v.type && v.type !== 'void')
+      return dropAndUndef(v)
+    return block64(...flat(v), undefExpr())
+  },
+
+  '(': a => emit(a),
+
+  // === Bitwise (i32 for numbers, i64 for BigInt) ===
+
+  // Per ECMAScript ToInt32, bitwise ops first ToNumber-coerce non-numeric operands.
+  // i32 / lit values are already numeric — the toNumF64 wrap is skipped to keep
+  // the numeric fast path at one wasm instruction. Non-numeric (NaN-boxed string,
+  // unknown type) routes through __to_num so "2026" | 0 === 2026.
+  // `~~x` is the idiomatic int32 truncation: the two xor-with-(-1) cancel, leaving
+  // a single toI32 (whose NaN/Infinity guard runs once, unchanged). Fold it here so
+  // DSP/bytebeat `~~` doesn't emit a dead double-xor watr won't remove.
+  '~':   a => {
+    if (Array.isArray(a) && a[0] === '~') {
+      const inner = a[1]
+      // ~~x === x for BigInt; the int32-truncation fold below is number-only.
+      if (valTypeOf(inner) === VAL.BIGINT) return emit(inner)
+      const iv = emit(inner)
+      return isLit(iv) ? emitNum(~~litVal(iv)) : typed(toI32(isI32Num(iv) ? iv : toNumF64(inner, iv)), 'i32')
+    }
+    // BigInt complement is the i64 `x ^ -1` (all bits flipped), like emitNeg's i64.sub.
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT) return fromI64(['i64.xor', asI64(emit(a)), ['i64.const', -1]])
+    const v = emit(a); return isLit(v) ? emitNum(~litVal(v)) : typed(['i32.xor', toI32(isI32Num(v) ? v : toNumF64(a, v)), typed(['i32.const', -1], 'i32')], 'i32')
+  },
+  ...Object.fromEntries([
+    ['&', 'and'], ['|', 'or'], ['^', 'xor'], ['<<', 'shl'], ['>>', 'shr_s'],
+  ].map(([op, fn]) => [op, (a, b) => {
+    if (valTypeOf(a) === VAL.BIGINT || valTypeOf(b) === VAL.BIGINT)
+      return fromI64([`i64.${fn}`, asI64(emit(a)), asI64(emit(b))])
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b)
+    if (isLit(va) && isLit(vb)) {
+      const la = litVal(va), lb = litVal(vb)
+      if (op === '&') return emitNum(la & lb); if (op === '|') return emitNum(la | lb)
+      if (op === '^') return emitNum(la ^ lb); if (op === '<<') return emitNum(la << lb)
+      if (op === '>>') return emitNum(la >> lb)
+    }
+    const ca = isI32Num(va) || isLit(va) ? va : toNumF64(a, va)
+    const cb = isI32Num(vb) || isLit(vb) ? vb : toNumF64(b, vb)
+    return typed([`i32.${fn}`, toI32(ca), toI32(cb)], 'i32')
+  }])),
+  '>>>': (a, b) => {
+    const va = emit(a), vb = emit(b)
+    if (isLit(va) && isLit(vb)) {
+      const r = litVal(va) >>> litVal(vb) // JS uint32 result ∈ [0, 2^32)
+      // ≥ 2^31 doesn't fit signed i32: materialize the wrapped bits as an i32 const
+      // tagged `.unsigned` so `asF64` lifts via `convert_i32_u`. Emitting `f64.const r`
+      // here (the old foldConst path) would `trunc_sat_f64_s`-saturate to INT32_MAX
+      // when the enclosing function narrows to an i32 result. Values < 2^31 fold to a
+      // plain i32 const (signed == unsigned, stays foldable downstream).
+      if (r >= 0x80000000) { const node = typed(['i32.const', r | 0], 'i32'); node.unsigned = true; return node }
+      return emitNum(r)
+    }
+    // F: Mark unsigned so `asF64` lifts via `f64.convert_i32_u` (preserving the
+    // [0, 2^32) value range). Without this, `(s >>> 0) / 4294967296` would convert
+    // signed for negative-high-bit s values, flipping sign and breaking the
+    // canonical "uint32 → f64" idiom used in PRNGs and bit-manipulation code.
+    const ca = isI32Num(va) || isLit(va) ? va : toNumF64(a, va)
+    const cb = isI32Num(vb) || isLit(vb) ? vb : toNumF64(b, vb)
+    const node = typed(['i32.shr_u', toI32(ca), toI32(cb)], 'i32')
+    node.unsigned = true
+    return node
+  },
+
+  // === Control flow ===
+
+  'if': (cond, then, els) => {
+    // Dead branch elimination: constant condition → emit only the live branch
+    const ce = emit(cond)
+    if (isLit(ce)) {
+      const v = litVal(ce), truthy = v !== 0 && v === v
+      if (truthy) return emitVoid(then)
+      if (els != null) return emitVoid(els)
+      return null
+    }
+    const c = ce.type === 'i32' ? ce : toBoolFromEmitted(ce)
+    // Flow-sensitive type refinement: narrow types within each branch based on the guard.
+    const thenRefs = extractRefinements(cond, new Map(), true)
+    const elseRefs = extractRefinements(cond, new Map(), false)
+    const thenBody = withRefinements(thenRefs, then, () => emitVoid(then))
+    if (els != null) {
+      const elseBody = withRefinements(elseRefs, els, () => emitVoid(els))
+      return ['if', c, ['then', ...thenBody], ['else', ...elseBody]]
+    }
+    return ['if', c, ['then', ...thenBody]]
+  },
+
+  'for': (init, cond, step, body) => {
+    if (body === undefined) return err('for-in/for-of not supported')
+    // An enclosing labeled statement (`outer: for …`) hands its label down so `continue outer`
+    // can target this loop's continue point. The immediately-enclosed loop consumes it.
+    const myLabel = ctx.func.pendingLabel; ctx.func.pendingLabel = null
+    const labeledContinue = myLabel != null && hasLabeledContinueTo(body, myLabel)
+    // Don't unroll a loop that is the target of a `continue <label>` — unrolling would lose the
+    // continue edge. (Plain loops with no labeled-continue still unroll.)
+    if (!labeledContinue && (!ctx.transform.optimize || ctx.transform.optimize.smallConstForUnroll !== false)) {
+      const unrolled = unrollSmallConstFor(init, cond, step, body)
+      if (unrolled) return unrolled
+    }
+    // Lift constant array/object literals out of the loop (allocate once, not per
+    // iteration) when they are read-only + non-escaping inside it. Strip them from the
+    // body up front so freshBoxed / continue analysis see the reduced body.
+    let preLoopLits = []
+    if (!ctx.transform.optimize || ctx.transform.optimize.hoistConstLit !== false) {
+      const ex = extractHoistableLiterals(body)
+      if (ex) { preLoopLits = ex.hoisted; body = ex.body }
+    }
+    const id = ctx.func.uniq++
+    const brk = `$brk${id}`, loop = `$loop${id}`
+    // The cont wrapper is only needed if the body has a `continue` AND there is a step
+    // expression — `continue` must jump to before the step. Without a step, `continue`
+    // can target the loop label directly, saving a redundant `block`.
+    const needsCont = step && (hasOwnContinue(body) || labeledContinue)
+    const cont = needsCont ? `$cont${id}` : loop
+    ctx.func.stack.push({ brk, loop: cont })
+    const frame = ctx.func.stack[ctx.func.stack.length - 1]
+    if (myLabel != null) frame.contLabel = myLabel   // so `continue <myLabel>` targets this loop's step/test
+    // Per-iteration fresh cells for boxed locals declared in the body — allocated
+    // at body entry so a closure declared before its binding captures the right
+    // cell (sets frame.loopFresh; emitDecl then stores rather than re-allocates).
+    const freshBoxed = emitLoopFreshBoxed(body, frame)
+    const result = []
+    if (init != null) result.push(...emitVoid(init))
+    for (const lit of preLoopLits) result.push(...emitVoid(lit))   // allocate hoisted literals once
+    // Hoist a loop-invariant immutable-length bound out of the condition. A typed
+    // array's `.length` is fixed, so `i < arr.length` otherwise reloads the header
+    // (`i32.load (base-8) >> 2`) every iteration for nothing (V8's JIT hoists it).
+    // Compute it once into a temp when `arr` is a typed-array var not reassigned in
+    // the body. Only the simple top-level comparison forms — anything fancier just
+    // keeps the per-iteration eval (correct, only misses the speedup).
+    let condForLoop = cond
+    if (cond && Array.isArray(cond) && HOIST_CMP.has(cond[0])) {
+      const side = immutableLenBound(cond[2], body) ? 2 : immutableLenBound(cond[1], body) ? 1 : 0
+      if (side) {
+        const lt = tempI32('len')
+        result.push(['local.set', `$${lt}`, asI32(emit(cond[side]))])
+        condForLoop = cond.slice(); condForLoop[side] = lt
+      }
+    }
+    const loopBody = []
+    if (condForLoop) loopBody.push(['br_if', brk, ['i32.eqz', toBool(condForLoop)]])
+    loopBody.push(...freshBoxed)
+    if (needsCont) loopBody.push(['block', cont, ...emitVoid(body)])
+    else loopBody.push(...emitVoid(body))
+    if (step) loopBody.push(...emitVoid(step))
+    loopBody.push(['br', loop])
+    result.push(['block', brk, ['loop', loop, ...loopBody]])
+    ctx.func.stack.pop()
+    return result.length === 1 ? result[0] : result
+  },
+
+  'switch': (discriminant, ...cases) => {
+    const disc = `${T}disc${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+    ctx.func.locals.set(disc, 'f64')
+
+    const result = [['local.set', `$${disc}`, asF64(emit(discriminant))]]
+
+    for (const c of cases) {
+      if (c[0] === 'case') {
+        const [, test, body] = c
+        const skip = `$skip${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+        // Block: skip if discriminant != test, otherwise execute body
+        result.push(['block', skip,
+          ['br_if', skip, typed(['f64.ne', typed(['local.get', `$${disc}`], 'f64'), asF64(emit(test))], 'i32')],
+          ...emitVoid(body)])
+      } else if (c[0] === 'default') {
+        result.push(...emitVoid(c[1]))
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result
+  },
+
+  'while': (cond, body) => emitter['for'](null, cond, null, body),
+  'label': (name, body) => {
+    const brk = `$label${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+    ctx.func.stack.push({ label: name, brk })
+    // Hand the label to the immediately-enclosed loop so `continue name` can target it.
+    ctx.func.pendingLabel = name
+    const result = ['block', brk, ...emitVoid(body)]
+    ctx.func.pendingLabel = null   // clear if the body wasn't a loop (nothing consumed it)
+    ctx.func.stack.pop()
+    return result
+  },
+  'break': (label) => {
+    const target = label == null
+      ? loopTop().brk
+      : ctx.func.stack.findLast(frame => frame.label === label)?.brk
+    if (!target) err(`break label '${label}' is not in scope`)
+    return [...emitFinalizers(), ['br', target]]
+  },
+  'continue': (label) => {
+    if (label == null) return [...emitFinalizers(), ['br', loopTop().loop]]
+    // Labeled continue: target the continue point of the loop that adopted this label.
+    const frame = ctx.func.stack.findLast(f => f.contLabel === label)
+    if (!frame) err(`continue label '${label}' is not in scope`)
+    return [...emitFinalizers(), ['br', frame.loop]]
+  },
+
+  // === Call ===
+
+  // Arrow as value → closure
+  '=>': (rawParams, body) => {
+    if (!ctx.closure.make) err('Closures require fn module (auto-included)')
+
+    const raw = extractParams(rawParams)
+    const params = [], defaults = {}
+    let restParam = null, bodyPrefix = []
+    for (const r of raw) {
+      const c = classifyParam(r)
+      if (c.kind === 'rest') { restParam = c.name; params.push(c.name) }
+      else if (c.kind === 'plain') params.push(c.name)
+      else if (c.kind === 'default') { params.push(c.name); defaults[c.name] = c.defValue }
+      else {
+        const tmp = `${T}p${ctx.func.uniq++}`
+        params.push(tmp)
+        if (c.kind === 'destruct-default') defaults[tmp] = c.defValue
+        bodyPrefix.push(['let', ['=', c.pattern, tmp]])
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Prepend destructuring to body (if any destructured params)
+    if (bodyPrefix.length) {
+      const origBody = body
+      if (Array.isArray(body) && body[0] === '{}' && Array.isArray(body[1]) && body[1][0] === ';')
+        body = ['{}', [';', ...bodyPrefix, ...body[1].slice(1)]]
+      else if (Array.isArray(body) && body[0] === '{}')
+        body = ['{}', [';', ...bodyPrefix, body[1]]]
+      else body = ['{}', [';', ...bodyPrefix, ['return', body]]]
+      if (origBody && origBody._nonEscaping) body._nonEscaping = origBody._nonEscaping
+    }
+
+    // Find free variables in body that aren't params → captures
+    const paramSet = new Set(params)
+    const captures = []
+    findFreeVars(body, paramSet, captures)
+    for (const def of Object.values(defaults)) findFreeVars(def, paramSet, captures)
+
+    // Pass closure info including rest param and defaults
+    const closureInfo = { params, body, captures, restParam }
+    if (Object.keys(defaults).length) closureInfo.defaults = defaults
+    return ctx.closure.make(closureInfo)
+  },
+
+  // Linear callee-kind dispatcher. Each strategy below is its own named function
+  // (extracted to module scope above); this body is just the routing table.
+  '()': (callee, callArgs) => {
+    const argList = commaList(callArgs)
+    const parsed = parseCallArgs(argList)
+
+    // Closure devirtualization: a module-global callee proven (by plan.js) to hold
+    // one statically-known function rewrites to that function, so the
+    // known-top-level-function branch emits a direct `call`, dropping the
+    // indirect/trampoline path.
+    if (typeof callee === 'string' && ctx.func.globalDevirt?.has(callee))
+      callee = ctx.func.globalDevirt.get(callee)
+
+    if (Array.isArray(callee) && callee[0] === '.')  return emitMethodCall(callee, parsed, callArgs)
+
+    if (typeof callee === 'string' && ctx.core.emit[callee] && !isBoundName(callee) && !isUserFunc(callee))
+      return emitBuiltinCall(callee, parsed)
+
+    if (typeof callee === 'string' && ctx.func.names.has(callee) && !isBoundName(callee))
+      return emitDirectFunctionCall(callee, parsed, callArgs)
+
+    if (typeof callee === 'string' && !parsed.hasSpread && ctx.func.directClosures?.has(callee)) {
+      const direct = tryDirectClosureCall(callee, parsed)
+      if (direct) return direct
+    }
+
+    if (ctx.closure.call) return emitGenericClosureCall(callee, parsed)
+
+    return emitUnknownCalleeCall(callee, argList)
+  },
+}
+
+// === Emit dispatch ===
+
+// Optional-chain continuation: `a?.b.c` → if `a` nullish then undefined, else `a.b.c`.
+// Per ECMAScript, an optional access short-circuits the entire continuation, not just
+// its own access. Without this, `a?.b.c` parses as `(a?.b).c` and `.c` runs on the
+// nullish result of `a?.b`, returning a wrong value (or trapping in typed lowerings).
+//
+// At the outermost `.` / `[]` / `()` whose leftmost descent contains an optional, hoist
+// the deepest such optional's head into a temp, nullish-guard, and rebuild the chain
+// with that optional replaced by a regular access. The single guard short-circuits the
+// whole continuation. Nested optionals further inside the chain are left intact and
+// handle their own short-circuiting on recursion.
+function liftOptionalChain(node) {
+  const path = []
+  let cur = node
+  while (Array.isArray(cur) && (cur[0] === '.' || cur[0] === '[]' || cur[0] === '()' ||
+                                 cur[0] === '?.' || cur[0] === '?.[]' || cur[0] === '?.()')) {
+    path.push(cur)
+    cur = cur[1]
+  }
+  // Find the deepest optional with continuation outside it. optIdx === 0 means the
+  // chain root itself is optional with no continuation — handled by the regular
+  // `?.` / `?.[]` / `?.()` emitters.
+  let optIdx = -1
+  for (let i = path.length - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
+    if (path[i][0] === '?.' || path[i][0] === '?.[]' || path[i][0] === '?.()') {
+      optIdx = i
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  if (optIdx <= 0) return null
+  const opt = path[optIdx]
+  return withNullGuard(asF64(emit(opt[1])), t => {
+    let rebuilt = opt[0] === '?.'   ? ['.',  t, opt[2]]
+                : opt[0] === '?.[]' ? ['[]', t, opt[2]]
+                                    : ['()', t, ...opt.slice(2)]
+    for (let i = optIdx - 1; i >= 0; i--) rebuilt = [path[i][0], rebuilt, ...path[i].slice(2)]
+    return asF64(emit(rebuilt))
+  }, 'oc')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Emit single AST node to typed WASM IR.
+ * Every returned node has .type = 'i32' | 'f64'.
+ * @param {import('./prepare.js').ASTNode} node
+ * @returns {Array} typed WASM S-expression
+ */
+export function emit(node, expect) {
+  ctx.func._expect = expect || null
+  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+    ctx.error.node = node
+    if (node.loc != null) ctx.error.loc = node.loc
+  }
+  if (node == null) return null
+  // Boolean literals carry VAL.BOOL for type observation (valTypeOf reads the
+  // AST), but their working representation is the plain number 0/1 — identical
+  // codegen to the pre-carrier `[, 1]`/`[, 0]` folding, so no perf is paid.
+  if (node === true) return emitNum(1)
+  if (node === false) return emitNum(0)
+  if (typeof node === 'symbol') // JZ_NULL / JZ_UNDEF sentinels → null / undefined NaN
+    return node === JZ_UNDEF ? undefExpr() : nullExpr()
+  if (typeof node === 'bigint') {
+    // Truncate to 64 bits — `BigInt.asUintN(64, …)` semantics, same as the
+    // explicit mask `node & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFn`. Decimal form (vs. the prior
+    // unsigned-hex dance) is enough now that watr's optimize.js getConst
+    // handles signed strings correctly (4.6.8 W5 fix).
+    return typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', ['i64.const', BigInt.asUintN(64, node).toString()]], 'f64')
+  }
+  if (typeof node === 'number') return emitNum(node)
+  if (typeof node === 'string') {
+    // Variable read: boxed / local / param / global (check before emitter table to avoid name collisions)
+    if (ctx.func.boxed?.has(node) || isBoundName(node) || isGlobal(node) || repOf(node)?.intConst != null)
+      return readVar(node)
+    // Top-level function used as value → wrap as closure pointer for call_indirect
+    if (ctx.func.names.has(node) && !isBoundName(node) && ctx.closure.table) {
+      // Trampoline signature: uniform closure ABI (env f64, argc i32, a0..a{MAX-1} f64) → f64.
+      // Forwards the first N inline slots to $func where N = func's fixed param count.
+      const func = ctx.func.map.get(node)
+      const sigParams = func?.sig.params || []
+      if (sigParams.length > MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY) err(`Function ${node} used as closure value has ${sigParams.length} params, exceeds MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY=${MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY}`)
+      const trampolineName = `${T}tramp_${node}`
+      if (!ctx.core.stdlib[trampolineName]) {
+        const W = ctx.closure.width ?? MAX_CLOSURE_ARITY
+        const paramDecls = ['(param $__env f64)', '(param $__argc i32)']
+        for (let i = 0; i < W; i++) paramDecls.push(`(param $__a${i} f64)`)
+        // A rest param (always last) must be packed into a fresh array from the
+        // overflow inline slots — the direct-call path does this via
+        // buildArrayWithSpreads, and `=>` closures via emitClosureBody. Without
+        // it here an indirect caller's single array arg arrives AS the rest array
+        // (spread one level) instead of `[arg]`. len = clamp(argc-restIdx, 0, restSlots).
+        const restIdx = func?.rest ? sigParams.length - 1 : -1
+        let restLocals = '', restPrelude = ''
+        if (restIdx >= 0) {
+          const restSlots = W - restIdx
+          const stores = []
+          for (let i = 0; i < restSlots; i++)
+            stores.push(`(if (i32.gt_s (local.get $__rlen) (i32.const ${i})) (then (f64.store (i32.add (local.get $__roff) (i32.const ${i * 8})) (local.get $__a${restIdx + i}))))`)
+          restLocals = '(local $__rlen i32) (local $__roff i32) '
+          restPrelude =
+            `(local.set $__rlen (select (i32.sub (local.get $__argc) (i32.const ${restIdx})) (i32.const 0) (i32.gt_s (local.get $__argc) (i32.const ${restIdx})))) ` +
+            `(if (i32.gt_s (local.get $__rlen) (i32.const ${restSlots})) (then (local.set $__rlen (i32.const ${restSlots})))) ` +
+            `(local.set $__roff (call $__alloc_hdr (local.get $__rlen) (local.get $__rlen))) ` +
+            stores.join(' ') + ' '
+        }
+        // Forward fixed slots (i32 via trunc_sat); the rest slot → packed array ptr.
+        const fwd = sigParams.map((p, i) =>
+          i === restIdx
+            ? `(call $__mkptr (i32.const ${PTR.ARRAY}) (i32.const 0) (local.get $__roff))`
+            : p.type === 'i32'
+              ? `(i32.trunc_sat_f64_s (local.get $__a${i}))`
+              : `(local.get $__a${i})`).join(' ')
+        if ((func?.sig.results.length || 1) > 1) {
+          const n = func.sig.results.length
+          const arr = `${T}retarr`
+          const temps = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => `${T}ret${i}`)
+          const tempLocals = temps.map(name => `(local $${name} f64)`).join(' ')
+          const stores = temps.map((name, i) =>
+            `(f64.store (i32.add (local.get $${arr}) (i32.const ${i * 8})) (local.get $${name}))`
+          ).join(' ')
+          const capture = temps.slice().reverse().map(name => `(local.set $${name})`).join(' ')
+          ctx.core.stdlib[trampolineName] = `(func $${trampolineName} ${paramDecls.join(' ')} (result f64) (local $${arr} i32) ${tempLocals} ${restLocals}${restPrelude}(call $${node} ${fwd}) ${capture} (local.set $${arr} (call $__alloc (i32.const ${n * 8 + 8}))) (i32.store (local.get $${arr}) (i32.const ${n})) (i32.store (i32.add (local.get $${arr}) (i32.const 4)) (i32.const ${n})) (local.set $${arr} (i32.add (local.get $${arr}) (i32.const 8))) ${stores} (call $__mkptr (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (local.get $${arr})))`
+          inc(trampolineName, '__alloc', '__mkptr', ...(restIdx >= 0 ? ['__alloc_hdr'] : []))
+        } else {
+          // Rebox the inner result into the uniform closure ABI (always f64).
+          const resType = func?.sig.results[0]
+          const callExpr = `(call $${node} ${fwd})`
+          // A pointer-returning func carries its result as the raw i32 offset
+          // (sig.ptrKind names the heap kind). Rebox it as a NaN-boxed pointer
+          // with its tag — same as the boundary wrapper (synthesizeBoundaryWrappers).
+          // Numeric `f64.convert_i32_s` here would turn the offset into a plain
+          // number, silently losing the pointer (a Map came back as e.g. 480360.0,
+          // so a caller's `for…of`/`.size` saw a number and read nothing).
+          const ptrResult = func?.sig.ptrKind != null
+          const wrapped = ptrResult
+            ? `(call $__mkptr (i32.const ${valKindToPtr(func.sig.ptrKind)}) (i32.const ${func.sig.ptrAux ?? 0}) ${callExpr})`
+            : resType === 'i32'
+              ? (func.sig.unsignedResult ? `(f64.convert_i32_u ${callExpr})` : `(f64.convert_i32_s ${callExpr})`)
+              : resType === 'i64'
+                ? `(f64.reinterpret_i64 ${callExpr})`
+                : callExpr
+          ctx.core.stdlib[trampolineName] = `(func $${trampolineName} ${paramDecls.join(' ')} (result f64) ${restLocals}${restPrelude}${wrapped})`
+          inc(trampolineName, ...(ptrResult ? ['__mkptr'] : []), ...(restIdx >= 0 ? ['__alloc_hdr', '__mkptr'] : []))
+        }
+      }
+      let idx = ctx.closure.table.indexOf(trampolineName)
+      if (idx < 0) { idx = ctx.closure.table.length; ctx.closure.table.push(trampolineName) }
+      const ir = mkPtrIR(PTR.CLOSURE, idx, 0)
+      ir.closureFuncIdx = idx
+      return ir
+    }
+    // Emitter table: only namespace-resolved names (contain '.', e.g. 'math.PI') — safe from user variable collision.
+    // `handler.length` distinguishes the two flavors of entry: arity-0 handlers
+    // are constants (e.g. `math.PI` → emits `f64.const PI`) and can be invoked
+    // directly here. Arity-≥1 handlers expect the surrounding call node, so
+    // bare-name use of them is a first-class-value reference — wrap as a closure.
+    if (node.includes('.') && ctx.core.emit[node]) {
+      const handler = ctx.core.emit[node]
+      const isCallable = handler.length > 0
+      return isCallable ? builtinFunctionValue(node) : handler()
+    }
+    // Auto-import known host globals (WebAssembly, globalThis, etc.). Emit only
+    // records the usage; the `(import "env" … (global … i64))` node is drained
+    // into ctx.module.imports at assembly (compile/index.js), the same way
+    // ctx.core.jsstring is — emit does not own ctx.scope / ctx.module sections.
+    // Carrier is i64 (not f64) so V8 can't canonicalize the NaN-boxed external-ref
+    // payload across the wasm↔JS global boundary (same hazard as env.print —
+    // see module/console.js header). asF64() reinterprets to f64 at each read.
+    if (HOST_GLOBALS.has(node) && !isBoundName(node) && !isGlobal(node)) {
+      if (ctx.transform.host === 'wasi') err(`host:'wasi': reference to host global \`${node}\` requires an env import. Remove the reference or use host:'js'.`)
+      ctx.features.external = true
+      ctx.core.hostGlobals.add(node)
+      return typed(['global.get', `$${node}`], 'i64')
+    }
+    const t = ctx.func.locals?.get(node) || ctx.func.current?.params.find(p => p.name === node)?.type || 'f64'
+    return typed(['local.get', `$${node}`], t)
+  }
+  if (!Array.isArray(node)) return typed(['f64.const', 0], 'f64')
+
+  const [op, ...args] = node
+  // WASM IR passthrough: internally-generated IR nodes (from statement flattening) pass through
+  if (typeof op === 'string' && !ctx.core.emit[op] && (op.includes('.') || WASM_OPS.has(op))) return node
+
+  // Self-describing bigint literal (`normalizeBigints`, used at the host→kernel AST
+  // boundary). args[0] is the unsigned-64 decimal computed host-side, passed straight
+  // to i64.const — no in-kernel parse, byte-identical to the raw-primitive path above.
+  if (op === 'bigint') return typed(['f64.reinterpret_i64', ['i64.const', args[0]]], 'f64')
+
+  // Self-describing NaN literal — same reason bigints are self-describing: a raw NaN
+  // number is NaN-boxing-ambiguous and degrades to 0 across the self-host kernel's
+  // value/marshalling boundary. The `NaN` global resolves to this (prepare) instead
+  // of a `[, NaN]` literal; watr emits the canonical quiet NaN. (Infinity is a normal
+  // f64 and survives, so it stays a plain literal.)
+  if (op === 'nan') return typed(['f64.const', 'nan'], 'f64')
+
+  // Self-describing boolean literal (`normalizeBigints` at the host→kernel boundary).
+  // A raw `true`/`false` in the marshalled AST coerces to the number 1/0 and loses its
+  // VAL.BOOL kind, so the kernel returns a plain f64 instead of a NaN-boxed boolean.
+  // args[0] is 1/0 (prepare may wrap it as a `[, 1]` literal node) — emit it as that
+  // working rep; the BOOL boxing happens at the boundary via valTypeOf('bool')=VAL.BOOL.
+  if (op === 'bool') return emit(args[0])
+
+  // Literal node [, value] — handle null/undefined values
+  if (op == null && args.length === 1) {
+    const v = args[0]
+    return v === undefined ? undefExpr() : v === null ? nullExpr() : emit(v)
+  }
+
+  // Optional-chain continuation: `a?.b.c` → if `a` nullish then undefined else `a.b.c`.
+  // Lift before dispatch so the regular `.` / `[]` / `()` handler sees the rebuilt chain
+  // with the optional already replaced by a non-optional access on a guarded temp.
+  if (op === '.' || op === '[]' || op === '()') {
+    const lifted = liftOptionalChain(node)
+    if (lifted) return lifted
+  }
+
+  // `let`/`const` dispatch directly to the imported emitDecl rather than through the
+  // ctx.core.emit table reference: under self-host the table reference is a closure value,
+  // and a runtime spread of >8 args into a closure call silently drops arguments — so a
+  // `let` with >8 expression-init declarators (e.g. an SROA prologue loading 16 typed-array
+  // slots) lost everything past the 8th. A direct call to the module-local binding compiles
+  // as a real direct call, which marshals all args.
+  if (op === 'let' || op === 'const') return emitDecl(...args)
+  const handler = ctx.core.emit[op]
+  if (!handler) err(`Unknown op: ${op}`)
+  const ir = handler(...args)
+  if (ir && ir.type === 'f64' && valTypeOf(node) === VAL.NUMBER) ir.valKind = VAL.NUMBER
+  return ir
+}