joist-core 2.3.0-next.67 → 2.3.0-next.69

package/build/Expr.cjs

@@ -123,6 +123,11 @@ var BaseExpr = class {
 	nin(values) {
 		return this.inList("NOT IN", values);
 	}
+	/** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */
+	is(strings, ...values) {
+		const suffix = new TemplateExpr(strings, values);
+		return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), suffix.toSql(ctx)], " "));
+	}
 	count() {
 		return new FnExpr("count", [this], {
 			suffix: "::int",

package/build/Expr.cjs.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"Expr.cjs","names":["arrayOutputType","skipCondition","safeKq"],"sources":["../src/Expr.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type { ExpressionCondition } from \"./EntityFilter.ts\";\nimport type { EntityMetadata } from \"./EntityMetadata.ts\";\nimport { safeKq } from \"./keywords.ts\";\nimport type { RawCondition } from \"./QueryParser.ts\";\nimport { skipCondition } from \"./skipCondition.ts\";\nimport { type TypeInfo, arrayOutputType } from \"./TypeInfo.ts\";\n\n/**\n * The shared expression protocol for `em.query`.\n *\n * Table columns (`a.first_name`), aggregates (`b.id.count()`), `sql` templates, subquery columns\n * (`bookStats.bookCount`), and scalar subqueries all implement it, so any of them can appear in\n * `select`, `where`, `groupBy`, `having`, `orderBy`, and inside other expressions.\n *\n * This module is a leaf on purpose: `Tables.ts` extends `BaseExpr` at load time, so nothing here may\n * import (at runtime) a module that leads back to `Tables.ts`. Anything that needs metadata, alias\n * binding, or SQL generation for conditions is reached through the `ExprContext` the query parser passes in.\n */\n\nexport const exprBrand: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.expr\");\n\n/**\n * Phantom type information carried by every `Expr`.\n *\n * `R` is the decoded result type.\n *\n * `Src` is the expression's *source key*: the type-level identity of the table it reads from. An entity\n * table's key is its type name (`table(Author)` gives `\"Author\"`) or the explicit name in\n * `table(Author, \"m\")`; a subquery's key is its `as: \"book_stats\"`, or the shared sentinel `\"?\"` when it\n * has no `as`. Exactly two questions are asked of a source key, and nothing else:\n *\n * - `MaybeNull` asks \"is my source key among the LEFT-joined sources in this query's join list?\" If yes,\n *   the value can be `null`.\n * - `CheckScope` asks \"is my source key among `from` + `join` at all?\" If no, the query reads from a\n *   table it never joined.\n *\n * Two special keys opt out of both questions:\n *\n * - `Expr<number, never>` reads from nothing that can be left-joined away, i.e. `b.id.count()`\n * - `Expr<number, string>` (the default) is untracked, i.e. `sql.ref` on an unknown table\n */\nexport interface ExprBrand<R, Src extends string> {\n  readonly __result: R;\n  readonly __source: Src;\n}\n\n/**\n * \"Any expression whose result is `R`\", checked by brand alone.\n *\n * Method parameters use this instead of `Expr<R>` so that `Expr` stays covariant in `R`: checking\n * `Expr<AuthorId>` against `Expr<AuthorId | null>` then only compares the phantom `__result`, not every\n * method's parameter list (which would make `Expr` invariant, and break `select: b.author_id` dispatch and\n * polymorphic joins).\n */\nexport type ExprLike<R> = { readonly [exprBrand]: ExprBrand<R, any> };\n\n/**\n * A typed SQL expression: a table column, an aggregate, a `sql` template, or a scalar subquery.\n *\n * Conditions and SQL functions are methods, so they need no import. Aggregates keep `Src` so scope\n * checking still sees through `bs.x.max()`; `count` is source-less because `count(x)` is 0, not null,\n * when `x`'s table is left-joined away; `coalesce` drops `Src` on purpose, since its whole job is to\n * remove the nullability a left join adds.\n */\nexport interface Expr<R, Src extends string = string> {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: ExprBrand<R, Src>;\n  eq(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  ne(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  // A list subquery may select a nullable column; NULLs in the set never match, so that is fine.\n  in(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  nin(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n\n  /** `count(x)::int`; `count(a.id)` is `count(*)` for the FROM table, and the matched-row count for a left-joined one. */\n  count(): Expr<number, never>;\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;\n  sum(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  avg(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  min(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  max(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  /** PG keeps element NULLs (a left-joined empty group aggregates as `[null]`), and zero rows aggregate as NULL. */\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<R[] | null, Src>;\n  stringAgg(this: Expr<string | null, Src>, delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, Src>;\n  coalesce(fallback: NonNullable<R>): Expr<NonNullable<R>, never>;\n}\n\n/**\n * A join entry: the join kind is the key, the joined source is the value, plus `on`. `inner?: never` /\n * `left?: never` keep an entry to one kind (the `ExpressionFilter` `and`/`or` trick).\n *\n * `on` is required. A join is pruned when nothing references it anymore, not by an `undefined` ON;\n * `keep: true` pins a join that would otherwise prune, i.e. an inner join used as an existence filter,\n * the way em.find's `keepAliases` does. It is a boolean so callers can pass a flag.\n *\n * Declared here (not `query.ts`) so the relation join factories in `Tables.ts` (i.e. `a.books.as(b)`) can\n * return them without importing `query.ts`; `query.ts` re-constrains `A` to its `QuerySource`.\n */\nexport interface InnerJoin<A> {\n  readonly inner: A;\n  readonly left?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport interface LeftJoin<A> {\n  readonly left: A;\n  readonly inner?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\n/** SQL plus its `?` bindings plus the SQL aliases it references, i.e. for join pruning. */\nexport interface SqlFragment {\n  sql: string;\n  bindings: any[];\n  refs: string[];\n}\n\n/**\n * What an expression needs from the query it is generating SQL for: the SQL alias assigned to each\n * source, and a way to turn nested conditions into SQL (which needs `ConditionBuilder`, so it lives in `query.ts`).\n */\nexport interface ExprContext {\n  /** Returns the SQL alias for a table's `TableMgmt` or a subquery handle, searching enclosing queries. */\n  aliasFor(handle: object): string;\n  /** Turns a user-facing condition into SQL; `undefined` if it pruned away entirely. */\n  conditionToSql(cond: ExpressionCondition): SqlFragment | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function isExpr(value: unknown): value is ExprLike<any> {\n  return typeof value === \"object\" && value !== null && exprBrand in value;\n}\n\n/** Every `Expr` is a `BaseExpr` at runtime; this cast keeps `isExpr` a plain type guard so unions narrow. */\nexport function asNode(expr: ExprLike<any>): BaseExpr {\n  return expr as any as BaseExpr;\n}\n\nexport const deferredSym: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.deferredCondition\");\n\n/**\n * A condition whose SQL depends on aliases that are only known once the query is parsed, i.e.\n * `bookStats.bookCount.gt(1)` or `bs.authorId.eq(a.id)`.\n *\n * It is shaped like a `RawCondition` so it can sit in any `ExpressionFilter`; `resolveDeferredConditions`\n * snapshots `condition`, `bindings`, and `aliases` before the filter is parsed. Domain alias conditions\n * use a separate protocol in the `em.find` parser.\n */\nexport interface DeferredCondition extends RawCondition {\n  [deferredSym]: (ctx: ExprContext) => RawCondition;\n}\n\nexport function isDeferredCondition(cond: unknown): cond is DeferredCondition {\n  return typeof cond === \"object\" && cond !== null && deferredSym in cond;\n}\n\n/** Creates a `DeferredCondition` that generates its SQL with `fn` once the query's aliases are known. */\nexport function deferredCondition(fn: (ctx: ExprContext) => SqlFragment): DeferredCondition {\n  const cond: DeferredCondition = {\n    kind: \"raw\",\n    aliases: [],\n    condition: \"<unresolved>\",\n    bindings: [],\n    pruneable: false,\n    [deferredSym]: (ctx) => {\n      const { sql, bindings, refs } = fn(ctx);\n      return { ...cond, condition: sql, bindings, aliases: refs };\n    },\n  };\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve each condition occurrence and snapshot it before resolving the next one. A nested subquery\n * may reuse the same condition under another alias; it must not overwrite this occurrence's SQL.\n */\nexport function resolveDeferredConditions(\n  cond: ExpressionCondition | undefined,\n  ctx: ExprContext,\n): ExpressionCondition | undefined {\n  if (cond === undefined || cond === null) return cond;\n  if (isDeferredCondition(cond)) {\n    return cond[deferredSym](ctx);\n  } else if (\"and\" in cond && cond.and) {\n    return { ...cond, and: cond.and.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  } else if (\"or\" in cond && cond.or) {\n    return { ...cond, or: cond.or.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  }\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/** Concatenates SQL fragments with `sep`, keeping bindings and refs in order. */\nexport function joinFragments(parts: SqlFragment[], sep: string): SqlFragment {\n  return {\n    sql: parts.map((p) => p.sql).join(sep),\n    bindings: parts.flatMap((p) => p.bindings),\n    refs: parts.flatMap((p) => p.refs),\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The methods every expression shares. Subclasses provide `toSql`, and usually `decode`/`encode`.\n *\n * Table columns can override comparisons to apply column-specific conversions. Domain aliases do not\n * implement this protocol.\n */\nexport abstract class BaseExpr {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: any = this;\n\n  /** Produces this expression's SQL so it can be embedded in a larger expression, i.e. a subquery gets parens. */\n  abstract toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment;\n\n  /** Only an actual scalar/IN subquery exposes its selected expression, not an ordinary ID expression. */\n  get subquerySelect(): BaseExpr | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Known SQL representation and logical domain; raw SQL and unmodeled refs remain unknown. */\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Physical SQL nullability; undefined means unknown, not a NOT NULL guarantee. */\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** The source of a direct column reference, whose value becomes NULL under an unmatched LEFT join. */\n  get sqlSource(): object | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Produces the SQL without the outer parens a subquery normally gets; only differs for subqueries. */\n  toSqlBare(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    return this.toSql(ctx);\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a result-set value into the domain value, i.e. an int into a tagged id. */\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a domain value into the database value, i.e. a tagged id into an int, for bindings. */\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  eq(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"=\", value);\n  }\n\n  ne(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"!=\", value);\n  }\n\n  gt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">\", value);\n  }\n\n  gte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">=\", value);\n  }\n\n  lt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<\", value);\n  }\n\n  lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<=\", value);\n  }\n\n  in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"NOT IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  count(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      prefix: \"DISTINCT \",\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  sum(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"sum\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"sum\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  avg(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"avg\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"avg\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  min(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"min\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  max(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"max\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<any, any> {\n    // Values are arrays while the argument encodes/decodes *elements*, i.e. a `.coalesce([\"b:1\"])`\n    // fallback must encode each tagged id, not hand the whole array to the id column's encoder\n    return new FnExpr(\"array_agg\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.decode(e)) : v),\n      encode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.encode(e)) : v),\n      outputType: arrayOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  stringAgg(delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"string_agg\", [this, new BindingExpr(delimiter)], {\n      outputType:\n        this.outputType?.domain === String ? { dbType: \"text\", domain: String, arrayElementSafe: true } : undefined,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  coalesce(fallback: unknown): Expr<any, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"coalesce\", [this, new BindingExpr(this.encode(fallback))], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: this.outputType,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  /** `this op value`, where `value` may be `undefined` (pruned), `null`, another expression, or a literal. */\n  protected compare(op: string, value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (value === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (value === null) {\n      const not = op === \"=\" ? \"\" : op === \"!=\" ? \"NOT \" : fail(`Cannot compare ${op} to null`);\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        return { ...left, sql: `${left.sql} IS ${not}NULL` };\n      });\n    }\n    if (isExpr(value)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), asNode(value).toSql(ctx)], ` ${op} `));\n    }\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return { sql: `${left.sql} ${op} ?`, bindings: [...left.bindings, this.encode(value)], refs: left.refs };\n    });\n  }\n\n  /** `this IN (subquery)` or `this = ANY(?)` for a list; `NOT IN` / `!= ALL(?)` for `nin`. */\n  protected inList(op: \"IN\" | \"NOT IN\", values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (values === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (isExpr(values)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        const right = asNode(values).toSqlBare(ctx);\n        return joinFragments([left, { ...right, sql: `(${right.sql})` }], ` ${op} `);\n      });\n    }\n    if (!Array.isArray(values)) fail(`Expected an array or subquery for ${op}, got ${values}`);\n    const fn = op === \"IN\" ? \"= ANY(?)\" : \"!= ALL(?)\";\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return {\n        sql: `${left.sql} ${fn}`,\n        bindings: [...left.bindings, values.map((v) => this.encode(v))],\n        refs: left.refs,\n      };\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A SQL function applied to expressions, i.e. `count(a.\"id\")::int` or `coalesce(bs.\"n\", ?)`.\n *\n * By default decoding is identity and encoding follows the first argument. Callers explicitly supply\n * a decoder and output type when needed (`max(a.id)` is still an id); numeric aggregates supply their\n * own decoder/encoder, since `count(a.id)` is a number, not an id. Unknown functions have no output type.\n */\nexport class FnExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private name: string,\n    private args: BaseExpr[],\n    private opts: {\n      prefix?: string;\n      suffix?: string;\n      decode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      encode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      outputType?: TypeInfo;\n    },\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return this.opts.outputType;\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    switch (this.name) {\n      case \"count\":\n        return false;\n      case \"sum\":\n      case \"avg\":\n      case \"min\":\n      case \"max\":\n      case \"array_agg\":\n      case \"string_agg\":\n        return true;\n      case \"coalesce\":\n        // Only the fallback is independent of an outer query's LEFT joins.\n        return this.args[1]?.sqlNullable === false ? false : undefined;\n      default:\n        return undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const args = joinFragments(\n      this.args.map((a) => a.toSql(ctx)),\n      \", \",\n    );\n    return { ...args, sql: `${this.name}(${this.opts.prefix ?? \"\"}${args.sql})${this.opts.suffix ?? \"\"}` };\n  }\n\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;\n    return this.opts.decode ? this.opts.decode(value) : value;\n  }\n\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return this.opts.encode ? this.opts.encode(value) : this.args[0].encode(value);\n  }\n}\n\n/** A bound literal, i.e. the `?` in `coalesce(x, ?)`. */\nexport class BindingExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(private value: unknown) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean {\n    return this.value === null || this.value === undefined;\n  }\n\n  toSql(): SqlFragment {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [this.value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** An unmodeled column on a known source, i.e. `sql.ref(a, \"ts_search\")`; untracked at the type level. */\nexport class RefExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private handle: object,\n    private column: string,\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlSource(): object {\n    return this.handle;\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const alias = ctx.aliasFor(this.handle);\n    // safeKq for both halves: sql.ref takes user strings, and a subquery alias is its `as` name\n    return { sql: `${safeKq(alias)}.${safeKq(this.column)}`, bindings: [], refs: [alias] };\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A `sql` tagged template.\n *\n * For an Author table `a` assigned the SQL alias `a1`:\n *\n * ```ts\n * sql`${a.age} * 2`     // Expression: a1.age * 2\n * sql`${a.age.gte(18)}` // Condition: (a1.age >= ?), bindings [18]\n * sql`${\"Alice\"}`      // Value: ?, bindings [\"Alice\"]\n * ```\n */\nexport class TemplateExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private strings: TemplateStringsArray,\n    private values: unknown[],\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const parts: SqlFragment[] = [];\n    this.strings.forEach((s, i) => {\n      parts.push({ sql: s, bindings: [], refs: [] });\n      if (i < this.values.length) parts.push(interpolationToSql(this.values[i], ctx));\n    });\n    return joinFragments(parts, \"\");\n  }\n}\n\n/** Turns one `${...}` of a `sql` template into SQL: an expression, a condition, or a bound value. */\nexport function interpolationToSql(value: unknown, ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n  if (isExpr(value)) {\n    return asNode(value).toSql(ctx);\n  } else if (isConditionLike(value)) {\n    return ctx.conditionToSql(value as ExpressionCondition) ?? { sql: \"true\", bindings: [], refs: [] };\n  } else {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** True for the user-facing condition shapes: `{ and }`, `{ or }`, `ColumnCondition`, `RawCondition`. */\nexport function isConditionLike(value: unknown): boolean {\n  if (typeof value !== \"object\" || value === null) return false;\n  const v = value as any;\n  return \"and\" in v || \"or\" in v || v.kind === \"column\" || v.kind === \"raw\" || v.kind === \"exists\";\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves the SQL result type of supported numeric aggregates; other overloads remain unknown.\n *\n * I.e. `a.age.sum()` has `dbType: \"int8\"` and Number conversion, while `a.age` has `dbType: \"int4\"`\n * and identity conversion. Their number domains agree, but SQL types reject a union in either order.\n */\nfunction numericAggregateOutputType(name: \"sum\" | \"avg\", outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"int8\" : \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n      return { dbType: \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"float4\" : \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float8\":\n      return { dbType: \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Only known MIN/MAX overloads have predictable output types; varchar/name use the text overload. */\nfunction minMaxOutputType(outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"varchar\":\n    case \"name\":\n      return { ...outputType, dbType: \"text\" };\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n    case \"float4\":\n    case \"float8\":\n    case \"text\":\n    case \"bpchar\":\n    case \"date\":\n    case \"time\":\n    case \"timetz\":\n    case \"timestamp\":\n    case \"timestamptz\":\n    case \"interval\":\n    case \"money\":\n    case \"inet\":\n      return outputType;\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Decodes `count`/`sum`/`avg` results, which Postgres returns as strings for bigint/numeric. */\nfunction decodeNumber(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return typeof value === \"string\" ? Number(value) : value;\n}\n\nfunction identity(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return value;\n}\n\nfunction fail(message: string): never {\n  throw new 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A join is pruned when nothing references it anymore, not by an `undefined` ON;\n * `keep: true` pins a join that would otherwise prune, i.e. an inner join used as an existence filter,\n * the way em.find's `keepAliases` does. It is a boolean so callers can pass a flag.\n *\n * Declared here (not `query.ts`) so the relation join factories in `Tables.ts` (i.e. `a.books.as(b)`) can\n * return them without importing `query.ts`; `query.ts` re-constrains `A` to its `QuerySource`.\n */\nexport interface InnerJoin<A> {\n  readonly inner: A;\n  readonly left?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport interface LeftJoin<A> {\n  readonly left: A;\n  readonly inner?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\n/** SQL plus its `?` bindings plus the SQL aliases it references, i.e. for join pruning. */\nexport interface SqlFragment {\n  sql: string;\n  bindings: any[];\n  refs: string[];\n}\n\n/**\n * What an expression needs from the query it is generating SQL for: the SQL alias assigned to each\n * source, and a way to turn nested conditions into SQL (which needs `ConditionBuilder`, so it lives in `query.ts`).\n */\nexport interface ExprContext {\n  /** Returns the SQL alias for a table's `TableMgmt` or a subquery handle, searching enclosing queries. */\n  aliasFor(handle: object): string;\n  /** Turns a user-facing condition into SQL; `undefined` if it pruned away entirely. */\n  conditionToSql(cond: ExpressionCondition): SqlFragment | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function isExpr(value: unknown): value is ExprLike<any> {\n  return typeof value === \"object\" && value !== null && exprBrand in value;\n}\n\n/** Every `Expr` is a `BaseExpr` at runtime; this cast keeps `isExpr` a plain type guard so unions narrow. */\nexport function asNode(expr: ExprLike<any>): BaseExpr {\n  return expr as any as BaseExpr;\n}\n\nexport const deferredSym: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.deferredCondition\");\n\n/**\n * A condition whose SQL depends on aliases that are only known once the query is parsed, i.e.\n * `bookStats.bookCount.gt(1)` or `bs.authorId.eq(a.id)`.\n *\n * It is shaped like a `RawCondition` so it can sit in any `ExpressionFilter`; `resolveDeferredConditions`\n * snapshots `condition`, `bindings`, and `aliases` before the filter is parsed. Domain alias conditions\n * use a separate protocol in the `em.find` parser.\n */\nexport interface DeferredCondition extends RawCondition {\n  [deferredSym]: (ctx: ExprContext) => RawCondition;\n}\n\nexport function isDeferredCondition(cond: unknown): cond is DeferredCondition {\n  return typeof cond === \"object\" && cond !== null && deferredSym in cond;\n}\n\n/** Creates a `DeferredCondition` that generates its SQL with `fn` once the query's aliases are known. */\nexport function deferredCondition(fn: (ctx: ExprContext) => SqlFragment): DeferredCondition {\n  const cond: DeferredCondition = {\n    kind: \"raw\",\n    aliases: [],\n    condition: \"<unresolved>\",\n    bindings: [],\n    pruneable: false,\n    [deferredSym]: (ctx) => {\n      const { sql, bindings, refs } = fn(ctx);\n      return { ...cond, condition: sql, bindings, aliases: refs };\n    },\n  };\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve each condition occurrence and snapshot it before resolving the next one. A nested subquery\n * may reuse the same condition under another alias; it must not overwrite this occurrence's SQL.\n */\nexport function resolveDeferredConditions(\n  cond: ExpressionCondition | undefined,\n  ctx: ExprContext,\n): ExpressionCondition | undefined {\n  if (cond === undefined || cond === null) return cond;\n  if (isDeferredCondition(cond)) {\n    return cond[deferredSym](ctx);\n  } else if (\"and\" in cond && cond.and) {\n    return { ...cond, and: cond.and.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  } else if (\"or\" in cond && cond.or) {\n    return { ...cond, or: cond.or.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  }\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/** Concatenates SQL fragments with `sep`, keeping bindings and refs in order. */\nexport function joinFragments(parts: SqlFragment[], sep: string): SqlFragment {\n  return {\n    sql: parts.map((p) => p.sql).join(sep),\n    bindings: parts.flatMap((p) => p.bindings),\n    refs: parts.flatMap((p) => p.refs),\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The methods every expression shares. Subclasses provide `toSql`, and usually `decode`/`encode`.\n *\n * Table columns can override comparisons to apply column-specific conversions. Domain aliases do not\n * implement this protocol.\n */\nexport abstract class BaseExpr {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: any = this;\n\n  /** Produces this expression's SQL so it can be embedded in a larger expression, i.e. a subquery gets parens. */\n  abstract toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment;\n\n  /** Only an actual scalar/IN subquery exposes its selected expression, not an ordinary ID expression. */\n  get subquerySelect(): BaseExpr | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Known SQL representation and logical domain; raw SQL and unmodeled refs remain unknown. */\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Physical SQL nullability; undefined means unknown, not a NOT NULL guarantee. */\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** The source of a direct column reference, whose value becomes NULL under an unmatched LEFT join. */\n  get sqlSource(): object | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Produces the SQL without the outer parens a subquery normally gets; only differs for subqueries. */\n  toSqlBare(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    return this.toSql(ctx);\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a result-set value into the domain value, i.e. an int into a tagged id. */\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a domain value into the database value, i.e. a tagged id into an int, for bindings. */\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  eq(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"=\", value);\n  }\n\n  ne(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"!=\", value);\n  }\n\n  gt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">\", value);\n  }\n\n  gte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">=\", value);\n  }\n\n  lt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<\", value);\n  }\n\n  lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<=\", value);\n  }\n\n  in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"NOT IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  /** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */\n  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition {\n    const suffix = new TemplateExpr(strings, values);\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), suffix.toSql(ctx)], \" \"));\n  }\n\n  count(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      prefix: \"DISTINCT \",\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  sum(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"sum\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"sum\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  avg(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"avg\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"avg\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  min(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"min\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  max(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"max\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<any, any> {\n    // Values are arrays while the argument encodes/decodes *elements*, i.e. a `.coalesce([\"b:1\"])`\n    // fallback must encode each tagged id, not hand the whole array to the id column's encoder\n    return new FnExpr(\"array_agg\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.decode(e)) : v),\n      encode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.encode(e)) : v),\n      outputType: arrayOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  stringAgg(delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"string_agg\", [this, new BindingExpr(delimiter)], {\n      outputType:\n        this.outputType?.domain === String ? { dbType: \"text\", domain: String, arrayElementSafe: true } : undefined,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  coalesce(fallback: unknown): Expr<any, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"coalesce\", [this, new BindingExpr(this.encode(fallback))], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: this.outputType,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  /** `this op value`, where `value` may be `undefined` (pruned), `null`, another expression, or a literal. */\n  protected compare(op: string, value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (value === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (value === null) {\n      const not = op === \"=\" ? \"\" : op === \"!=\" ? \"NOT \" : fail(`Cannot compare ${op} to null`);\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        return { ...left, sql: `${left.sql} IS ${not}NULL` };\n      });\n    }\n    if (isExpr(value)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), asNode(value).toSql(ctx)], ` ${op} `));\n    }\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return { sql: `${left.sql} ${op} ?`, bindings: [...left.bindings, this.encode(value)], refs: left.refs };\n    });\n  }\n\n  /** `this IN (subquery)` or `this = ANY(?)` for a list; `NOT IN` / `!= ALL(?)` for `nin`. */\n  protected inList(op: \"IN\" | \"NOT IN\", values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (values === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (isExpr(values)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        const right = asNode(values).toSqlBare(ctx);\n        return joinFragments([left, { ...right, sql: `(${right.sql})` }], ` ${op} `);\n      });\n    }\n    if (!Array.isArray(values)) fail(`Expected an array or subquery for ${op}, got ${values}`);\n    const fn = op === \"IN\" ? \"= ANY(?)\" : \"!= ALL(?)\";\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return {\n        sql: `${left.sql} ${fn}`,\n        bindings: [...left.bindings, values.map((v) => this.encode(v))],\n        refs: left.refs,\n      };\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A SQL function applied to expressions, i.e. `count(a.\"id\")::int` or `coalesce(bs.\"n\", ?)`.\n *\n * By default decoding is identity and encoding follows the first argument. Callers explicitly supply\n * a decoder and output type when needed (`max(a.id)` is still an id); numeric aggregates supply their\n * own decoder/encoder, since `count(a.id)` is a number, not an id. Unknown functions have no output type.\n */\nexport class FnExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private name: string,\n    private args: BaseExpr[],\n    private opts: {\n      prefix?: string;\n      suffix?: string;\n      decode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      encode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      outputType?: TypeInfo;\n    },\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return this.opts.outputType;\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    switch (this.name) {\n      case \"count\":\n        return false;\n      case \"sum\":\n      case \"avg\":\n      case \"min\":\n      case \"max\":\n      case \"array_agg\":\n      case \"string_agg\":\n        return true;\n      case \"coalesce\":\n        // Only the fallback is independent of an outer query's LEFT joins.\n        return this.args[1]?.sqlNullable === false ? false : undefined;\n      default:\n        return undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const args = joinFragments(\n      this.args.map((a) => a.toSql(ctx)),\n      \", \",\n    );\n    return { ...args, sql: `${this.name}(${this.opts.prefix ?? \"\"}${args.sql})${this.opts.suffix ?? \"\"}` };\n  }\n\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;\n    return this.opts.decode ? this.opts.decode(value) : value;\n  }\n\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return this.opts.encode ? this.opts.encode(value) : this.args[0].encode(value);\n  }\n}\n\n/** A bound literal, i.e. the `?` in `coalesce(x, ?)`. */\nexport class BindingExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(private value: unknown) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean {\n    return this.value === null || this.value === undefined;\n  }\n\n  toSql(): SqlFragment {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [this.value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** An unmodeled column on a known source, i.e. `sql.ref(a, \"ts_search\")`; untracked at the type level. */\nexport class RefExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private handle: object,\n    private column: string,\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlSource(): object {\n    return this.handle;\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const alias = ctx.aliasFor(this.handle);\n    // safeKq for both halves: sql.ref takes user strings, and a subquery alias is its `as` name\n    return { sql: `${safeKq(alias)}.${safeKq(this.column)}`, bindings: [], refs: [alias] };\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A `sql` tagged template.\n *\n * For an Author table `a` assigned the SQL alias `a1`:\n *\n * ```ts\n * sql`${a.age} * 2`     // Expression: a1.age * 2\n * sql`${a.age.gte(18)}` // Condition: (a1.age >= ?), bindings [18]\n * sql`${\"Alice\"}`      // Value: ?, bindings [\"Alice\"]\n * ```\n */\nexport class TemplateExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private strings: TemplateStringsArray,\n    private values: unknown[],\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const parts: SqlFragment[] = [];\n    this.strings.forEach((s, i) => {\n      parts.push({ sql: s, bindings: [], refs: [] });\n      if (i < this.values.length) parts.push(interpolationToSql(this.values[i], ctx));\n    });\n    return joinFragments(parts, \"\");\n  }\n}\n\n/** Turns one `${...}` of a `sql` template into SQL: an expression, a condition, or a bound value. */\nexport function interpolationToSql(value: unknown, ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n  if (isExpr(value)) {\n    return asNode(value).toSql(ctx);\n  } else if (isConditionLike(value)) {\n    return ctx.conditionToSql(value as ExpressionCondition) ?? { sql: \"true\", bindings: [], refs: [] };\n  } else {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** True for the user-facing condition shapes: `{ and }`, `{ or }`, `ColumnCondition`, `RawCondition`. */\nexport function isConditionLike(value: unknown): boolean {\n  if (typeof value !== \"object\" || value === null) return false;\n  const v = value as any;\n  return \"and\" in v || \"or\" in v || v.kind === \"column\" || v.kind === \"raw\" || v.kind === \"exists\";\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves the SQL result type of supported numeric aggregates; other overloads remain unknown.\n *\n * I.e. `a.age.sum()` has `dbType: \"int8\"` and Number conversion, while `a.age` has `dbType: \"int4\"`\n * and identity conversion. Their number domains agree, but SQL types reject a union in either order.\n */\nfunction numericAggregateOutputType(name: \"sum\" | \"avg\", outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"int8\" : \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n      return { dbType: \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"float4\" : \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float8\":\n      return { dbType: \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Only known MIN/MAX overloads have predictable output types; varchar/name use the text overload. */\nfunction minMaxOutputType(outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"varchar\":\n    case \"name\":\n      return { ...outputType, dbType: \"text\" };\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n    case \"float4\":\n    case \"float8\":\n    case \"text\":\n    case \"bpchar\":\n    case \"date\":\n    case \"time\":\n    case \"timetz\":\n    case \"timestamp\":\n    case \"timestamptz\":\n    case \"interval\":\n    case \"money\":\n    case \"inet\":\n      return outputType;\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Decodes `count`/`sum`/`avg` results, which Postgres returns as strings for bigint/numeric. */\nfunction decodeNumber(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return typeof value === \"string\" ? Number(value) : value;\n}\n\nfunction identity(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return value;\n}\n\nfunction fail(message: string): never {\n  throw new 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package/build/Expr.d.cts

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ interface Expr<R, Src extends string = string> {
   lte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
   in(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
   nin(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
+  /** Prefixes this expression and a space to a raw predicate; write .is`IS NULL`, not .is`NULL`. */
+  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition;
   /** `count(x)::int`; `count(a.id)` is `count(*)` for the FROM table, and the matched-row count for a left-joined one. */
   count(): Expr<number, never>;
   countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;
@@ -175,6 +177,8 @@ declare abstract class BaseExpr {
   lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
   in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
   nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
+  /** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */
+  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition;
   count(): Expr<number, never>;
   countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;
   sum(): Expr<number | null, any>;

package/build/Expr.d.cts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/build/Expr.d.mts

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ interface Expr<R, Src extends string = string> {
   lte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
   in(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
   nin(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;
+  /** Prefixes this expression and a space to a raw predicate; write .is`IS NULL`, not .is`NULL`. */
+  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition;
   /** `count(x)::int`; `count(a.id)` is `count(*)` for the FROM table, and the matched-row count for a left-joined one. */
   count(): Expr<number, never>;
   countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;
@@ -175,6 +177,8 @@ declare abstract class BaseExpr {
   lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
   in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
   nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition;
+  /** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */
+  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition;
   count(): Expr<number, never>;
   countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;
   sum(): Expr<number | null, any>;

package/build/Expr.d.mts.map

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package/build/Expr.js

@@ -122,6 +122,11 @@ var BaseExpr = class {
 	nin(values) {
 		return this.inList("NOT IN", values);
 	}
+	/** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */
+	is(strings, ...values) {
+		const suffix = new TemplateExpr(strings, values);
+		return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), suffix.toSql(ctx)], " "));
+	}
 	count() {
 		return new FnExpr("count", [this], {
 			suffix: "::int",

package/build/Expr.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"Expr.js","names":[],"sources":["../src/Expr.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type { ExpressionCondition } from \"./EntityFilter.ts\";\nimport type { EntityMetadata } from \"./EntityMetadata.ts\";\nimport { safeKq } from \"./keywords.ts\";\nimport type { RawCondition } from \"./QueryParser.ts\";\nimport { skipCondition } from \"./skipCondition.ts\";\nimport { type TypeInfo, arrayOutputType } from \"./TypeInfo.ts\";\n\n/**\n * The shared expression protocol for `em.query`.\n *\n * Table columns (`a.first_name`), aggregates (`b.id.count()`), `sql` templates, subquery columns\n * (`bookStats.bookCount`), and scalar subqueries all implement it, so any of them can appear in\n * `select`, `where`, `groupBy`, `having`, `orderBy`, and inside other expressions.\n *\n * This module is a leaf on purpose: `Tables.ts` extends `BaseExpr` at load time, so nothing here may\n * import (at runtime) a module that leads back to `Tables.ts`. Anything that needs metadata, alias\n * binding, or SQL generation for conditions is reached through the `ExprContext` the query parser passes in.\n */\n\nexport const exprBrand: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.expr\");\n\n/**\n * Phantom type information carried by every `Expr`.\n *\n * `R` is the decoded result type.\n *\n * `Src` is the expression's *source key*: the type-level identity of the table it reads from. An entity\n * table's key is its type name (`table(Author)` gives `\"Author\"`) or the explicit name in\n * `table(Author, \"m\")`; a subquery's key is its `as: \"book_stats\"`, or the shared sentinel `\"?\"` when it\n * has no `as`. Exactly two questions are asked of a source key, and nothing else:\n *\n * - `MaybeNull` asks \"is my source key among the LEFT-joined sources in this query's join list?\" If yes,\n *   the value can be `null`.\n * - `CheckScope` asks \"is my source key among `from` + `join` at all?\" If no, the query reads from a\n *   table it never joined.\n *\n * Two special keys opt out of both questions:\n *\n * - `Expr<number, never>` reads from nothing that can be left-joined away, i.e. `b.id.count()`\n * - `Expr<number, string>` (the default) is untracked, i.e. `sql.ref` on an unknown table\n */\nexport interface ExprBrand<R, Src extends string> {\n  readonly __result: R;\n  readonly __source: Src;\n}\n\n/**\n * \"Any expression whose result is `R`\", checked by brand alone.\n *\n * Method parameters use this instead of `Expr<R>` so that `Expr` stays covariant in `R`: checking\n * `Expr<AuthorId>` against `Expr<AuthorId | null>` then only compares the phantom `__result`, not every\n * method's parameter list (which would make `Expr` invariant, and break `select: b.author_id` dispatch and\n * polymorphic joins).\n */\nexport type ExprLike<R> = { readonly [exprBrand]: ExprBrand<R, any> };\n\n/**\n * A typed SQL expression: a table column, an aggregate, a `sql` template, or a scalar subquery.\n *\n * Conditions and SQL functions are methods, so they need no import. Aggregates keep `Src` so scope\n * checking still sees through `bs.x.max()`; `count` is source-less because `count(x)` is 0, not null,\n * when `x`'s table is left-joined away; `coalesce` drops `Src` on purpose, since its whole job is to\n * remove the nullability a left join adds.\n */\nexport interface Expr<R, Src extends string = string> {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: ExprBrand<R, Src>;\n  eq(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  ne(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  // A list subquery may select a nullable column; NULLs in the set never match, so that is fine.\n  in(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  nin(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n\n  /** `count(x)::int`; `count(a.id)` is `count(*)` for the FROM table, and the matched-row count for a left-joined one. */\n  count(): Expr<number, never>;\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;\n  sum(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  avg(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  min(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  max(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  /** PG keeps element NULLs (a left-joined empty group aggregates as `[null]`), and zero rows aggregate as NULL. */\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<R[] | null, Src>;\n  stringAgg(this: Expr<string | null, Src>, delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, Src>;\n  coalesce(fallback: NonNullable<R>): Expr<NonNullable<R>, never>;\n}\n\n/**\n * A join entry: the join kind is the key, the joined source is the value, plus `on`. `inner?: never` /\n * `left?: never` keep an entry to one kind (the `ExpressionFilter` `and`/`or` trick).\n *\n * `on` is required. A join is pruned when nothing references it anymore, not by an `undefined` ON;\n * `keep: true` pins a join that would otherwise prune, i.e. an inner join used as an existence filter,\n * the way em.find's `keepAliases` does. It is a boolean so callers can pass a flag.\n *\n * Declared here (not `query.ts`) so the relation join factories in `Tables.ts` (i.e. `a.books.as(b)`) can\n * return them without importing `query.ts`; `query.ts` re-constrains `A` to its `QuerySource`.\n */\nexport interface InnerJoin<A> {\n  readonly inner: A;\n  readonly left?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport interface LeftJoin<A> {\n  readonly left: A;\n  readonly inner?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\n/** SQL plus its `?` bindings plus the SQL aliases it references, i.e. for join pruning. */\nexport interface SqlFragment {\n  sql: string;\n  bindings: any[];\n  refs: string[];\n}\n\n/**\n * What an expression needs from the query it is generating SQL for: the SQL alias assigned to each\n * source, and a way to turn nested conditions into SQL (which needs `ConditionBuilder`, so it lives in `query.ts`).\n */\nexport interface ExprContext {\n  /** Returns the SQL alias for a table's `TableMgmt` or a subquery handle, searching enclosing queries. */\n  aliasFor(handle: object): string;\n  /** Turns a user-facing condition into SQL; `undefined` if it pruned away entirely. */\n  conditionToSql(cond: ExpressionCondition): SqlFragment | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function isExpr(value: unknown): value is ExprLike<any> {\n  return typeof value === \"object\" && value !== null && exprBrand in value;\n}\n\n/** Every `Expr` is a `BaseExpr` at runtime; this cast keeps `isExpr` a plain type guard so unions narrow. */\nexport function asNode(expr: ExprLike<any>): BaseExpr {\n  return expr as any as BaseExpr;\n}\n\nexport const deferredSym: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.deferredCondition\");\n\n/**\n * A condition whose SQL depends on aliases that are only known once the query is parsed, i.e.\n * `bookStats.bookCount.gt(1)` or `bs.authorId.eq(a.id)`.\n *\n * It is shaped like a `RawCondition` so it can sit in any `ExpressionFilter`; `resolveDeferredConditions`\n * snapshots `condition`, `bindings`, and `aliases` before the filter is parsed. Domain alias conditions\n * use a separate protocol in the `em.find` parser.\n */\nexport interface DeferredCondition extends RawCondition {\n  [deferredSym]: (ctx: ExprContext) => RawCondition;\n}\n\nexport function isDeferredCondition(cond: unknown): cond is DeferredCondition {\n  return typeof cond === \"object\" && cond !== null && deferredSym in cond;\n}\n\n/** Creates a `DeferredCondition` that generates its SQL with `fn` once the query's aliases are known. */\nexport function deferredCondition(fn: (ctx: ExprContext) => SqlFragment): DeferredCondition {\n  const cond: DeferredCondition = {\n    kind: \"raw\",\n    aliases: [],\n    condition: \"<unresolved>\",\n    bindings: [],\n    pruneable: false,\n    [deferredSym]: (ctx) => {\n      const { sql, bindings, refs } = fn(ctx);\n      return { ...cond, condition: sql, bindings, aliases: refs };\n    },\n  };\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve each condition occurrence and snapshot it before resolving the next one. A nested subquery\n * may reuse the same condition under another alias; it must not overwrite this occurrence's SQL.\n */\nexport function resolveDeferredConditions(\n  cond: ExpressionCondition | undefined,\n  ctx: ExprContext,\n): ExpressionCondition | undefined {\n  if (cond === undefined || cond === null) return cond;\n  if (isDeferredCondition(cond)) {\n    return cond[deferredSym](ctx);\n  } else if (\"and\" in cond && cond.and) {\n    return { ...cond, and: cond.and.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  } else if (\"or\" in cond && cond.or) {\n    return { ...cond, or: cond.or.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  }\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/** Concatenates SQL fragments with `sep`, keeping bindings and refs in order. */\nexport function joinFragments(parts: SqlFragment[], sep: string): SqlFragment {\n  return {\n    sql: parts.map((p) => p.sql).join(sep),\n    bindings: parts.flatMap((p) => p.bindings),\n    refs: parts.flatMap((p) => p.refs),\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The methods every expression shares. Subclasses provide `toSql`, and usually `decode`/`encode`.\n *\n * Table columns can override comparisons to apply column-specific conversions. Domain aliases do not\n * implement this protocol.\n */\nexport abstract class BaseExpr {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: any = this;\n\n  /** Produces this expression's SQL so it can be embedded in a larger expression, i.e. a subquery gets parens. */\n  abstract toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment;\n\n  /** Only an actual scalar/IN subquery exposes its selected expression, not an ordinary ID expression. */\n  get subquerySelect(): BaseExpr | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Known SQL representation and logical domain; raw SQL and unmodeled refs remain unknown. */\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Physical SQL nullability; undefined means unknown, not a NOT NULL guarantee. */\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** The source of a direct column reference, whose value becomes NULL under an unmatched LEFT join. */\n  get sqlSource(): object | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Produces the SQL without the outer parens a subquery normally gets; only differs for subqueries. */\n  toSqlBare(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    return this.toSql(ctx);\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a result-set value into the domain value, i.e. an int into a tagged id. */\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a domain value into the database value, i.e. a tagged id into an int, for bindings. */\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  eq(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"=\", value);\n  }\n\n  ne(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"!=\", value);\n  }\n\n  gt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">\", value);\n  }\n\n  gte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">=\", value);\n  }\n\n  lt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<\", value);\n  }\n\n  lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<=\", value);\n  }\n\n  in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"NOT IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  count(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      prefix: \"DISTINCT \",\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  sum(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"sum\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"sum\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  avg(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"avg\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"avg\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  min(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"min\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  max(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"max\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<any, any> {\n    // Values are arrays while the argument encodes/decodes *elements*, i.e. a `.coalesce([\"b:1\"])`\n    // fallback must encode each tagged id, not hand the whole array to the id column's encoder\n    return new FnExpr(\"array_agg\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.decode(e)) : v),\n      encode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.encode(e)) : v),\n      outputType: arrayOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  stringAgg(delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"string_agg\", [this, new BindingExpr(delimiter)], {\n      outputType:\n        this.outputType?.domain === String ? { dbType: \"text\", domain: String, arrayElementSafe: true } : undefined,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  coalesce(fallback: unknown): Expr<any, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"coalesce\", [this, new BindingExpr(this.encode(fallback))], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: this.outputType,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  /** `this op value`, where `value` may be `undefined` (pruned), `null`, another expression, or a literal. */\n  protected compare(op: string, value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (value === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (value === null) {\n      const not = op === \"=\" ? \"\" : op === \"!=\" ? \"NOT \" : fail(`Cannot compare ${op} to null`);\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        return { ...left, sql: `${left.sql} IS ${not}NULL` };\n      });\n    }\n    if (isExpr(value)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), asNode(value).toSql(ctx)], ` ${op} `));\n    }\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return { sql: `${left.sql} ${op} ?`, bindings: [...left.bindings, this.encode(value)], refs: left.refs };\n    });\n  }\n\n  /** `this IN (subquery)` or `this = ANY(?)` for a list; `NOT IN` / `!= ALL(?)` for `nin`. */\n  protected inList(op: \"IN\" | \"NOT IN\", values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (values === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (isExpr(values)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        const right = asNode(values).toSqlBare(ctx);\n        return joinFragments([left, { ...right, sql: `(${right.sql})` }], ` ${op} `);\n      });\n    }\n    if (!Array.isArray(values)) fail(`Expected an array or subquery for ${op}, got ${values}`);\n    const fn = op === \"IN\" ? \"= ANY(?)\" : \"!= ALL(?)\";\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return {\n        sql: `${left.sql} ${fn}`,\n        bindings: [...left.bindings, values.map((v) => this.encode(v))],\n        refs: left.refs,\n      };\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A SQL function applied to expressions, i.e. `count(a.\"id\")::int` or `coalesce(bs.\"n\", ?)`.\n *\n * By default decoding is identity and encoding follows the first argument. Callers explicitly supply\n * a decoder and output type when needed (`max(a.id)` is still an id); numeric aggregates supply their\n * own decoder/encoder, since `count(a.id)` is a number, not an id. Unknown functions have no output type.\n */\nexport class FnExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private name: string,\n    private args: BaseExpr[],\n    private opts: {\n      prefix?: string;\n      suffix?: string;\n      decode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      encode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      outputType?: TypeInfo;\n    },\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return this.opts.outputType;\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    switch (this.name) {\n      case \"count\":\n        return false;\n      case \"sum\":\n      case \"avg\":\n      case \"min\":\n      case \"max\":\n      case \"array_agg\":\n      case \"string_agg\":\n        return true;\n      case \"coalesce\":\n        // Only the fallback is independent of an outer query's LEFT joins.\n        return this.args[1]?.sqlNullable === false ? false : undefined;\n      default:\n        return undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const args = joinFragments(\n      this.args.map((a) => a.toSql(ctx)),\n      \", \",\n    );\n    return { ...args, sql: `${this.name}(${this.opts.prefix ?? \"\"}${args.sql})${this.opts.suffix ?? \"\"}` };\n  }\n\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;\n    return this.opts.decode ? this.opts.decode(value) : value;\n  }\n\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return this.opts.encode ? this.opts.encode(value) : this.args[0].encode(value);\n  }\n}\n\n/** A bound literal, i.e. the `?` in `coalesce(x, ?)`. */\nexport class BindingExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(private value: unknown) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean {\n    return this.value === null || this.value === undefined;\n  }\n\n  toSql(): SqlFragment {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [this.value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** An unmodeled column on a known source, i.e. `sql.ref(a, \"ts_search\")`; untracked at the type level. */\nexport class RefExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private handle: object,\n    private column: string,\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlSource(): object {\n    return this.handle;\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const alias = ctx.aliasFor(this.handle);\n    // safeKq for both halves: sql.ref takes user strings, and a subquery alias is its `as` name\n    return { sql: `${safeKq(alias)}.${safeKq(this.column)}`, bindings: [], refs: [alias] };\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A `sql` tagged template.\n *\n * For an Author table `a` assigned the SQL alias `a1`:\n *\n * ```ts\n * sql`${a.age} * 2`     // Expression: a1.age * 2\n * sql`${a.age.gte(18)}` // Condition: (a1.age >= ?), bindings [18]\n * sql`${\"Alice\"}`      // Value: ?, bindings [\"Alice\"]\n * ```\n */\nexport class TemplateExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private strings: TemplateStringsArray,\n    private values: unknown[],\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const parts: SqlFragment[] = [];\n    this.strings.forEach((s, i) => {\n      parts.push({ sql: s, bindings: [], refs: [] });\n      if (i < this.values.length) parts.push(interpolationToSql(this.values[i], ctx));\n    });\n    return joinFragments(parts, \"\");\n  }\n}\n\n/** Turns one `${...}` of a `sql` template into SQL: an expression, a condition, or a bound value. */\nexport function interpolationToSql(value: unknown, ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n  if (isExpr(value)) {\n    return asNode(value).toSql(ctx);\n  } else if (isConditionLike(value)) {\n    return ctx.conditionToSql(value as ExpressionCondition) ?? { sql: \"true\", bindings: [], refs: [] };\n  } else {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** True for the user-facing condition shapes: `{ and }`, `{ or }`, `ColumnCondition`, `RawCondition`. */\nexport function isConditionLike(value: unknown): boolean {\n  if (typeof value !== \"object\" || value === null) return false;\n  const v = value as any;\n  return \"and\" in v || \"or\" in v || v.kind === \"column\" || v.kind === \"raw\" || v.kind === \"exists\";\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves the SQL result type of supported numeric aggregates; other overloads remain unknown.\n *\n * I.e. `a.age.sum()` has `dbType: \"int8\"` and Number conversion, while `a.age` has `dbType: \"int4\"`\n * and identity conversion. Their number domains agree, but SQL types reject a union in either order.\n */\nfunction numericAggregateOutputType(name: \"sum\" | \"avg\", outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"int8\" : \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n      return { dbType: \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"float4\" : \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float8\":\n      return { dbType: \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Only known MIN/MAX overloads have predictable output types; varchar/name use the text overload. */\nfunction minMaxOutputType(outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"varchar\":\n    case \"name\":\n      return { ...outputType, dbType: \"text\" };\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n    case \"float4\":\n    case \"float8\":\n    case \"text\":\n    case \"bpchar\":\n    case \"date\":\n    case \"time\":\n    case \"timetz\":\n    case \"timestamp\":\n    case \"timestamptz\":\n    case \"interval\":\n    case \"money\":\n    case \"inet\":\n      return outputType;\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Decodes `count`/`sum`/`avg` results, which Postgres returns as strings for bigint/numeric. */\nfunction decodeNumber(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return typeof value === \"string\" ? Number(value) : value;\n}\n\nfunction identity(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return value;\n}\n\nfunction fail(message: string): never {\n  throw new 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Aggregates keep `Src` so scope\n * checking still sees through `bs.x.max()`; `count` is source-less because `count(x)` is 0, not null,\n * when `x`'s table is left-joined away; `coalesce` drops `Src` on purpose, since its whole job is to\n * remove the nullability a left join adds.\n */\nexport interface Expr<R, Src extends string = string> {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: ExprBrand<R, Src>;\n  eq(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  ne(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  gte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lt(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  lte(value: R | ExprLike<R> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  // A list subquery may select a nullable column; NULLs in the set never match, so that is fine.\n  in(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n  nin(values: readonly R[] | ExprLike<R | null> | undefined): ExpressionCondition;\n\n  /** Prefixes this expression and a space to a raw predicate; write .is`IS NULL`, not .is`NULL`. */\n  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition;\n\n  /** `count(x)::int`; `count(a.id)` is `count(*)` for the FROM table, and the matched-row count for a left-joined one. */\n  count(): Expr<number, never>;\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never>;\n  sum(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  avg(this: Expr<number | null, Src>): Expr<number | null, Src>;\n  min(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  max(): Expr<R | null, Src>;\n  /** PG keeps element NULLs (a left-joined empty group aggregates as `[null]`), and zero rows aggregate as NULL. */\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<R[] | null, Src>;\n  stringAgg(this: Expr<string | null, Src>, delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, Src>;\n  coalesce(fallback: NonNullable<R>): Expr<NonNullable<R>, never>;\n}\n\n/**\n * A join entry: the join kind is the key, the joined source is the value, plus `on`. `inner?: never` /\n * `left?: never` keep an entry to one kind (the `ExpressionFilter` `and`/`or` trick).\n *\n * `on` is required. A join is pruned when nothing references it anymore, not by an `undefined` ON;\n * `keep: true` pins a join that would otherwise prune, i.e. an inner join used as an existence filter,\n * the way em.find's `keepAliases` does. It is a boolean so callers can pass a flag.\n *\n * Declared here (not `query.ts`) so the relation join factories in `Tables.ts` (i.e. `a.books.as(b)`) can\n * return them without importing `query.ts`; `query.ts` re-constrains `A` to its `QuerySource`.\n */\nexport interface InnerJoin<A> {\n  readonly inner: A;\n  readonly left?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport interface LeftJoin<A> {\n  readonly left: A;\n  readonly inner?: never;\n  readonly on: ExpressionCondition;\n  readonly keep?: boolean;\n}\n\n/** SQL plus its `?` bindings plus the SQL aliases it references, i.e. for join pruning. */\nexport interface SqlFragment {\n  sql: string;\n  bindings: any[];\n  refs: string[];\n}\n\n/**\n * What an expression needs from the query it is generating SQL for: the SQL alias assigned to each\n * source, and a way to turn nested conditions into SQL (which needs `ConditionBuilder`, so it lives in `query.ts`).\n */\nexport interface ExprContext {\n  /** Returns the SQL alias for a table's `TableMgmt` or a subquery handle, searching enclosing queries. */\n  aliasFor(handle: object): string;\n  /** Turns a user-facing condition into SQL; `undefined` if it pruned away entirely. */\n  conditionToSql(cond: ExpressionCondition): SqlFragment | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function isExpr(value: unknown): value is ExprLike<any> {\n  return typeof value === \"object\" && value !== null && exprBrand in value;\n}\n\n/** Every `Expr` is a `BaseExpr` at runtime; this cast keeps `isExpr` a plain type guard so unions narrow. */\nexport function asNode(expr: ExprLike<any>): BaseExpr {\n  return expr as any as BaseExpr;\n}\n\nexport const deferredSym: unique symbol = Symbol(\"joist.deferredCondition\");\n\n/**\n * A condition whose SQL depends on aliases that are only known once the query is parsed, i.e.\n * `bookStats.bookCount.gt(1)` or `bs.authorId.eq(a.id)`.\n *\n * It is shaped like a `RawCondition` so it can sit in any `ExpressionFilter`; `resolveDeferredConditions`\n * snapshots `condition`, `bindings`, and `aliases` before the filter is parsed. Domain alias conditions\n * use a separate protocol in the `em.find` parser.\n */\nexport interface DeferredCondition extends RawCondition {\n  [deferredSym]: (ctx: ExprContext) => RawCondition;\n}\n\nexport function isDeferredCondition(cond: unknown): cond is DeferredCondition {\n  return typeof cond === \"object\" && cond !== null && deferredSym in cond;\n}\n\n/** Creates a `DeferredCondition` that generates its SQL with `fn` once the query's aliases are known. */\nexport function deferredCondition(fn: (ctx: ExprContext) => SqlFragment): DeferredCondition {\n  const cond: DeferredCondition = {\n    kind: \"raw\",\n    aliases: [],\n    condition: \"<unresolved>\",\n    bindings: [],\n    pruneable: false,\n    [deferredSym]: (ctx) => {\n      const { sql, bindings, refs } = fn(ctx);\n      return { ...cond, condition: sql, bindings, aliases: refs };\n    },\n  };\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve each condition occurrence and snapshot it before resolving the next one. A nested subquery\n * may reuse the same condition under another alias; it must not overwrite this occurrence's SQL.\n */\nexport function resolveDeferredConditions(\n  cond: ExpressionCondition | undefined,\n  ctx: ExprContext,\n): ExpressionCondition | undefined {\n  if (cond === undefined || cond === null) return cond;\n  if (isDeferredCondition(cond)) {\n    return cond[deferredSym](ctx);\n  } else if (\"and\" in cond && cond.and) {\n    return { ...cond, and: cond.and.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  } else if (\"or\" in cond && cond.or) {\n    return { ...cond, or: cond.or.map((c) => resolveDeferredConditions(c, ctx)) };\n  }\n  return cond;\n}\n\n/** Concatenates SQL fragments with `sep`, keeping bindings and refs in order. */\nexport function joinFragments(parts: SqlFragment[], sep: string): SqlFragment {\n  return {\n    sql: parts.map((p) => p.sql).join(sep),\n    bindings: parts.flatMap((p) => p.bindings),\n    refs: parts.flatMap((p) => p.refs),\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The methods every expression shares. Subclasses provide `toSql`, and usually `decode`/`encode`.\n *\n * Table columns can override comparisons to apply column-specific conversions. Domain aliases do not\n * implement this protocol.\n */\nexport abstract class BaseExpr {\n  readonly [exprBrand]: any = this;\n\n  /** Produces this expression's SQL so it can be embedded in a larger expression, i.e. a subquery gets parens. */\n  abstract toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment;\n\n  /** Only an actual scalar/IN subquery exposes its selected expression, not an ordinary ID expression. */\n  get subquerySelect(): BaseExpr | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Known SQL representation and logical domain; raw SQL and unmodeled refs remain unknown. */\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Physical SQL nullability; undefined means unknown, not a NOT NULL guarantee. */\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** The source of a direct column reference, whose value becomes NULL under an unmatched LEFT join. */\n  get sqlSource(): object | undefined {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /** Produces the SQL without the outer parens a subquery normally gets; only differs for subqueries. */\n  toSqlBare(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    return this.toSql(ctx);\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a result-set value into the domain value, i.e. an int into a tagged id. */\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  /** Converts a domain value into the database value, i.e. a tagged id into an int, for bindings. */\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  eq(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"=\", value);\n  }\n\n  ne(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"!=\", value);\n  }\n\n  gt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">\", value);\n  }\n\n  gte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\">=\", value);\n  }\n\n  lt(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<\", value);\n  }\n\n  lte(value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.compare(\"<=\", value);\n  }\n\n  in(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  nin(values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    return this.inList(\"NOT IN\", values);\n  }\n\n  /** Prefixes this expression to a SQL template, retaining bindings and referenced aliases. */\n  is(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): ExpressionCondition {\n    const suffix = new TemplateExpr(strings, values);\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), suffix.toSql(ctx)], \" \"));\n  }\n\n  count(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  countDistinct(): Expr<number, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"count\", [this], {\n      prefix: \"DISTINCT \",\n      suffix: \"::int\",\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: { dbType: \"int4\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true },\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  sum(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"sum\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"sum\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  avg(): Expr<number | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"avg\", [this], {\n      decode: decodeNumber,\n      encode: identity,\n      outputType: numericAggregateOutputType(\"avg\", this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  min(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"min\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  max(): Expr<any, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"max\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: minMaxOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  arrayAgg(): Expr<any, any> {\n    // Values are arrays while the argument encodes/decodes *elements*, i.e. a `.coalesce([\"b:1\"])`\n    // fallback must encode each tagged id, not hand the whole array to the id column's encoder\n    return new FnExpr(\"array_agg\", [this], {\n      decode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.decode(e)) : v),\n      encode: (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.map((e) => this.encode(e)) : v),\n      outputType: arrayOutputType(this.outputType),\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  stringAgg(delimiter: string): Expr<string | null, any> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"string_agg\", [this, new BindingExpr(delimiter)], {\n      outputType:\n        this.outputType?.domain === String ? { dbType: \"text\", domain: String, arrayElementSafe: true } : undefined,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  coalesce(fallback: unknown): Expr<any, never> {\n    return new FnExpr(\"coalesce\", [this, new BindingExpr(this.encode(fallback))], {\n      decode: (v) => this.decode(v),\n      outputType: this.outputType,\n    }) as any;\n  }\n\n  /** `this op value`, where `value` may be `undefined` (pruned), `null`, another expression, or a literal. */\n  protected compare(op: string, value: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (value === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (value === null) {\n      const not = op === \"=\" ? \"\" : op === \"!=\" ? \"NOT \" : fail(`Cannot compare ${op} to null`);\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        return { ...left, sql: `${left.sql} IS ${not}NULL` };\n      });\n    }\n    if (isExpr(value)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => joinFragments([this.toSql(ctx), asNode(value).toSql(ctx)], ` ${op} `));\n    }\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return { sql: `${left.sql} ${op} ?`, bindings: [...left.bindings, this.encode(value)], refs: left.refs };\n    });\n  }\n\n  /** `this IN (subquery)` or `this = ANY(?)` for a list; `NOT IN` / `!= ALL(?)` for `nin`. */\n  protected inList(op: \"IN\" | \"NOT IN\", values: unknown): ExpressionCondition {\n    if (values === undefined) return skipCondition;\n    if (isExpr(values)) {\n      return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n        const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n        const right = asNode(values).toSqlBare(ctx);\n        return joinFragments([left, { ...right, sql: `(${right.sql})` }], ` ${op} `);\n      });\n    }\n    if (!Array.isArray(values)) fail(`Expected an array or subquery for ${op}, got ${values}`);\n    const fn = op === \"IN\" ? \"= ANY(?)\" : \"!= ALL(?)\";\n    return deferredCondition((ctx) => {\n      const left = this.toSql(ctx);\n      return {\n        sql: `${left.sql} ${fn}`,\n        bindings: [...left.bindings, values.map((v) => this.encode(v))],\n        refs: left.refs,\n      };\n    });\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A SQL function applied to expressions, i.e. `count(a.\"id\")::int` or `coalesce(bs.\"n\", ?)`.\n *\n * By default decoding is identity and encoding follows the first argument. Callers explicitly supply\n * a decoder and output type when needed (`max(a.id)` is still an id); numeric aggregates supply their\n * own decoder/encoder, since `count(a.id)` is a number, not an id. Unknown functions have no output type.\n */\nexport class FnExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private name: string,\n    private args: BaseExpr[],\n    private opts: {\n      prefix?: string;\n      suffix?: string;\n      decode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      encode?: (value: unknown) => unknown;\n      outputType?: TypeInfo;\n    },\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get outputType(): TypeInfo | undefined {\n    return this.opts.outputType;\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean | undefined {\n    switch (this.name) {\n      case \"count\":\n        return false;\n      case \"sum\":\n      case \"avg\":\n      case \"min\":\n      case \"max\":\n      case \"array_agg\":\n      case \"string_agg\":\n        return true;\n      case \"coalesce\":\n        // Only the fallback is independent of an outer query's LEFT joins.\n        return this.args[1]?.sqlNullable === false ? false : undefined;\n      default:\n        return undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const args = joinFragments(\n      this.args.map((a) => a.toSql(ctx)),\n      \", \",\n    );\n    return { ...args, sql: `${this.name}(${this.opts.prefix ?? \"\"}${args.sql})${this.opts.suffix ?? \"\"}` };\n  }\n\n  decode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;\n    return this.opts.decode ? this.opts.decode(value) : value;\n  }\n\n  encode(value: unknown): unknown {\n    return this.opts.encode ? this.opts.encode(value) : this.args[0].encode(value);\n  }\n}\n\n/** A bound literal, i.e. the `?` in `coalesce(x, ?)`. */\nexport class BindingExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(private value: unknown) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlNullable(): boolean {\n    return this.value === null || this.value === undefined;\n  }\n\n  toSql(): SqlFragment {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [this.value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** An unmodeled column on a known source, i.e. `sql.ref(a, \"ts_search\")`; untracked at the type level. */\nexport class RefExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private handle: object,\n    private column: string,\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get sqlSource(): object {\n    return this.handle;\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const alias = ctx.aliasFor(this.handle);\n    // safeKq for both halves: sql.ref takes user strings, and a subquery alias is its `as` name\n    return { sql: `${safeKq(alias)}.${safeKq(this.column)}`, bindings: [], refs: [alias] };\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A `sql` tagged template.\n *\n * For an Author table `a` assigned the SQL alias `a1`:\n *\n * ```ts\n * sql`${a.age} * 2`     // Expression: a1.age * 2\n * sql`${a.age.gte(18)}` // Condition: (a1.age >= ?), bindings [18]\n * sql`${\"Alice\"}`      // Value: ?, bindings [\"Alice\"]\n * ```\n */\nexport class TemplateExpr extends BaseExpr {\n  constructor(\n    private strings: TemplateStringsArray,\n    private values: unknown[],\n  ) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  toSql(ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n    const parts: SqlFragment[] = [];\n    this.strings.forEach((s, i) => {\n      parts.push({ sql: s, bindings: [], refs: [] });\n      if (i < this.values.length) parts.push(interpolationToSql(this.values[i], ctx));\n    });\n    return joinFragments(parts, \"\");\n  }\n}\n\n/** Turns one `${...}` of a `sql` template into SQL: an expression, a condition, or a bound value. */\nexport function interpolationToSql(value: unknown, ctx: ExprContext): SqlFragment {\n  if (isExpr(value)) {\n    return asNode(value).toSql(ctx);\n  } else if (isConditionLike(value)) {\n    return ctx.conditionToSql(value as ExpressionCondition) ?? { sql: \"true\", bindings: [], refs: [] };\n  } else {\n    return { sql: \"?\", bindings: [value], refs: [] };\n  }\n}\n\n/** True for the user-facing condition shapes: `{ and }`, `{ or }`, `ColumnCondition`, `RawCondition`. */\nexport function isConditionLike(value: unknown): boolean {\n  if (typeof value !== \"object\" || value === null) return false;\n  const v = value as any;\n  return \"and\" in v || \"or\" in v || v.kind === \"column\" || v.kind === \"raw\" || v.kind === \"exists\";\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves the SQL result type of supported numeric aggregates; other overloads remain unknown.\n *\n * I.e. `a.age.sum()` has `dbType: \"int8\"` and Number conversion, while `a.age` has `dbType: \"int4\"`\n * and identity conversion. Their number domains agree, but SQL types reject a union in either order.\n */\nfunction numericAggregateOutputType(name: \"sum\" | \"avg\", outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"int8\" : \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n      return { dbType: \"numeric\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float4\":\n      return { dbType: name === \"sum\" ? \"float4\" : \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    case \"float8\":\n      return { dbType: \"float8\", domain: Number, arrayElementSafe: true };\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Only known MIN/MAX overloads have predictable output types; varchar/name use the text overload. */\nfunction minMaxOutputType(outputType: TypeInfo | undefined): TypeInfo | undefined {\n  switch (outputType?.dbType) {\n    case \"varchar\":\n    case \"name\":\n      return { ...outputType, dbType: \"text\" };\n    case \"int2\":\n    case \"int4\":\n    case \"int8\":\n    case \"numeric\":\n    case \"float4\":\n    case \"float8\":\n    case \"text\":\n    case \"bpchar\":\n    case \"date\":\n    case \"time\":\n    case \"timetz\":\n    case \"timestamp\":\n    case \"timestamptz\":\n    case \"interval\":\n    case \"money\":\n    case \"inet\":\n      return outputType;\n    default:\n      return undefined;\n  }\n}\n\n/** Decodes `count`/`sum`/`avg` results, which Postgres returns as strings for bigint/numeric. */\nfunction decodeNumber(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return typeof value === \"string\" ? Number(value) : value;\n}\n\nfunction identity(value: unknown): unknown {\n  return value;\n}\n\nfunction fail(message: string): never {\n  throw new 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package/build/query.cjs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function query(q) {
 * sql`${"Alice"}`      // Value: ?, bindings ["Alice"]
 *
 * // Selecting this expression keeps the join to Book b.
-* sql<number>`${b.order} * ${2}`
+* sql.number`${b.order} * ${2}`
 *
 * // Reference an unmodeled column; it is untracked at the type level.
 * sql.ref<string>(a, "ts_search")
@@ -78,6 +78,18 @@ function query(q) {
 function sql(strings, ...values) {
 	return new require_Expr.TemplateExpr(strings, values);
 }
+/** Shorthand for `sql<number>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.number = sql;
+/** Shorthand for `sql<number | null>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.numberOrNull = sql;
+/** Shorthand for `sql<string>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.string = sql;
+/** Shorthand for `sql<string | null>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.stringOrNull = sql;
+/** Shorthand for `sql<boolean>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.boolean = sql;
+/** Shorthand for `sql<boolean | null>`; does not cast or convert the SQL result. */
+sql.booleanOrNull = sql;
 /** A raw condition for `where`, `having`, or `on`. */
 sql.condition = function condition(strings, ...values) {
 	return require_Expr.deferredCondition((ctx) => new require_Expr.TemplateExpr(strings, values).toSql(ctx));