jaz-cli 2.7.0 → 2.9.0

package/dist/__tests__/tax-sg-capital-allowances.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { computeCapitalAllowances } from '../tax/sg/capital-allowances.js';
+// ── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+/** Build a minimal valid input — override as needed. */
+function makeInput(overrides) {
+    return {
+        ya: 2026,
+        unabsorbedBroughtForward: 0,
+        ...overrides,
+    };
+}
+/** Shorthand to build a single-asset input and compute. */
+function computeSingle(asset, opts = {}) {
+    return computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets: [asset], ...opts }));
+}
+// ── Basic per-category claims ───────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — per-category claims', () => {
+    it('computer (S19A(1)): $3,000 → 100% claim in year 1', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'MacBook Pro',
+            cost: 3000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-03-01',
+            category: 'computer',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(3000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S19A(1)');
+    });
+    it('automation (S19A(1)): $10,000 → 100% claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Robotic arm',
+            cost: 10000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-06-15',
+            category: 'automation',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S19A(1)');
+    });
+    it('low-value (S19A(2)): $4,500 → 100% claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office chair',
+            cost: 4500,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-10',
+            category: 'low-value',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(4500, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S19A(2)');
+    });
+    it('general (S19): $30,000, no prior → $10,000 claim (33.33%)', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office furniture set',
+            cost: 30000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2024-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(20000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S19');
+    });
+    it('general (S19): $30,000, $10K prior → $10,000 (second year)', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office furniture set',
+            cost: 30000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2023-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 10000,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].totalClaimedToDate).toBeCloseTo(20000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+    });
+    it('general (S19): $30,000, $20K prior → $10,000 (final year, closes to zero)', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office furniture set',
+            cost: 30000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2022-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 20000,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].totalClaimedToDate).toBeCloseTo(30000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+    });
+    it('IP (S19B): $50,000, default 5-year → $10,000 claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Patent registration',
+            cost: 50000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-04-01',
+            category: 'ip',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(40000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S19B');
+    });
+    it('IP (S19B): $50,000, ipWriteOffYears=10 → $5,000 claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Trademark',
+            cost: 50000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-04-01',
+            category: 'ip',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            ipWriteOffYears: 10,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(5000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(45000, 2);
+    });
+    it('IP (S19B): $50,000, ipWriteOffYears=15 → $3,333.33 claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Copyright',
+            cost: 50000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-04-01',
+            category: 'ip',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            ipWriteOffYears: 15,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(3333.33, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(46666.67, 2);
+    });
+    it('renovation (S14Q): $90,000 → $30,000 claim (33.33%)', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office renovation',
+            cost: 90000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-02-01',
+            category: 'renovation',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(30000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(60000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].section).toBe('S14Q');
+    });
+    it('fully claimed asset ($20K cost, $20K prior) → $0 claim', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Old laptop',
+            cost: 20000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2022-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 20000,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].totalClaimedToDate).toBeCloseTo(20000, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+    });
+});
+// ── Low-value $30K/YA cap ───────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — low-value $30K/YA cap', () => {
+    it('7 assets at $5,000 each → first 6 fully claimed ($30K), 7th gets $0', () => {
+        const assets = Array.from({ length: 7 }, (_, i) => ({
+            description: `Low-value item ${i + 1}`,
+            cost: 5000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-15',
+            category: 'low-value',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        }));
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        // First 6 assets: each claims $5,000 (cumulative $30K)
+        for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+            expect(r.assets[i].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(5000, 2);
+        }
+        // 7th asset: $0 (cap exhausted)
+        expect(r.assets[6].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.lowValueTotal).toBeCloseTo(30000, 2);
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(30000, 2);
+    });
+    it('lowValueCapped flag = true when cap triggers', () => {
+        const assets = Array.from({ length: 7 }, (_, i) => ({
+            description: `Item ${i + 1}`,
+            cost: 5000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-15',
+            category: 'low-value',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        }));
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        expect(r.lowValueCapped).toBe(true);
+    });
+    it('cap only applies to low-value — general assets are unaffected', () => {
+        const assets = [
+            // 6 low-value assets consuming the $30K cap
+            ...Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, i) => ({
+                description: `Low-value ${i + 1}`,
+                cost: 5000,
+                acquisitionDate: '2025-01-15',
+                category: 'low-value',
+                priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            })),
+            // 1 general asset — should not be capped
+            {
+                description: 'Server rack',
+                cost: 30000,
+                acquisitionDate: '2025-03-01',
+                category: 'general',
+                priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            },
+        ];
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        // Low-value: 6 x $5K = $30K
+        expect(r.lowValueTotal).toBeCloseTo(30000, 2);
+        // General: 33.33% x $30K = $10K — unaffected by low-value cap
+        expect(r.assets[6].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(40000, 2);
+    });
+});
+// ── S14Q renovation $300K cap ───────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — S14Q renovation cap', () => {
+    it('$900K renovation → raw annual $300K, at S14Q cap exactly', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Major office renovation',
+            cost: 900000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01',
+            category: 'renovation',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        // 33.33% x $900K = $300K; S14Q cap is $300K — exactly at cap
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(300000, 2);
+    });
+    it('$1,200,000 renovation → raw annual $400K, capped at $300K', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'HQ full renovation',
+            cost: 1200000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01',
+            category: 'renovation',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        });
+        // 33.33% x $1.2M = $400K; S14Q cap = $300K → capped
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(300000, 2);
+        // Remaining: $1.2M - $300K = $900K
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(900000, 2);
+    });
+});
+// ── Unabsorbed CA brought forward ───────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — unabsorbed CA', () => {
+    it('current year $20K general claim + $5K unabsorbed b/f → totalAvailable correct', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Printer',
+            cost: 20000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+        }, { unabsorbedBroughtForward: 5000 });
+        // General: 33.33% x $20K = $6,666.67
+        const expectedClaim = 6666.67;
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(expectedClaim, 2);
+        expect(r.totalAvailable).toBeCloseTo(expectedClaim + 5000, 2);
+        expect(r.unabsorbedBroughtForward).toBe(5000);
+    });
+    it('fully-claimed asset + $10K unabsorbed → totalAvailable $10K', () => {
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Old scanner',
+            cost: 10000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2022-01-01',
+            category: 'computer',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 10000,
+        }, { unabsorbedBroughtForward: 10000 });
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.totalAvailable).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2);
+    });
+});
+// ── Multiple mixed assets ───────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — mixed asset portfolio', () => {
+    it('computer $5K + general $30K + low-value $3K → total $18K', () => {
+        const assets = [
+            {
+                description: 'Laptop',
+                cost: 5000,
+                acquisitionDate: '2025-02-01',
+                category: 'computer',
+                priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            },
+            {
+                description: 'Warehouse shelving',
+                cost: 30000,
+                acquisitionDate: '2024-07-01',
+                category: 'general',
+                priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            },
+            {
+                description: 'Desk lamp',
+                cost: 3000,
+                acquisitionDate: '2025-05-01',
+                category: 'low-value',
+                priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            },
+        ];
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(5000, 2); // computer 100%
+        expect(r.assets[1].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(10000, 2); // general 33.33%
+        expect(r.assets[2].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(3000, 2); // low-value 100%
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(18000, 2);
+    });
+    it('all six categories with realistic amounts', () => {
+        const assets = [
+            { description: 'Server', cost: 8000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01', category: 'computer', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Conveyor belt', cost: 15000, acquisitionDate: '2025-03-01', category: 'automation', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Monitor arm', cost: 500, acquisitionDate: '2025-04-01', category: 'low-value', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Factory equipment', cost: 60000, acquisitionDate: '2024-01-01', category: 'general', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Software license', cost: 25000, acquisitionDate: '2025-06-01', category: 'ip', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Retail fit-out', cost: 150000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-15', category: 'renovation', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+        ];
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(8000, 2); // computer 100%
+        expect(r.assets[1].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(15000, 2); // automation 100%
+        expect(r.assets[2].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(500, 2); // low-value 100%
+        expect(r.assets[3].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(20000, 2); // general 33.33% x 60K
+        expect(r.assets[4].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(5000, 2); // IP 20% x 25K
+        expect(r.assets[5].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(50000, 2); // renovation 33.33% x 150K
+        const expectedTotal = 8000 + 15000 + 500 + 20000 + 5000 + 50000;
+        expect(r.totalCurrentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(expectedTotal, 2);
+    });
+});
+// ── Output structure ────────────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — output structure', () => {
+    const singleAssetResult = () => computeSingle({
+        description: 'Test laptop',
+        cost: 3000,
+        acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01',
+        category: 'computer',
+        priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+    });
+    it('type is "sg-capital-allowance"', () => {
+        const r = singleAssetResult();
+        expect(r.type).toBe('sg-capital-allowance');
+    });
+    it('workings string contains currency amounts', () => {
+        const r = singleAssetResult();
+        expect(r.workings).toContain('SGD');
+        expect(r.workings).toContain('3,000.00');
+        expect(r.workings).toContain('Capital Allowance Schedule');
+    });
+    it('assets array length matches input', () => {
+        const assets = [
+            { description: 'A', cost: 1000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01', category: 'computer', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'B', cost: 2000, acquisitionDate: '2025-02-01', category: 'computer', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'C', cost: 3000, acquisitionDate: '2025-03-01', category: 'general', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+        ];
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        expect(r.assets).toHaveLength(3);
+    });
+    it('lowValueCount counts all low-value assets (including zero-claim)', () => {
+        const assets = [
+            { description: 'LV1', cost: 5000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01', category: 'low-value', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'LV2', cost: 3000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01', category: 'low-value', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+            { description: 'Gen', cost: 9000, acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01', category: 'general', priorYearsClaimed: 0 },
+        ];
+        const r = computeCapitalAllowances(makeInput({ assets }));
+        expect(r.lowValueCount).toBe(2);
+    });
+});
+// ── Edge cases ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCapitalAllowances — edge cases', () => {
+    it('partial final year claim for general asset near cost', () => {
+        // $25K cost, 33.33% annual = $8,333.33/yr
+        // After 2 years: $16,666.67 claimed, remaining $8,333.33
+        // Year 3: raw = $8,333.33, unclaimed = $8,333.33 → claims exactly the remainder
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'Office partition',
+            cost: 25000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2022-01-01',
+            category: 'general',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 16666.67,
+        });
+        expect(r.assets[0].currentYearClaim).toBeCloseTo(8333.33, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].remainingUnabsorbed).toBeCloseTo(0, 2);
+        expect(r.assets[0].totalClaimedToDate).toBeCloseTo(25000, 2);
+    });
+    it('all amounts are 2dp (round2 invariant)', () => {
+        const round2 = (n) => Math.round(n * 100) / 100;
+        const r = computeSingle({
+            description: 'IP asset',
+            cost: 50000,
+            acquisitionDate: '2025-01-01',
+            category: 'ip',
+            priorYearsClaimed: 0,
+            ipWriteOffYears: 15,
+        });
+        for (const row of r.assets) {
+            expect(round2(row.currentYearClaim)).toBe(row.currentYearClaim);
+            expect(round2(row.totalClaimedToDate)).toBe(row.totalClaimedToDate);
+            expect(round2(row.remainingUnabsorbed)).toBe(row.remainingUnabsorbed);
+        }
+        expect(round2(r.totalCurrentYearClaim)).toBe(r.totalCurrentYearClaim);
+        expect(round2(r.totalAvailable)).toBe(r.totalAvailable);
+    });
+});

package/dist/__tests__/tax-sg-exemptions.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { computeExemption, computeCitRebate } from '../tax/sg/exemptions.js';
+import { SG_CIT_RATE } from '../tax/sg/constants.js';
+// ── computeExemption ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeExemption', () => {
+    const round2 = (n) => Math.round(n * 100) / 100;
+    // ── SUTE (Start-Up Tax Exemption) ─────────────────────────────────
+    describe('SUTE', () => {
+        it('$0 income → all zeros', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(0, 'sute');
+            expect(r.type).toBe('sute');
+            expect(r.chargeableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBe(0);
+        });
+        it('$100,000 → exempt $75,000 (75% of first $100K)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(100_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(75_000, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(25_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('$150,000 → exempt $75,000 + $25,000 = $100,000', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(150_000, 'sute');
+            // First band: 100K x 75% = 75K. Second band: 50K x 50% = 25K.
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(100_000, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(50_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('$200,000 → exempt $75,000 + $50,000 = $125,000 (both bands full)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'sute');
+            // First band: 100K x 75% = 75K. Second band: 100K x 50% = 50K.
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(125_000, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(75_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('$300,000 → still $125,000 (excess beyond bands gets no exemption)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(300_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(125_000, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(175_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('$50,000 → exempt $37,500 (75% x $50K, first band partially filled)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(50_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(37_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(12_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('$1 → tiny numbers work correctly', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(1, 'sute');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(0.75, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(0.25, 2);
+            expect(r.chargeableIncome).toBe(1);
+        });
+        it('exact at total band boundary: $200,000 → exempt $125,000', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(125_000, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(75_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('known benchmark: SUTE on $200K effective rate', () => {
+            // taxable = 200K - 125K = 75K
+            // grossTax = 75K x 0.17 = 12,750
+            // effectiveRate = 12,750 / 200,000 = 0.06375
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBeCloseTo(0.06375, 4);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBeLessThan(SG_CIT_RATE);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── PTE (Partial Tax Exemption) ───────────────────────────────────
+    describe('PTE', () => {
+        it('$0 income → all zeros', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(0, 'pte');
+            expect(r.type).toBe('pte');
+            expect(r.chargeableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBe(0);
+        });
+        it('$10,000 → exempt $7,500 (75% of first $10K)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(10_000, 'pte');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(7_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(2_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('$100,000 → exempt $7,500 + $45,000 = $52,500', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(100_000, 'pte');
+            // First band: 10K x 75% = 7.5K. Second band: 90K x 50% = 45K.
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(52_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(47_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('$200,000 → exempt $7,500 + $95,000 = $102,500 (both bands full)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'pte');
+            // First band: 10K x 75% = 7.5K. Second band: 190K x 50% = 95K.
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(102_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(97_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('$500,000 → still $102,500 (excess beyond bands)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(500_000, 'pte');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(102_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(397_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('$5,000 → exempt $3,750 (first band partially filled)', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(5_000, 'pte');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(3_750, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(1_250, 2);
+        });
+        it('exact at first band boundary: $10,000 → exempt $7,500', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(10_000, 'pte');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBeCloseTo(7_500, 2);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(2_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('known benchmark: PTE on $200K effective rate', () => {
+            // taxable = 200K - 102.5K = 97.5K
+            // grossTax = 97.5K x 0.17 = 16,575
+            // effectiveRate = 16,575 / 200,000 = 0.082875 → rounds to 0.0829 (4dp)
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'pte');
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBeCloseTo(0.0829, 4);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBeLessThan(SG_CIT_RATE);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── No Exemption ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('none', () => {
+        it('$200,000 → exempt $0, taxable = $200,000', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(200_000, 'none');
+            expect(r.type).toBe('none');
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBeCloseTo(200_000, 2);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBe(SG_CIT_RATE);
+        });
+        it('$0 income → all zeros', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(0, 'none');
+            expect(r.chargeableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBe(0);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── Edge cases ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('edge cases', () => {
+        it('negative chargeable income → all zeros', () => {
+            const r = computeExemption(-50_000, 'sute');
+            expect(r.chargeableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.exemptAmount).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBe(0);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBe(0);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── Invariants ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('invariants', () => {
+        const cases = [
+            [0, 'sute'], [100, 'pte'], [10_000, 'sute'], [100_000, 'pte'],
+            [200_000, 'sute'], [500_000, 'none'], [1_000_000, 'pte'],
+        ];
+        it.each(cases)('taxableIncome = chargeableIncome - exemptAmount (%d, %s)', (ci, type) => {
+            const r = computeExemption(ci, type);
+            expect(r.taxableIncome).toBe(round2(r.chargeableIncome - r.exemptAmount));
+        });
+        it.each(cases)('all amounts are 2dp (%d, %s)', (ci, type) => {
+            const r = computeExemption(ci, type);
+            expect(round2(r.exemptAmount)).toBe(r.exemptAmount);
+            expect(round2(r.taxableIncome)).toBe(r.taxableIncome);
+        });
+        it.each(cases)('effective rate <= 17%% (%d, %s)', (ci, type) => {
+            const r = computeExemption(ci, type);
+            expect(r.effectiveRate).toBeLessThanOrEqual(SG_CIT_RATE);
+        });
+        it('SUTE effective rate < PTE effective rate (same income above both caps)', () => {
+            const sute = computeExemption(500_000, 'sute');
+            const pte = computeExemption(500_000, 'pte');
+            expect(sute.effectiveRate).toBeLessThan(pte.effectiveRate);
+        });
+        it('PTE effective rate < no exemption (same income above cap)', () => {
+            const pte = computeExemption(500_000, 'pte');
+            const none = computeExemption(500_000, 'none');
+            expect(pte.effectiveRate).toBeLessThan(none.effectiveRate);
+        });
+    });
+});
+// ── computeCitRebate ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+describe('computeCitRebate', () => {
+    const round2 = (n) => Math.round(n * 100) / 100;
+    // ── YA 2024 (50%, cap $40K) ───────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('YA 2024', () => {
+        it('grossTax $10,000 → rebate $5,000 (50% x $10K)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2024)).toBeCloseTo(5_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('grossTax $100,000 → rebate $40,000 (50% x $100K = $50K, capped at $40K)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(100_000, 2024)).toBeCloseTo(40_000, 2);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── YA 2025 (same as 2024) ────────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('YA 2025', () => {
+        it('same rates as YA 2024', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2025)).toBeCloseTo(5_000, 2);
+            expect(computeCitRebate(100_000, 2025)).toBeCloseTo(40_000, 2);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── YA 2026 (40%, cap $40K) ───────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('YA 2026', () => {
+        it('grossTax $10,000 → rebate $4,000 (40% x $10K)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2026)).toBeCloseTo(4_000, 2);
+        });
+        it('grossTax $200,000 → rebate $40,000 (40% x $200K = $80K, capped at $40K)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(200_000, 2026)).toBeCloseTo(40_000, 2);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── YA 2020 (25%, cap $15K) ───────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('YA 2020', () => {
+        it('grossTax $10,000 → rebate $2,500 (25% x $10K)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2020)).toBeCloseTo(2_500, 2);
+        });
+        it('grossTax $100,000 → rebate $15,000 (cap)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(100_000, 2020)).toBeCloseTo(15_000, 2);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── YA 2021 (0% — no rebate) ─────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('YA 2021', () => {
+        it('grossTax $10,000 → rebate $0 (no rebate)', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2021)).toBe(0);
+        });
+    });
+    // ── Edge cases ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    describe('edge cases', () => {
+        it('YA with no schedule entry (e.g. 2030) → $0', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(10_000, 2030)).toBe(0);
+        });
+        it('grossTax $0 → rebate $0', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(0, 2024)).toBe(0);
+        });
+        it('negative grossTax → rebate $0', () => {
+            expect(computeCitRebate(-1_000, 2024)).toBe(0);
+        });
+        it('result is always 2dp', () => {
+            const rebate = computeCitRebate(33_333, 2024);
+            expect(round2(rebate)).toBe(rebate);
+        });
+    });
+});