ima2-gen 2.0.5 → 2.0.13

package/node_modules/ai/src/generate-text/stream-text.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2807 @@
+import {
+  getErrorMessage,
+  LanguageModelV3,
+  LanguageModelV3ToolChoice,
+  SharedV3Warning,
+  UnsupportedFunctionalityError,
+} from '@ai-sdk/provider';
+import {
+  createIdGenerator,
+  DelayedPromise,
+  IdGenerator,
+  isAbortError,
+  ModelMessage,
+  ProviderOptions,
+  SystemModelMessage,
+  ToolApprovalResponse,
+  ToolContent,
+} from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';
+import { Span } from '@opentelemetry/api';
+import { ServerResponse } from 'node:http';
+import { NoOutputGeneratedError } from '../error';
+import { Listener, notify } from '../util/notify';
+import { logWarnings } from '../logger/log-warnings';
+import { resolveLanguageModel } from '../model/resolve-model';
+import {
+  CallSettings,
+  getChunkTimeoutMs,
+  getStepTimeoutMs,
+  getTotalTimeoutMs,
+  TimeoutConfiguration,
+} from '../prompt/call-settings';
+import { convertToLanguageModelPrompt } from '../prompt/convert-to-language-model-prompt';
+import { createToolModelOutput } from '../prompt/create-tool-model-output';
+import { prepareCallSettings } from '../prompt/prepare-call-settings';
+import { prepareToolsAndToolChoice } from '../prompt/prepare-tools-and-tool-choice';
+import { Prompt } from '../prompt/prompt';
+import { standardizePrompt } from '../prompt/standardize-prompt';
+import { wrapGatewayError } from '../prompt/wrap-gateway-error';
+import { assembleOperationName } from '../telemetry/assemble-operation-name';
+import { getBaseTelemetryAttributes } from '../telemetry/get-base-telemetry-attributes';
+import { getTracer } from '../telemetry/get-tracer';
+import { recordSpan } from '../telemetry/record-span';
+import { selectTelemetryAttributes } from '../telemetry/select-telemetry-attributes';
+import { stringifyForTelemetry } from '../telemetry/stringify-for-telemetry';
+import { getGlobalTelemetryIntegration } from '../telemetry/get-global-telemetry-integration';
+import { TelemetrySettings } from '../telemetry/telemetry-settings';
+import { createTextStreamResponse } from '../text-stream/create-text-stream-response';
+import { pipeTextStreamToResponse } from '../text-stream/pipe-text-stream-to-response';
+import { LanguageModelRequestMetadata } from '../types';
+import {
+  CallWarning,
+  FinishReason,
+  LanguageModel,
+  ToolChoice,
+} from '../types/language-model';
+import { ProviderMetadata } from '../types/provider-metadata';
+import {
+  addLanguageModelUsage,
+  createNullLanguageModelUsage,
+  LanguageModelUsage,
+} from '../types/usage';
+import { UIMessage } from '../ui';
+import { createUIMessageStreamResponse } from '../ui-message-stream/create-ui-message-stream-response';
+import { getResponseUIMessageId } from '../ui-message-stream/get-response-ui-message-id';
+import { handleUIMessageStreamFinish } from '../ui-message-stream/handle-ui-message-stream-finish';
+import { pipeUIMessageStreamToResponse } from '../ui-message-stream/pipe-ui-message-stream-to-response';
+import {
+  InferUIMessageChunk,
+  UIMessageChunk,
+} from '../ui-message-stream/ui-message-chunks';
+import { UIMessageStreamResponseInit } from '../ui-message-stream/ui-message-stream-response-init';
+import { InferUIMessageData, InferUIMessageMetadata } from '../ui/ui-messages';
+import { asArray } from '../util/as-array';
+import {
+  AsyncIterableStream,
+  createAsyncIterableStream,
+} from '../util/async-iterable-stream';
+import { consumeStream } from '../util/consume-stream';
+import { createStitchableStream } from '../util/create-stitchable-stream';
+import { DownloadFunction } from '../util/download/download-function';
+import { mergeAbortSignals } from '../util/merge-abort-signals';
+import { mergeObjects } from '../util/merge-objects';
+import { now as originalNow } from '../util/now';
+import { prepareRetries } from '../util/prepare-retries';
+import { collectToolApprovals } from './collect-tool-approvals';
+import type {
+  OnFinishEvent,
+  OnStartEvent,
+  OnStepFinishEvent,
+  OnStepStartEvent,
+  OnToolCallFinishEvent,
+  OnToolCallStartEvent,
+} from './callback-events';
+import { ContentPart } from './content-part';
+import { executeToolCall } from './execute-tool-call';
+import { Output, text } from './output';
+import {
+  InferCompleteOutput,
+  InferElementOutput,
+  InferPartialOutput,
+} from './output-utils';
+import { PrepareStepFunction } from './prepare-step';
+import { ResponseMessage } from './response-message';
+import {
+  runToolsTransformation,
+  SingleRequestTextStreamPart,
+} from './run-tools-transformation';
+import { DefaultStepResult, StepResult } from './step-result';
+import {
+  isStopConditionMet,
+  stepCountIs,
+  StopCondition,
+} from './stop-condition';
+import {
+  ConsumeStreamOptions,
+  StreamTextResult,
+  TextStreamPart,
+  UIMessageStreamOptions,
+} from './stream-text-result';
+import { toResponseMessages } from './to-response-messages';
+import { TypedToolCall } from './tool-call';
+import { ToolCallRepairFunction } from './tool-call-repair-function';
+import { ToolOutput } from './tool-output';
+import { StaticToolOutputDenied } from './tool-output-denied';
+import { ToolSet } from './tool-set';
+
+const originalGenerateId = createIdGenerator({
+  prefix: 'aitxt',
+  size: 24,
+});
+
+/**
+ * A transformation that is applied to the stream.
+ *
+ * @param stopStream - A function that stops the source stream.
+ * @param tools - The tools that are accessible to and can be called by the model. The model needs to support calling tools.
+ */
+export type StreamTextTransform<TOOLS extends ToolSet> = (options: {
+  tools: TOOLS; // for type inference
+  stopStream: () => void;
+}) => TransformStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>, TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `onError` option.
+ *
+ * @param event - The event that is passed to the callback.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnErrorCallback = (event: {
+  error: unknown;
+}) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `onStepFinish` option.
+ *
+ * @param stepResult - The result of the step.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnStepFinishCallback<TOOLS extends ToolSet> = (
+  event: OnStepFinishEvent<TOOLS>,
+) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `onChunk` option.
+ *
+ * @param event - The event that is passed to the callback.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnChunkCallback<TOOLS extends ToolSet> = (event: {
+  chunk: Extract<
+    TextStreamPart<TOOLS>,
+    {
+      type:
+        | 'text-delta'
+        | 'reasoning-delta'
+        | 'source'
+        | 'tool-call'
+        | 'tool-input-start'
+        | 'tool-input-delta'
+        | 'tool-result'
+        | 'raw';
+    }
+  >;
+}) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `onFinish` option.
+ *
+ * @param event - The event that is passed to the callback.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnFinishCallback<TOOLS extends ToolSet> = (
+  event: OnFinishEvent<TOOLS>,
+) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `onAbort` option.
+ *
+ * @param event - The event that is passed to the callback.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnAbortCallback<TOOLS extends ToolSet> = (event: {
+  /**
+   * Details for all previously finished steps.
+   */
+  readonly steps: StepResult<TOOLS>[];
+}) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Include settings for streamText (requestBody only).
+ */
+type StreamTextIncludeSettings = { requestBody?: boolean };
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `experimental_onStart` option.
+ *
+ * Called when the streamText operation begins, before any LLM calls.
+ * Use this callback for logging, analytics, or initializing state at the
+ * start of a generation.
+ *
+ * @param event - The event object containing generation configuration.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnStartCallback<
+  TOOLS extends ToolSet = ToolSet,
+  OUTPUT extends Output = Output,
+> = (
+  event: OnStartEvent<TOOLS, OUTPUT, StreamTextIncludeSettings>,
+) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that is set using the `experimental_onStepStart` option.
+ *
+ * Called when a step (LLM call) begins, before the provider is called.
+ * Each step represents a single LLM invocation. Multiple steps occur when
+ * using tool calls (the model may be called multiple times in a loop).
+ *
+ * @param event - The event object containing step configuration.
+ */
+export type StreamTextOnStepStartCallback<
+  TOOLS extends ToolSet = ToolSet,
+  OUTPUT extends Output = Output,
+> = (
+  event: OnStepStartEvent<TOOLS, OUTPUT, StreamTextIncludeSettings>,
+) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+export type StreamTextOnToolCallStartCallback<TOOLS extends ToolSet = ToolSet> =
+  (event: OnToolCallStartEvent<TOOLS>) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+export type StreamTextOnToolCallFinishCallback<
+  TOOLS extends ToolSet = ToolSet,
+> = (event: OnToolCallFinishEvent<TOOLS>) => PromiseLike<void> | void;
+
+/**
+ * Generate a text and call tools for a given prompt using a language model.
+ *
+ * This function streams the output. If you do not want to stream the output, use `generateText` instead.
+ *
+ * @param model - The language model to use.
+ * @param tools - Tools that are accessible to and can be called by the model. The model needs to support calling tools.
+ *
+ * @param system - A system message that will be part of the prompt.
+ * @param prompt - A simple text prompt. You can either use `prompt` or `messages` but not both.
+ * @param messages - A list of messages. You can either use `prompt` or `messages` but not both.
+ *
+ * @param maxOutputTokens - Maximum number of tokens to generate.
+ * @param temperature - Temperature setting.
+ * The value is passed through to the provider. The range depends on the provider and model.
+ * It is recommended to set either `temperature` or `topP`, but not both.
+ * @param topP - Nucleus sampling.
+ * The value is passed through to the provider. The range depends on the provider and model.
+ * It is recommended to set either `temperature` or `topP`, but not both.
+ * @param topK - Only sample from the top K options for each subsequent token.
+ * Used to remove "long tail" low probability responses.
+ * Recommended for advanced use cases only. You usually only need to use temperature.
+ * @param presencePenalty - Presence penalty setting.
+ * It affects the likelihood of the model to repeat information that is already in the prompt.
+ * The value is passed through to the provider. The range depends on the provider and model.
+ * @param frequencyPenalty - Frequency penalty setting.
+ * It affects the likelihood of the model to repeatedly use the same words or phrases.
+ * The value is passed through to the provider. The range depends on the provider and model.
+ * @param stopSequences - Stop sequences.
+ * If set, the model will stop generating text when one of the stop sequences is generated.
+ * @param seed - The seed (integer) to use for random sampling.
+ * If set and supported by the model, calls will generate deterministic results.
+ *
+ * @param maxRetries - Maximum number of retries. Set to 0 to disable retries. Default: 2.
+ * @param abortSignal - An optional abort signal that can be used to cancel the call.
+ * @param timeout - An optional timeout in milliseconds. The call will be aborted if it takes longer than the specified timeout.
+ * @param headers - Additional HTTP headers to be sent with the request. Only applicable for HTTP-based providers.
+ *
+ * @param onChunk - Callback that is called for each chunk of the stream. The stream processing will pause until the callback promise is resolved.
+ * @param onError - Callback that is called when an error occurs during streaming. You can use it to log errors.
+ * @param onStepFinish - Callback that is called when each step (LLM call) is finished, including intermediate steps.
+ * @param onFinish - Callback that is called when all steps are finished and the response is complete.
+ *
+ * @returns
+ * A result object for accessing different stream types and additional information.
+ */
+export function streamText<
+  TOOLS extends ToolSet,
+  OUTPUT extends Output = Output<string, string, never>,
+>({
+  model,
+  tools,
+  toolChoice,
+  system,
+  prompt,
+  messages,
+  maxRetries,
+  abortSignal,
+  timeout,
+  headers,
+  stopWhen = stepCountIs(1),
+  experimental_output,
+  output = experimental_output,
+  experimental_telemetry: telemetry,
+  prepareStep,
+  providerOptions,
+  experimental_activeTools,
+  activeTools = experimental_activeTools,
+  experimental_repairToolCall: repairToolCall,
+  experimental_transform: transform,
+  experimental_download: download,
+  includeRawChunks = false,
+  onChunk,
+  onError = ({ error }) => {
+    console.error(error);
+  },
+  onFinish,
+  onAbort,
+  onStepFinish,
+  experimental_onStart: onStart,
+  experimental_onStepStart: onStepStart,
+  experimental_onToolCallStart: onToolCallStart,
+  experimental_onToolCallFinish: onToolCallFinish,
+  experimental_context,
+  experimental_include: include,
+  _internal: { now = originalNow, generateId = originalGenerateId } = {},
+  ...settings
+}: CallSettings &
+  Prompt & {
+    /**
+     * The language model to use.
+     */
+    model: LanguageModel;
+
+    /**
+     * The tools that the model can call. The model needs to support calling tools.
+     */
+    tools?: TOOLS;
+
+    /**
+     * The tool choice strategy. Default: 'auto'.
+     */
+    toolChoice?: ToolChoice<TOOLS>;
+
+    /**
+     * Condition for stopping the generation when there are tool results in the last step.
+     * When the condition is an array, any of the conditions can be met to stop the generation.
+     *
+     * @default stepCountIs(1)
+     */
+    stopWhen?:
+      | StopCondition<NoInfer<TOOLS>>
+      | Array<StopCondition<NoInfer<TOOLS>>>;
+
+    /**
+     * Optional telemetry configuration (experimental).
+     */
+    experimental_telemetry?: TelemetrySettings;
+
+    /**
+     * Additional provider-specific options. They are passed through
+     * to the provider from the AI SDK and enable provider-specific
+     * functionality that can be fully encapsulated in the provider.
+     */
+    providerOptions?: ProviderOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `activeTools` instead.
+     */
+    experimental_activeTools?: Array<keyof NoInfer<TOOLS>>;
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the tools that are available for the model to call without
+     * changing the tool call and result types in the result.
+     */
+    activeTools?: Array<keyof NoInfer<TOOLS>>;
+
+    /**
+     * Optional specification for parsing structured outputs from the LLM response.
+     */
+    output?: OUTPUT;
+
+    /**
+     * Optional specification for parsing structured outputs from the LLM response.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `output` instead.
+     */
+    experimental_output?: OUTPUT;
+
+    /**
+     * Optional function that you can use to provide different settings for a step.
+     *
+     * @param options - The options for the step.
+     * @param options.steps - The steps that have been executed so far.
+     * @param options.stepNumber - The number of the step that is being executed.
+     * @param options.model - The model that is being used.
+     *
+     * @returns An object that contains the settings for the step.
+     * If you return undefined (or for undefined settings), the settings from the outer level will be used.
+     */
+    prepareStep?: PrepareStepFunction<NoInfer<TOOLS>>;
+
+    /**
+     * A function that attempts to repair a tool call that failed to parse.
+     */
+    experimental_repairToolCall?: ToolCallRepairFunction<TOOLS>;
+
+    /**
+     * Optional stream transformations.
+     * They are applied in the order they are provided.
+     * The stream transformations must maintain the stream structure for streamText to work correctly.
+     */
+    experimental_transform?:
+      | StreamTextTransform<TOOLS>
+      | Array<StreamTextTransform<TOOLS>>;
+
+    /**
+     * Custom download function to use for URLs.
+     *
+     * By default, files are downloaded if the model does not support the URL for the given media type.
+     */
+    experimental_download?: DownloadFunction | undefined;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to include raw chunks from the provider in the stream.
+     * When enabled, you will receive raw chunks with type 'raw' that contain the unprocessed data from the provider.
+     * This allows access to cutting-edge provider features not yet wrapped by the AI SDK.
+     * Defaults to false.
+     */
+    includeRawChunks?: boolean;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called for each chunk of the stream.
+     * The stream processing will pause until the callback promise is resolved.
+     */
+    onChunk?: StreamTextOnChunkCallback<TOOLS>;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is invoked when an error occurs during streaming.
+     * You can use it to log errors.
+     * The stream processing will pause until the callback promise is resolved.
+     */
+    onError?: StreamTextOnErrorCallback;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called when the LLM response and all request tool executions
+     * (for tools that have an `execute` function) are finished.
+     *
+     * The usage is the combined usage of all steps.
+     */
+    onFinish?: StreamTextOnFinishCallback<TOOLS>;
+
+    onAbort?: StreamTextOnAbortCallback<TOOLS>;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called when each step (LLM call) is finished, including intermediate steps.
+     */
+    onStepFinish?: StreamTextOnStepFinishCallback<TOOLS>;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called when the streamText operation begins,
+     * before any LLM calls are made.
+     */
+    experimental_onStart?: StreamTextOnStartCallback<NoInfer<TOOLS>, OUTPUT>;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called when a step (LLM call) begins,
+     * before the provider is called.
+     */
+    experimental_onStepStart?: StreamTextOnStepStartCallback<
+      NoInfer<TOOLS>,
+      OUTPUT
+    >;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called right before a tool's execute function runs.
+     */
+    experimental_onToolCallStart?: StreamTextOnToolCallStartCallback<
+      NoInfer<TOOLS>
+    >;
+
+    /**
+     * Callback that is called right after a tool's execute function completes (or errors).
+     */
+    experimental_onToolCallFinish?: StreamTextOnToolCallFinishCallback<
+      NoInfer<TOOLS>
+    >;
+
+    /**
+     * Context that is passed into tool execution.
+     *
+     * Experimental (can break in patch releases).
+     *
+     * @default undefined
+     */
+    experimental_context?: unknown;
+
+    /**
+     * Settings for controlling what data is included in step results.
+     * Disabling inclusion can help reduce memory usage when processing
+     * large payloads like images.
+     *
+     * By default, all data is included for backwards compatibility.
+     */
+    experimental_include?: {
+      /**
+       * Whether to retain the request body in step results.
+       * The request body can be large when sending images or files.
+       * @default true
+       */
+      requestBody?: boolean;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Internal. For test use only. May change without notice.
+     */
+    _internal?: {
+      now?: () => number;
+      generateId?: IdGenerator;
+    };
+  }): StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT> {
+  const totalTimeoutMs = getTotalTimeoutMs(timeout);
+  const stepTimeoutMs = getStepTimeoutMs(timeout);
+  const chunkTimeoutMs = getChunkTimeoutMs(timeout);
+  const stepAbortController =
+    stepTimeoutMs != null ? new AbortController() : undefined;
+  const chunkAbortController =
+    chunkTimeoutMs != null ? new AbortController() : undefined;
+  return new DefaultStreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>({
+    model: resolveLanguageModel(model),
+    telemetry,
+    headers,
+    settings,
+    maxRetries,
+    abortSignal: mergeAbortSignals(
+      abortSignal,
+      totalTimeoutMs != null ? AbortSignal.timeout(totalTimeoutMs) : undefined,
+      stepAbortController?.signal,
+      chunkAbortController?.signal,
+    ),
+    stepTimeoutMs,
+    stepAbortController,
+    chunkTimeoutMs,
+    chunkAbortController,
+    system,
+    prompt,
+    messages,
+    tools,
+    toolChoice,
+    transforms: asArray(transform),
+    activeTools,
+    repairToolCall,
+    stopConditions: asArray(stopWhen),
+    output,
+    providerOptions,
+    prepareStep,
+    includeRawChunks,
+    timeout,
+    stopWhen,
+    originalAbortSignal: abortSignal,
+    onChunk,
+    onError,
+    onFinish,
+    onAbort,
+    onStepFinish,
+    onStart,
+    onStepStart,
+    onToolCallStart,
+    onToolCallFinish,
+    now,
+    generateId,
+    experimental_context,
+    download,
+    include,
+  });
+}
+
+export type EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS extends ToolSet, PARTIAL_OUTPUT> = {
+  part: TextStreamPart<TOOLS>;
+  partialOutput: PARTIAL_OUTPUT | undefined;
+};
+
+function createOutputTransformStream<
+  TOOLS extends ToolSet,
+  OUTPUT extends Output,
+>(
+  output: OUTPUT,
+): TransformStream<
+  TextStreamPart<TOOLS>,
+  EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>
+> {
+  let firstTextChunkId: string | undefined = undefined;
+  let text = '';
+  let textChunk = '';
+  let textProviderMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined = undefined;
+  let lastPublishedJson = '';
+
+  function publishTextChunk({
+    controller,
+    partialOutput = undefined,
+  }: {
+    controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<
+      EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>
+    >;
+    partialOutput?: InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>;
+  }) {
+    controller.enqueue({
+      part: {
+        type: 'text-delta',
+        id: firstTextChunkId!,
+        text: textChunk,
+        providerMetadata: textProviderMetadata,
+      },
+      partialOutput,
+    });
+    textChunk = '';
+  }
+
+  return new TransformStream<
+    TextStreamPart<TOOLS>,
+    EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>
+  >({
+    async transform(chunk, controller) {
+      // ensure that we publish the last text chunk before the step finish:
+      if (chunk.type === 'finish-step' && textChunk.length > 0) {
+        publishTextChunk({ controller });
+      }
+
+      if (
+        chunk.type !== 'text-delta' &&
+        chunk.type !== 'text-start' &&
+        chunk.type !== 'text-end'
+      ) {
+        controller.enqueue({ part: chunk, partialOutput: undefined });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // we have to pick a text chunk which contains the json text
+      // since we are streaming, we have to pick the first text chunk
+      if (firstTextChunkId == null) {
+        firstTextChunkId = chunk.id;
+      } else if (chunk.id !== firstTextChunkId) {
+        controller.enqueue({ part: chunk, partialOutput: undefined });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (chunk.type === 'text-start') {
+        controller.enqueue({ part: chunk, partialOutput: undefined });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (chunk.type === 'text-end') {
+        if (textChunk.length > 0) {
+          publishTextChunk({ controller });
+        }
+        controller.enqueue({ part: chunk, partialOutput: undefined });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      text += chunk.text;
+      textChunk += chunk.text;
+      textProviderMetadata = chunk.providerMetadata ?? textProviderMetadata;
+
+      // only publish if partial json can be parsed:
+      const result = await output.parsePartialOutput({ text });
+
+      // null should be allowed (valid JSON value) but undefined should not:
+      if (result !== undefined) {
+        // only send new json if it has changed:
+        const currentJson = JSON.stringify(result.partial);
+        if (currentJson !== lastPublishedJson) {
+          publishTextChunk({ controller, partialOutput: result.partial });
+          lastPublishedJson = currentJson;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+class DefaultStreamTextResult<TOOLS extends ToolSet, OUTPUT extends Output>
+  implements StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>
+{
+  private readonly _totalUsage = new DelayedPromise<
+    Awaited<StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>['usage']>
+  >();
+  private readonly _finishReason = new DelayedPromise<
+    Awaited<StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>['finishReason']>
+  >();
+  private readonly _rawFinishReason = new DelayedPromise<
+    Awaited<StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>['rawFinishReason']>
+  >();
+  private readonly _steps = new DelayedPromise<
+    Awaited<StreamTextResult<TOOLS, OUTPUT>['steps']>
+  >();
+
+  private readonly addStream: (
+    stream: ReadableStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>,
+  ) => void;
+
+  private readonly closeStream: () => void;
+
+  private baseStream: ReadableStream<
+    EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>
+  >;
+
+  private outputSpecification: OUTPUT | undefined;
+
+  private includeRawChunks: boolean;
+
+  private tools: TOOLS | undefined;
+
+  constructor({
+    model,
+    telemetry,
+    headers,
+    settings,
+    maxRetries: maxRetriesArg,
+    abortSignal,
+    stepTimeoutMs,
+    stepAbortController,
+    chunkTimeoutMs,
+    chunkAbortController,
+    system,
+    prompt,
+    messages,
+    tools,
+    toolChoice,
+    transforms,
+    activeTools,
+    repairToolCall,
+    stopConditions,
+    output,
+    providerOptions,
+    prepareStep,
+    includeRawChunks,
+    now,
+    generateId,
+    timeout,
+    stopWhen,
+    originalAbortSignal,
+    onChunk,
+    onError,
+    onFinish,
+    onAbort,
+    onStepFinish,
+    onStart,
+    onStepStart,
+    onToolCallStart,
+    onToolCallFinish,
+    experimental_context,
+    download,
+    include,
+  }: {
+    model: LanguageModelV3;
+    telemetry: TelemetrySettings | undefined;
+    headers: Record<string, string | undefined> | undefined;
+    settings: Omit<CallSettings, 'abortSignal' | 'headers'>;
+    maxRetries: number | undefined;
+    abortSignal: AbortSignal | undefined;
+    stepTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
+    stepAbortController: AbortController | undefined;
+    chunkTimeoutMs: number | undefined;
+    chunkAbortController: AbortController | undefined;
+    system: Prompt['system'];
+    prompt: Prompt['prompt'];
+    messages: Prompt['messages'];
+    tools: TOOLS | undefined;
+    toolChoice: ToolChoice<TOOLS> | undefined;
+    transforms: Array<StreamTextTransform<TOOLS>>;
+    activeTools: Array<keyof TOOLS> | undefined;
+    repairToolCall: ToolCallRepairFunction<TOOLS> | undefined;
+    stopConditions: Array<StopCondition<NoInfer<TOOLS>>>;
+    output: OUTPUT | undefined;
+    providerOptions: ProviderOptions | undefined;
+    prepareStep: PrepareStepFunction<NoInfer<TOOLS>> | undefined;
+    includeRawChunks: boolean;
+    now: () => number;
+    generateId: () => string;
+    timeout: TimeoutConfiguration | undefined;
+    stopWhen:
+      | StopCondition<NoInfer<TOOLS>>
+      | Array<StopCondition<NoInfer<TOOLS>>>
+      | undefined;
+    originalAbortSignal: AbortSignal | undefined;
+    experimental_context: unknown;
+    download: DownloadFunction | undefined;
+    include: { requestBody?: boolean } | undefined;
+
+    // callbacks:
+    onChunk: undefined | StreamTextOnChunkCallback<TOOLS>;
+    onError: StreamTextOnErrorCallback;
+    onFinish: undefined | StreamTextOnFinishCallback<TOOLS>;
+    onAbort: undefined | StreamTextOnAbortCallback<TOOLS>;
+    onStepFinish: undefined | StreamTextOnStepFinishCallback<TOOLS>;
+    onStart: undefined | StreamTextOnStartCallback<TOOLS, OUTPUT>;
+    onStepStart: undefined | StreamTextOnStepStartCallback<TOOLS, OUTPUT>;
+    onToolCallStart: undefined | StreamTextOnToolCallStartCallback<TOOLS>;
+    onToolCallFinish: undefined | StreamTextOnToolCallFinishCallback<TOOLS>;
+  }) {
+    this.outputSpecification = output;
+    this.includeRawChunks = includeRawChunks;
+    this.tools = tools;
+
+    const createGlobalTelemetry = getGlobalTelemetryIntegration<
+      TOOLS,
+      OUTPUT
+    >();
+    const globalTelemetry = createGlobalTelemetry(telemetry?.integrations);
+
+    // promise to ensure that the step has been fully processed by the event processor
+    // before a new step is started. This is required because the continuation condition
+    // needs the updated steps to determine if another step is needed.
+    let stepFinish!: DelayedPromise<void>;
+
+    let recordedContent: Array<ContentPart<TOOLS>> = [];
+    const recordedResponseMessages: Array<ResponseMessage> = [];
+    let recordedFinishReason: FinishReason | undefined = undefined;
+    let recordedRawFinishReason: string | undefined = undefined;
+    let recordedTotalUsage: LanguageModelUsage | undefined = undefined;
+    let recordedRequest: LanguageModelRequestMetadata = {};
+    let recordedWarnings: Array<CallWarning> = [];
+    const recordedSteps: StepResult<TOOLS>[] = [];
+
+    // Track provider-executed tool calls that support deferred results
+    // (e.g., code_execution in programmatic tool calling scenarios).
+    // These tools may not return their results in the same turn as their call.
+    const pendingDeferredToolCalls = new Map<string, { toolName: string }>();
+
+    let rootSpan!: Span;
+
+    let activeTextContent: Record<
+      string,
+      {
+        type: 'text';
+        text: string;
+        providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined;
+      }
+    > = {};
+
+    let activeReasoningContent: Record<
+      string,
+      {
+        type: 'reasoning';
+        text: string;
+        providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined;
+      }
+    > = {};
+
+    const eventProcessor = new TransformStream<
+      EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>,
+      EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>
+    >({
+      async transform(chunk, controller) {
+        controller.enqueue(chunk); // forward the chunk to the next stream
+
+        const { part } = chunk;
+
+        if (
+          part.type === 'text-delta' ||
+          part.type === 'reasoning-delta' ||
+          part.type === 'source' ||
+          part.type === 'tool-call' ||
+          part.type === 'tool-result' ||
+          part.type === 'tool-input-start' ||
+          part.type === 'tool-input-delta' ||
+          part.type === 'raw'
+        ) {
+          await onChunk?.({ chunk: part });
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'error') {
+          await onError({ error: wrapGatewayError(part.error) });
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'text-start') {
+          activeTextContent[part.id] = {
+            type: 'text',
+            text: '',
+            providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata,
+          };
+
+          recordedContent.push(activeTextContent[part.id]);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'text-delta') {
+          const activeText = activeTextContent[part.id];
+
+          if (activeText == null) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              part: {
+                type: 'error',
+                error: `text part ${part.id} not found`,
+              },
+              partialOutput: undefined,
+            });
+            return;
+          }
+
+          activeText.text += part.text;
+          activeText.providerMetadata =
+            part.providerMetadata ?? activeText.providerMetadata;
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'text-end') {
+          const activeText = activeTextContent[part.id];
+
+          if (activeText == null) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              part: {
+                type: 'error',
+                error: `text part ${part.id} not found`,
+              },
+              partialOutput: undefined,
+            });
+            return;
+          }
+
+          activeText.providerMetadata =
+            part.providerMetadata ?? activeText.providerMetadata;
+
+          delete activeTextContent[part.id];
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'reasoning-start') {
+          activeReasoningContent[part.id] = {
+            type: 'reasoning',
+            text: '',
+            providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata,
+          };
+
+          recordedContent.push(activeReasoningContent[part.id]);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'reasoning-delta') {
+          const activeReasoning = activeReasoningContent[part.id];
+
+          if (activeReasoning == null) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              part: {
+                type: 'error',
+                error: `reasoning part ${part.id} not found`,
+              },
+              partialOutput: undefined,
+            });
+            return;
+          }
+
+          activeReasoning.text += part.text;
+          activeReasoning.providerMetadata =
+            part.providerMetadata ?? activeReasoning.providerMetadata;
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'reasoning-end') {
+          const activeReasoning = activeReasoningContent[part.id];
+
+          if (activeReasoning == null) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              part: {
+                type: 'error',
+                error: `reasoning part ${part.id} not found`,
+              },
+              partialOutput: undefined,
+            });
+            return;
+          }
+
+          activeReasoning.providerMetadata =
+            part.providerMetadata ?? activeReasoning.providerMetadata;
+
+          delete activeReasoningContent[part.id];
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'file') {
+          recordedContent.push({
+            type: 'file',
+            file: part.file,
+            ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+              ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+              : {}),
+          });
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'source') {
+          recordedContent.push(part);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'tool-call') {
+          recordedContent.push(part);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'tool-result' && !part.preliminary) {
+          recordedContent.push(part);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'tool-approval-request') {
+          recordedContent.push(part);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'tool-error') {
+          recordedContent.push(part);
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'start-step') {
+          // reset the recorded data when a new step starts:
+          recordedContent = [];
+          activeReasoningContent = {};
+          activeTextContent = {};
+
+          recordedRequest = part.request;
+          recordedWarnings = part.warnings;
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'finish-step') {
+          const stepMessages = await toResponseMessages({
+            content: recordedContent,
+            tools,
+          });
+
+          // Add step information (after response messages are updated):
+          const currentStepResult: StepResult<TOOLS> = new DefaultStepResult({
+            stepNumber: recordedSteps.length,
+            model: modelInfo,
+            ...callbackTelemetryProps,
+            experimental_context,
+            content: recordedContent,
+            finishReason: part.finishReason,
+            rawFinishReason: part.rawFinishReason,
+            usage: part.usage,
+            warnings: recordedWarnings,
+            request: recordedRequest,
+            response: {
+              ...part.response,
+              messages: [...recordedResponseMessages, ...stepMessages],
+            },
+            providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata,
+          });
+
+          await notify({
+            event: currentStepResult,
+            callbacks: [onStepFinish, globalTelemetry.onStepFinish],
+          });
+
+          logWarnings({
+            warnings: recordedWarnings,
+            provider: modelInfo.provider,
+            model: modelInfo.modelId,
+          });
+
+          recordedSteps.push(currentStepResult);
+
+          recordedResponseMessages.push(...stepMessages);
+
+          // resolve the promise to signal that the step has been fully processed
+          // by the event processor:
+          stepFinish.resolve();
+        }
+
+        if (part.type === 'finish') {
+          recordedTotalUsage = part.totalUsage;
+          recordedFinishReason = part.finishReason;
+          recordedRawFinishReason = part.rawFinishReason;
+        }
+      },
+
+      async flush(controller) {
+        try {
+          if (recordedSteps.length === 0) {
+            const error = abortSignal?.aborted
+              ? abortSignal.reason
+              : new NoOutputGeneratedError({
+                  message: 'No output generated. Check the stream for errors.',
+                });
+
+            self._finishReason.reject(error);
+            self._rawFinishReason.reject(error);
+            self._totalUsage.reject(error);
+            self._steps.reject(error);
+
+            return; // no steps recorded (e.g. in error scenario)
+          }
+
+          // derived:
+          const finishReason = recordedFinishReason ?? 'other';
+          const totalUsage =
+            recordedTotalUsage ?? createNullLanguageModelUsage();
+
+          // from finish:
+          self._finishReason.resolve(finishReason);
+          self._rawFinishReason.resolve(recordedRawFinishReason);
+          self._totalUsage.resolve(totalUsage);
+
+          // aggregate results:
+          self._steps.resolve(recordedSteps);
+
+          // call onFinish callback:
+          const finalStep = recordedSteps[recordedSteps.length - 1];
+
+          await notify({
+            event: {
+              stepNumber: finalStep.stepNumber,
+              model: finalStep.model,
+              functionId: finalStep.functionId,
+              metadata: finalStep.metadata,
+              experimental_context: finalStep.experimental_context,
+              finishReason: finalStep.finishReason,
+              rawFinishReason: finalStep.rawFinishReason,
+              totalUsage,
+              usage: finalStep.usage,
+              content: finalStep.content,
+              text: finalStep.text,
+              reasoningText: finalStep.reasoningText,
+              reasoning: finalStep.reasoning,
+              files: finalStep.files,
+              sources: finalStep.sources,
+              toolCalls: finalStep.toolCalls,
+              staticToolCalls: finalStep.staticToolCalls,
+              dynamicToolCalls: finalStep.dynamicToolCalls,
+              toolResults: finalStep.toolResults,
+              staticToolResults: finalStep.staticToolResults,
+              dynamicToolResults: finalStep.dynamicToolResults,
+              request: finalStep.request,
+              response: finalStep.response,
+              warnings: finalStep.warnings,
+              providerMetadata: finalStep.providerMetadata,
+              steps: recordedSteps,
+            },
+            callbacks: [
+              onFinish,
+              globalTelemetry.onFinish as
+                | undefined
+                | StreamTextOnFinishCallback<TOOLS>,
+            ],
+          });
+
+          // Add response information to the root span:
+          rootSpan.setAttributes(
+            await selectTelemetryAttributes({
+              telemetry,
+              attributes: {
+                'ai.response.finishReason': finishReason,
+                'ai.response.text': { output: () => finalStep.text },
+                'ai.response.reasoning': {
+                  output: () => finalStep.reasoningText,
+                },
+                'ai.response.toolCalls': {
+                  output: () =>
+                    finalStep.toolCalls?.length
+                      ? JSON.stringify(finalStep.toolCalls)
+                      : undefined,
+                },
+                'ai.response.providerMetadata': JSON.stringify(
+                  finalStep.providerMetadata,
+                ),
+
+                'ai.usage.inputTokens': totalUsage.inputTokens,
+                'ai.usage.outputTokens': totalUsage.outputTokens,
+                'ai.usage.totalTokens': totalUsage.totalTokens,
+                'ai.usage.reasoningTokens': totalUsage.reasoningTokens,
+                'ai.usage.cachedInputTokens': totalUsage.cachedInputTokens,
+              },
+            }),
+          );
+        } catch (error) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        } finally {
+          rootSpan.end();
+        }
+      },
+    });
+
+    // initialize the stitchable stream and the transformed stream:
+    const stitchableStream = createStitchableStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>();
+    this.addStream = stitchableStream.addStream;
+    this.closeStream = stitchableStream.close;
+
+    // resilient stream that handles abort signals and errors:
+    const reader = stitchableStream.stream.getReader();
+    let stream = new ReadableStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>({
+      async start(controller) {
+        // send start event:
+        controller.enqueue({ type: 'start' });
+      },
+
+      async pull(controller) {
+        // abort handling:
+        function abort() {
+          onAbort?.({ steps: recordedSteps });
+          controller.enqueue({
+            type: 'abort',
+            // The `reason` is usually of type DOMException, but it can also be of any type,
+            // so we use getErrorMessage for serialization because it is already designed to accept values of the unknown type.
+            // See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AbortSignal/reason
+            ...(abortSignal?.reason !== undefined
+              ? { reason: getErrorMessage(abortSignal.reason) }
+              : {}),
+          });
+          controller.close();
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+
+          if (done) {
+            controller.close();
+            return;
+          }
+
+          if (abortSignal?.aborted) {
+            abort();
+            return;
+          }
+
+          controller.enqueue(value);
+        } catch (error) {
+          if (isAbortError(error) && abortSignal?.aborted) {
+            abort();
+          } else {
+            controller.error(error);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+
+      cancel(reason) {
+        return stitchableStream.stream.cancel(reason);
+      },
+    });
+
+    // transform the stream before output parsing
+    // to enable replacement of stream segments:
+    for (const transform of transforms) {
+      stream = stream.pipeThrough(
+        transform({
+          tools: tools as TOOLS,
+          stopStream() {
+            stitchableStream.terminate();
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+
+    this.baseStream = stream
+      .pipeThrough(createOutputTransformStream(output ?? text()))
+      .pipeThrough(eventProcessor);
+
+    const { maxRetries, retry } = prepareRetries({
+      maxRetries: maxRetriesArg,
+      abortSignal,
+    });
+
+    const tracer = getTracer(telemetry);
+
+    const callSettings = prepareCallSettings(settings);
+
+    const baseTelemetryAttributes = getBaseTelemetryAttributes({
+      model,
+      telemetry,
+      headers,
+      settings: { ...callSettings, maxRetries },
+    });
+
+    const self = this;
+
+    const modelInfo = { provider: model.provider, modelId: model.modelId };
+    const callbackTelemetryProps = {
+      functionId: telemetry?.functionId,
+      metadata: telemetry?.metadata as Record<string, unknown> | undefined,
+    };
+
+    recordSpan({
+      name: 'ai.streamText',
+      attributes: selectTelemetryAttributes({
+        telemetry,
+        attributes: {
+          ...assembleOperationName({ operationId: 'ai.streamText', telemetry }),
+          ...baseTelemetryAttributes,
+          // specific settings that only make sense on the outer level:
+          'ai.prompt': {
+            input: () => JSON.stringify({ system, prompt, messages }),
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+      tracer,
+      endWhenDone: false,
+      fn: async rootSpanArg => {
+        rootSpan = rootSpanArg;
+
+        const initialPrompt = await standardizePrompt({
+          system,
+          prompt,
+          messages,
+        } as Prompt);
+
+        await notify({
+          event: {
+            model: modelInfo,
+            system,
+            prompt,
+            messages,
+            tools,
+            toolChoice,
+            activeTools,
+            maxOutputTokens: callSettings.maxOutputTokens,
+            temperature: callSettings.temperature,
+            topP: callSettings.topP,
+            topK: callSettings.topK,
+            presencePenalty: callSettings.presencePenalty,
+            frequencyPenalty: callSettings.frequencyPenalty,
+            stopSequences: callSettings.stopSequences,
+            seed: callSettings.seed,
+            maxRetries,
+            timeout,
+            headers,
+            providerOptions,
+            stopWhen,
+            output,
+            abortSignal: originalAbortSignal,
+            include,
+            ...callbackTelemetryProps,
+            experimental_context,
+          },
+          callbacks: [
+            onStart,
+            globalTelemetry.onStart as
+              | undefined
+              | StreamTextOnStartCallback<TOOLS, OUTPUT>,
+          ],
+        });
+
+        const initialMessages = initialPrompt.messages;
+        const initialResponseMessages: Array<ResponseMessage> = [];
+
+        const { approvedToolApprovals, deniedToolApprovals } =
+          collectToolApprovals<TOOLS>({ messages: initialMessages });
+
+        // initial tool execution step stream
+        if (
+          deniedToolApprovals.length > 0 ||
+          approvedToolApprovals.length > 0
+        ) {
+          const providerExecutedToolApprovals = [
+            ...approvedToolApprovals,
+            ...deniedToolApprovals,
+          ].filter(toolApproval => toolApproval.toolCall.providerExecuted);
+
+          const localApprovedToolApprovals = approvedToolApprovals.filter(
+            toolApproval => !toolApproval.toolCall.providerExecuted,
+          );
+          const localDeniedToolApprovals = deniedToolApprovals.filter(
+            toolApproval => !toolApproval.toolCall.providerExecuted,
+          );
+
+          const deniedProviderExecutedToolApprovals =
+            deniedToolApprovals.filter(
+              toolApproval => toolApproval.toolCall.providerExecuted,
+            );
+
+          let toolExecutionStepStreamController:
+            | ReadableStreamDefaultController<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>
+            | undefined;
+          const toolExecutionStepStream = new ReadableStream<
+            TextStreamPart<TOOLS>
+          >({
+            start(controller) {
+              toolExecutionStepStreamController = controller;
+            },
+          });
+
+          self.addStream(toolExecutionStepStream);
+
+          try {
+            for (const toolApproval of [
+              ...localDeniedToolApprovals,
+              ...deniedProviderExecutedToolApprovals,
+            ]) {
+              toolExecutionStepStreamController?.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-output-denied',
+                toolCallId: toolApproval.toolCall.toolCallId,
+                toolName: toolApproval.toolCall.toolName,
+              } as StaticToolOutputDenied<TOOLS>);
+            }
+
+            const toolOutputs: Array<ToolOutput<TOOLS>> = [];
+
+            await Promise.all(
+              localApprovedToolApprovals.map(async toolApproval => {
+                const result = await executeToolCall({
+                  toolCall: toolApproval.toolCall,
+                  tools,
+                  tracer,
+                  telemetry,
+                  messages: initialMessages,
+                  abortSignal,
+                  experimental_context,
+                  stepNumber: recordedSteps.length,
+                  model: modelInfo,
+                  onToolCallStart: [
+                    onToolCallStart,
+                    globalTelemetry.onToolCallStart as
+                      | undefined
+                      | StreamTextOnToolCallStartCallback<TOOLS>,
+                  ],
+                  onToolCallFinish: [
+                    onToolCallFinish,
+                    globalTelemetry.onToolCallFinish,
+                  ],
+                  onPreliminaryToolResult: result => {
+                    toolExecutionStepStreamController?.enqueue(result);
+                  },
+                });
+
+                if (result != null) {
+                  toolExecutionStepStreamController?.enqueue(result);
+                  toolOutputs.push(result);
+                }
+              }),
+            );
+
+            // forward provider-executed approval responses to the provider (do not execute locally):
+            if (providerExecutedToolApprovals.length > 0) {
+              initialResponseMessages.push({
+                role: 'tool',
+                content: providerExecutedToolApprovals.map(
+                  toolApproval =>
+                    ({
+                      type: 'tool-approval-response',
+                      approvalId: toolApproval.approvalResponse.approvalId,
+                      approved: toolApproval.approvalResponse.approved,
+                      reason: toolApproval.approvalResponse.reason,
+                      providerExecuted: true,
+                    }) satisfies ToolApprovalResponse,
+                ),
+              });
+            }
+
+            // Local tool results (approved + denied) are sent as tool results:
+            if (toolOutputs.length > 0 || localDeniedToolApprovals.length > 0) {
+              const localToolContent: ToolContent = [];
+
+              // add regular tool results for approved tool calls:
+              for (const output of toolOutputs) {
+                localToolContent.push({
+                  type: 'tool-result' as const,
+                  toolCallId: output.toolCallId,
+                  toolName: output.toolName,
+                  output: await createToolModelOutput({
+                    toolCallId: output.toolCallId,
+                    input: output.input,
+                    tool: tools?.[output.toolName],
+                    output:
+                      output.type === 'tool-result'
+                        ? output.output
+                        : output.error,
+                    errorMode: output.type === 'tool-error' ? 'text' : 'none',
+                  }),
+                });
+              }
+
+              // add execution denied tool results for denied local tool approvals:
+              for (const toolApproval of localDeniedToolApprovals) {
+                localToolContent.push({
+                  type: 'tool-result' as const,
+                  toolCallId: toolApproval.toolCall.toolCallId,
+                  toolName: toolApproval.toolCall.toolName,
+                  output: {
+                    type: 'execution-denied' as const,
+                    reason: toolApproval.approvalResponse.reason,
+                  },
+                });
+              }
+
+              initialResponseMessages.push({
+                role: 'tool',
+                content: localToolContent,
+              });
+            }
+          } finally {
+            toolExecutionStepStreamController?.close();
+          }
+        }
+
+        recordedResponseMessages.push(...initialResponseMessages);
+
+        async function streamStep({
+          currentStep,
+          responseMessages,
+          usage,
+        }: {
+          currentStep: number;
+          responseMessages: Array<ResponseMessage>;
+          usage: LanguageModelUsage;
+        }) {
+          const includeRawChunks = self.includeRawChunks;
+
+          // Set up step timeout if configured
+          const stepTimeoutId =
+            stepTimeoutMs != null
+              ? setTimeout(() => stepAbortController!.abort(), stepTimeoutMs)
+              : undefined;
+
+          // Set up chunk timeout tracking (will be reset on each chunk)
+          let chunkTimeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined =
+            undefined;
+
+          function resetChunkTimeout() {
+            if (chunkTimeoutMs != null) {
+              if (chunkTimeoutId != null) {
+                clearTimeout(chunkTimeoutId);
+              }
+              chunkTimeoutId = setTimeout(
+                () => chunkAbortController!.abort(),
+                chunkTimeoutMs,
+              );
+            }
+          }
+
+          function clearChunkTimeout() {
+            if (chunkTimeoutId != null) {
+              clearTimeout(chunkTimeoutId);
+              chunkTimeoutId = undefined;
+            }
+          }
+
+          function clearStepTimeout() {
+            if (stepTimeoutId != null) {
+              clearTimeout(stepTimeoutId);
+            }
+          }
+
+          try {
+            stepFinish = new DelayedPromise<void>();
+
+            const stepInputMessages = [...initialMessages, ...responseMessages];
+
+            const prepareStepResult = await prepareStep?.({
+              model,
+              steps: recordedSteps,
+              stepNumber: recordedSteps.length,
+              messages: stepInputMessages,
+              experimental_context,
+            });
+
+            const stepModel = resolveLanguageModel(
+              prepareStepResult?.model ?? model,
+            );
+            const stepModelInfo = {
+              provider: stepModel.provider,
+              modelId: stepModel.modelId,
+            };
+
+            const promptMessages = await convertToLanguageModelPrompt({
+              prompt: {
+                system: prepareStepResult?.system ?? initialPrompt.system,
+                messages: prepareStepResult?.messages ?? stepInputMessages,
+              },
+              supportedUrls: await stepModel.supportedUrls,
+              download,
+            });
+
+            const stepActiveTools =
+              prepareStepResult?.activeTools ?? activeTools;
+
+            const { toolChoice: stepToolChoice, tools: stepTools } =
+              await prepareToolsAndToolChoice({
+                tools,
+                toolChoice: prepareStepResult?.toolChoice ?? toolChoice,
+                activeTools: stepActiveTools,
+              });
+
+            experimental_context =
+              prepareStepResult?.experimental_context ?? experimental_context;
+
+            const stepMessages =
+              prepareStepResult?.messages ?? stepInputMessages;
+
+            const stepSystem =
+              prepareStepResult?.system ?? initialPrompt.system;
+
+            const stepProviderOptions = mergeObjects(
+              providerOptions,
+              prepareStepResult?.providerOptions,
+            );
+
+            await notify({
+              event: {
+                stepNumber: recordedSteps.length,
+                model: stepModelInfo,
+                system: stepSystem,
+                messages: stepMessages,
+                tools,
+                toolChoice: stepToolChoice,
+                activeTools: stepActiveTools,
+                steps: [...recordedSteps],
+                providerOptions: stepProviderOptions,
+                timeout,
+                headers,
+                stopWhen,
+                output,
+                abortSignal: originalAbortSignal,
+                include,
+                ...callbackTelemetryProps,
+                experimental_context,
+              },
+              callbacks: [
+                onStepStart,
+                globalTelemetry.onStepStart as
+                  | undefined
+                  | StreamTextOnStepStartCallback<TOOLS, OUTPUT>,
+              ],
+            });
+
+            const {
+              result: { stream, response, request },
+              doStreamSpan,
+              startTimestampMs,
+            } = await retry(() =>
+              recordSpan({
+                name: 'ai.streamText.doStream',
+                attributes: selectTelemetryAttributes({
+                  telemetry,
+                  attributes: {
+                    ...assembleOperationName({
+                      operationId: 'ai.streamText.doStream',
+                      telemetry,
+                    }),
+                    ...baseTelemetryAttributes,
+                    // model:
+                    'ai.model.provider': stepModel.provider,
+                    'ai.model.id': stepModel.modelId,
+                    // prompt:
+                    'ai.prompt.messages': {
+                      input: () => stringifyForTelemetry(promptMessages),
+                    },
+                    'ai.prompt.tools': {
+                      // convert the language model level tools:
+                      input: () => stepTools?.map(tool => JSON.stringify(tool)),
+                    },
+                    'ai.prompt.toolChoice': {
+                      input: () =>
+                        stepToolChoice != null
+                          ? JSON.stringify(stepToolChoice)
+                          : undefined,
+                    },
+
+                    // standardized gen-ai llm span attributes:
+                    'gen_ai.system': stepModel.provider,
+                    'gen_ai.request.model': stepModel.modelId,
+                    'gen_ai.request.frequency_penalty':
+                      callSettings.frequencyPenalty,
+                    'gen_ai.request.max_tokens': callSettings.maxOutputTokens,
+                    'gen_ai.request.presence_penalty':
+                      callSettings.presencePenalty,
+                    'gen_ai.request.stop_sequences': callSettings.stopSequences,
+                    'gen_ai.request.temperature': callSettings.temperature,
+                    'gen_ai.request.top_k': callSettings.topK,
+                    'gen_ai.request.top_p': callSettings.topP,
+                  },
+                }),
+                tracer,
+                endWhenDone: false,
+                fn: async doStreamSpan => ({
+                  startTimestampMs: now(), // get before the call
+                  doStreamSpan,
+                  result: await stepModel.doStream({
+                    ...callSettings,
+                    tools: stepTools,
+                    toolChoice: stepToolChoice,
+                    responseFormat: await output?.responseFormat,
+                    prompt: promptMessages,
+                    providerOptions: stepProviderOptions,
+                    abortSignal,
+                    headers,
+                    includeRawChunks,
+                  }),
+                }),
+              }),
+            );
+
+            const streamWithToolResults = runToolsTransformation({
+              tools,
+              generatorStream: stream,
+              tracer,
+              telemetry,
+              system,
+              messages: stepInputMessages,
+              repairToolCall,
+              abortSignal,
+              experimental_context,
+              generateId,
+              stepNumber: recordedSteps.length,
+              model: stepModelInfo,
+              onToolCallStart: [
+                onToolCallStart,
+                globalTelemetry.onToolCallStart as
+                  | undefined
+                  | StreamTextOnToolCallStartCallback<TOOLS>,
+              ],
+              onToolCallFinish: [
+                onToolCallFinish,
+                globalTelemetry.onToolCallFinish,
+              ],
+            });
+
+            // Conditionally include request.body based on include settings.
+            // Large payloads (e.g., base64-encoded images) can cause memory issues.
+            const stepRequest: LanguageModelRequestMetadata =
+              (include?.requestBody ?? true)
+                ? (request ?? {})
+                : { ...request, body: undefined };
+            const stepToolCalls: TypedToolCall<TOOLS>[] = [];
+            const stepToolOutputs: ToolOutput<TOOLS>[] = [];
+            let warnings: SharedV3Warning[] | undefined;
+
+            const activeToolCallToolNames: Record<string, string> = {};
+
+            let stepFinishReason: FinishReason = 'other';
+            let stepRawFinishReason: string | undefined = undefined;
+
+            let stepUsage: LanguageModelUsage = createNullLanguageModelUsage();
+            let stepProviderMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined;
+            let stepFirstChunk = true;
+            let stepResponse: { id: string; timestamp: Date; modelId: string } =
+              {
+                id: generateId(),
+                timestamp: new Date(),
+                modelId: modelInfo.modelId,
+              };
+
+            // raw text as it comes from the provider. recorded for telemetry.
+            let activeText = '';
+
+            self.addStream(
+              streamWithToolResults.pipeThrough(
+                new TransformStream<
+                  SingleRequestTextStreamPart<TOOLS>,
+                  TextStreamPart<TOOLS>
+                >({
+                  async transform(chunk, controller): Promise<void> {
+                    resetChunkTimeout();
+
+                    if (chunk.type === 'stream-start') {
+                      warnings = chunk.warnings;
+                      return; // stream start chunks are sent immediately and do not count as first chunk
+                    }
+
+                    if (stepFirstChunk) {
+                      // Telemetry for first chunk:
+                      const msToFirstChunk = now() - startTimestampMs;
+
+                      stepFirstChunk = false;
+
+                      doStreamSpan.addEvent('ai.stream.firstChunk', {
+                        'ai.response.msToFirstChunk': msToFirstChunk,
+                      });
+
+                      doStreamSpan.setAttributes({
+                        'ai.response.msToFirstChunk': msToFirstChunk,
+                      });
+
+                      // Step start:
+                      controller.enqueue({
+                        type: 'start-step',
+                        request: stepRequest,
+                        warnings: warnings ?? [],
+                      });
+                    }
+
+                    const chunkType = chunk.type;
+                    switch (chunkType) {
+                      case 'tool-approval-request':
+                      case 'text-start':
+                      case 'text-end': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'text-delta': {
+                        if (chunk.delta.length > 0) {
+                          controller.enqueue({
+                            type: 'text-delta',
+                            id: chunk.id,
+                            text: chunk.delta,
+                            providerMetadata: chunk.providerMetadata,
+                          });
+                          activeText += chunk.delta;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'reasoning-start':
+                      case 'reasoning-end': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'reasoning-delta': {
+                        controller.enqueue({
+                          type: 'reasoning-delta',
+                          id: chunk.id,
+                          text: chunk.delta,
+                          providerMetadata: chunk.providerMetadata,
+                        });
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-call': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        // store tool calls for onFinish callback and toolCalls promise:
+                        stepToolCalls.push(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-result': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+
+                        if (!chunk.preliminary) {
+                          stepToolOutputs.push(chunk);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-error': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        stepToolOutputs.push(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'response-metadata': {
+                        stepResponse = {
+                          id: chunk.id ?? stepResponse.id,
+                          timestamp: chunk.timestamp ?? stepResponse.timestamp,
+                          modelId: chunk.modelId ?? stepResponse.modelId,
+                        };
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'finish': {
+                        // Note: tool executions might not be finished yet when the finish event is emitted.
+                        // store usage and finish reason for promises and onFinish callback:
+                        stepUsage = chunk.usage;
+                        stepFinishReason = chunk.finishReason;
+                        stepRawFinishReason = chunk.rawFinishReason;
+                        stepProviderMetadata = chunk.providerMetadata;
+
+                        // Telemetry for finish event timing
+                        // (since tool executions can take longer and distort calculations)
+                        const msToFinish = now() - startTimestampMs;
+                        doStreamSpan.addEvent('ai.stream.finish');
+                        doStreamSpan.setAttributes({
+                          'ai.response.msToFinish': msToFinish,
+                          'ai.response.avgOutputTokensPerSecond':
+                            (1000 * (stepUsage.outputTokens ?? 0)) / msToFinish,
+                        });
+
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'file': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'source': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-input-start': {
+                        activeToolCallToolNames[chunk.id] = chunk.toolName;
+
+                        const tool = tools?.[chunk.toolName];
+                        if (tool?.onInputStart != null) {
+                          await tool.onInputStart({
+                            toolCallId: chunk.id,
+                            messages: stepInputMessages,
+                            abortSignal,
+                            experimental_context,
+                          });
+                        }
+
+                        controller.enqueue({
+                          ...chunk,
+                          dynamic: chunk.dynamic ?? tool?.type === 'dynamic',
+                          title: tool?.title,
+                        });
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-input-end': {
+                        delete activeToolCallToolNames[chunk.id];
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'tool-input-delta': {
+                        const toolName = activeToolCallToolNames[chunk.id];
+                        const tool = tools?.[toolName];
+
+                        if (tool?.onInputDelta != null) {
+                          await tool.onInputDelta({
+                            inputTextDelta: chunk.delta,
+                            toolCallId: chunk.id,
+                            messages: stepInputMessages,
+                            abortSignal,
+                            experimental_context,
+                          });
+                        }
+
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'error': {
+                        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        stepFinishReason = 'error';
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      case 'raw': {
+                        if (includeRawChunks) {
+                          controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      }
+
+                      default: {
+                        const exhaustiveCheck: never = chunkType;
+                        throw new Error(
+                          `Unknown chunk type: ${exhaustiveCheck}`,
+                        );
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+
+                  // invoke onFinish callback and resolve toolResults promise when the stream is about to close:
+                  async flush(controller) {
+                    const stepToolCallsJson =
+                      stepToolCalls.length > 0
+                        ? JSON.stringify(stepToolCalls)
+                        : undefined;
+
+                    // record telemetry information first to ensure best effort timing
+                    try {
+                      doStreamSpan.setAttributes(
+                        await selectTelemetryAttributes({
+                          telemetry,
+                          attributes: {
+                            'ai.response.finishReason': stepFinishReason,
+                            'ai.response.text': {
+                              output: () => activeText,
+                            },
+                            'ai.response.reasoning': {
+                              output: () => {
+                                const reasoningParts = recordedContent.filter(
+                                  (
+                                    c,
+                                  ): c is { type: 'reasoning'; text: string } =>
+                                    c.type === 'reasoning',
+                                );
+                                return reasoningParts.length > 0
+                                  ? reasoningParts.map(r => r.text).join('\n')
+                                  : undefined;
+                              },
+                            },
+                            'ai.response.toolCalls': {
+                              output: () => stepToolCallsJson,
+                            },
+                            'ai.response.id': stepResponse.id,
+                            'ai.response.model': stepResponse.modelId,
+                            'ai.response.timestamp':
+                              stepResponse.timestamp.toISOString(),
+                            'ai.response.providerMetadata':
+                              JSON.stringify(stepProviderMetadata),
+
+                            'ai.usage.inputTokens': stepUsage.inputTokens,
+                            'ai.usage.outputTokens': stepUsage.outputTokens,
+                            'ai.usage.totalTokens': stepUsage.totalTokens,
+                            'ai.usage.reasoningTokens':
+                              stepUsage.reasoningTokens,
+                            'ai.usage.cachedInputTokens':
+                              stepUsage.cachedInputTokens,
+
+                            // standardized gen-ai llm span attributes:
+                            'gen_ai.response.finish_reasons': [
+                              stepFinishReason,
+                            ],
+                            'gen_ai.response.id': stepResponse.id,
+                            'gen_ai.response.model': stepResponse.modelId,
+                            'gen_ai.usage.input_tokens': stepUsage.inputTokens,
+                            'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens':
+                              stepUsage.outputTokens,
+                          },
+                        }),
+                      );
+                    } catch (error) {
+                      // ignore error setting telemetry attributes
+                    } finally {
+                      // finish doStreamSpan before other operations for correct timing:
+                      doStreamSpan.end();
+                    }
+
+                    controller.enqueue({
+                      type: 'finish-step',
+                      finishReason: stepFinishReason,
+                      rawFinishReason: stepRawFinishReason,
+                      usage: stepUsage,
+                      providerMetadata: stepProviderMetadata,
+                      response: {
+                        ...stepResponse,
+                        headers: response?.headers,
+                      },
+                    });
+
+                    const combinedUsage = addLanguageModelUsage(
+                      usage,
+                      stepUsage,
+                    );
+
+                    // wait for the step to be fully processed by the event processor
+                    // to ensure that the recorded steps are complete:
+                    await stepFinish.promise;
+
+                    const clientToolCalls = stepToolCalls.filter(
+                      toolCall => toolCall.providerExecuted !== true,
+                    );
+                    const clientToolOutputs = stepToolOutputs.filter(
+                      toolOutput => toolOutput.providerExecuted !== true,
+                    );
+
+                    // Track provider-executed tool calls that support deferred results.
+                    // In programmatic tool calling, a server tool (e.g., code_execution) may
+                    // trigger a client tool, and the server tool's result is deferred until
+                    // the client tool's result is sent back.
+                    for (const toolCall of stepToolCalls) {
+                      if (toolCall.providerExecuted !== true) continue;
+                      const tool = tools?.[toolCall.toolName];
+                      if (
+                        tool?.type === 'provider' &&
+                        tool.supportsDeferredResults
+                      ) {
+                        // Check if this tool call already has a result in the current step
+                        const hasResultInStep = stepToolOutputs.some(
+                          output =>
+                            (output.type === 'tool-result' ||
+                              output.type === 'tool-error') &&
+                            output.toolCallId === toolCall.toolCallId,
+                        );
+                        if (!hasResultInStep) {
+                          pendingDeferredToolCalls.set(toolCall.toolCallId, {
+                            toolName: toolCall.toolName,
+                          });
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+
+                    // Mark deferred tool calls as resolved when we receive their results
+                    for (const output of stepToolOutputs) {
+                      if (
+                        output.type === 'tool-result' ||
+                        output.type === 'tool-error'
+                      ) {
+                        pendingDeferredToolCalls.delete(output.toolCallId);
+                      }
+                    }
+
+                    // Clear the step and chunk timeouts before the next step is started
+                    clearStepTimeout();
+                    clearChunkTimeout();
+
+                    if (
+                      // Continue if:
+                      // 1. There are client tool calls that have all been executed, OR
+                      // 2. There are pending deferred results from provider-executed tools
+                      ((clientToolCalls.length > 0 &&
+                        clientToolOutputs.length === clientToolCalls.length) ||
+                        pendingDeferredToolCalls.size > 0) &&
+                      // continue until a stop condition is met:
+                      !(await isStopConditionMet({
+                        stopConditions,
+                        steps: recordedSteps,
+                      }))
+                    ) {
+                      // append to messages for the next step:
+                      responseMessages.push(
+                        ...(await toResponseMessages({
+                          content:
+                            // use transformed content to create the messages for the next step:
+                            recordedSteps[recordedSteps.length - 1].content,
+                          tools,
+                        })),
+                      );
+
+                      try {
+                        await streamStep({
+                          currentStep: currentStep + 1,
+                          responseMessages,
+                          usage: combinedUsage,
+                        });
+                      } catch (error) {
+                        controller.enqueue({
+                          type: 'error',
+                          error,
+                        });
+
+                        self.closeStream();
+                      }
+                    } else {
+                      controller.enqueue({
+                        type: 'finish',
+                        finishReason: stepFinishReason,
+                        rawFinishReason: stepRawFinishReason,
+                        totalUsage: combinedUsage,
+                      });
+
+                      self.closeStream(); // close the stitchable stream
+                    }
+                  },
+                }),
+              ),
+            );
+          } finally {
+            clearStepTimeout();
+            clearChunkTimeout();
+          }
+        }
+
+        // add the initial stream to the stitchable stream
+        await streamStep({
+          currentStep: 0,
+          responseMessages: initialResponseMessages,
+          usage: createNullLanguageModelUsage(),
+        });
+      },
+    }).catch(error => {
+      // add an error stream part and close the streams:
+      self.addStream(
+        new ReadableStream({
+          start(controller) {
+            controller.enqueue({ type: 'error', error });
+            controller.close();
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+      self.closeStream();
+    });
+  }
+
+  get steps() {
+    // when any of the promises are accessed, the stream is consumed
+    // so it resolves without needing to consume the stream separately
+    this.consumeStream();
+
+    return this._steps.promise;
+  }
+
+  private get finalStep() {
+    return this.steps.then(steps => steps[steps.length - 1]);
+  }
+
+  get content() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.content);
+  }
+
+  get warnings() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.warnings);
+  }
+
+  get providerMetadata() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.providerMetadata);
+  }
+
+  get text() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.text);
+  }
+
+  get reasoningText() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.reasoningText);
+  }
+
+  get reasoning() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.reasoning);
+  }
+
+  get sources() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.sources);
+  }
+
+  get files() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.files);
+  }
+
+  get toolCalls() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.toolCalls);
+  }
+
+  get staticToolCalls() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.staticToolCalls);
+  }
+
+  get dynamicToolCalls() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.dynamicToolCalls);
+  }
+
+  get toolResults() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.toolResults);
+  }
+
+  get staticToolResults() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.staticToolResults);
+  }
+
+  get dynamicToolResults() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.dynamicToolResults);
+  }
+
+  get usage() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.usage);
+  }
+
+  get request() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.request);
+  }
+
+  get response() {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => step.response);
+  }
+
+  get totalUsage() {
+    // when any of the promises are accessed, the stream is consumed
+    // so it resolves without needing to consume the stream separately
+    this.consumeStream();
+
+    return this._totalUsage.promise;
+  }
+
+  get finishReason() {
+    // when any of the promises are accessed, the stream is consumed
+    // so it resolves without needing to consume the stream separately
+    this.consumeStream();
+
+    return this._finishReason.promise;
+  }
+
+  get rawFinishReason() {
+    // when any of the promises are accessed, the stream is consumed
+    // so it resolves without needing to consume the stream separately
+    this.consumeStream();
+
+    return this._rawFinishReason.promise;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Split out a new stream from the original stream.
+   * The original stream is replaced to allow for further splitting,
+   * since we do not know how many times the stream will be split.
+   *
+   * Note: this leads to buffering the stream content on the server.
+   * However, the LLM results are expected to be small enough to not cause issues.
+   */
+  private teeStream() {
+    const [stream1, stream2] = this.baseStream.tee();
+    this.baseStream = stream2;
+    return stream1;
+  }
+
+  get textStream(): AsyncIterableStream<string> {
+    return createAsyncIterableStream(
+      this.teeStream().pipeThrough(
+        new TransformStream<
+          EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>,
+          string
+        >({
+          transform({ part }, controller) {
+            if (part.type === 'text-delta') {
+              controller.enqueue(part.text);
+            }
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  get fullStream(): AsyncIterableStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>> {
+    return createAsyncIterableStream(
+      this.teeStream().pipeThrough(
+        new TransformStream<
+          EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>,
+          TextStreamPart<TOOLS>
+        >({
+          transform({ part }, controller) {
+            controller.enqueue(part);
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  async consumeStream(options?: ConsumeStreamOptions): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await consumeStream({
+        stream: this.fullStream,
+        onError: options?.onError,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      options?.onError?.(error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  get experimental_partialOutputStream(): AsyncIterableStream<
+    InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>
+  > {
+    return this.partialOutputStream;
+  }
+
+  get partialOutputStream(): AsyncIterableStream<InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>> {
+    return createAsyncIterableStream(
+      this.teeStream().pipeThrough(
+        new TransformStream<
+          EnrichedStreamPart<TOOLS, InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>>,
+          InferPartialOutput<OUTPUT>
+        >({
+          transform({ partialOutput }, controller) {
+            if (partialOutput != null) {
+              controller.enqueue(partialOutput);
+            }
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  get elementStream(): AsyncIterableStream<InferElementOutput<OUTPUT>> {
+    const transform = this.outputSpecification?.createElementStreamTransform();
+
+    if (transform == null) {
+      throw new UnsupportedFunctionalityError({
+        functionality: `element streams in ${this.outputSpecification?.name ?? 'text'} mode`,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return createAsyncIterableStream(this.teeStream().pipeThrough(transform));
+  }
+
+  get output(): Promise<InferCompleteOutput<OUTPUT>> {
+    return this.finalStep.then(step => {
+      const output = this.outputSpecification ?? text();
+      return output.parseCompleteOutput(
+        { text: step.text },
+        {
+          response: step.response,
+          usage: step.usage,
+          finishReason: step.finishReason,
+        },
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
+  toUIMessageStream<UI_MESSAGE extends UIMessage>({
+    originalMessages,
+    generateMessageId,
+    onFinish,
+    messageMetadata,
+    sendReasoning = true,
+    sendSources = false,
+    sendStart = true,
+    sendFinish = true,
+    onError = getErrorMessage,
+  }: UIMessageStreamOptions<UI_MESSAGE> = {}): AsyncIterableStream<
+    InferUIMessageChunk<UI_MESSAGE>
+  > {
+    const responseMessageId =
+      generateMessageId != null
+        ? getResponseUIMessageId({
+            originalMessages,
+            responseMessageId: generateMessageId,
+          })
+        : undefined;
+
+    // TODO simplify once dynamic is no longer needed for invalid tool inputs
+    const isDynamic = (part: { toolName: string; dynamic?: boolean }) => {
+      const tool = this.tools?.[part.toolName];
+
+      // provider-executed, dynamic tools are not listed in the tools object
+      if (tool == null) {
+        return part.dynamic;
+      }
+
+      return tool?.type === 'dynamic' ? true : undefined;
+    };
+
+    const baseStream = this.fullStream.pipeThrough(
+      new TransformStream<
+        TextStreamPart<TOOLS>,
+        UIMessageChunk<
+          InferUIMessageMetadata<UI_MESSAGE>,
+          InferUIMessageData<UI_MESSAGE>
+        >
+      >({
+        transform: async (part, controller) => {
+          const messageMetadataValue = messageMetadata?.({ part });
+
+          const partType = part.type;
+          switch (partType) {
+            case 'text-start': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'text-start',
+                id: part.id,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'text-delta': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'text-delta',
+                id: part.id,
+                delta: part.text,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'text-end': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'text-end',
+                id: part.id,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'reasoning-start': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'reasoning-start',
+                id: part.id,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'reasoning-delta': {
+              if (sendReasoning) {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'reasoning-delta',
+                  id: part.id,
+                  delta: part.text,
+                  ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                    ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                    : {}),
+                });
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'reasoning-end': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'reasoning-end',
+                id: part.id,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'file': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'file',
+                mediaType: part.file.mediaType,
+                url: `data:${part.file.mediaType};base64,${part.file.base64}`,
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'source': {
+              if (sendSources && part.sourceType === 'url') {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'source-url',
+                  sourceId: part.id,
+                  url: part.url,
+                  title: part.title,
+                  ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                    ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                    : {}),
+                });
+              }
+
+              if (sendSources && part.sourceType === 'document') {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'source-document',
+                  sourceId: part.id,
+                  mediaType: part.mediaType,
+                  title: part.title,
+                  filename: part.filename,
+                  ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                    ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                    : {}),
+                });
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-input-start': {
+              const dynamic = isDynamic(part);
+
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-input-start',
+                toolCallId: part.id,
+                toolName: part.toolName,
+                ...(part.providerExecuted != null
+                  ? { providerExecuted: part.providerExecuted }
+                  : {}),
+                ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                  ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                  : {}),
+                ...(dynamic != null ? { dynamic } : {}),
+                ...(part.title != null ? { title: part.title } : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-input-delta': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-input-delta',
+                toolCallId: part.id,
+                inputTextDelta: part.delta,
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-call': {
+              const dynamic = isDynamic(part);
+
+              if (part.invalid) {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'tool-input-error',
+                  toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+                  toolName: part.toolName,
+                  input: part.input,
+                  ...(part.providerExecuted != null
+                    ? { providerExecuted: part.providerExecuted }
+                    : {}),
+                  ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                    ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                    : {}),
+                  ...(dynamic != null ? { dynamic } : {}),
+                  errorText: onError(part.error),
+                  ...(part.title != null ? { title: part.title } : {}),
+                });
+              } else {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'tool-input-available',
+                  toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+                  toolName: part.toolName,
+                  input: part.input,
+                  ...(part.providerExecuted != null
+                    ? { providerExecuted: part.providerExecuted }
+                    : {}),
+                  ...(part.providerMetadata != null
+                    ? { providerMetadata: part.providerMetadata }
+                    : {}),
+                  ...(dynamic != null ? { dynamic } : {}),
+                  ...(part.title != null ? { title: part.title } : {}),
+                });
+              }
+
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-approval-request': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-approval-request',
+                approvalId: part.approvalId,
+                toolCallId: part.toolCall.toolCallId,
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-result': {
+              const dynamic = isDynamic(part);
+
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-output-available',
+                toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+                output: part.output,
+                ...(part.providerExecuted != null
+                  ? { providerExecuted: part.providerExecuted }
+                  : {}),
+                ...(part.preliminary != null
+                  ? { preliminary: part.preliminary }
+                  : {}),
+                ...(dynamic != null ? { dynamic } : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-error': {
+              const dynamic = isDynamic(part);
+
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-output-error',
+                toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+                errorText: onError(part.error),
+                ...(part.providerExecuted != null
+                  ? { providerExecuted: part.providerExecuted }
+                  : {}),
+                ...(dynamic != null ? { dynamic } : {}),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-output-denied': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'tool-output-denied',
+                toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'error': {
+              controller.enqueue({
+                type: 'error',
+                errorText: onError(part.error),
+              });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'start-step': {
+              controller.enqueue({ type: 'start-step' });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'finish-step': {
+              controller.enqueue({ type: 'finish-step' });
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'start': {
+              if (sendStart) {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'start',
+                  ...(messageMetadataValue != null
+                    ? { messageMetadata: messageMetadataValue }
+                    : {}),
+                  ...(responseMessageId != null
+                    ? { messageId: responseMessageId }
+                    : {}),
+                });
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'finish': {
+              if (sendFinish) {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  type: 'finish',
+                  finishReason: part.finishReason,
+                  ...(messageMetadataValue != null
+                    ? { messageMetadata: messageMetadataValue }
+                    : {}),
+                });
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'abort': {
+              controller.enqueue(part);
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'tool-input-end': {
+              break;
+            }
+
+            case 'raw': {
+              // Raw chunks are not included in UI message streams
+              // as they contain provider-specific data for developer use
+              break;
+            }
+
+            default: {
+              const exhaustiveCheck: never = partType;
+              throw new Error(`Unknown chunk type: ${exhaustiveCheck}`);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // start and finish events already have metadata
+          // so we only need to send metadata for other parts
+          if (
+            messageMetadataValue != null &&
+            partType !== 'start' &&
+            partType !== 'finish'
+          ) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              type: 'message-metadata',
+              messageMetadata: messageMetadataValue,
+            });
+          }
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+
+    return createAsyncIterableStream(
+      handleUIMessageStreamFinish<UI_MESSAGE>({
+        stream: baseStream,
+        messageId: responseMessageId ?? generateMessageId?.(),
+        originalMessages,
+        onFinish,
+        onError,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+
+  pipeUIMessageStreamToResponse<UI_MESSAGE extends UIMessage>(
+    response: ServerResponse,
+    {
+      originalMessages,
+      generateMessageId,
+      onFinish,
+      messageMetadata,
+      sendReasoning,
+      sendSources,
+      sendFinish,
+      sendStart,
+      onError,
+      ...init
+    }: UIMessageStreamResponseInit & UIMessageStreamOptions<UI_MESSAGE> = {},
+  ) {
+    pipeUIMessageStreamToResponse({
+      response,
+      stream: this.toUIMessageStream({
+        originalMessages,
+        generateMessageId,
+        onFinish,
+        messageMetadata,
+        sendReasoning,
+        sendSources,
+        sendFinish,
+        sendStart,
+        onError,
+      }),
+      ...init,
+    });
+  }
+
+  pipeTextStreamToResponse(response: ServerResponse, init?: ResponseInit) {
+    pipeTextStreamToResponse({
+      response,
+      textStream: this.textStream,
+      ...init,
+    });
+  }
+
+  toUIMessageStreamResponse<UI_MESSAGE extends UIMessage>({
+    originalMessages,
+    generateMessageId,
+    onFinish,
+    messageMetadata,
+    sendReasoning,
+    sendSources,
+    sendFinish,
+    sendStart,
+    onError,
+    ...init
+  }: UIMessageStreamResponseInit &
+    UIMessageStreamOptions<UI_MESSAGE> = {}): Response {
+    return createUIMessageStreamResponse({
+      stream: this.toUIMessageStream({
+        originalMessages,
+        generateMessageId,
+        onFinish,
+        messageMetadata,
+        sendReasoning,
+        sendSources,
+        sendFinish,
+        sendStart,
+        onError,
+      }),
+      ...init,
+    });
+  }
+
+  toTextStreamResponse(init?: ResponseInit): Response {
+    return createTextStreamResponse({
+      textStream: this.textStream,
+      ...init,
+    });
+  }
+}